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M Gia tri tiiofi fiai diin ngon "Loii i(eu goi quoc dan di bo phJeu" cua Chu tjch Hd Chi Minh
• v u HOAl PHUaNG Hoc vien Bao chi va Tuyen truyen
Dugc dang h ^ bao Cuu qudc sd ra ngay 5 thang 1 ndm 1946, tiirdc mdt ngay dien ra sy kidn tix)ng dai cua qudc gia non ti^ Viet Nam dan chii cdng hda - ngdy Tdng tuydn cu dau tien, "Ldi kdu ggi qudc dan di bd phidu" la ldi hieu trieu cua ngudi dimg dau Chinh phu ddi vdi cu tri ca nude. 80 nam nhin lai, Didn ngon nay van cdn nguyen gja tri, van mang tinh thdi su. Ndi dung va tinh nghe thuat ttong vide su dung ngdn tir la hai vdn de tao nen gid tii lau ben cua didn ngon "Ldi keu goi qudc dan di bd phidu" dugc tac gia phan tich ttong bdi vidt ciia minh.
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di keu ggi la mdt trong 23 tiid loai van cda Ddng, la "van ban dung de yeu cdu hoac dgng vien mgi ngudi thuc hidn mgt nhiem vu ho^c hudng ling mgt chii truang cd y nghia chinh tri"'". Ldi kdu ggi qudc dan di bd phidu la van ban dugc tao ra de yeu cau va ddng vidn, tiiiic giuc eft hi di bd i ^ d u bau ra ngudi "ganh vac viec nude"*^. Tdn ggi etia didn ngon ro rang, chi tiet, dl hieu. Ai dgc hoac nghe qua deu hidu dugc muc dich vd noi dimg ma dien ngdn mudn ndi. Dieu nay tudng don gian nhung vo cung quan trgng, nhdt la ttong bdi cdnh ban 90% dan sd mu chu, cdng vide bdu cir chua timg didn ra trong lich sir nude nha.Nghia Id ngirdi ddn chua timg bidt den nd, chua tung trdi nghigm nen khdng cd kinh nghidm vd thdm chi hoan todn xa Ig. Chu tich Hd Oai Minh da khdng de nhan ddn phdi vdt de suy nghl, phdng doan xem didn ngdn ndi ve van de gi. Ndi dung dugc ihd hidn ngay d ten ggi bai viet.
Md ddu didn ngdn: "Ngdy mai mong 6 thdng Gidng nam 1946"*^'. Thdng tin Ididng mdi nhung quan trgng vd edn thidt, Bac mudn ggi mgi ngudi nhd ddn ngdy thang dien ra mgt su kidn quan trgng.
Doan thii hai: "Ngay mai, la mdt ngay se dua qudc
dan ta len con dudng mdi me"''*'. Bac ve ra m^t tuong lai tuoi sang cho ddt nude. Vd rdi Bac ly giai d doan 3: "Ngay mai, la ngay vui sudng ciia ddng bao ta, vi ngdy mai la ngay Tdng tuydn cit, vi ngay mai la mdt ngdy dau tidn ttong lich sii \^dt Nam md nhan dan ta bdt dau hudng dung quyen dan chii cua minh"'^'. Su kidn ndy Idn ddu tidn didn ra ndn nhSn dan chua bidt Tdng tuyen cu la gi, y nghla ciia nd ra sao. Chinh vi vay, ngay d phan md bdi, khdng de nhan dan ban khoan, Bac da gidi thich Tdng tuydn cii la de "huang dung quyen dan chd ". Quydn ddn chu chi dugc thuc thi khi nude nhd dugc dgc lap.
De keu ggi cir tri di bd phidu, tac gid da chi ra tam quan ttgng ciia la phidu va vide di bd phidu; chi ra trach nhiem cua ngudi tning cii va ngudi khdng tiling cii. Ddy la ngi dung chinh ciia phdn than bai.
De ndi ve tdm quan trgng cua la phidu, Bdc vilt
"Ngay mai, dantase td cho cac chien sldmiaiNam rang: Ve mat tran quan su, thi cdc chien si diing siing dan ma chdng vdi quan thii. Ve mat tran chinh tq, thi nhdn dan dung la phidu md chdng vdi quan dich.
Mdt la phieu cung cd siic lue nhu mdt vien dan"*^.
Nhan dan phdn Idn khdng ai bidt bdu cu la gi ndn ciing khdng bidt la phidu Id ^, cd tdc dung p, tdm
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quan trong ra sao. Bdc lay ngay iunh anh sung dan dd so sanh cho nhan dan thay dugc siic manh cua la phidu ma khdng chdn chir, do du hay bdn khoan, thdcmac.
"Ngdy mai, dan ta se tii do lua chgn va bdu ra nhiing ngudi xiing dang thay mat cho minh, va ganh vac viec nudc"*'^. Khdng dd nhan dan ma hd vd tirach nhi?m, Bac giai thich bdu cir tiic la chgn va bau ngudi xiing dang, thay mat minh, ganh vac viec nude. Hay ndi each khdc, Bdc da chi ra trdch nhiem cua cir tri ttong ngay bau cu va cung ddng thdi ldm sang to tdm quan trgng ciia viec bau cir. Vide gj ciing vay, du to hay nhd, khd hay dd ciing can phdi bidt nd la gi, de lam gi, lam nhu the ndo. Cd nhu vdy, ngudi thuc hidn mdi thyc su thoai mai, tu chu. Lam khi da hieu se hieu qua hon ldm mgt each mii quang.
Vdi vide giai thich nhu tren, cd the thay Bac la ngudi mudn dung tri tue de lanh dao va lanh dao ngudi cd tri tue; tdn ttgng nhan dan; tdn trgng quydn dan chu.
Trdch nhiem cua ngudi tning eii dugrc Bdc chi rd: "Ngay mai, ngudi ra ling cir thi ddng, nhung sd dai bidu thi it, le tdt nhien, ed ngudi dugc cit cd ngudi khdng dugc cii". "Nhiing ngudi trimg cit se phdi ra sire gju viing nen dgc lap cua Td qudc, ra siic muu sir hanh phuc cho ddng bao. Phai luon nhd va thuc hdnh cau: Vi loi nude, quen loi nha; vi loi chung quen loi ridng. Phdi lam cho xiing dang vdi ddng bdo, cho xiing ddng vdi Td qudc"'**. Ngudi tning cir cd hai trach nhiem Idn lao dugc Bac khai quat:
Mgt Id, giQ vung nen dpc lap cua To quoc;
Hai la, muu su hanh phuc cho dong bdo Hoan canh ddt nude luc bdy gid vita gianh dugc dgc lap nhung dgc lap ay vd ciing mong manh vi thu trong, giac ngoai; chinh quyen l^i non tte nen ttach nhidm dau tien cua ngudi tning cii la phai giii viing dgc lap cho Td qudc. Dgc lap la co sd de thidt lap cac quydn khac ciia con ngudi vd ciia dan tdc.
Tai Dai hgi dai bieu toan qudc Ddng Cdng sdn Viet Nam khda Xn nhidm ky 2016 - 2021, "Bdo vd vung chdc Td qudc" la mdt ydu td cau thdnh chu dd cua Dai hoi. Nhu vdy, cd thd khdng dinh: Trdch nhiem doi vdi ngudi trung cii dugc Bac dat ra tir khda ddu
tien cua Qudc h0i Viet Nam cho den ngdy nay, khda XIV tdi day va cac khda sau nay van cdn nguyen gia tii bdi tinh thdi sir vd tinh tu tudng cua nd.
De hoan thdnh hai sii menh ndy Bac can dan ngudi tning cOr: "Phdi luon nha vd thuc hdnh cdu:
Vi loi nuoc, quen Icri nhd; vi lai chung quen loi rieng. Phdi ldm cho xiing ddng vai dong bdo, cho xung ddng vai To quoc ". Bang viec dung cau tach biet, dao ddi - kieu cau dac thu cua van phong chinh luan; phep ddi, tac gid da nhan manh cho nhiing ngudi tning cu thdy ro hon trach nhiem vd nghia vu cua hg. Nghe ldi can dan "vi loi nuoc, quen loi nhd;
vi loi chung quen loi rieng" ta tudng nhu Bdc dang ndi vdi dai bieu CJudc hoi khda XIV chii khdng chi la khda 1. Qua day cd the hieu rdng, Igi ich ludn Id vdn dd can phdi chd ngu, kiem sodt, dae bidt vdi nhung ngudi nam quydn luc tiong tay.
Khi ndi vd trach nhiem ciia ngudi tning cir, Bdc nhin tu hai chieu canh:
Tu Idn ddn nhd (Td qudc - ddng bao): Nhimg nguoi trung cu si phdi ra sue giii vung nen dpc lap cua To quoc, ra sue muu su hanh phuc cho dong bdo.
Tii nhd den Idn (ddng bdo - Td qudc): Phdi ldm cho ximg ddng voi dong bdo, cho ximg ddng voi To quoc. Td qudc ed dgc lap thi ddng bao mdi cd hanh phiic; xiing dang vdi ddng bdo thi mdi xiing dang vdi Td qudc. Cach tiep can nhidu chieu canh the hidn tir duy logic ciia ngudi diing dau.
Cdn vdi nhiing ngudi khdng tning cii thi Bac dgng vidn, chia se: "Ngudi khdng tning cir ciing khdng ndn nga long. Mmh da td long hang hai vdi nude, vdi dan thi ludn ludn phdi giii Idng hang hai dd. O trong Quoc hoi hay d ngoai Qudc hgi, minh ciing cii ra siic giiip ich nuoc nhd. Lan nay khdng dugc cu, ta cii gang lam cho qudc ddn nhdn rd tai ditc ciia ta, thi lan sau qudc dan nhat dinh cir ta'''l Vdi vide su dung ldi ndi dn du "ngd long", hoan du
"O trong Quoc hpi hay o ngodi Quoc hpi" dai tu nhdn xung: "minh/ta", phd tir "ciing. cir",... cdc phat ngdn mang gigng dieu cua ngdn ngii ndi, nhu ldi nhd to tam sir cua Bac ddi vdi nhung ngudi Idn ndy chua dugc dan chgn. Nam dugc tam ly eon
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ngudi, bidt la nhung ngudi khdng tning cir se bi quan, ndn chi, bd bd cong viec nen Bac can dan: "O trong Quoc hpi hay o ngodi Quoc hpi, minh ciing cir ra sue giup ich nuac nhd ". Khdng chi la ngirdi gidi ndm bat tam ly, Bdc cdn Id ngudi tu duy tich eye, nhin ve phia trudc cua su viec: "Lan ndy khong duac cir, ta cir gang ldm cho quoc ddn nhan rd tdi due ciia ta, ihi lan sau quoc ddn nhdt dinh cu ta ".
Trdch nhidm ciia ngudi tning cir va khdng tning cii da dugc Bdc chi ra ro rang va cd the tdm ggn la du the nao cung "ra sire giup ich nuac nhd ". Didu ndy rdt cd y nghia trong bdi cdnh hien nay.
Kdt thiic didn ngdn, Bdc keu ggi: "Ngay mai, tat cd cdc ban cu tri deu phai nhd di bdu cir. Ngdy mai, mdi ngudi deu ndn vui ve hudng quydn Igi ciia mdt ngudi dan dgc lap, tu do"°'. Ket luan cua didn ngdn la mdt doan v ^ gom hai cau don. Cau sau lap lai kdt cau cua cau trudc: Tr, C - V (Tr: tiang ngu, C:
Chu ngu, V: Vi ngu). Day la cau song hanh, kidu cau dac thu ciia van phong chinh ludn. Bdc di tu tdng thd ddn bd phan: 'Tat ca cac ban cii tri - mdi ngudi".
Danh tii "ban" dugc diing lam tir chi loai phu cho trung tam danh ngii "tdt cd ede ban cii tri" cho ta tiidy su gan gui, than thien vd ciing la tu tudng vd su binh dang cua Hd C^u tich. Mdi ngudi chi cd mdt la phidu, tdt ca ddu binh ddng nhu nhau nhung quan ttgng la "phdi nha di bdu cir". Day la dieu mdu chdt. D% dgng vidn quoc dan, Bac khuyen: "Ngdy mai, moi nguoi deu nen vui ve huang quyen lai cua mpt nguai ddn dpc lap, tu do ". Cung la vide di bau cii nhung Bac cd hai each ndi: "Phai nhd di bdu cii"
- cdch tidp can theo hudng bau cu la nghia vu vd ttach nhiem; "nen vui ve huang quyen loi" - each tiep can theo hudng bdu cu la hudng quydn Igi. Tinh chinh xae ttong viec sii dung ngdn tii da lam tang gid tri ngi dung cua phdn kdt luan dien ngdn.
Tdm quan ttgng cua Id phidu vd vide di bd phidu;
trdch nhiem cua cir tii; trach nhidm eiia ngudi tning cir va ngudi khdng tning cii la nhiing ngi dung chinh md Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da ndi den ttong dien ngdn "Ldi keu ggi qudc ddn di bd phidu". Ben canh gid tri ve ngi dung, dien ngdn nay cdn la mgt tac phdm kinh dien vd tinh nghe thuat ttong vide sir
dung ngon tir d cac cap do: Van ban, doan van, cdu, tu va cac bien phap hi tii.
0 cdp do van ban, dien ngdn cd ket can ba ph&i rd ret. Md bai la 3 doan ddu, than bai la 7 doan tidp tiieo va ket luan Id doan cudi cung. Md bai tiieo ldi gian tidp. Than bdi cd hai y chinh: Tdm quan ttgng cua la phidu va viec di bau cir; ttach nhiem ciig ngudi tiling cu va khdng tiling cir. Kdt ludn la Idi kdu ggi cii tri thuc hien nghla vu vd quydn Igi cua ngudi dan dgc lap, ty do.
Q cap do doan van, dien ngdn gom 11 doan van.
Mgt vdi doan van chi la mdt cau don. Vi (hi: "Ng^
mai mong 6 thdng Gieng ndm 1946 ". Dac biet, c6 mgt doan van la mdt cdu tach bidt: "Phdi ldm cho ximg ddng voi dong bdo, cho ximg ddng vai To quoc ". Xet vd yeu cau cua mgt doan van d gdc dg ngi dung, doan van nay khong dat ydu cdu. Nhui^
cd thd vi mudn ngudi dgc chii y, mudn nhan manh md Bdc da ngat doan nhu vay. Ngugc lai, doan van vidt vd tdm quan trgng cua la phidu lai Id mdt dogn quy nap dien binh: C;:d hai ludn cu: ve mat tran quan su,...; ve mat tran chinh tri,... de di den kdt luan:
"Mpt Id phieu ding co sire luc nhu mpt viin dan ".
Cau chii dd nam d cudi doan van ndn doan nay la doan quy nap. Mun chung, didn ngdn "Ldi kdu ggi qudc ddn di bd phieu" dugc cau tao chu ydu bdi cac doan van ngan.
(J cdp do cdu, dien ngdn gdm nhieu kieu cdu, nhung dac biet nhat la hai kidu cau dac thu eiia van phong chinh luan - edu song hanh, cau tach bidt
Cdu song hdnh la cdu lap kdt cdu cii p h ^ . Hai kieu ket cau dugc lap di lap lai ttong didn ngdn la:
Danh la danh (1) vd ttang ngii, chii ngii - vi ngit (2).
Bdn cdu cd ket cau (1) vd 6 cdu cd kdt cdu (2). Kien cdu lap cu phap nay thudng bao chiia ca lap cum tu va lap tir nen ludn tao ra "tinh nhip nhang, can doi, giau nhac tmh"'"*cho phdt ngdn va giiip duy tti chii dd mdt each hieu qua.
Cdu tach bidt Id kieu cau dugc tao ra do '"viec tach rieng mpt hay nhieu bp phdn ra khoi mpt c&l trite ngii phdp thong nhdt (a ngon ngii noi duac the hien bang viec ngdt doan, con a ngon ngu viet - bang ddu cham hoac mpt ddu edu tirong duan^^
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nhdm nhdn manh vd cu the hod npi dung thong tin "''^' Khi ndi vd trach nhiem ciia ngudi tning cir, Bdc viet: "Nhimg nguai trimg cu f chu ngu) sephdi ra sire giir vimg nen doc lap cua To quoc, ra sue muu su hanh phuc cho dong bdoivi ngii). Phdi luon nhavd thuc hdnh cdu: Vi lai nuac, quen lai nhd; vi loi chung quen Igi rieng.
Phdi ldm cho xung ddng voi dong bdo, cho xung ddng voi To quoc "
"Phdi luon nha... loirieng". "Phdi ldm cho... To quoc " la cau tach bidt. Chiing la vi ngii ciia cau ttdn nhung da dugc tac gia tach ridng ra khdng chi thanh mdt cau ma cdn thanh mgt doan van. Vide su dung can tach biet nhu vay cho thdy Bac mudn bdn than nhiing ngudi tning cu va tdt cd mgi ngudi biet dugc va biet ro trach nhiem ciia ngudi tning cii la gi.
O cdp do tir, tac gia cd gang sii dung tir thuan Viet fliay cho tu Han Viet, tir thuge phong cdch ndi.
Vi du nhu: "Ngdy mai ddn ta seto..." "Ngdy mai mong sdu thdng Gieng", "... dua quoc ddn ta len con duong mai me", "ngdy mai Id ngdy vui suong..."... Vdo nam 1946, ban 90% dan sd mii chii nen ndu Bac dung tii Han Viet vd tir thudc phong each viet se ed nhidu ngudi khdng hidu. Neu dung tii "chiing minh" thay cho tir "td" chac chdn nhidu ngudi khdng hieu dugc didu Bdc mudn ndi. Vdi viec sic dung tir nhu vdy, Ldi kdu ggi ciia Bac trd ndn gan giii, de hieu, sdng ddng va ldi keu ggi cd khd nang thay ddi dugc hanh vi eiia eii tri eao hoiL
De tang tiiem tinh ngh? thuat cho Ldi keu ggi, Bac sir dung mgt so bien p h ^ tu tu, nhu, dn du (con duong moi me. Id phieu, nga long), so sanh (mpt Id phieu ciing eo sue luc nhu mpt vien dem), hoan du (o trong Quoc hpi hay a ngodi Quoc hpi), ddi (dong - it. nirac - nhd, chung - rieng, qudn sir - chinh tri), lap (ngay mai. kien quyet. to. bdu. cir,...). Trong do, dang ndi nhat Id phep lap. Bac sii dyng dii ba kidu lap: tii, cym tii vd lap cau. Tir "ngay maf dugc dung 11 Ian trong dien ngdn, nhu vay tiung bmh mdi doan van ddu cd mOt Idn tii ndy xuat hidn. Nhii:^ tii dugc lap nhieu, nhu, ngay, qudc dan, ddng bao, td, cii, kien quydt,... Cym danh tii, cum dgng tii va cum tinh tii ddu xuat hidn trong dien ngdn: "ngudi trung cu.
nguoi khong tning cir", ' 'kien quyet chong ton thifc ddn. Men quyet tranh quyen dpc lap. kien quyet dodn ket chat che. Lap cau/cii phap tao ra kidu cau song hanh, rat noi bat cua dien ngon "Ldi kdu ggi qudc ddn di bd phieu" (nhu da trinh bay d cap dd cau).
Cac bien phap tu tir giiip cho dien ngdn tang tinh bieu cam, bd sung tiidng tin va duy tri chu de.
Ra ddi cdch ddy 80 nam, sau mdt sd thao tdc phan tich vd ndi dung va nghe tiiuat, co the di den ket luan: "Ldi kdu ggi qudc ddn di bd phieu" la mdt dien ngdn cd gja tri mang tdm thdi dai. Neu dimg ly thuyet va phuang phap phan tich dien ngdn phd phan de xem xet tac pham nay chac chan se khdm phd dugc nhidu dieu thii vi. Day cd thd Id mgt ggi y cho nghidn ciiu tidp theo. Dgc lai vd phan tich tac pham nay cang thay rd pham chdt va nang luc ciia lanh tu Hd Chi Minh. Dien ngdn nay cdn dugc phd bien rdng rai ttong xa hdi de cir tri cd y thiic vd trach nhiem ban ttong vide thuc hien quyen va nghia vy edng dan; dd nguoi tning cu; vd khdng tning cir bidt minh cdn lam gi cho ddt nuoc, nhdt Id vdo thdi diem sap dien ra bdu cii Qudc hdi khda XIV vd Hdi ddng nhan ddn cac cap nhidm 1^ 2016 - 2021 •
(1) Mai Dure Ngoc: Giao trinh soan thao van bdn cang tdc ttf tumg, Nxb. CTQG, H., 2009, tr. 40.
(2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10) H6 Chi Minh: Todn lap, T4, Nxb. CTQG, H.,2004, tr. 145,146.
(11), (12) Lirong Khac Hieu: Gido trinh Nghe thudtphdt bieu mi?ng, Nxb. CTQG, H., 2005, IT.92, 93.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO:
1 SinhVanHiic: Ngon ngii hoc d^icuortg-Nhung not dung quanyiu, Nxb. Giao due, H., 2012.
2. VuHoai Phirong, Tran Van Anh: Phongcdch Ho ChiMinh qua khao sat cdc bien phap tu tic trong tdc pham Mo Chi Minh Toan lap, T/c Ly luan chinh Iri vaTriQ^ ^ n g . So 5,2015.
3. Tran Ngpe Them: He thong lien kit van bdn tieng Viet. Nxb.
KHXH,H.,1985.
4. Nguyin Minh Thuyet (chu biSn), Ngi^ln Van Higi: Thdnh phdn cdu tieng Viet, Nxb. DHQG, H., 1998.
5. Cii EMnh Tu: Phong cdch hgc vd dgc diem tu tir tiing Viet, Nxb. GD, H., 2007.
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