KiaiH Tl! VA QVAX IX
mm Lire CANH TRANH
CUA fllEM DEN DU LICH VIET NAM
Bui Xuan Nhan Trudng D?i hpc ThUdng mgi Email: [email protected]
Maso:61.1TRMg.l2
r ^ hdi gian qua, nganh du Itch nUdc ta da dat dudc nhOng thanh tiJu quan trong, d$c biet tCf khi (2y nudc ta gia nhSp va chinh thOc trd thanh thanh vien cua TochOc Thuang mat thegidi (WTO) thehi$n qua so lupng khach du Itch quoc te, noi dia va thu nhap tU du lich. Ben canh nhQng cd hoi va thuan loi to ldn de phat trien thi chung ta dang dilng trudc nhQng thach thQc rat ldn, do la ap luc canh tranh doi vdi nen kinh te noi chung, trong do co nganh du lich ndi rieng se ngay cang gia tang. Vdl tu each la mdt diem den co tiem nang. song so vdl mdt so nudc cd nganh du lich kha phat tnen trong khu vijc nhu: Malaysia. Thai Lan va Singapore da trd thanh nhQng diem den thanh cdng, cd thuang hieu tren th! trudng du tich thegidi va trd thanh dd'i thO canh tranh tnjc tiep doi vdi diem den du lich Viet Nam thi nang luc canh tranh cija diem den Viet Nam van cdn nhieu han che. Nghien cUu ve nang luc canh tranh diem den la mdt khai niem cdn kha mdi me d Viet Nam ca ve mat ly luan va thuc tien. Bai viet tap trung lam rd khai niem nang luc canh tranh diem den. cac md hinh danh gia nang luc canh tranh diem den va thUc trang nang lUc canh tranh diem den cua du lich Viet Nam theo nhQng tieu chi cua Dieh dan kinh te thegidi (WEF) so vdi mgt so nudc trong khu vuc nhu Malaysia, Thai Lan va Singapore, tU dd dua ra cac giai phap nham nang cao nang luc canh tranh diem den ctia du hch Viet Nam thdi gian tdi.
TCf khoa; nang luc canh tranh, diem den du hch
1. M Q I SO mo hinh xac dinh nang lUc canh tranh cua diem deTn du l|ch
Co kha nhieu each hieu khac nhau ve diem den du hch, song ve cd ban, diem den du lich dUdc hieu la mot vung dja \-^ dUdc xac dmh cu the trang do khach du hch tan hudng cac loai trai nghiem du hch khac nhau de thoa man nhu cau cua chuyen di cua du khach. To chiic du hch the gidi (UNWTO) dUa ra khai niem; "Diem den du hch ta mdt ndi cu the, theo dd khach du hch luu trO lai it nhat mot ddm va cd cac san pham du lich nhu cac dich vu, tinh hap dan va cac tai nguyen du hch vdi bien gidi hanh chi'nh xac dmh..."
So 61/2013
Thdi gian qua, viec nghien cLfu ve nang luc canh tranh trong nganh du hch ngay cang thu hut su quan tam cua cac nha nghien cifu du hch tren the gidi vi no duoc coi la m6t trong nhOng nhan to quan frong dan den thanh cong cua cac diem den du Ijch. Trudc day, canh tranh trong du hch chu yeu la quan tam den gia ca va thudng chi duoc chu trpng d tam vi mo, Tif thap nien 90, cac nha khoa hpc du hch da y thCfc dupc rang ben canh Ipi the canh tranh va yeu to gia, con nhieu bien so khac xac djnh sUc canh tranh cua mgt diem den du hch hay cua mpt doanh nghiep. NhOng cong trinh nghien CL(U nay theo 3 hudng cd ban sau
^khoa hoc ^ ttiiftfng'inal 3
KJDSH TE VA QUAK I T
day: (1) Ccic nghien cClu cd muc ti6u du do^n v]
the canh tranh cua c^c diem den cu th^; (2) C^c nghien cUu t$p trung v^o khfg canh dSc bi§t cua diem den nhu V| t h ^ cua 6\6m d§n, quan ly diem den, marketing di6'm den,.,; (3) C^c nghien cilu ve md hinh tong the ly thuyet v^ nSng lUc canh tranh cua diem den,
Cd nhieu cong trinh khoa hpc tren the gidi dUpc cong bo nghien cUu ve ITnh vUc nay nhu cac cdng trinh: Modelling Destination Competitiveness: A Survey and Analysis of the Impact of -Competitiveness Attributes (2007) va Destination
Competitiveness: Insights into Attribute Importance (2006) ctJa Crouch G lan; Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators (2003) va Destination Competitiveness: A Model and Determinants (2003) cija Dwyer L and Kim Ch; Toursm, Technology and Competitive Strategies (1992) cua Poon M.,; cac cdng trinh tren da dua ra cac khai niem ve nang luc canh tranh va cac md hinh danh gia nang luc canh tranh cua cac diem den du lich. Nam 2007, lan dau tien, Dieh dan kinhte thegidi da cdng bo cdng trinh nghien cilu nang lUc canh tranh ve IQ hanh va du hch cua 124 nudc. vung lanh tho tren the gidi.
d nudc ta, van de nang luc canh tranh cua nen kmh te, nang iuc canh tranh cua nganh va cua doanh nghiep da cd nhieu cdng trinh nghien cUu nhung cac cdng trinh nghien cUu da cong bo ve nang luc canh tranh cua diem den du lich Viet Nam cdn kha it.
Y tudng ve diem den canh tranh gom cd 2 cau phan: diem den va siJc canh tranh, sUc canh tranh da trd thanh diem trong tam cua chinh sach du hch, khi canh tranh gia tang, chinh sach du hch tap trung vao cai thien sCfc canh tranh thdng qua viec tao ra khung kho phap luat nham giam sat, kiem soat, tang cudng chat luong va hieu qua cua nganh, bao ve cac ngudn luc. Vdi each tiep can xem xet nang luc canh tranh gan vdi sd lUdng khach du hch va thu nhap cua diem den, Dwyer L and Kim Ch cho rang: "Nang luc canh tranh cua diem den la kha nang cua diem den tao ra va ket hap cac san pham co gia tri gia tang de duy tri nguon luc trong khi giQ vQng vi the tren thi tnJdng trUdc doi thu canh tranh" va "mdt diem den co
nang luc canh tranh neu thi phSn cua nd dUdc danh gia bdi s6 lupng kh^ch du hch va Ipi nhu$n tang len". Crouch va Ritchie cho rang diem d§n co kha nang canh tranh neu "stJphat trien du hch cua nd Id ben vQng. khdng chi ve khia canh kinh te.
sinh thai mi ca ve khfa canh xa hdi. van hoa va chinh trf. Crouch va Ritchie tap taing vao sM thmh vupng cua nen kmh te trong dai han nhU ia tigu chuan de danh gia kha nang canh tranh cua diem den. Do dd, "diem den cd kha nang canh tranh nhat la diem den cd the tao ra su thmh vupng bSn vOng cho dan cu mot each hi&u qua nhat."
TU su phan tich d tren chung ta cd the dUa ra mpt khai niem ve nang lUc canh tranh cua mot diem den du hch nhu sau: Nang lUc canh cua diem den la t$p hap cac yeu to nguon tuc nhu tai nguyen tu nhien. tai nguyen nhan van. cd sd v$t chat ky thuat, tai chinh, cac chinh sach, the che va con ngudi cua mgt diem den tao ra mdt hinh anh ve sU phat tnen du hch ben vOng. cd hi$u qua. cd kha nang hap dan ihu hut khach du lich va dap ting, lam thoa man nhu cau cua ho mot each tot nhat
Mdt so md hinh danh gia nang lUc canh tranh Ciia diem den du lich'
1) I\(1d hinh cua Crouch va Ritchie: Nam 1999, Crouch va Ritchie da phat trien md hinh ve nang luc canh tranh diem den tren cd sd khai niem ve ty thuyet ldi the so sanh cua Ricacdo (1776) va ly thuyet loi the canh tranh "md hinh vien kim eUdng nang luc canh tranh quoc gia" cua M Porter, nam 2003, Crouch va Ritchie da dUa ra mo hinh ly thuyet nang luc canh tranh diem den. Theo do, nang luc canh tranh diem den dUa tren tai nguyen tu nhien (Ipi the so sanh) va kha nang khai thac tai nguyen (loi the canh tranh). Mo hinh cung xac d|nh ro eae nhan to anh hudng den nang luc cgnh tranh cua diem den bao gom eae nhan to vT md (kmh te the gidi, djch benh, khung bo.,.) va mdi trudng vi md (cac nguon luc, ket cau ha tang...) cua diem den. Cac nhan to cau thanh nang IUc canh tranh theo mo hinh cua Crouch va Ritchie bao gdm 36 yeu to phan thanh 5 nhom chinh sau:
(1) Cac nhan to va nguon luc ho"trp gdm 6 yeu to (ket cau ha tang, kha nang tiep can, nguon lUc hd"
trd, Idng hieu khach, doanh nghiep. y chi chinh tri);
khoa hoc
thifdng m a i ' So 61/2013
W: UMSSa TE VA QUA^ hT
(2) Cac ngudn luc va nhan to hap dan can ban gdm 7 yeu to (thien nhien v^ kh( hSu, van hda - Ijch sii. to hdp eac hogt dOng, sM k i f n d$e bi^t, giai tri, kien true thupng tang, quan h§ thj trudng); (3) Quan ly diem den gom 9 yeu to (to chuic, market- ing, chat lupng djch vu, thdng tin nghifin cQu, quan ly nhan life, tai chinh va vd'n, quan ly du khach, quan ly nguon luc, quan ly rui ro); (4) Chinh sach, quy hoach va phat trien diem den gdm 8 yeu td (xac dmh he thong, triet ly/gia trj, tam nhin, djnh v|
thuong hifiu. phat trie'n, phan tich canh tranh/hpp tac, kiem soat - danh gia, kie'm dmh); (5) Cac nhan to han dmh va md rdng gom 6 yeu to (dia diem, anh ninh/an toan. chi phi/gia tr|, phu thudc lan nhau, nh§n biet/hinh anh, SL/C chUa.
2) Md hinh cua Dwyer L and Kim Ch: Td md hinh cua Crouch va Ritchie, ket hpp vdi cac ly thuyet ve nang luc canh tranh quoc gia. Crouch va Ritchie da dua ra md hinh kfi't hop ve nang lUc canh tranh cua difi'm den. Theo dd, yeu to hang dau cua md hinh gdm cac nguon luc. ngudn luc tu nhien va cac di san dupc thUa hudng (gom 11 chi so); ngudn luc sang tao (17 ehi sd); cac nhan tdva nguon lUc h6"trp (10 chf so). Day la eac yeu tdtao ra su khae bifit cho cac diem de'n, tao tinh hap dan du khach eua difi'm den. nd chinh la cd sd de' tao ra nang luc canh tranh cua difi'm den.
Yeu to thil hai eua md hinh la viec quan ly diem den (gom 37 chi so), yeu td nay cd thfi' nang cao silc cudn hut cua difi'm den, cd nghTa la nang cao chat lUdng, hifiu qua cac nhan to va ngudn luc ho' trp thich ling tot nhat vdi dieu kifin thuc te va nhu cau cua du khach,
3) Mo hinh va chi sd danh gia nang luc canh tranh difi'm den cua Hdi dong du hch va 10 hanh the gidi (WTTC) va cua Dieh dan kinh te the gidi (WEF)- Nam 2004, WTTC sO dung 8 ehi sd dfi' danh gia nang luc canh tranh cua 212 nudc va vung lanh tho tren the gidi, Tuy v^y, sau vai nam dUdc sO dung, cac ehi so danh gia nang lUe canh tranh diem den du hch eua WTTC da bpc Id nhOng han che nhat dmh. Do dd, WTTC va WEF da xay dung lai eac chi so danh gia nang lue canh tranh difi'm den du hch mdi de giOp cho Chinh phu va nganh du hch danh gia chinh xac hdn ve nang luc canh tranh cung nhu tiem nang phat trien du hch
So 61/2013
cua qudc gia minh trong quy md toan cau. Nam 2007, WEF da edng bd edng trinh nghien cOu nang lUe canh tranh ve IQ hanh va du Ijch eua 124 node va vung lanh thd' trfin the gidi vdi 13 bd chl so ldn vdi hon 70 chi so cu the' de' danh gia nang lUc canh tranh difi'm dfi'n va tO dd cdng bd cae bao cao nay hang nam. Bao cao xep hang cua WEF ve nang lUc canh tranh diem-den eua eae nude theo eae nhdm tifiu chi eho tOng ehi sd dUdc do ludng bang cac sd lifiu do cac to' chOc quoc te va do cac chuyen gia cua WEF tai tOng quoc gia cung cap. Cac bd chi sd nay bao gdm:
- Luat phap, chinh sach ve du hch gdm 5 chi sd (quy dmh luat phap va chinh sach; quy dinh ve mdi trudng; an toan va an ninh; y te va vfi sinh; Uu tifin phat trie'n du Ijch);
- Ke't eau ha tang va mdi trudng kinh doanh du Ijch gdm 5 chi sd (ket cau ha tang giao thdng dudng khdng, ke't cau ha tang giao thdng dudng bd; ke't cau ha tang du hch; ket ca'u ha tang cdng nghfi thdng tin va truyen thdng; nang luc canh tranh ve gia);
- Ngudn iue tu nhifin. van hda va nhan luc gdm 3 chi so (chi so ngudn nhan lUc, ehi so nhan thOc quoc gia ve du hch, ngudn lUe tu nhifin va van hda).
Vdl cae ehi so eua WEF. da mang lai cdng cu chien luoc kha toan dien dfi^ danh gia cae nhan td chinh va chinh sach tao nfin su hap dan dfi' phat trifi'n nganh du lich cua cac quoc gia va cd the' van dung de' danh gia nang luc canh tranh cua tOng dja phUdng trong quoc gia Vdi cac chi so cua WEF, giup eac chinh phu va nganh du hch danh gia dung tiem nang va tne'n vong cua quoc gia, cac dja phUdng, la cdng cu hOu ich cho cac doanh nghifip cung nhu cac nha hoach dmh chinh sach phat tne'n du hch tai cac difi'm den,
2. Thuc trang nang lUc canh tranh cua diem dsTn du l|ch Vi^t Nam va cac giai phap nang cao nang lUc canh tranh cua diem deTn du l|ch Vi^t Nam
Du hch qud'c te' da tang trudng trd lai trong quy 4 nam 2009, gdp phan vao viec lam giam td'c do sut giam khach du hch cdn 4% nam 2009, ThUc te, trong nam 2010 so luong khach du Ijch qud'c te da dat 935 trieu lUdt, tang 6,61% so vdi nam 2009 va
hhna hoc ^ thifdng mai 5
liEVH T € VA qjuAx I.*
tang 2,407o. NSm 2010, khu vUc IQ hanh va du lich quoc te tao ra 9,2% GDP toan cau, 4,8% g i ^ trj xuat khS'u va 9,2% dau to quoc te. Nam 2011 do bao mOc tang trodng chung cua nganh du \\cU th§
gidi dat 4,1%, Du bao khi kinh te phyc hoi trong giai doan tdi, canh tranh trong thu hut khach du hch qudc te giOa cac quoc gia trong khu vuc ngSy cang gay gat hdn.
Xac dmh ddi thu canh tranh true tie'p cua ng^nh du hch Viet Nam thdi gian tdi van la cac quoc gia trong khu vuc bao gom; Campuchia, Thai Lan.
Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia va Trung Qud'c.
Cae ddi thu canh tranh tiem tang bao gdm Lao, Myanma. Philhpin
De cd CO sd danh gia dung thUc trang nang lUc canh tranh cua die'm den du lich Vifit Nam, chung ldi SLf dyng ket qua nghien cdu ve kha nang canh tranh ve 10 hanh va du hch cua WEF cuoi nam 2010 {bao cao cua WEF nam 2011), cd so sanh vdi nam 2009 va nam 2008 de phan tich kha nang canh tranh cua diem den du hch Viet Nam vi bao cao nay dupe edng ddng qude te edng nhan rdng rai nhat.
Tai cac nOdc dang phat trifi'n tam quan trpng cua nganh du hch ngay cang dooc de cao va md rdng phat trie'n ve ndng thdn tao cdng an viec lam cho ngudi lao ddng. Bao cao TTCR nam 2011 da xem xet nganh kinh te du lich cua 139 nudc vdi ba pham tru ldn bao gom: (1) Khung
ph^p ly (chlnh s^ch v^ luat phap, cac quy d.inh vg an ninh, an toan, Uu tien cua chfnh phu ve phat tri^n du l|ch); (2) Mdi trUdng kinh doanh va cd sd ha tang (giao thong dudng khong, giao thdng mat dat, cd sd ha tang du hch, cd sd ha tang thong tin va kha nang canh tranh ve gia); (3) Ngudn luc ve con ngudI, vSn hda va nguon luc tM nhien (ngudn nhan luc, cam nhan va nhan thilc ve du Ijch qudc gia, ngudn lUc tU nhiSn va vSn hda) dUdc thfi' hifin trong eac bang sau day (xem bang 1. vdi xep hang 1 la nudc canh tranh tdt nhat va 133 la nudc canh tranh kem nhat):
Theo ket qua d bang 1, nang loc canh tranh diem den eua du hch Viet Nam nam 2010 tang 9 bSc, ehl hdn Campuchia. Philippin trong dd cac chi sd ve ngudn loc tU nhien, van hda va nhan lUc xep hang tang kha nhanh tU 76 nam 2009 Ifin hang 46 nSm 2010. Chi so mdi trudng kinh doanh va ket ca'u ha tang thua xa cae qude gia xep trfin nho Singapore, Thai Lan, chi hdn Philippin va Campuchia (2010),
Danh gia xep hang chi tiet theo cac chi sdcLia WEF ddi vdi cac quoc gia trong khu voc Ddng Nam A (xem bang 2)
Theo ket qua nay, chi so mdi trodng ben vQng cua node ta thap va dUdc xep hang 115/139 qudc gia; vfi sinh va y te mOc thap (89/139), ha tang du hch xfi'p hang mUc rat thap (110/139)...
So vdi cac ddi thu canh tranh ehinh trong khu Bang 1, Bang xep hang nang lijc canh tranh ve du lich
cua mdt sd'qud'c gia Ddng Nam A
^ ^ h i so va hang
\ ^ NLCT du lichN, Quoc gia \ ^ Singapore Maiavsia Thaiian indonesia Philippnes Vietnam Campuchia
Chl so Chung Hgng 2008
16 32 42 80 81 96 112
2009 10 32 39 81 86 89 108
2010 10 35 41 74 94 80 109
H$ thong lu$t phap, chlnh sach
ve du i|ch Hgng 2008
7 37 63 108 83 97 116
2009 6 42 70 113 85 92 111
2010 6 60 77 94 98 89 110
Mdi tnjcmg kinh doanh va i<et cau h^ tSnq
Hgng 2008
13 39 42 86 84 92 116
2009 5 38 40 79 eg 86 113
2010 4 40 43 86 95 89 118
Nguon \\fc ti/ nhien, V i n hoa va nhSn ii;c
H^ng 2008
37 23 30 53 78 84 86
2009 23 14 19 40 70 76 74
2010 23 18 21 40 75 46 81 Nguon: Tong hap tO Bao cao cua Dien dan kinh telh^'gidi (2009,2010,2011)
khOi hoc .
ig'mal So 61/2013
KrVH TE VA ftCAK I.Y Bang 2 ; Bang xSp hang chi tiet cac chi sd' ve nang li/c canh tranh diem den
cua cic quoc gia trong khu vtjc Ddng Nam A
Chl so Xep hang Chung 2010 Xep hgnq chunq 2009 Xep hanq chunq 2008 HI thong lu$t phap vaCSdu1]ch - Quy dmh va chinh sach - I\^6i trucJnq tiln vOnq - An toan, an ninh - Ve sinh va y te - Uu tien du lich Moi tn/dng KD vait^cai] ha tang - Ha tang dudnq I<h6nq - Ha tanq mat dat - Ha tanq du lich -Hs&igCNTT
\atUielltmi - NLCT qia Nguon iao nhan luc, van hoa vatu nhen - Nquon nhan luc -Nquon luc tu nhien
• Nquon luc van hoa
Singapore 10 10 16 6 1 41 13 55 2 4 14 2 33 20 29 23 2 96 30
Malaysia 35 32 32 60 21 64 83 75 46 40 34 36 74 52 3 18 37 22 33
Thaiian 41 39 42 77 76 97 94 80 38 43 23 58 40 81 15 21 74 21 32
indonesia 74 81 80 94 88 127 72 115 15 86 58 82 116 96 4 40 51 17 39
Philippin 94 86 81 98 70 94 109 97 70 95 80 114 98 98 20 75 86 70 76
Vietnam 80 89 96 89 67 115 68 89 107 89 85 77 110 67 16 46 72 83 33
CampuchQ 109 112 108 110 132 82 79 133 13 118 113 103 131 123 31 81 109 118 89 Ngudn: long hop tO Bao cao cua Dieh dan kinh
voc, hau het cac chi sd xep hang nang luc canh tranh eua nude ta deu thap hdn, trong do cd mot sd ehl sd edn xep hang d mUc kha thap, cdn kha lau chung ta mdi dud'i kip nhu ve ket eau ha tang, he thdng ehinh sach, luat phap ve du hch so vdi Singapore, Malaysia, Thai Lan va dSc biet ia nudc Iang gieng Trung Qudc. Nang luc canh tranh difi'm den cua nude ta chi hon Campuchia, Lao va Myanma, song Campuchia cd the vodt nUdc ta trong thdi gian tdi vl Chinh phu nudc nay dang dac bifit quan tam phat tnfi'n du hch thdi gian tdi,
Thuc te trong nhdng nam qua, Vifit Nam phai chju ap loc canh tranh gay gat va ngay cang tang to cac ddi thu canh tranh chinh trong khu vuc trong vific thu hut khach du lich quoc te. MSc du thu hut khach du hch qudc t# cua nudc ta tang hang nam, song so phat trie'n ngudn khach chua ben vQng va cdn khoang each kha xa vdl cac quoc
So 61/2013
tethegidi (2009.2010.2011)
gia hang dau cua khu vuc nhO; Malaysia, Thai Lan. Singapore (xem bang 3):
TU so lieu tren cho thay, mSc du so vdi nam 2000. cae nam tO 2006 dfi'n nay, sd lupng khach du hch qudc te den nudc ta co tang them 2% (tO 5% Ifin 7%). song mdi bang 1/6 den 1/7 cua Malaysia; bang 1/3,5 den Vi cua Thai Lan; bSng 1/2 eua Singapore, bSng 2/3 cua Indonesia, dd dang la 4 ddi thu canh tranh ehinh trong thu hut khach du hch cua Viet Nam. Nam 2010, so khach du Mch quoc te dfi'n node ta chl chie'm 1,8% so lOdng khach du hch den Chau A - Thai Binh DUdng,
Cac giai phap nham nang cao nang loc canh tranh difi'm den du l]ch Viet Nam; Tren cO sd thOc trang nang loe canh tranh va phan tich diem manh, yeu, cd hdi va thach thOe eua die'm den du hch Viet Nam, de nang cao nang lUc canh tranh
tihna hoc ^ thifdng mai 7
tami TE VA qjuAx t r
Bang 3; Khach qudc tSden Vi$t Nam vd cac nudc ASEAN
Ban VI 1000 lual
ASEAN Malaysia Thaiian Singapore Indonesia Vietnam Philippines Campuchia r^vanmar Lao
2000 S6 39136 10.272 9 508 7 691 5 064 2.160 1.992 466 271 737
A too
26 24 20 13 5 5 1 1 2
2006 Sff 53.32 4 17 57 4 13.82 2 7.688 4.871 3.583 2 843 1.591 264 1215
%
100 33 26 14 9 7 5 3 05 2
2007 S«
luqng 59.484 20 973 14.464 7,957 5.506 4 229 3.092 1.873 248 1 142
%
100 35 24 13 9 7 5 3 05 2
2008 S6 Iii0ng 61.44 3 22 05 2 14.68 4 7 778 6.234 4 236 3.139 2.125 1295
%
100 36 24 13 10 7 5 3 0 2
2009 S«
luong 62.150 23.646 14 146 7,488 6 324 3.747 3 017 2 046 243 1239
%
100 38 23 12 10 6 4.8 32 03 2
2010 So IUdng 69.900 24.577 15 842 9161 7.003 5.050 3.520 2 399
— —
%
100 35 22.7 13 10 72 5 3.4 0 0 Ngudn Td chdc du lich the gidi(UNWTO)
cua difi'm den du hch Viet Nam, xay dung nude ta thanh die'm den hap dan trong khu vuc va qud'c te, thdi gian tdi ehung ta can thuc hien mdt so giai phap chu yfi'u sau day
Mdt la, day manh vific ddi mdi va khdng ngOng hoan thifin he thong phap luat va cac chinh sach hen quan den du hch quan ly difi'm den hifiu qua, cai each thu tuc-hanh chinh theo hudng tao moi thuan ldi cho du khach Can to ehUc ra soat iai toan bd he thdng van ban quy pham phap luat de' phat hifin su chdng chfio, mau thuan vdi cac cam ket qud'c tede'chinh sua, ban hanh mdi cho phu hpp; hoan thien mdi trudng phap ly va cac chinh sach tien quan de'n du hch nho ty gia hoi doai. chinh sach dau tu, tUng budc ndi Idng chinh sach thj thuc mdt each hpp ly phu hop vdi nhOng cam ke't ciia Viet Nam khi gia nhap WTO va Luat dao dOc du hch the' gidi cua UNWTO theo hudng tao dieu kifin thuan lOi nhat cho du khach, Nang cao nang luc quan ly die'm den du hch cd hieu qua hdn.
Hai la. tang cudng dau tu co sd ha tang ndi ehung va ha tang du heh ndi rifing de trong thdi gian ngan nha't ed the dudi kip vdi cac nudc trong khu vuc ve xep hang cd sd ha tang phuc vu du l[ch, Tdn tao va bao ton cac gia tri tO eac ngudn luc to nhifin, ngudn lUe van hda dam bao phat trifi'n du
hch theo hudng phat trien ben vQng, Can ed ehinh sach thich hop de xa hdi hda thu hut dau tu, nhanh chdng phat trifi'n cd sd ha tang, bao ton cac gia tn van hda truyen thd'ng va eac tai nguyen du Ijch cua qudc gia Qua bang xep hang, ehung ta thay rang cd sd ha tang du hch cdn thieu va kem chat IUdng nhat dd la: thieu tram trpng cac khach san eao cap, cac trung tam hdi nghi ldn, cae trung tam mua sam, trung tam vui choi giai tri phuc vu khach du hch MICE; cdn thieu nhieu dudng bay thang den vdi cac nudc da lam cho phi may bay cao hdn so vdl cac nude trong khu vuc. Do vay, Nha node phai cd nhieu cP che, chinh sach de' khuyen khich va thu hut vdn dau tu khac nhau tU cac thanh phan kinh te de' xay dung cd sd ha tang du hch.
iSa /a, xay dung chie'n luoc canh tranh difi'm den ca trung va dai han de' nang cao nang luc canh tranh cua Viet Nam.Trfin cd sd phan tich diem manh, die'm yfi'u, eo hdi va thach thdc cua die'm den Viet Nam, tifi'n hanh xay dung chien lupc marketing du Ijch, trong dd phai xac dmh dUdc nhi3ng thj trudng du ijch trpng difi'm, xay dung chien lupc san pham du hch theo hudng du heh bie'n, du hch sinh thai ket hdp vdi du lich van hda, hch sQ de tao ra nhOng san pham du hch ddc dao hap dan du khach cua nhQng thi trudng trpng die'm nay Day manh cdng tac nghien cCfu thj trodng, xay dong ttiOdng
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hifiu diem den va hoat ddng xiic tien du l|ch trfin thj trodng du hch the gidi. Vific nay ddi hdi phai thuc hien mdt each hfi thong, ddng bd tCf nghien cilu thj trudng, xay dung san pham, chUdng trinh du l|ch, xay dung thUdng hieu cho den quang ba san pham.
Vific nay can phai thuc hifin trfin cd sd phdi hpp, hpp lac chat che giOa Td'ng cue Du hch, cac sd van hda, the thao va du lieh, eac doanh nghiep IQ hanh, khach san ndi rieng va cac bd, ban, nganh khac ndi Chung thi cdng tac xuc tien va quang ba du Ijch mdi cd hifiu qua,
Bd'n la, dau tO phat trifi'n ngudn nhan lUe du l|eh de nang cao tinh chuyen nghiep va nang cao chat lupng djch vu, Cd the' ndi rang, ngudn loc eon ngUdi la yfiu to quan trong nhat mang tinh quye't dinh de nang eao nang luc canh tranh. nang cao chat lupng san pham va chat lupng djch vu du hch, Dd la dpi ngu lao ddng du ve sd lupng, cd eau hdp ly, can dd'i, dupc dao tao bai ban ve chuyfin mdn, nghiep vu, cd tinh chuyfin nghiep eao, ed pham chat dao dUe tdt, yeu nghe, Mud'n vay Nha nude phai tang cudng sU quan ly ve cdng tac dao tao, bdi dudng nhan luc du hch, tOng bude chuan hoa dpi ngu lao ddng trong nganh du hch trong tat ea cac ITnh vOc va nganh nghe du hch theo yeu cau thuc te 6 trong nudc, phu hdp vdi he thd'ng tieu chuan qudc te trudc het la bo
^eu chuan nghe cua hifip hdi du hch ASEAN de' tao dieu kien hpi nhap quoc te cua ddi ngu lao ddng du hch. Do vay, phai phat trifi'n mang ludi cd sd dao tao, bdi dudng vdi co sd vat chat tot de dao tao, boi dudng dam bao su can doi giOa cac cap, bac dao tao, nganh nghe dao tao va cd sU phan bo hpp ly giOa cac vung mien; tang cudng huy ddng va sO dung hifiu qua cac ngudn luc trong va ngoai node cho dao tao ngudn nhan luc cd chat lUdng cao cho nganh du hch.
Nam la, day manh hdp tac qudc te, chu ddng va ti'ch cOc hdi nhap quoc te trong ITnh vOc du hch.
Can cd ehinh saeh va giai phap thich hpp dfi' day manh hpp tac da phUdng va song phUdng trong phat trifi'n du hch, de chu ddng ndi tour du hch cho du khach de'n cac node trong khu vuc vao nUdc ta.
Tang cUdng hdp tac dfi' thu hut dau tu vao du hch, thdng qua do an dau to de' tiep thu edng nghfi kinh doanh tien tien, kinh nghiem quan ly die'm den ndi rifing va du Ijch ndi chung. Tranh thu cac du an
hpp tac dao tao ngudn nhan luc du Ijch, cac do an bao vfi mdl trodng,-..•
7a/ ll$u tham khao:
1 Crouch, Geoffrey I,, and J.R, Brent Ritchie, The Competitive Destination A Sustainable Tourism Perspective. CABl Pubhshmg, 2003.
2, Nguye'h Dinh Hda, Nang cao nang lUc canh tranh cua diem den du lich Viet Nam trong bd'i canh hdi nhap kmh te qud'c te. Tap chi Phat tnen Kinhte, S d 2 1 4 , 8/2008,
3, Nguyen Anh Tuan, Nang cao nang lUc canh tranh diem den cija du lich ViSt Nam. Luan an tien sy kinhte chinh t n , 2010,
4, WEF: The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010.
Summary
Vietnam Tourism has gained significant achievements in recent time, especially since the country became WTOs official member, as can be seen from the higher number of domestic and international visitors as well as tourism revenue Besides great advantages and opportunities to develop the sector, we are at the same time facing many challenges which come from heavier com- petitive pressures on the economy in general and tourism in particular Vietnam has been viewed as a potential tourism destination, but in companson with neighbor countries which have succeeded in building up good tourism images such as Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore, our competi- tiveness still remains low. Researching the com- petitiveness of tounsm destinations is fairly new in both theoretical and practical aspects. The article therefore clarifies the concept of competitiveness of Vietnam tourism destinations under the critena of World Economic Forum in comparison with regional countries namely Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore, from which suggests solutions to enhancing the competitiveness for Vietnam tourism in the coming time
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