MQT SO DfiNH <aW BCfO^C DflU VE HOC THOYET OBfiMfi
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dt trong nhflng dae trflng cua nen chinh tri My la khi tdng thd'ng mdi dfldc bau len ndm quyen, dng va chinh quyen mdi cua dng thUdng dUa ra ehinh sach ngoai giao - an ninh mdi (cd xem xet lai chinh saeh eua chinh quyen trUde).Noi dung cua chinh saeh mdi, bao gdm ca nhflng dieu ehinh dd cua cac tdng thd'ng M^ dfldc gdi la eae hpe thuyet ve an ninh - dd'i ngoai. Hieu mot each ehung nha't, hoe thuye't an ninh - dd'i ngoai la nhflng muc tieu, quan diem, lap trUdng cd ban cua eae Tdng thd'ng My ve van de lien quan den an ninh va dd'i ngoai eua My de tfl do, cac ed quan hoach dinh ehinh sach nhfl Bq Ngoai giao. Bo Qud'c phdng, Nha Trang, Hoi ddng An ninh Qud'c gia,....
de ra nhUng ehinh saeh eu the ap dung trdng nhiem ky eua tdng thd'ng.
Nhin lai lich sU cua My, cd the tha'y hoe thuye't ve dd'i ngoai thudng mang dam da'u a'n cua ca nhan • cae Tdng thd'ng My.
Tfl sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thfl hai de'n nay, nfldc My dd 10 lan dUa ra cae "hoc thuyet" mang ten cac tdng thd'ng. Mot so' hoe thuye't dUde biet de'n nhieu nha't la Hoe thuyet Truman ngan ehan Chu nghia Cong san (1947), Hoe thuye't Eisenhower cam ke't trd giup cac qud'c gia chd'ng lai sU c a n ' t h i e p cua Lien Xd (1957); Hoe thuye't Kennedy ve thuc day tfl do tren the gidi (1961); Hoc thuye't Nixon
N g u y e n H o n g Q u a n g Vu Chdu My - Bo Ngogi giao
rflt ra khdi Chie'n t r a n h Viet Nam (1969); Hoc thuye't Carter ve viec can thiep vao vflng Vinh de bao ve ldi ich eua My trflde sfl md rong anh hfldng eua Lien Xd (1980); Hoc thuye't Reagan ung ho cac phong trao chd'ng Cong tren the gidi chd'ng lai Lien Xd va cae nfldc XHCN (1985); Hoc thuye't Clinton ve quyen can thiep eua My de ngan ehan cac vu diet chiing (dfla ra nam 1999 - cdn goi la hpc thuye't
"nhan quyen eao hdn chii quyen").
Gan day nha't, sau vu khung bd' danh vao nude My (11/9/2001), Tdng tho'ng Bush (eon) dUa ra Hpc thuye't Bush gdm 4 npi dung cd ban: Chu nghia ddn phUdng; Ta'n edng eae qud'c gia chfla cha'p nhflng ke khiing bd'; Tan eong phu dau; Thay ddi che dp cac qud'c gia' phi dan ehu. (trong nhiem ky 2 dieu chinh npi dung nay t h a n h muc tieu thuc day dan chu. tren the gidi). Trong khoang thdi gian tren, chi cd hai tdng thd'ng khdng dfla ra cac hpc thuyet an ninh - dd'i ngoai la Gerald Ford (1974-
1977) va Bush (cha) vdi nhflng ly do he't sfle khach quan: Ford ba't ngd len cam quyen thay Nixon sau vu be bdi Watergate nen chfla du thdi gian de
"nung na'u" mpt hpe thuye't eiia rieng minh; Bush (cha) trflde khi trd thanh Tdng thd'ng da la Phd Tdng thd'ng nen ed quan diem an ninh - ddi ngoai gan gid'ng vdi ngfldi tien nhiem la Reagan, do dd ehu trfldng tie'p tue trien khiai hpc thuye't Reagan. Cac tdng tbdng
thfldng dfla ra hpc thuye't cua minh de bien minh cho mpt dfldng Id'i dd'i ngoai mdi hay vao thdi diem xay ra nhflng bien cd quan trpng ve an ninh - dd'i ngoai cua My; ed the thdi diem dd vad dau nhiem ky, eflng cd the vao gifla nhiem ky hay cud'i nhiem ky. - j >•,
1. Boi canh ra ddi cua Hoc thuyet Obama r;
Nhieu ehuyen gia My eho rdng, Tong thd'ng Obama len ndm quyen trong bd'i eanh nfldc My dang diin ra bien ed' ldn ve an ninh - dd'i ngoai.
Chinh quyen Bush de lai nhflng "di san" ea ve dd'i npi va dd'i ngoai ma ngfldi ke nhiem se phai giai quyet, neu mud'n tiep tuc duy tri vi the lanh dao the gidi cua My.
Ve do'i noi, cupc khung hoang kinh te - tai chinh dien ra tfl nam 2007 dfldc coi la tram trpng nha't ke tfl Dai khung hoang 1929-1933. Bao eao mdi nha't cua Cue Dfl trfl Lien bang My (Fed.) dfl doan kinh te My 2009 se tang trudng am 2%, tha't nghiep se vUdt 10%; qua trinh' phuc hdi trong 2010 va 2011 se diln ra kbd khan. Vi the ddng ddla My suy giam trUde sii ndi len eua ddng tien chung Chau Au, ddng Yen (Nhat) va Nhan dan te (Trung Qud'c). Cupc khung hoang nay da keo lui cac chi tieu phat trien kinh te'My (7/10 ehi so'san xua't cd ban eua My da tha'p hdn thdi diem nam 2002).
Dang ndi hdn, md hinh kinh te - tai ehfnh cua My vd'n dUde coi la hinh mau tren the gidi, nay bi nhieu nUdc nghi ngd. TrUde day. My dUde cdi la thien dUdng an toan cho dau tU qud'c te, ca ngan ban va dai ban, nhUng hien nay, cac nUdc deu than trpng khi dau tu vao My. Cae td chflc tai "chinh qud'c te do My lanh dap hoae ehi phd'i, nhfl IMF, WB bi thach thfle, do sfl ndi len cua cac nfldc thudc nhdm BRICh
Tac ddng sau xa eua cupc khung hoang nay la the va liic cua My bi suy giam n h a n h hdn trong tfldng quan life Ifldng vdi cac nflde eanh ti^anh vdi My, dac biet la sd vdi Trung Qud'c.- Trflde day, ed nhieu dfl doan eho rang, de'n nam 2014, Trung Quoc mdi bat kip My ve san xua't; nay dfl doan vao nam 2011, Trung Qud'c se trd t h a n h nen kinh te san xua't hang hda nhieu nha't the gidi. Trflde day dfl doan de'n nam 2029, Trung Qud'c mdi vUdt My ve Tdng san pham qud'c npi (GDP); nay dii doan de'n nam 2025, Trung Qud'c se trd thanh nen kinh te ldn nha't the gidi.
Ve an ninh - ddi ngogi, Chfnh quyen Bush de lai "di san" la hai cupc chien eon dang dd la Iraq va Afghanistan. Tai Iraq, sd' binh linh My chet da vUdt qua 4.200, chi phi ehien tranh sau 7 nam eua Cbinh quyen Bush hdn 1500 ty ddla (cd so' lieu hdn 3000 ty ddla). Ndi bp My ngay cang chia re trong cupc chie'n nay. Trong khi dd, tinh hinh Afghanistan ngay cang ba't dn sau sU trd lai eua lUc lUdng hdi giad Taliban tfl nam 2005. My va lien quan (hien cd hdn 40 nghin quan) ngay cang gap nhieu khd khan trong viee binh dn tinh hinh. Dfl luan eho rdng, Afghanistan da trd thanh "Viet Nam"
thfl hai cua My.
• Trong khi dd, Trung Qud'c va phdn nao dd la Nga va nhieu nflde da ldi dung dupc tinh the My pbai tap trung eho cupc chie'n chd'ng khung bd de tang eUdng sfle manh kinh te, quan Sli; tflng bflde thach thfle vai trd va vi the eiia My tai mpt sd khu vflc, trong dd cd "san sau cua My". Tren binh dien the gidi, tam ly ghet My, tham ehi chd'ng My tang sau khi My tan edng Iraq. Khdng chi cac nfldc Hdi giao cd sd ngfldi chd'ng My tang len.
ma tai cae nUdc ban be va ddng minh cua My nhU Han Qud'c, Nhat Ban, Phap, Dfle, Ba Lan, mpt bp phan khong nhd dU luan td ra ba't binh vdi chinh saeh 'ddn phUdng', ngad man eua Chinh quyen Bush.
2. Mot so noi d u n g c u a Hoc t h u y e t Obama
Cae hpc gia My cho rang, bat dau tfl khi tranh cfl va dac biet la ngay sau khi nham chflc, Tdng thd'ng Obama da cdng bd' hpc thuye't cua minh de giai quye't nhflng khd khan nhU da neu d tren^ Qua nhflng phat bieu chinh saeh (bai phat bieu thang cfl, dien van nham ehfle, bai phat bieu tai Hpi nghi G20 tai Washington va London, bai phat bieu tai Hpi nghi thfldng dinh Chau My tai Trinidad va Tobagd, bai phat bieu tai Ai Cap...) va trien khai thiic te cua Chinh quyen Obama, ed the rut ra mpt so' npi dung ed't ldi cua
"Hpe thuyet Obama" nhu sau:
Thii nhdt, Obama ehu trUdng tfl bd each tiep can ddn phfldng cua Chinh quyen Bush, de eao tinh da phfldng va hda giai trong giai quye't cac va'n de qude te. Obama eho rang, mae du My tiep tue la qud'c gia giau ed va hung manh nha't the gidi, nhflng My chi la mpt quoc gia, va nhflng va'n de ma nflde My phai dd'i phd, cho du la nan budn ban ma tuy, bie'n ddi khi hau, hay khiing bd', se khdng the dfldc giai quye't bdi mpt qud'c gia; rdng nUdc My khdng the tu minh dat dUdc eae mue tieu ldn, mac du "hanh dpng ddn phUdng bad gid eflng d l hdn viee thanh lap cac md'i quan he dd'i tac thiic sfl va cae ddng minh trung t h a n h " l Theo do, My se hanh dpng khdng phai nhu mpt nha lanh dao toan eau, ma nhu mpt ngUdi hd trd tdan eau; khdng phai la mpt vi cflu
tinh ma la mpt dd'i tae cd tracb nhiem trong cpng ddng qud'c te.
Thd hai, Obama chii trfldng dd'i thoai, can du vdi cae qud'c gia My coi la "ba't hao"^. Obama tuyen bd' trong Le nham ehfle: "nfldc My se chia tay ra dd'i vdi cac nfldc tfl bd nam dam cua hp". Day la each tie'p can hoan toan khae so vdi eae ehfnh quyen tien nhiem, t h a m chi ngay ea Chinh quyen Clinton dfldc coi la tfldng dd'i dn hda.
Tren cd sd nay, Ngoai trUdng Hillary Clinton da dUa ra quan diem "The gidi da dd'i tac" trong bai phat bieu tai Hpi ddng dd'i ngoai thang 7/2009 vdi ham y: My se tfl bo each thfle tap hdp liie lupng thee tieu chi "di vdi My hoae chd'ng lai My" ma Chinh quyen Bush da ap dung mpt thdi gian dai sau vu khung bd' 11/9/2001, ddng thdi se thfle day quan he vdi ta't ea cac nfldc, tham chi ea vdi cac nflde trflde day ed ba't ddng vdi My.
Thd ba, Obama chu trUdng sd dung cdng eu khae ngoai edng cu quan Sli de dat dUde muc dich ddi ngoai.
Obama eho rang, neu My can phai cd hanh dpng quan sfl thi phai dfldc ung hp cua ea hai Dang va phai phd'i hdp chat che vdi "ddng minh va ban be" va
"nude My phai cd muc tieu ro rang trong ba't cfl cude ehien nao"^. Cae hpe gia My eho rdng, Hpc thuye't Obama la mpt kieu cua Chu nghia hien thfle:
mac dfl khong e ngai trien khai sfle manh My, nhflng sfle manh dd can phai dupe sU dung diia tren danh gia nhUng gidi ban thiie te va vdi lieu lUdng phfl hdp*^. Quan diem tren cua Obama da dfldc Ngoai trfldng My cu the hda bang chii trfldng sfl dung "sfle manh thdng minh" de dat dfldc cac muc tieu dd'i ngoai cua My.
Thd tu, Obama eho rdng, mac du My dai dien cho mpt loat cac gia tri phd bie'n va ly tfldng cua loai ngfldi -
nhfl y tudng dan chu, tii do bay td ehinh kien, tii do tdn giao va xa hpi dan sfl,... song "cac nflde khae cd nen van hda khae, muc tieu khae, lich sd kbac", do dd nhflng gi nfldc My can lam de thuc day nhflng gia tri va ly tfldng "la bang each neu gUdng"^
Obama ehu trUdng de cho ngUdi dan cac nude cd quyen tii quyet trong viec Ilia chpn che dp ehinh tri eua rieng hp. Day la dieu khae biet hoan toan vdi "Hpe thuye't Bush - tan bao thu"
chu trUdng tbuc day tii do tren the gidi vdi lap luan rdng ehi ed cac qud'c gia dan chu la nhflng dd'i tae dang tin cay eua My*.
Thd ndm, mac du van coi chd'ng khung bd la flu tien cao trong chinh sach dd'i ngoai, song Obama khdng coi khung bd' la cupc chie'n "keo dai nhieu the he" nhfl Chinh quyen Bush, ddng thdi tfl bd y dinh ldi dung chd'ng khung bd' de md rpng anh hfldng tren the gidi, duy tri the "ddn ciic" sau Chie'n tranh Lanh. Obama chu trUdng
"dan Sli hda" van de chd'ng khung bd', tuyen bd' tfl bd thuat ngfl "Cupc chien toan cau chd'ng khung bd^' (GWOT) vdi ham y giam nhe van de nay trong ehinh saeh dd'i ngoai; ddng thdi eho rdng, ehu nghia khung bd' xua't phat tfl "he tfl tfldng thfl dicb vdi My" cd nguyen nhan sau xa la nhflng bat cdng trong xa hdi va tinh trang ngheo ddi, nha't la trong xa hpi Hdi giao; vi vay, de loai bd tan gd'c ehu nghia khiing bd', can phai xda bd nhflng ba't edng va xda ddi giam ngheo. Do vay.
My coi phat trien tai cac qud'c gia ngheo ddi la mpt trong nhflng 'vfl khi' chd'ng lai ehu nghia khung bd' (hay rpng hdn la ehu nghia ciic doan bao Iflc). My xae dinh dia ban chd'ng khung bd' khdng phai la Iraq hay Trung Dong ma la Nam A (Afghanistan va Pakistan). Dd'i tfldng
chd'ng khung bd' khdng phai la cac qud'c gia trong "true ma quy" ma la nhdm khung bd AI Qaeda do Bin Laden dflng dau va mpt so' td chflc khiing bd' qud'c te khae. Ve bien phap.
My cdn ke't hdp td'i da cac bien phap quan sfl, chinh tri, kinh te, ngdai giao de tflng bflde ed lap va loai trfl Chu nghia khung bd'.
3. Qua trinh trien khai "Hoc thuyet Obama" va trien vong
Qua trinh trien khai chinh sacb dd'i ngoai cua My thdi gian qua ed nhieu net ticb cflc ve mpt nflde My "bdt cfldng quyen", bda giai va da phUdng hdn so vdi trUde kia. Du luan the gidi, nha't la tai mpt so' "diem ndng" dang cam nhan dUde nhflng "thay ddi"
trong chfnh sach, trong bien phap thfle hien, hay ft nha't la trong cac tuyen bd' chfnh sach cua My.
Tren thfle te, chfnh quyen Obama da dat dfldc mpt so muc tieu ddi ngoai ban dau quan trpng. Ddng ke nhdt 1^
My da thuc day thanh cdng hdp tae qude te de giai quye't eupc khung hoang kinh te - tai ehinh, dae biet la thdng qua hai hpi nghi thfldng dinh G20 tai Washington D.C va London.
My da dat dUde ddng thuan ciia cac nUde ddng minh va BRICs trong viee duy tri cac td chflc tai chinh la WB va IMF, qua dd tie'p tuc khdng dinh vai trd lanh dao trong he tho'ng tai ehinh toan cau. Thii hai, Chinh quyen Obama da dat dupe mue tieu dat ra la rut quan khdi Iraq theo dung Id trinh (quan ehien da'u eua My da rut khdi cae tinh va thanh phd' tai Iraq vao thang 6/2009), qua dd tap trung vao viee binh dn tinh hinh Afghanistan.
Tai Afghanistan, My eung nhan dUde cam ket ldn hdn cua eae nUde ddng minh NATO va dae biet la eua Nga trong viec van chuyen quan va khi tai
qua lanh thd Nga. Thii ba. My tflng budc dn dinh quan he nUdc ldn, dac biet la Trung Qud'c va Nga ben canh viec tang cUdng quan he vdi eae ddng minh va ban be. Thd tU, My da tie'n mpt budc quan trpng trong qua trinh
"boa giai" vdi the gidi. Obama da eii Ngoai trUdng Hillary tham qud'c gia Hdi giao ldn nha't la Indonesia, sau dd dng da tham Thd Nhi Ky va cd bai phat bieu dUde cpng ddng Hdi giao danh gia la "ed thien y". Vdi khu vUe My Latinh, Obama da thiie hien cae bude di linh boat, mem deo, xay diing quan he "binh ddng" vdi cac nUdc khu vUc thdng qua ehuyen di dii Hpi nghi thUdng dinh Chau My (4/2009).
Tuy nhien, Chinh quyen Obama dang gap phai mpt so' khd khan ve ca npi bp va dd'i ngoai. Ve npi bp, phe Cpng hda mpt mat chi trich Obama la
"Tdng thd'ng thien ta", qua "mem mdng" vdi cae qud'c gia thfl dich, qua
"nhan nhfldng", tham chi hdp phap hoa cae che dp dpe tai; mat khae vien dan ly do an ninh qud'c gia de phan ddi cac bien phap dan sii hda viec chdng khung bd eua Obama (Ke hoach ddng cUa nha tfl Guantanamo vao 2010 cua Obama da phai lui thdi ban thiie hien do sii chd'ng dd'i cua phe Cpng hda va mpt so' nhan vat Dan ehu trong Qud'c hpi My).
Ve ddi ngogi, My gap thach thfle ngay cang tang tfl cae nude ldn va cae qude gia My gpi la 'ba't hao'. Trung Qud'c ra sfle ldi dung khd khan cua My de khdng dinh vi the 'sieu cfldng' nhu ddi hdi vai trd ldn hdn tai cac the che tai chfnh qude te nhU WB, IMF; ddi thanh lap mpt ddng tien qud'c te thay the ddng ddla My, dUa ra khai niem
"ddng thuan Bde Kinh" thay cho
"ddng thuan Washington"; neu y tudng "chia ddi Thai Binh Dudng", dUa tau hai quan ap sat tau My 5 lan
tai Bien Ddng tinh tfl cud'i nam 2008.
Sfl nghi ngd l i n nhau mang tinh ehien lfldc gifla Trung Qud'c va My van nga'm ngam diln ra, tuy hai ben tie'p tuc khdng dinh cd ldi ieh ldn trong hdp tae.
Vdi Nga, mac dfl qua trinh "tai khdi dpng lai quan he My-Nga" da khdi dau tfldng dd'i sudn se qua ehuyen tham Nga eua Tdng thd'ng Obama (7/2009) song Nga tie'p tue cd thai dp eflng rdn "mang tinh nguyen tac" tai khdng gian hau Xd Viet; ehi trich My ve cupc khung hoang kinh te - tai ehinh hien nay va keu gpi hinh thanh mpt trat tfl kinh te the gidi mdi; tie'p tuc tang chi cho quan sfl, nha't la cac loai vu khi hien dai; tie'p tuc md rpng anh hfldng tai mpt so' khu vflc, trong dd ed My Latinh.
Vdi cac qud'c gia ma My coi la bat hao, phfldng cham "san sang chia tay ra dd'i vdi cac nflde tfl bd ndm da'm cua hp" ma Obama dfla ra chfla mang lai ket qua nhfl My mud'n. Cac qude gia tren tie'p tuc td ra eflng rdn, tfl ehd'i ddi thoai, t h a m chi gay cang thang trong q u a n h e vdi My. Vdi Myanmar, ba't chap nd liie cua My eflng ASEAN tim giai phap t h a o gd va'n de dan chu -nhan quyen ciia nfldc nay, Myanmar vdn tie'n hanh xet xii ba Ang San Suu Kiy, ddng thdi tuyen bd chinh sach eflng rdn dd'i vdi phe ddi lap, tfl chdi dd'i thoai vdi My va phfldng Tay ve nhan quyen va cai each dan chu.
Vdi Iran, do nhu eau npi bp, Iran tiep tuc thfle hien chinh saeh eflng rdn vdi My nhfl tfl ehd'i dam phan vdi P5+1, thii ten lua tam xa, tuyen bd tie'p tuc lam giau Uranium. Iran da thiie hien mpt so' bien phap tra'n ap cac nhdm bieu tinh sau cupc bau eU tdng thd'ng (7/2009), gay ra du luan dan chung My ddi Chinh quyen Obama phai thdt chat cac bien phap
ca'm van, trflng phat Iran. Dieu dd bude Chinh quyen Obama phai dat thdi ban he't nam 2009 cho nd liie dam phan, ddng thdi eanh bad "se ed bien phap manh" ngu Iran khdng thay ddi lap trfldng eflng ran.
Vdi Cpng hda Dan ehii Nhan dan Trieu Tien, cd the xua't phat tfl ly do npi bp, Trieu Tien lien tue ed hanh dpng gay cang thang nhfl bdn ten Ifla mang ve tinh, tuyen bd' rut khdi dam phan 6 ben (4/2009), thfl hat nhan lan hai (5/2009), hen tuc thu ten Ida tam ngdn (7/2009). Npi bp My eho ring, Chinh quyen Obama da ba't life trong viec kiem soat tinh hinh Trieu Tien.
Tham chi, mpt so'hpc gia My eho rdng hpc thuye't cua Obama dd'i vdi Trieu Tien va Iran da hoan toan tha't bai^.
Mpt va'n de gay tranh cai nfla eua
"Hpe thuyet Obama" la quan diem
"da dd'i tae" tbay vi "da ciic" nhfl trUdc day. Theo quan diem nay. My se khdng dat ye'u to' "can bang",
"kiem che^' theo tU duy dia chie'n lUde truyen thd'ng la Uu tien hang dau trong quan he vdi cae nUdc. Theo mpt so' hpc gia My, dieu nay "ndi de hdn lam" vi viec My thue day quan he vdi ta't ea eae nUdc eflng ddng nghia vdi viec My khd cd the cd quan he gan gui va sau sac vdi mpt hoae mpt nhdm nfldc cu the nao, ngay ca vdi cac nUde ddng minh eua My, nha't la trong bd'i eanh cae qud'c gia cd nhieu ldi ich chung, sdng eflng ed khdng it khae biet nhfl hien nay.
Dfl luan the gidi cho rdng, "Hpc thuyet Obama" dfldc dUa ra vao thdi diem "khoanh khae ddn ciic" eua My da ket thdc, nUde My ehi cdn la "qud'c gia manh nha't trong so' cae qud'c gia ngang hang". Do dd, muc tieu hang dau eua "hpe thuye't nay" la thay doi each danh gia cua My ve the gidi, thay
ddi each thfle My lanh dao the gidi, thay doi phfldng cham My thuc day hdp tac va da'u tranh, thay doi each thfle My trien khai sfle manh de dat dfldc cac mue tieu dd'i ngdai. Chinh quyen Obama da dat dfldc mpt so' mue tieu quan trpng ve dd'i ngoai, song eung dang gap phai nhflng chi trich khdng nhd tfl npi bp My, eflng nhfl tfl eae nfldc ldn va cac nUdc "dd'i tUdng"
cua My. Nhflng tuyen bd' chinh saeh cd ve "mem" cua Obama da khien dfl luan My nghi ngd ve tinh 'quye't doan' va kha nang trd thanh 'tdng thd'ng manh' cua dng. Da ed dfl luan eho rang, nfldc My dfldi Chinh quyen Obama da trd thanh mpt "Sieu cfldng lUdng lu" (Reluctant Superpower).
Dieu dd cho tha'y nhflng y tfldng mdi ma Obama dfla ra se tie'p tuc gap thd thach ea ve dd'i npi va dd'i ngoai, do dd ed the se phai ed nhflng dieu chinh trong thdi gian tdi •
Cha thich: • . . .. ,
1) Gom Brazil, Nga, an Do va Trung Quo'c, 2) Amitai Etzioni, The Obama Doctrine, The
Huffington Post August 12, 2009, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amitai-
etzioni/the-obama-doctrine_b_236087.html 3) E.J. Dion, The Obama Doctrine, Real Clear
World, April 16, 2009
4) Michael Gerson, Obama's doctrine of engagement builds the case for confrontation, WP Jul 30, 2009
5) Gordon Lubold, The emerging Obama doctrine, CSM, March 10, 2009
http://features.csmonitor.com/politics/2009/03/10/th e-emerging-obama-doctrine/
6) E.J. Dionne, The Obama Doctrine, da d i n 7) Michael Scherer, The Obama Foreign
Policy Doctrine, Time Magazine, Sunday, April 19, 2009
8) Amitai Etzioni, The Obama Doctrine, da dan
9) Michael Gerson, Obama's doctrine of engagement builds the case for confrontation, WP Jul 30, 2009.
