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GIAO DUC PHONG, CHONG THAM N H O N G - KINH NGHlfM QUOC TE VA GOI MCI CHO VIET NAM
• ThS TRINH X U A N T H A N G
Hoc vien Chinh tri Khu vice IV
• Tom tdt: Gido due phong chong tham nhiing la mpt trongnhUng biin phdp quan trgng nhdm ndng cao y thdc, trdch nhiim cua cdc chu the trong xa hpi vi ddu tranh phong chong tham nhUng; tdng bddc xay dUngvd hinh thdnh vdn hoa chong tham nhUng trong xahpi.
Bdi viit ndy di cap den kinh nghiem mpt so nUdc trin the gidi vd mpt sdgdi md cho Viet Nam trong viic gido ducphong chongtham nhung.
9 Tdkhoa: gido due phong, chongtham nhiing.
1. Kinh nghiem giao due phong, chong tham nhung 6* mot so nuifc trgn the gi^
Giao due long hem chinh, dao diic cdng vu cho cdng chiic ttr lau da dupc nhiiu nudc tren th^ gidi xem nhu mdt tru cot trong chinh sach phong, chdng tham nhiing. Qua do, giup cdng chiic thay dupe tham nhiing la hanh vi vi pham dao diic, trach nbiem va nghia vu eua ngudi edng chiie trong qua trinh thuc tbi cdng vu. Viec giao due liem chinh ampt sd qude gia dupc thuc hifin hSng nam va mang tinh bat budc cho toan the can bp, cdng ehiic. Tat ca cac quoc gia thudc Td chiic Hpp tac va Phat trien Kinh te (OECD) deu cd chuang trinh dao tao hem chinh bSt budc cho can bp, vien chiic ciia hp. Vdi muc tieu nang cao nhan thiic cho cdng chiic vi traeh nhiem edng vu, ve viee nghiem cam cae hanh vi tiiam nhiing tiong cong chiic, mot sd nude nhu Thuy Dien, Han Qudc, Malaysia, Diic, Trung Qudc, Singapore ban hanh van ban phap luat rieng vi dao diic cdng
chiic, tham ehi thanh lap nhiing ca quan chuyen phu tiach ve dao diic cdng chiic. Han Qudc thanh lap uy ban dac biet vi dao diie edng chiic cd trach nhiem ehinh tiong viec giao due dao diic cdng chiic, theo ddi qua trinh thuc bien cua cdng chiic.
Smgapore giao due edng chiic long tu tipng, xem tham nhung nhu su si nhuc danh du va hp sp bi ap dung che tai phap luat, coi day la hanh vi nhiiu rui ro, tir do cd thai dp ndi khdng vdi tiiam nhiing tiong qua trinh thue thi nhiem vu.
Trong giao due phdng, chdng tham nhiing, cac nude khdng chi chii y din giao due dao due cong vu cho can bp, edng chiic ma cdn quan tam den giao due dao diic cho cdng dan, thdng qua nhiiu each thiic, dac biet la he thdng giao due qudc dan.
Thai Lan, Indonexia, Philippines, Trung Qudc deu dua mdn hpe vl phdng, chdng tham nhiing vao chuong tiinh giao due a eac nha tnrong 6 cac e^p dp va miic dp khac nhau. Tir nam 2008, Trung Qudc da min khai ehinh thiic chuong trinh giao
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due liem chinh ti-ong cac nha tiirong. Chuong trinh giao due phdng, chdng diam nhting eho ngudi dan ampt sd nudc, bao gdm; cac npi dung vl dao diic tiong sang, ldi sdng lanh manh, thai dp cam ghet va tinh than kien quyet dau tranh chdng tham nhiing, kiln thuc giiip ngudi dan nhan diln duac hanh vi tham nhung, biet cung c^p thdng tin cho eo quan thdng tin dai chiing va to cao vdi ca quan nha nudc cd tham quyin.
Hdng Kong (Trung Quoe) chii y giao due vl tham nhiing theo hudng coi tham nhung la hanh vi khdng thi eh^p nhan va khdng thi khoan nhupng ttong xa hpi. Ngay ttr khi mdi thanh lap Ca quan dilu tta chdng tiiam nhting (CPIB), Singapore da nghiem tiie xay dung chuong tiinh giao due sau rdng y thiic cua ngudi dan ttong phdng, chdng tham nhting, tiiuc hien ddng bd tiong sinh vien, hpc sinh va trong cdng ddng, Giam ddc co quan dieu tia chdng tiiam nhting Singapore nh&i manh: "Van hda chdng tham nhung cua chung tdi ben rl tiong xa hdi b ^ g mdt chinh saeh giao due lau dai. Nd dupc chia lam hai chuong trinh;
giao due cho cdng ddng va giao due cho hpc smh, shih vien ngay ttr khi cac em cdn nho dudi nhiiu hinh thiic suih dpng va hap d&i nhung r^t nghiem tiic. Tat ca n h ^ tao eho mpi cdng dan hieu vl hau qua an ninh cua mdt d^t nudc niu chim sau ttong te tham nhiing, vl danh du, long tu ttpng va gia tri dao diic ciia con ngudi va ca dan tdc"'". CPIB tiiudng xuyen td chiie eac chuong trinh tap huan vdi hieu truong cua cac trudng de cap nhat nhting thdng tin mdi nhat dua vao giang day. Ngoai ra, CPIB cdn tien hanh eac budi ttao ddi voi ten gpi "Hanh trinh hpc hdi" cho eac hpc sinh tiiiang trung hpc nhSm giiip eho thi he tie CO nhan tiiiic vl hanh vi tiiam nhung. CPIB cdn td chiic nhirng lap dac biet danh rieng cho sinh vien thupc nganh hanh chinh cdng va quan ly Chinh phu dl hpe each chdng tiiam nhung vol
nhiing vi du thuc te, smh ddng. Ve chuang trinh giao due tiong cdng dong, Singapore td cbtic cac ehien dich myen truyin rpng lon de ngudi dan hieu rSng niu khdng chdng tiiam nhung tdt thi se anh huong nghigm ttpng den an ninh cua qudc gia. Qua trinh giao due do mang lai su thay ddi can ban nhan thiic vl tham nhung ttr chd la mdt boat dpng rui ro thap ma lpi nhuan cao tta thanh mdt hoat ddng nii ro cao ma lpi nhuan thip. O My, Dao luat phdng chdng cac hanh vi tham nhung nude ngoai cua My (FCPA), cae doanh nghiep My trude khi mudn ky hpp ddng lam an vdi doanh nghiep nudc ngoai can yeu eau ddi tac td ehiie eae khoa hpc ve liem chinh va chdng tham nhting cho nhan vien.
2. Giao due phong, chong tham nhung &
Viet Nam hien nay
O Viet Nam, qua trinh nhan thiic vl tam quan trpng ciia viec giao due phdng, chdng tham nhung ngay cang cd nhieu tien bp. Trong Luat Phdng, chdng tham nhting nam 2005 va cae lan siia ddi bd sung, bd sung nam 2007,2012 chua cd muc rieng ve tuyen truyen, giao due phdng, chdng tiiam nhQng du ttong cae quy dinh nhiem vu cu till cho tung coquan, td chiie ttong phong, chdng tiiara nhiing cting da budc dau de cap den npi dung nay. Dieu 85 Luat Phdng, chdng tham nhting nam 2005 quy dinh; Mat tian To qudc Viet Nam va cac td chiic tiianh vien cd trach nhiem phdi hpp vdi ca quan nha nudc cd tham quyen tuyen truyen, giao due nhan dan va cac thanh vien td chiic minh tiiuc hien cac quy dinh ciia phap luat vl phdng, chdng tiiam nhting. Dieu 86 eiia LuSt quy duih: Co quan bao chi cd trach nhiem bieu duong tinh than va nhthig viec lam tich cue ttong cdng tac phdng, chdng tham nhung; len an, dau tranh ddi vdi nhting nguoi cd hanh vi tham nhting; tiiam gia tuyen truyen, phd bien phap luat ve phdng, chdng tiiam nhting.
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Thdi gian nay, chua cd quy dinh tiong luat cu ihl ve van de giao due phdng, chdng tham nhiing nhung Chinh phii da ed nhiing chuong tiinh cu the de dua van dl phdng, chdng tham nhiing vao tiong cac CO so dao tao. Van dl dua npi dung Luat Phdng, chdng tiiam nhung vao chuang trinh giao due da dupc neu ttong Nghi quyet Tnmg ucmg 3 khda X cua Dang. Ngay 2-12-2009, Thu tiJong Chinh phu ky quydt dinh sd 137/2009/QD - TTg phe duyet de an dua ndi dung phdng, chdng tham nhting vao chuong trinh giao due, dao tao, bdi dudng, gpi t^t la De an 137 va giao eho Thanh tta Chinh Phu la co quan thudng true giiip Thti tudng Chinh phu chi dao thuc hien de an; cac bd, nganh, co quan td chiic va don vi gdm Bd Giao due va dao tao, Hpe vien Chinh tri quoc gia Hd Chi Minh, Bd Cdng an, Bd Qude phdng, Bd Lao ddng, Thuong bmh va Xa bdi, Bd Tai ehinh, Bp Kl hoach va Dau tu. Van phdng Ban chi dao Trung uong ve phdng, chdng tham nhung, Toa an nhan dan tdi cao, Vien Kiim sat nhan dan tdi cao, uy ban nhan dan cac tinh, casdgiao due dao tao cd ttach nhiem thue hien nhiem vu ttong dl an. Tilp tiieo, Chi tiii sd lO/CT-rTg ngay 12-6- 2013 cua Thu tudng Chinh phii yeu eau dua npi dung phdng, chdng tham nhiing vao giang day tai eac ca so giao due, dao tao bdt ddu tiinam hpc 2013 - 2014. Bd Tu phap xay dung de an "Tuyen truyin, phd biln phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhiing, Cdng udc cua Lien Hpp qudc ve chdng tham nhiing ttong can bp, cdng chiic, vien chiic va nhan dan tir nam 2012 den nam 2016".
Den Dai hpi XII cua Dang, van de giao due phdng, chdng tham nhiing da duac nhan manh:
"Tiep tuc day manh cdng tac tuyen truyin giao due nham nang cao nhan thiic, y tiuic, trach nhiem cua cac cap, eae nganh, cua can bd, dang vien, cdng chiie, vien chiic va nhan dan vl cdng tac phdng, chdng tham nhting, lang phi, tao su
thdng nhat, tu giac, quyet tam cao ttong hanh ddng"'^', Tren ca sa do, Luat Phdng, chdng tham nhting dupe thdng qua thang 11- 2018 va cd hieu luc tir 1-7-2019 cd mdt muc rieng quy dinh vl Tuyen truyen, pho bien, giao due vl phdng, chdng tham nhiing vdi ndi dung bao gdm; l.Ca quan thdng tin, truyin thdng va ca quan, td chiic, don vi khac, tiong pham vi nhiem vu, quyin ban cua minh, cd ttach nhiem tuyen truyen, phd bien, giao due ve phdng, chdng tham nhung nham nang eao nhan thtic cho cdng dan va ngudi ed chiie vu, quyen han. 2. Co sd'giao due, dao tao, bdi dudng cd ttach nhiem dua ndi dung giao due nhan each, dao diic, ldi sdng nham phdng, chdng tham nhiing vao chucmg trinh giao due, dao tao, bdi dudng doi vdi hpe sinh trung hpe phd thdng, sinh vien, hpc vien va ngudi cd chiic vu, quyen ban theo quy dinh cua phap luat.
Nhu vay, Luat Phdng, chdng tham nhung nam 2018 quy dinh cu the ca quan cd trach nhiem ttong giao due phdng, chdng tham nhung la CO quan thdng tin, truyin thdng; eo sd giao due, dao tao, bdi dudng. Ddi tupng ciia cdng tac giao due phdng, chdng tham nhung bao gdm;
cdng dan, hpe sinh, sinh vien va ngudi cd chiic vu, quyen han.
Thdi gian qua, nhtmg co quan don vi true tiep tham gia vao giao due phdng, chdng tham nhung la: bao chi, truyin thdng. Mat tran Td qudc, cac ca sa giao due va dao tao. Chiing ta ciing da dat nhiing kit qua bude dau ttong giao due phdng, chdng tham nhiing. Tu nam 2007- 2013, hon 29 trieu lupt can bd, cdng chiic, vien chiic, ngudi dan dupe phd bien, gidi thieu, giao due phap luat vl phdng, chdng tham nhiing, 478 nghm ldp tuyen truyin, phd bien phap luat vl phdng, chdng tham nhung dupe thue hien, 2,3 trieu tai lieu, cudn saeh vl phdng, chdng tham nhung dupe phat hanh. O bac trung hoc phd
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thdng, ndi dung phdng, chdng tham nhung dupe dua vao giang day ldng ghep, tich hop vao mdn hpc giao due cdng dan vdi tiidi lupng 6 tilt, duoc phan bd ttong 3 nam hoc. Npi dung phdng, chdng tham nhung bao gdm nbieu kien thiic xa hdi va kiln thiic phap luat de trang bi cho hpc sinh khai niem, biiu hien, nguyen nhan, tae hai ciia tham nhiing ddi vda xa hpi. Npi dung tuyen truyin phap luat vl phdng, chdng tham nhiing dupc cac c^p Mat tran To qudc long ghep ttong dl an xay dung va day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen, van ddng chap hanh phap luat ttong cdng ddng dan cu, dupe tiln hanh ttr nam 2006 den nay. Cac co quan bao chi tich cue tham gia vao cdng tac phdng, chdng tham nhung, ttong do cd tuyen truyin vl phap luat phdng, chdng tham nhung cting nhu tao du luan xa hdi phe phan hanh vi tham nhung. Bao chi khdng ehi ddng gdp lon trong viec phat hien cac hanh vi tham nhung ma cdn la luc luong ehii yeu de tuyen truyin, van ddng, giao due nang eao nhan thue cua ngudi dan trong phdng, chdng tham nhung; tuy&n truyin nhung guong diln hinh, each Iam hay tiong phdng, chdng tham nhung.
Mdi nam ed khoang gan 5 nghin tin, bai viet ve de tai phdng, chdng tham nhung dupe dang tai tien hon 40 td bao (20 bao in d Tmng uong, 10 bao tn dia phuong va 10 tdbao dien tircua Trung uong va dia phuong'^'. Cd 77,83% phdng vien ddng tinh vdi vile bao ehi tham gia tuyen truyin phd bien chu truang, dudng ldi, chinh sach, phap luat ciia Dang, Nha nudc ve phdng, chdng tham nhung'*'.
Ben canh nhirng thanh cdng, cdng tae giao due phdng, chdng tham nhung d Viet Nam thdi gian qua cung edn nhieu ban ehe. Tuyen truyin phd bien giao due ve phdng, chdng tham nhQng mdi chi ehii y thuc hien ndi bd cac ca quan, don vi, td chiie vdi ddi tupng la can bp, dang vien,
chua tien hanh sau rdng din mpi tang ldp nhan dan; npi dung, hinh thtic tuyen truyin chua phong phu; thdi lupng tuyen truyen cdn han che, chua dap iing duoc ddi hoi tbuc tl. Viec giao due phdng, chdng tham nhiing ttong cac ttudng phd thdng vdi thdi lupng ngin, ndi dung nhiiu nen giao vien da phan giang ly thuyet, chua tao dupc su hiing thii va hinh thanh dupe y thiie chdng tham nhQng trong hpc sinh. Giao vien giang day cd khi chua dupc dao tao, tap huan ve van de nay ma ehu yeu la tu tim hieu. Npi dung thude mdn giao due cdng dan la mdn hpe chua dupe chu ttpng nhieu d mdt sd trudng. Hoat dpng tuyen truyin, phd bien, giao due ve phdng, chdng tham nhting cua Mat ttan Td qude va eae td chuc thanh vien cdn nang ve hinh thiic, thieu tinh thiet thuc, phuong thire chua phti hgp. Vai trd ciia Mat tran Td qudc trong tuyen truyin, phd bien giao due phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhung cdn md nhat chua tucmg xiing vdi vi till eiia Mat ttan Td quoc va tdm quan ttpng cua cdng tac tuyin truyin phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhQng. Hoat ddng tuyen truyin phap luat long ghep tiong chuong trinh giao due phap luat ebung hay Cudc van ddng Hpe tap va lam theo tam giB3ng dao due Hd Chi Minh nen ndi dung cdn so sai va thdi lupng ehua thich dang. Cac phuong tien truyin tiidng thdi gian qua dua tin ban vl cae vu tham nhung la ehii yeu cdn neu guong dien hinh trong phdng, chdng tham nhung; tuyen truyen chinh sach, chii truong ve phdng, chdng tham nhung cdn it, eac chuyen trang, chuyen muc vl phdng, chdng tham nhung cdn it va chua duoc duy tri thudng xuyen nin vai trd ttong giao due phdng, chdng tham nhQng cdn md nhat.
Hanh vi tham nhQng trong can bd, cdng chiic van tiep tiic gia tang, tham ehi bieu hien ngay cang nghiem trpng; tinh vi hon; y thiic chdng
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tiiam nhung cua ngudi dan Viet Nam cdn thap.
Xu hudng chap nhan tham lihung eua ngudi dan Viet Nam icit cao dang la mpt thach thiic ttong eupc chiin chdng tham nhung. Chl cd 6% dan sd Viet Nam khdng chdp nhan tham nhung, d Thuy Dien ty ll nay la 70%'^'. Tham chi, nhieu doanh nghiep cdn chu ddng hdi Id. Theo khao sat, ttong sd nhung doanh nghiep phai tra phi ngoai quy dinb, hon 70% sd trudng hpp do doanh nghiep ehii dpng dl nghi edn dudi 30% la sd trudng hpp dupe can bp, edng chtee yeu edu'^'.
Vdi ngirdi dan, khao sat ve phan iing eua ngudi dan khi duoc gpi y chi tra tiln ngoai quy dinh, 37% tta ldi nop bin ngay dl dupc vile, 11% tta ldi nop tiln nhung mac ca, chl cd 3% khdng nop tien, bao vdi ngudi cd tham quyen, 34% khdng nop tiln va chd dpi giai quylt'^. Ddi vdi can bd, cdng chiic, 86% cho rSng: tam ly e ngai khi ddu tianh chdng tham nhung van cdn phd bien trong can bp, edng ehiic. Mae dti nhan thuc vl tham nhting duac cai thien nhung miic dp stn sang ddu ttanh chdng tham nhting ttong can bp, cdng chiic van chua rd rang™. Ttr nhiing ban chl tien cho thay, day manh giao due phdng, chdng tiiam nhung dl nang eao y tbuc ndi khdng vdi tham nhung ttong can bp va nhan dan dang la yeu cdu cdp thiet d niroc ta hien nay.
3. Mot so giai phap tang cuorng giao due phong, chong tham nhung o^ Viet Nam hien nay
Thii nhit, xiy dung chuong trinh giao due phong, chdng tham nhiing cho timg ddi tuong cuthe
Giao due phdng, chdng tham nhting phai toan dien, bao gdm: nhan dan, hpc sinh, sinh vien va nhting ngudi cd chiic vu, quyen han. Viec dua ndi dung phdng, chdng tham nhung vao chuong trinh giao due - dao tao phai duoc thuc hien d tdt ca eac ca sd giao due - dao tao, bdi dudng, cae tiirdng phd thdng, dai hpc, hpc vien, cao dang,
trung cdp chuyen nghiep, cao dang nghl, tiimg cap nghl, tiudng hanh chinh, trudng quan ly nghiep vu thudc Dang, co quan nha nudc, trudng thudc lue lupng vQ tiang, tiiudc td ehtic chinb tri - xa hdi... Ddi vdi tung ddi tupng cu till, ndi dung, chuang trinh tuyen truyen, giao due can xay dung eho phu hpp. Vdi can bd, edng chiic, nhting ngudi ed chiic vu, quyen han, viec giao due phdng, chdng tham nhQng cdn gan hin vdi giao due dao due, ldi sdng, ndng cao y thuc chinh tn va tiach nhiem; dac biet cdn gan vdi giao due dao diic edng vu cho can bd, dang vien va nhan dan.
Can tuyen truyen, giao due can bp, edng ehiie dl hp hieu, thdm nhuan bdn pban ttach nhiem, long tu ttpng, tu hao vi dupc lam mdt cdng vile vi lpi ieh eua ca edng ddng. Tir dd, hinh thanh thai dp phe phan hanh vi tham nhting, coi dd la hanh vi si nhuc danh du va long tu ttpng ctia can bp, cdng cbiic. Ddi vdi ngudi dan, can ehu y giao due nham giup hp nhan thtic duac tac hai nhieu mat cua te tham nhting, biet nhting hanh vi tham nhting, tir do tao ra phan ung chung cua xa hdi ddi vdi tham nhQng, the hien khdng chdp nhan tham nhQng dudi mpi hinh thuc; ddng thdi, edn giao due ttach nhiem cdng ddn, tdn ttong phap luat, su cdng bang, chinh true, tir dd xdy dung hanh vi iing xir hem chinh, van hda phi tham nhung ttong nhan ddn. Ddi vdi doanh nghiep, viec tuyen truyin phdng, chdng tham nhQng can gan vdi tuyen tmyen xay dung van hda kinh doanh, ttach nbiem xa hdi cua doanh nghiep,
Thii hai, nang cao chat luang ddi ngd lim cdngtacgiao ducphdng, chdng tham nhung va trach nhiem cua cic coquan thuc hien giao due phong, chdng tham nhOng
Dl nang cao chat lupng giao due phdng, chdng tham nhQng can ehu y nang cao chdt lupng dpi ngu lam cdng tac giao due phdng, chdng tham nhQng trong cac casd giao due, dao
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DAO TAO - B 6 | DirdNG CAN B 6 tao. Mat ttan Td qudc Viet Nam va cac td chiic thanh vien, cae ca quan bao ehi. Can ed nhiing yiu cau, tieu chuan cu t h i ddi vdi ddi tupng true tilp tham gia giao due phdng, chdng tham nhung; thudng xuyIn dinh ky td chuc nhiing chuang trinh bdi dudng, tap budn, cap nhat kiln thiie mdi v l ndi dung, ky nang tuyen truyen giao due phdng, ehong tham nhung. Ngoai ra, IMha nudc eung can bd tri kinh phi thuc hien che dp, ehinh saeh cho dpi ngu nay.Dang va Nha nudc cung can cd nhung quy dinh cu t h i va kiim tta thudng xuyen viec thuc hien giao due phdng, chdng tham nhting eua eae eo quan, don vi cd trach nhiem. Ddi vdi cac ca sa giao due, dao tao can tang cudng thdi lupng cae chuong trinh giao due phdng, chdng tham nhiing. Can cd nhirng quy dinh eu thi, eac hinh thiie khen thudng nhting ca quan bao ehi, tiuyen thdng dang eac tin, bai bieu duong tinh thdn va nhiing viec lam ticb cue trong cdng tac phdng, chdng tham nhung; len an, dau tianh vdi nhiing ngudi cd hanh vi tham nhting, tham gia tuyen truyin phd bien dudng ldi, chinh sach, phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhQng. Mat ttan Td qude Viet Nam va cac td chiie thanh vien ciing can tang thdi lupng tuyen tmyen giao due phap luat v l phdng, chdng tham nhung trong chuang trinh tuyen truyin phd bien phap luat ndi ehung, edn cd nhting chuong trinh riing ve tuyen truyen giao due phap luat ve phdng, chdng tham nhung.
Thuba, ddi mdi phuong phip, hinh thtic tuyen truyen, giio ducphdng, chongtham nhung
De nhiing npi dung phdng, chdng tham nhung tham nhuan trong can bd, dang vien va nhan dan, tii dd dan hinh thar± dupc y thuc, thai dp chdng tham nhQng tiong mdi ea nhan tbi phai ed phuong phap, hinh thiic tuyen truyen, giao due phu hpp, hieu qua. Vi vay, cac td chiic
cd tiach nhiem cdn chii y ddi mdi phuong phap, hmh thuc tuyin truyen, giao due phdng, chong tham nhung. Can ttanh tuyen truyin, giao due phdng, chdng tham nhung vdi ly thuyit sudng mdt chiiu, nhdt la vol ddi tupng hpc sinh. Cac to chuc, ca quan can da dang hda cac hinh thuc tuyen truyin, giao diic, nhu: thdng qua viec to chiie cac cude thi viit tim hieu v l Luat Phdng, chdng tham nhiing hoac cac tieu pham, chuang tiinh vdn nghl; viit thu hoaeh cac bai tap tinh hudng; tham quan true quan ve hau qua cua nhirng vu an tham nhung nghiem trpng. Dac biet, ed the sii dung cae hmh thiic tuyen tioiyln, giao due ve phdng, chdng tham nhung thdng qua intemet, vira bao dam thuan tien, dl thu hut dupe nhiiu ngudi quan tam D
{1} Ddn tiieo Nguyin Dang Dung, Pham Hdng Thai Chu Hdng Thanh, Vu Cong Giao; Giao trinh lyluan vaphapluatvephdng, chongtham nhung.NxhDai hpc Qudc gia, Ha Noi, tr.71.
(2) DCSVN; Vankien Dai hdi dai biiu torn qud'c lan thu
;iI/,VanphdngTrunguongDang, HaNoi, 2016, tt.212.
(3) Cao Thi Dung:" Cong tac tmyen thdng ve phdng, chdng tham nhiing d Viet Nam hien nay". Tap chi Thdng tin khoa hoc lyluan chinh tri, sd 9-2018.
(4) Theo ket qua khao sat cda tac gia Cao Thi Dung ttong luan an tiln si Chinh tri hpc, Bao chi tham gia phdng, chdng tham nhung d Viet Nam hien nay, 2019.
(5) Trinh Thi Xuyen (chu bien): Ca che tham gia cua ngudidan trongphdng chdng tham nhiing dViet Nam /u^n nay, Nxb Chmh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi, 2014, tt.l77.
(6), (7), (8) Thanh tra Viet Nam va Ngan hang the gioi; Tham nhiing til gdc nhin cuangadidan, doanh ngbi$p va can bo, cong chuc, vien chiic, ket qua khao sat xa hdi hoc, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, 2012, tt.52,52,60.
LYLUAN CHfNHTR!-So6/2019
