NHA Nirdc VA PHAP LUAT
BAO VE THONG TIN NGVOI TIEU DUNG
N g o V i n h B a c h D U d n g *
* NCVC. Vien Nha nifdc va Phap luat
Thdng tin bai viet:
Tirkhoa: ngueri tieu diing, quyen rieng hi, bao ve dft lieu ca nhan; bao ve thong tin ngirai tieu diing Lich sir bdi viei:
Nhanbai : 18/11/2018 B i e n t i p . 18/12/2018 Duyetbai : 24/12/2018
T6in tat:
Bao ve dU lieu ca nhan noi chung va bao ve thong tm nguai lieu diing noi rieng da duac phap luat Viet Nam quy djnh tai nhiSu van ban khac nhau. Mac dii vay, cac quy dinh va viec thuc thi chiing chua dil manh. Vi vay, phan tich nhirng diem con han che dong thai kien nghj giai phap nham cai thien hieu qua viec bao ve thong tin ngirai tieu diing trong dieu kien kinh te so dang phat trien 6 Viet Nam la viec lam co y nghTa.
Article Infomation:
Keywords: consumer, consumer privacy, privacy protection, consumer information protection
Article History:
Received Edited Approved
18 Nov. 2018 18 Dec. 2018 24 Dec. 2018
Abstract
The protection of personal data in general and the protection of consumer information in particular are regulated by various legal normative documents. However, the regulations and their enforcements are thought to be insufficient. Therefore, it is meaningfully required analysis ofthe shortages and recommended remedies to improve the effectiveness of consumer infoimation protection in the developing digital economy context of Vietnam.
1. Thdng tin cua ngiroi tieu dung Trong CO che thi trudng, de gianh dugc Igi the, cac nha cung cap phai phuc vu tdt nhat cho cac khach hang ctia minh. De xac lap va tien hanh giao dich, ngudi tieu dung va doanh nghiep phai cung cap cho nhau nhung thdng tin tdi thidu vd minh nhu ten, dia chi lien lac, ddi tugng giao dich, dia chi giao hang, phucmg tien thanh toan... Khi dd, ngudi tieu dung ludn dugc khuydn khich
cung cap nhieu thdng tin de thuan lgi hon cho viec tu van lira chgn san pham phii hgp.
Chang han vdi mdt san pham thdi trang, nha thidt ke khdng chi can den ten, tudi cua ngudi tieu dung ma cdn la cdng vide, dia vi xa hdi, cac thdng sd hinh the... de cd dugc mgt san pham phii hgp nhat vdi tui tien, nhu c4u, th4m my ciia hg. Sir da dang trong nhu cku ciia con ngudi cirng nhu trong sir phat trien ciia cac loai hinh hang hda, dich vu cang lam cho viec khai thac thdng tin khach
NGHIEN CUU I - i n S6 12(388)T6/2019 ^ L A P P H A P ' "
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT hang trd nen can thiet nhung cung phuc tap, da dang hon. Trong nhieu trudng hgp, thdng tin cdn td nhi va rieng tu hon nhu tinh trang benh tat, sd thich, thdi quen ca nhan...
Ngudi tieu diing, theo nghia phd bien, do la cac ca nhan mua hang hda dich vu vdi muc dich tieu dung va khdng cd y dinh tai cung cap'. Theo dd, nhung thdng tm cua ngudi tieu diing ciing cd the dugc hihu la nhung thdng tin ca nhan. Diem khac biet giiia cac thong tin ca nhan voi thdng tin nguoi tieu diing la d chd, thdng tin ciia ngudi tieu dung dugc thu thap va luu trii bdi cac doanh nghiep trong qua trinh xac lap giao dich vdi ngudi tieu diing hoac qua cac khao sat thi trudrng cua hg.
Nhiing thdng tin khach hang da thu thap dugc luu trir, quan ly cd the cho phep doanh nghiep mgt mat dap ung dugc nhu cau cua khach hang trong mdt giao dich truoc mat, nhung mat khac nd ciing tao dieu kien de doanh nghiep cd the dh dang tidp can voi khach hang cii cua mmh thdng qua viec khai thac co sd du- lieu khach hang sin cd. Luu tru thdng tin khach hang chinh la mpt phuong thuc de duy tri mdi quan he ban hang dn dinh cho nha cung cap ddi vdi khach hang truyen thdng, bao dam giiJ vung thj phJin ciia hg mdt each tiet kiem. Thay vi phai md rdng quang ba thuong hieu, tidp thi san pham, doanh nghiep chi can dd tim trong ca sd dir lieu san cd va lien lac vdi khach hang cu. Ddng thdi, de md rdng thi phkn, doanh nghiep ciing can dieu tra, thu thap thdng tin dd danh gia dugc thi hidu, khuynh hudng mua sam cua khach hang de tir dd cd nhung didu chinh thich hgp hoat ddng kinh doanh ciia minh hudng tdi nhirng khach hang tiem nang.
Xay dung va khai thac co sd dQ lieu
khach hang la nhiing thao tac quan trpng ddi vdi doanh nghidp ma kinh td hpc ggi la
"quan ly quan hd khach hang" (hay customer relationship management - CRM). Thdng qua CRM, cac doanh nghiep tiep can va giao tiep vdi khach hang cd he thdng va hieu qua nham phuc vu khach hang tdt hem. Cac muc tieu ma CRM hudng toi la tim kiem, thu hut, gianh niem tin khach hang moi, duy tri nhixng ddi tac da cd, ldi keo khach hang cii trd lai, giam chi phi tiep thi va mo rdng dich vu khach hang. Thdng qua he thdng quan he khach hang, cac thdng tin cua khach hang se dupc cap nhat va dugc luu trii trong he thdng quan ly ca sd du lieu. Bang viec dd tim, phan tich du lieu, doanh nghiep cd the xac dinh danh sach khach hang tiem nang va lau nam de de ra nhung chien lupc cham soc khach hang hgp ly. Hien nay, rat nhieu cac doanh nghiep phat hanh the tich diem nham uu dai khach hang truyen thdng cua minh, ddng thdi cd the cap nhat nhanh chdng ca sd dii lieu khach hang hien cd va thu hut them khach hang mdi. Ngoai ra, thdng qua ca sd dii lieu cua minh, doanh nghiep cdn cd the xir ly cac van de vudng mac ciia khach hang nhanh chdng va hieu qua.
2. Thdng tin cua ngvcri deu diing v^ quyen rieng ty
Khi y thtic tu hiiu cua con ngudi dupc hinh thanh, bat luan su tuong tac giiia con ngudi vdi nhau cd mtic do cao nhu thd nao, thi nhu cau ve su rieng tu, kin dao, khdng chia se mdt khia canh, mgt vin dd nao dd ciia ca nhan ludn ton tai. Ngay ca khi hdi nhap vao xa hdi mdt each tich cue, minh bach hda thdng tin d mirc cao nhu trong cac mang xa hdi, ngudi ta van ludn mong mudn minh khdng bi theo ddi bdi ngudi khac.
Ngudi ta ludn cd gang danh cho minh quydn
Theo Luat Bao ve quy^n lgi ciia ngueri tieu dung 2010, t^i Dieu 3,1. "nguoi tieu dirng" khong dugc dinh nghta la c^c ca nhan ma chi la "nguoi" mgt each chung chung. Dieu nay ham ngu co the cac to chiic hoac nhom ci nhin mua hang boa, dich vu cho muc dich tieu diing cung dugc xem la "nguoi tiSu diing"
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NGHliN CUU , LAP P H A P - V S6 12(388) T6/2019tiet Id, chia se vd ban than minh vdi nhung ddi tupng nhit dinh chii khdng phai t4t ca mgi ngudi. Con ngudi hien dai se tiep tuc phai tu can bang nhu cSu rieng tu vai mong mudn chia se, Hen ket vdi nguoi khac phu hgp vai mdi trudng sdng ciia minh^.
Quyen rieng tu {right to privacy), den nay da dugc thira nhan rdng rai la mdt quyen con ngudi, dugc phap luat cac qudc gia va qudc te bao ve. Tuyen ngdn Qudc td Nhan quydn (UDHR) nam 1948 khSng dinh:
"khdng ai phai chiu su can thiep mgt each tiiy tien vao cugc song rieng tu, gia dinh, ncri a hoac thu tin, cung nhu bi xuc pham danh du hoac uy tin ca nhan. Mgi ngudi deu cd quyen dupc phap luat bao ve chdng lai su can thiep va xam pham nhu vay"'. Quyen rieng tu dupc tai khang dinh trong Cdng udc Quoc te ve cac Quyen Dan su va Chinh tri (ICCPR 1966). Didu luat nay ngan chan nhung hanh vi xam pham tuy tien va bat hgp phap vao ddi tu, gia dinh, nha d, thu tin, danh du, uy tin cua mgi nguoi ma cd the do cac quan chiic nha nuoc hay do nhiing chii the khac gay ra^.
C^yen rieng tu, du vay, khdng phai la quydn tuyet ddi, nd cd the bi han che trong nhiing trudng hgp nhat dinh vi Igi ich chung cua xa hdi. Le ducmg nhien, nhiing han che, can thiep nay phai dugc minh dinh trong luat va thuc thi mdt each nghiem ngat. De bao dam bao ve ddi tu hieu qua, mdi ca nhan can cd quyen dupc biet nhiing thdng tin ca nhan cua minh dugc thu thap, luu giu bdi chu the nao, 6 dau va nham muc dich gi. Thdm vao dd, mdi ca nhan cung can cd quyen yeu cau sua chiia hoac xda bd thdng tin ca nhan cua minh neu thdng tin dang dugc luu trii khdng chinh xac, hoac bi thu thap hay luu trii mpt each trai phap luat. Bao ve quydn rieng tu
NHA NlfdC VA PHAP LUAT
ddi vdi thdng tin ca nhan cita con ngudi thudng dugc cac qudc gia quy dinh thanh phap luat bdo vi dir lieu cd nhdn (personal data protection) hay cdn gpi la bdo vi bimgt ddi tu (personal confidence).
Ve pham vi, bao ve dii lieu ca nhan hep hon viec bao ve quyen rieng tu d chd dii lieu ca nhan chi lien quan den "dii lieu"
tuc la viec thu th^ip va sir dung cac thdng tin ca nhan ma khdng bao gdm cac quyen ve tu do than the, quyen bat kha xam pham ve noi d. Bao ve dii lieu ca nhan khai dau diing de chi viec bao ve du lieu cd lien quan den ca nhan trudc su lam dung. Bao ve dii lieu ca nhan dya tren nguyen tac mdi ngudi deu cd quyin tu quyit dinh la ai, khi nao va dii lieu ca nhan nao cua minh duoc phep cho ngudi khac biet.
Thdng tin ciia nguai tiiu ditng Id mpt bdphdn cita linh vuc bdo vi dir lieu cd nhdn.
Diem khac biet giua bao ve thdng tin ngudi tieu diing va bao ve du lieu ca nhan la d pham vi cua nd: thdng tin ngudi tieu dung dugc thu thap, quan ly bdi cac doanh nghiep nham thuc hien hoac huong tdi thuc hien cac hoat dgng ban hang hda, dich vu tieu dung; cac du lieu ca nhan, ngugc lai, cd pham vi rgng hon, nd khdng bi gidi han bdi cac hoat ddng cung cap hang hda, dich vu tieu diing ma cdn ca nhiing ITnh vuc khdng lien quan den thuang mai. Vi du, linh muc cd the thu thap thdng tin tir ngudi xung tdi; canh sat cd the thu thap thdng tin ve nhan than cua nhiing ngudi lien quan den vi pham phap luat hoac nhiing ngudi tham gia to tung khac. Nhu vay, bao ve thdng tin cua ngudi tieu diing cd CO sd tu quyen rieng tu ciia con ngudi.
Ngudi tieu diing, trong da sd cac trudng hpp, se budc phai cung cap nhiing thdng tin ca nhan cho cac doanh nghiep dd
2 Xem them Alan Westin, Privacy and Freedom, Bodley Head, 1970, trang 7.
3 UDHR 1948, Di4u 12.
4 ICCPR 1966, D i k 17.1.
. HGHIEN GUU I n<
1 ) T 6 / 2 0 1 9 ^ L A P P H A P I ' •
NHA NlfdC VA PHAP LUAT
phuc vu cac giao dich. Vdi muc tieu gianh lgi the canh tranh, nhin chung co sd du lieu khach hang thudng dugc cac doanh nghiep bao mat chat che. Tuy vay, van de trpng tam ciia tat ca cac doanh nghiep chinh la loi nhuan, hp se khdng the chi tieu mdt each vd han dinh cho cdng tac bao mat thdng tin khach hang, ngoai ra, canh tranh khdng phai luc nao ciing dugc duy tri mdt each tuyet ddi, cac doanh nghiep van thuang cd xu hudng lien ket, hgp tac hoac thda hiep, chia se tai nguyen thdng tin de cung thu dugc lgi nhuan cao hon.
Can nhin nhan la ca sd dii lieu ca nhan dugc hinh thanh chii yeu tir sir tin cay cua khach hang trong quan he ddi vdi doanh nghiep, bdi vay, viec chia se thdng tin khach hang giiia cac doanh nghiep dugc xem la hanh vi bdi tin vdi khach hang. Ngoai ra, nhiing thdng tin ca nhan do doanh nghiep thu thap dugc neu sa y hoac cd y tiet lg cho ben thir ba thi hoan toan cd the dem lai nhiing bat Igi cho khach hang. Chang han, se rat khd khan cho mgt ngudi trong giao tiep xa hdi neu bac sT cua anh ta tiet Id rang anh ta mac benh xa hdi, mgi ngudi se cd danh gia khdng tdt ve anh ta cho du viec mac benh khdng CO nguyen nhan tir cac te nan xau.
Mgt vi du khac ve su bat tien trong ddi sdng ciia ngudi tieu dimg la khi sd dien thoai hoac email bi tiet Id, anh ta cd the bj quay ray khi phai nhan nhirng cudc ggi, tin nhan, thu dien tir quang cao khdng mong mudn. Viec tiet Id hay chia se thdng tin nay ciing cd the bi lgi dung bdi nhiing ke xau nham bdi nho danh du khach hang hoac danh cap tai san ciia hp thdng qua viec sir dung cac thdng sd tai khoan hoac the tin dung, the mua hang cua
hg. Tuy nhien, vkn dh cdt yeu cua viec tiet Id hoac chia se thdng tin khach hang, kd ca thdng tm tdt, ma khdng dupc su ddng thuan cita hg, chinh la vi pham quydn rieng tu cua ngudi tieu diing.
3. Nhihig phuong thtrc cff ban bao vf thong tin ngirM ti@u dung
Bao ve thdng tin ngudi tieu dung la mgt nhiem vu ciia nhieu linh vyc nhu dao diic, phap luat. Ngay trong ITnh vuc phap Iuat, bao ve thdng tin nguai tieu dung ciing la mdt ITnh vyc lien nganh. Kinh nghiem qudc te cho thay, bao ve thdng tin ngudi tieu diing chil yeu dugc dat trong nhdm quy dinh ve bao ve dir lieu ca nhan.
Cac phuong thiic dieu chinh ITnh vuc phap luat nay deu hudng tdi viec thu thap, khai thac co sd dti Ueu thdng tin ca nhan mdt each dang hoang, chinh dang, tdn trpng quyen con ngudi, tdn trgng phap luat va cac gia tri dao due, nhan van. Ndi each khac, phap luat hudng tdi sy dting muc trong viec hinh thanh va khai thac thdng tin ca nhan.
Nhung hogt dpng thdng tin diing muc (fair information practices - FIPs)^ la khai niem Ian dau tien dugc xuSt hien nam 1973 trong Bao cao ciia Uy ban cd vin ngoai truong vd he thdng dii lieu ca nhan ty dpng (US Secretary's Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems)^. Mdt bao cao tuong tu cua Uy ban nay vao nam 1977 da dua ra mpt sd nguyen tic quan trpng ve nhirng hoat ddng thdng tin diing myc.
Nhtmg nguyen tic nay (fair information practice principles -FIPPs) bao gdm ca nhiing yeu ciu vd ndi dung nhu muc dich, gidi han, chit lugng thu thap thong tin; va thu tiJC thdng tin nhu trinh ty truy cap va
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Chua CO khai niem Wong tu a Viet Nam nen trong khuon kho de tai nay chung toi tam dich fair mformation practices la nhimg hoai dong thong tin dung muc dg diln ta tinh ch5t tCr t6, ton trong quySn con nguai, ton trgng phap luit va ton trgng cac gia tri dao diic, nhan van.
US Secretary's Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems, Records, Computers and the Rights of Citizens, Chapter IV: Recommended Safeguards for Administrative Personal Data Systems (1973),
I NGHIEN e u u I I LAP P H A P ^ S6l2(388)T6/2019
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT chap thuan xir ly thdng tin^. Cac nguyen tac
hoat dpng thdng tin dung myc nay sau dd da dupc sii dling rgng rai trong phap luat bao ve quyen con ngudi va tiep tuc phat trien.
Den nam 1980, OECD da bien soan ban hudng dan ve cac nguyen tac cua nhung hoat ddng thdng tin dung muc (Guidelines on Fair Information Practice Principles - FIPPs). Bg FIPPs cua OECD gdm 8 nguyen tac, tuy khdng phai la mdt dao luat nhung chung cd y nghTa rat quan trpng trong bao ve quyen rieng tu cung nhu bao ve dii lieu ca nhan cita cac nuoc vdi tinh each la ngudn tham khao. Cac nguyen tac FIPPs cua OECD bao gdm:
Thu thdp cd giai hgn: Viec thu thap du lieu ca nhan va bat ky dii lieu nao nhu vay can dugc thyc hien bang cac phuang tien hpp phap va cdng bang, va khi thich hgp, vdi nhiing kien thirc hoac sy ddng y cua ddi tupng du lieu.
Chdt luang dir lieu: Dvt lieu ca nhan cd lien quan den muc dich ma chiing cd the dugc su dung va miic do can thiet cho cac muc dich, phai chinh xac, day du va phai dugc cap nhat.
Muc dich thu thdp dugc xde dinh chi tiet: Cac muc dich thu thap dil lieu ca nhan phai dugc xac dinh khdng mudn hon thdi gian thu thap dii lieu va sau dd su dung gidi ban trong viec thyc hien nhung muc dich dd;
se la khdng phii hgp neu viec thu thap nhu tren khi thay ddi muc dich.
Su dung gidi hgn: Dtr lieu ca nhan khdng dugc tidt Id, lam sEn de su dung cho cac muc dich khac hon so vdi nhiing muc dich ban diu, ngoai trir trudng hgp cd sy ddng y cua chu du lieu hoac do phap luat quy dinh
An todn dir lieu: Du lieu ca nhan phai
dugc bao ve bang cac bien phap bao ve an ninh hpp ly chdng lai cac nii ro nhu mat mat hoac truy cap trai phep, sti dung, tieu hiiy, sua ddi, bd sung hoac tiet Id dil lieu.
Nguyen tdc cdng khai: Can cd mgt chinh sach chung cdi md ve su phat trien, thuc hanh va cac chinh sach ddi vdi dii lieu ca nhan; phuang tien cho viec thiet lap co sd dii lieu ca nhan va muc dich chinh cua viec su dung chiing, cung nhu danh tinh va dja chi ngudi didu khien dii lieu phai dugc xac dinh trudc.
Su tham gia cua cd nhdn: Mdt ca nhSn cd quyen nhan dugc xac nhan tir ngudi quan ly du lieu vd viec cd hoac khong cd dii lieu lien quan den anh ta; dugc thdng bao khi dii lieu lien quan den minh trong khoang thai gian hgp ly, vdi mdt thai do tii te va theo hinh thiic dd hidu ddi vdi anh ta, khdng phai chiu le phi mdt each qua dang; dupc thdng bao ly do neu cac yeu cau tren khdng dugc chap nhan va dugc quyen phan ddi cac Iy do do; dugc phan ddi cac dii lieu lien quan den minh va yeu cau xda, sira chiia hoac cap nhat dii lieu dd.
Trdch nhiem gidi trinh: Ngudi quan ly dii lieu phai cd dugc trach nhiem tuan thii cac bien phap de bao dam hieu lyc cho cac nguyen tac da neu d tren.
Nam 1995, Lien minh chau Au ban hanh chi thi sd 95/46/EC ve bao ve dir lieu.
Day la mdt chi thi rdng dugc thdng qua bdi Lien minh chau Au; dupc thiet ke de bao ve su rieng tu cua tat ca cac du lieu ca nhan ciia cdng dan EU dugc thu thap va sir dung cho muc dich thuong mai, dac biet nd lien quan den xir ly, su dung hay trao ddi nhung dii lieu do. Ndi each khac, Chi thi 95/46 danh trgng tam cho viec bao ve thdng tin ngudi tieu dung. Ngoai nhiing nguyen tic FIPPs
Fred H. Cate. The Failure ofFau Information Practice Principles, in trong cu6n: Consumer protection in the age of
"information economy", edited by Jane K. Winn, Ashgate Publishing Ltd 2006, p. 341
. NGHIfeNCUU I 612(388)16/2019 ^ L A P P H A P l
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NHA NlTdC VA PHAP LUAT nhu hudng dan ciia OECD, Chi thi 95/46 cdn thanh lap mdt khudn khd rpng Idn, trong do dat ra nhirng gidi han ve viec thu va sii dung cac du: lieu ca nhan, va ddi hdi mdi nuoc thanh vien thiet lap mdt ca quan ddc lap chiu trach nhiem cho viec bao ve dii lieu qudc gia.
Chi thi nghiem cam viec chuyen giao thdng tin ca nhan dugc bao ve ben ngoai EU, trir khi nudc tiep nhan ap dung bao ve phap Iy tuong ty. Mdi qudc gia EU da thanh lap mdt ca quan bao ve dii lieu cd tham quyen dieu tra cac khidu nai, phat tidn, khdi td tdi pham va yeu cau cac doanh nghiep thay ddi viec thuc hanh xir ly thdng tin.
Nam 2016, Nghi vien chau Au ban hanh Quy dinh chung ve bao ve dG lieu (General Data Protection Regulation GDPR) va cd hieu luc tir ngay 25/5/2018.
Theo GDPR, viec thu thap dil lieu va xu ly du lieu phai cd sy ddng thuan cua cac ca nhan trir khi cd it nhit mgt can cii hgp phap dd thyc hien. Nhiing can cii hpp phap la:
- Ndu chu thd dii lieu da ddng y xir ly dii lieu ca nhan cua minh;
- Thyc hien cac nghTa vu theo hpp ddng vdi chit thh dG lieu hoac cho cac nhiem vu theo yeu ciu ciia ddi tugng dii lieu dang trong qua trinh ky kdt hgp ddng;
- Tuan thit cac nghia vu phap ly cua mdt chil the quan ly du lieu;
- Bao ve lpi ich sdng con ciia chii the du lieu hoac ca nhan khac;
- Thyc hien nhiem vu vi lgi ich cdng cgng hoac chinh quyen;
- Vi lpi ich hgp phap cua ngudi kidm soat du lieu hoac ben thir ba, trir khi nhiing
lgi ich nay bj chdng lin vol lgi ich ctia chu the du lieu hoac quyen ciia ngudi do theo Hien chuang vd cac quyen co ban ciia EU (dac biet la trudng hgp quyen tre em) .
- Nguoi chit thd du lieu cd quyen nit lai viec da ddng thuan cua minh vcri dieu kien nit lai khdng khd khan hem dieu ki?n ma hg da chip thuan. Ngudi xir ly dii lieu khdng dupc tu chdi quyen nit lai ciia chii du lieu^.
Viec khdng tuan thu GDPR se bi phat rat nang. Cu the, sai pham ddi vdi cac chuSn myc cdt loi ve xu ly du lieu, vi pham cac quydn ca nhan hoac chuyen du lieu ra khdi EU ma khdng dam bao cac bao ve tuang duong se bi phat tdi 20 tridu Euro hoac 4%
doanh thu hang nam tren toan cau'". Sai pham trong viec tuan thii vdi cac yeu cau vd ky thuat va td chirc nhu danh gia tac ddng, thdng bao sy co mat an toan thdng tin se bi phat tdi 10 trieu Euro hoac 2% doanh thu hang nam tren toan cau". Vu kien gan day nhat trong khudn khd GDPR la Td chiic ngudi tieu diing chau Au European Consumer Organisation (BEUC) da kien Google vi da theo doi vi tri ciia ngudi tieu dimg ma khdng dupc su ddng thuan thyc te cua hp. BEUC nai ra rang, Google da "lira dao" lam ngudi diing bat tiiy chpn vd "ghi nho lich su di chuyen" va khdng thdng bao day dil cho ngudi dimg ve viec bat nhu vay de lam gi. Nhu vay, sy dong y khdng dugc ty nguyen dua ra. Vu viec nay cd thd lam Google ddi mat vdi an phat 4% doanh thu hang nam va cd thd len ddn 4 ty dd la. Trudc do, Facebook cung da bi td giac vd vi pham dieu kien bao mat thdng tm va lam anh hudng den 25 trieu ngudi diing'^.
8 GDPR, d i k 6.
9 GDPR, di6u7.3. va7 4, 10 GDPR, dieu 83 4
11 GDPR, d i k 83 5 va 83 6. . 12 BEUC, Thong cao bao chi ng^y 27/11/2018 tai: https://www.beuc.eu/pubhcations/consumer-groups-across-europe-
file-complamts-agamst-google-breach-gdpr/hmil, tmy cap ngay 30/11/2018.
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1 NGHICH CUU , ^ I L A P P H A P - V So 12(388) T6/2019NHA Nirdc VA PHAP LUAT Den nay, da cd khoang 90 qudc gia
tren the gidi ban hanh lu^t cd lien quan ddn bao v | thong tin ca nhan dudi nhung hinh thiic khac nhau'^ Cd nudc ban hanh luat rieng vl bao ve dir lieu va dupc cu thd hda trong cac luat chuyen nganh khac; cung cd nudc ghi nhan quy dinh chung trong hidn phap, luat dan sy va cu the hda rai rac trong cac lu^t nhu trudng hpp cua Viet Nam vdi Bg lu^t Dan su 2015 (Didu 38) va Luat Bao ve quydn lgi ngudi tieu diing 2010 (Didu 6).
4. Bao ve thong tin ogtroi tiSu dung is Vi?t Nam
Hidn phap, Bd luat DSn sy, Luat Bao ve ngudi tieu diing va nhieu van ban phap Iuat chuyen nganh nhu cac luat vd vien thdng, cdng nghe thdng tin, giao dich di$n tir ciia Viet Nam deu da cd quy dinh ve quyen ca ban ciia cdng dan va bao ve thdng tin ca nhan. Hien phap nam 2013 quy dinh: "Mgi nguoi cd quyen bat kha xam pham vh ddi sdng rieng tu, bi mat ca nhan va bi mat gia dinh; cd quyen bao ve danh du, uy tin ciia minh. Thdng tin ve dai sdng rieng tu, bi mat ca nhan, bi mat gia dinh dupc phap Iuat bao dam an toan"'''.
Dieu 38 Bd luat Dan su quy dinh:
"Quyen bi mat ddi tu ciia ca nhan dugc tdn trgng va dugc phap luat bao ve" hay "Thu tin, dien thoai, dien tin, cac hinh thirc thdng tin dien tir khac cua ca nhan dugc bao dam an toan va bi mat"'^
Luat Giao dich dien tir nam 2005 cung xac djnh nghTa vu ciia ca quan, td chirc trong bao dam bi mat thdng tin va khdng dugc chia se thdng tin cua nguoi khac ma minh tiep can hoac kiem soat dugc trong giao dich dien tii neu khdng dugc sy ddng y ciia hg, trir trudmg hgp phap Iuat cd quy dinh khac'^.
Luat Bao ve quyen lpi ngudi tieu diing nam 2010 quy dinh: "Ngudi tieu dung dugc bao dam an toan, bi mat thong tin cua minh khi tham gia giao dich, sti dung hang hda, dich vu, tru truong hop co quan nha nudc co tham quyen ydu cau.
Trudng hgp thu thap, sii dung, chuyen giao thdng tin cua ngudi tieu dung thi doanh nghiep cd trach nhiem:
a) Thdng bao ro rang, cdng khai trudc khi thuc hien vdi ngudi tieu ditng ve muc dich hoat ddng thu thap, sir dung thdng tin cua ngudi tieu dung;
b) Sir dung thdng tin phu hgp vdi muc dich da thdng bao vdi ngudi tieu diing va phai dugc ngudi tieu diing ddng y;
c) Bao dam an toan, chinh xac, day du khi thu thap, su dung, chuyen giao thdng tin ciia nguoi tieu dung;
d) Ty minh hoac cd bien phap de ngudi tieu dimg cap nhat, dieu chinh thdng tin khi phat hien thay thdng tin do khdng chinh xac;
d) Chi dugc chuyen giao thdng tin cita ngudi tieu diing cho ben thii ba khi cd sy ddng y cua ngudi tieu diing, trir trudng hgp phap luat cd quy dinh khac"'^.
Luat An toan thdng tin mang nam 2015 quy dinh viec "c^p nhat, siia doi va hiiy bd thdng tin ca nhan" thi chu thd thdng tin ca nhan cd quyen yeu cau td chiic, ca nhan xu- ly thdng tin ca nhan cap nhat, sua ddi, huy bd thdng tin ca nhan ciia minh ma td chiic, ca nhan do da thu thap, luu trii, hoac ngirng cung cap thdng tin ca nhan cua minh cho ben thii ba. Theo do, ngay Idii nhan dugc yeu cau, td chiic, ca nhan xir ly thdng tin ca nhan cd trach nhiem thyc hien yeu cau va
13 Graham Greenleaf: Global data privacy laws: 89 countnes, and accelerating. Queen Mary University of London, School of LawLegal Studies Research Paper No. 98/2012, p. 1.
14 Hienphap2013,Dik21.1.
15 Bg luat Dan sir 2015, D i k 38.
16 Luat Giao djch difn tir 2005, D i k 46.2.
17 Lu^t Bao ve quyen lgi nguoi tieu dung 2010, Dieu 6
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NHA Nirdc VA PHAP LUAT thdng bao lai cho chu the thdng tin ca nhan hoac cung cap cho chii the thdng tin ca nhan quydn tiep can de tu cap nhat, sira ddi, huy bd thdng tin ca nhan ciia minh do td chirc, ca nhan xir ly thdng tin ca nhan dang luu trii. Td chuc, ca nhan xir ly thdng tin cdn phai ap dung cac bien phap phii hgp de bao ve thdng tin ca nhan; thdng bao lai cho chii thd thdng tin ca nhan do trong trudng hgp chua thyc hien dugc yeu cau do yeu td ky thuat hoac yeu td khac. Luat ciing quy dinh td chiic, ca nhan xir ly thdng tin ca nhan phai hiiy bd thdng tin ca nhan da dugc luu trir khi da hoan thanh muc dich sir dung hoac het thdi han luu tru va thdng bao cho chii the thdng tin ca nhan biet, trir truemg hgp phap luat cd quy dinh khac'^ Luat cGng quy dinh thiit lap kenh thdng tin true tuyen, xir ly cac phan anh ciia ngudi dan ve cac van de bao ve thdng tin ca nhan'''.
Gin day nhit, Luat An ninh mang nam 2018 ciing quy dinh vh phdng chong gian diep mang, bao ve thdng tin thudc bi mat nha nudc, bi mat cdng tac, bi mat kinh doanh, bi mat ca nhan, bi mat gia dinh va ddi sdng rieng tu tren khdng gian mang. Ddng thdi Luat cung quy dinh trach nhiem cua cac ca quan nha nudc trong ITnh vuc nay^**.
Tir cac quy dinh tren, cd the thay quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam trong bao ve thdng tin ngudi tieu diing da theo kha sat vai cac nguyen tic FTPPs. Ddng thdi, chiing cung khdng cd qua nhieu khac biet vdi GDPR d didu kien chip nhan cho phep thu thap, xir ly du lieu ciia ngudi tieu dimg.
Ben canh cac quy dinh ve quyen va nghia vu cua ngudi chii du lieu, ngudi thu
thap, xir ly du lieu, phap luat Viet Nam cdn quy dinh nhiing chd tai xii phat ddi vdi cac hanh vi phat tan, chia se thdng tin ca nhan, tuy theo miic do, hanh vi ma td chirc, ca nhan vi pham se bj xu ly vi pham hanh chinh ho^c xu ly trach nhiem hmh sy. Ching han, theo Nghi dinh 174/2013/ND-CP cua Chinh phu, hanh vi mua ban trao ddi trai phep thdng tin rieng ciia ngudi sir dung dich vu vien thdng, cd the bi phat tir 50 - 70 trieu ddng^'. Nhung ngudi cd hanh vi vi pham nay, tiiy vao tinh chat, muc do vi pham cd the bi xir ly theo Bd luat Hmh sy nam 2015, sua ddi, bd sung nam 2017 ve tdi "Dua hoac su dung trai phep thdng tin mang may tinh, mang vien thdng"
vdi khung hinh phat cao nhat la 7 nam tii^^
Nhiing hanh ddng chiem doat tai khoan vien thdng, iing dung, dich vu gia tang tren mang, chia se mat khau, ma truy cap cd the bi phat den 20 trieu ddng; trdm cap, mua ban, trao ddi, tiet Id, su dung trai phep thdng tin the tin dung ciia nguoi khac hoac truy cap bat hgp phap vao mang hoac thiet bi so cua ngudi khac chiem quySn dilu khien; can thiep vao chiic nang hoat ddng ciia thiet bi sd; lay cap, thay ddi, hiiy hoai, lam gia du lieu hoac sir dung trai phep cac dich vu cd the bi phat tir 30 ddn 50 trieu ddng ben canh viec bdi thuang thiet hai^^
Viec xam pham bi mat hoac an toan thu tin, dieii thoai, dien tin hoac cac hinh thiic trao ddi thong tin rieng tu khac ciia ngudi khac cd thh bi phat tidn tir 20 trieu ddn 50 trieu ddng, bi phat cai tao khdng giam git den 3 nam, bj ph^t tii tir 1 ddn 3 nam, hoac chiu hinh phat bd sung vh ckm dam nhiem chiic vu tir 1 d6n 5 nam^".
Luat An toan thong tin mang, Dieu 18 Luat An loan (hong tin mang, Dieu 20.1.
Luat An ninh mang 2018, Dieu 17 Nghl dmh 174/2013/ND-CP, Dilu 66.5.a.
Bp luat Hinh su 2015, siia d6i 2017, D i k 288.
Nghi dinh 174/20I3/ND-CP, D i k 73.
Bo luat Hinh su 2015, sua d5i 2017, D i k 159.
26
I NGHIEN CUU , I L A P P H A P ^ S612(388)T6/2019NHA Nirdc VA PHAP LUAT Nhu vay, phap Iuat Viet Nam cung da
cd cac che tai kha nghiem khac vdi cac ddi tugng thu thap, su dung trai phep cac thdng tin ca nhan cita ngudi tieu dung. Tuy nhien tren thyc te, hau nhu chua cd vu viec nao trong ITnh vuc nay dugc xii ly ndu khdng gay thiet hai cho nan nhan.
5. Nhimg rui ro trong bao v§ thdng tin ngvM tieu diing
Nhu da trinh bay tren day, bao ve thdng tin cua ngudi tieu dung la mgt phan ciia bao ve quyen rieng tu cua con ngudi.
BChi lya chpn mdt md hinh hay each thiic dieu chinh nao, chiing ta ciing can den he thdng cac nguyen tac FIPPs. Se tuong ddi khd khan va khdng hieu qua neu chiing ta tach bach viec bao ve quyen rieng tu ciia ngudi tieu dimg thanh mgt nhdm quy dinh rieng ben ngoai nhiing quyen con ngudi.
Khi mgt ngudi tham gia vao cac hoat ddng giao dich hoac tuong tac tren truyen thdng xa hdi, cd rat nhieu thdng tin ca nhan cd the bi rd ri. Dd cd the la ngay thang nam sinh, noi Iam viec, noi hgc tap, dia chi gia dinh, cac thanh vien trong gia dinh minh, tham chi la sd chiing minh thu, sd bang lai xe, sd hp chieu... va nguy hiem hon nua la cac thdng tin ve the tin dung. Tat ca nhiing thdng tin tren deu cd the bi danh cap hoac chia se bat hpp phap va gay anh hudng den ban than va nhiing ngudi than ciia hp.
- Nguy ca den tir cdc nhd cung cap dich vu mgng xd hdi
Viec sir dung mang xa hpi hien nay la hoan toan midn phi, nhung ddi lai theo dieu khoan sir dung dich vu, ngudi diing se phai chia se thdng tin ca nhan ciia minh vdi nha cung cap dich vu va cd the la vdi ca cac ben ddi tac ciia trang mang nay. Tuy khdng phai tra tien, nhung cac quang cao ciia ben thii ba thudng hudng den cac ngudi diing phii hgp vdi cac dac diem nhan than ciia hp. Nhirng hanh ddng tuong tac (like hay comment) deu dugc luu lai, phan tich thdng qua nhiing thuat
toan de Iam ro ngudi dung nay quan tam den dieu gi, tu dd, nhiing quang cao se xuat hien tuong ling. Khdng sai khi cho rang, cac mang xa hdi da "ban dii lieu ca nhan" ciia ngudi dimg cho cac hang quang cao.
- Nguy ca den tir cdc diiu kien giao dich khd hieu
Nguy ca nay ddn tir mdt ben thii ba, cd thd do chinh cac td chirc, ca nhan nay ty y thu thap thdng tin ve ngudi tieu diing. Cd khdng it cac iing dung trd choi dat ra cac tiiy chgn de ngudi dimg quyet dinh dong y cho chiing truy cap thdng tin ca nhan tren cac tai khoan mang xa hdi thi mdi dugc sir dung img dung dd. Chang han cac img dung bdi toan ddi ngudi dung Facebook phai cho truy cap danh sach ban be, sd dien thoai, email thi ngudi diing mdi dugc thyc hien viec bdi.
Sau khi thu thap dugc dil lieu, chu sd huu irng dung kia lam dieu gi, ngudi diing khd c6 the kiem soat. Da cd khdng it cac vu hack tai khoan mang xa hdi de lira dao chiem doat the nap tien dien thoai tra trudc bi phat hien va nhiing hau qua bat lpi cho ngudi diing cdn chua the biet cd dimg lai d dd hay khdng.
Hien nay, cac dieu kien giao dich chung phai dang ky tai co quan quan ly nganh cdng thuong chi dimg d pham vi 9 hang hda, dich vu thiet yeu theo Nghi dinh 99/2011/ND-CP cua Chinh phu; Quydt dinh 02/2012/QD-TTg; Quydt dinh 35/2015/
QD-TTg, Quyet djnh 38/2018/QD-TTg cita Thu tudng Chinh phu la: cung cap dien sinh boat; cung cap nudc sach sinh hoat; truyen hinh tra tien; thue bao dien thoai cd dinh;
thue bao di ddng tra sau, dich vu thdng tin di ddng mat dat (hinh thirc thanh toan: tra tnrdc); ket ndi Internet; van chuyen hanh khach dudng hang khdng; van chuydn hanh khach dudng sat; mua ban can hg chung cu, cac dich vu sinh hoat do don vi quan ly khu chung cu cung cap. Day la mdt lugng rit nhd cac loai dieu kien giao djch chung ma ngudi tieu dung phai ddi mat trong cac giao dich.
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NKA NlTCfC VA P H A P LUAT
Ngoai thii tuc dang ky tai cac ca quan cdng thuong, viec khdi kien cac dieu kien giao dich chung khdng cdng bang vdi ngudi tieu dung chua the thyc hien bdi hinh thiic khdi kien tap the, khdi kien ciia td chirc bao ve ngudi tieu diing chua dupc thira nhan chinh thirc.
- Dir lieu khdng chi cd trin mdi trudng mgng
Cd the thay mdi trudng mang la nai cd nhieu rui ro nhat, tuy nhien dii lieu ca nhan ndi chung va thdng tin ngudi tieu dimg ndi rieng dupc khai bao va quan ly d nhiing nen tang khac. Ngay ca trong trudng hgp thu thap thdng tin khdng vi muc dich thuang mai nhu hd so cdng dan tai cac ca quan quan ly, neu khdng dupc kiem soat, chiing hoan toan cd the bi truy cap va su dung cho cac muc dich thuang mai, vi du: dii lieu dang ky khai sinh hoan toan cd the bi lam dung, khai thac trong cac boat ddng tiep thi thyc pham va dd dung tre era. Do vay, Luat An toan thdng tin mang, Luat An ninh mang, tuy da rat cd gang tien tdi chuan muc the gidi nhung van khdng the coi la dii. Gan day, de xuat ciia Uy ban nhan dan thanh phd Ha Ndi ve viec thi diem thu gia dich vu ddi vdi viec cung cap, chia se cac dit lieu dan cu ddi vdi cac nganh nhu ngan hang, cdng chiing va mdt sd ITnh vyc khac", vh ban chit la ban dii lieu cua cdng dan cho doanh nghiep ma chua dupc su ddng thuan ciia hp.
6. Kien nghi
Quydn rieng tu ciia ngudi tieu dung se khdng thd dupc bao ve mdt each nghiem tiic ndu cac quyen nhan than, quyen bi mat ddi tu trong Iuat dan sy khdng dugc thyc thi.
Dieu cin Iam trudc tien la ghi nhan va thyc hien nhiing nguygn tic thyc hanh thdng tin dling muc FIPPs cua tit ca cac chu the thu thap, quan ly va sir dung cac thong tin ca nhan, ke ca cac ca quan quan Iy nha nudc.
Tir gdc do phap Iy, de giai quyet vSn de bao ve quyen rieng tu cua ngudi tieu dimg, can kiem soat chat che cac dieu khoan sir dung dich vu de bao dam sy "ddng y" hay
"cho phep" truy cap va khai thac cac dQ U^u ca nhan mang tinh thuc chat; can md rdng them pham vi kiem soat cac dieu kien giao dich chung, khdng nen chi dung d 9 hang hda, dich vu nhu hien nay bdi nguy co mat an toan thdng tin ciia ngudi tieu dung cd th6 xay ra d bat cii cac giao dich nao.
Mac dil cac che tai xu ly cua Viet Nam khdng nhe, nhung hau nhu chi dugc ap dung khi cd thiet hai Idn. Cac trudng hgp khac, rat it khi cac nan nhan len tieng. Nen chang, trao quyen theo ddi, khieu nai, khdi kien cho cac td chirc bao ve ngudi tieu diing de kjp thdi phat hien va len tieng, yeu cau co quan nha nudc bao ve. Dieu nay se tang kha nang phat hien cac vi pham tir chinh cac ddi tupng dupc bao ve.
Co che khdi kien tap the cua ngudi tieu dimg, khdi kien cua cac td chiic xa hdi bao ve ngudi tieu diing cung cin dugc can nhic va quy dinh chi tidt bdi khdng cd ca quan quan Iy nao cd the thuc hien hdt viec cho dang ky cac didu kien giao dich chung va kidm soat chiing cd vi pham quydn rieng tu ciia ngudi tieu dimg hay khdng; thu hiit su tham gia cua khu vyc tu vao giai quygt vin dg chung la each Iam phii hgp hien nay, khdng chi vi viec tiet kiem ngan sach nha nudca
25 Ha Npi dl nghi chia se dii lieu dan cu cho cac nganh khac de thu tien, tai https://thanhiiien,vn/thoi-su/ha-noi-de-nghi- chia-se-du-lieu-dan-cu-cho-cac-nganh-khac-de-thu-nen-979148.html, truy cap ngay 30/11/2018.
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