52 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
/ v ' ^'
TIEP CAN VAIN OE TIINH CHU THE CUA HANH DONG TRONG TRIET HOC NHAN SINH MY
Dat van de
Triet hpc nhan sinh la he thd'ng nhiing gid tri ciia ddi sd'ng nhan sinh, anh hudng va chi phdi the gidi quan va nhan sinh quan vdn hda cua mdi c i nhdn trong mot nen van hda. Trai qua 400 nam tao diing (ndm 1607) va phat trien, ngUdi My da kien tao dUdc nhutng triet ly nhan sinh rieng cd cho minh diia tren mot gia tai tinh than Id ddng van hda Thanh gido, chu nghia ca nhan va y thifc chinh tri qud'c dan. Bai vie't nay budc d i u tiep can van de tinh chu the cua hanh dong - mot trong nhutng chu de cd ban cua trie't hpc nhan sinh My tuf gdc dp triet hpc.
Tinh chu the la gi?
0 phUdng Tay, tinh chu the tifng la
va'n de suy nghi cua nhieu bd dc triet hpc vi dai, gdn vdi chu thuyet "con ngUdi la trung tam" (anthropocentrism) - mot s i n phim dac thu cua van hoa phUdng Tay. Tinh chu the dUdc hinh thanh trong qua trinh con ngUdi tii nhan thifc ve vai trd cua minh ddi vdi the gidi, nd phan dnh qua trinh con ngUdi tiing budc dat tdi trinh dp tii
"tach minh" ra khdi tii nhien, sau dd
"tdch minh" ra khdi xa hoi va tii xac dinh minh nhU mot nhan cich, mot cd nhan. Qud trinh the tuc hod tdn giao d phUdng Tay gin vdi sii phat trien manh me cua chu nghia duy ly ma F.
Baccn va Descartes la hai nha trie't hcc tieu bieu. Bdng tinh t h i n "cogito" (tdi
ThS. Le Van Tung
Dgi hgc Dong Thdptu duy), Descartes da dot pha vao thanh tri cua chu nghia kinh vien md dudng cho khoa hpc p h i t trien. The nhUng, Descartes mdi chi diing lai d viec xem xet cen ngUdi vdi tU each la met sinh vat thieu hdan thien, la mdt thang bae trung gian giiia ThUdng de va hu vd. Ong coi ly tri la ngudn gd'c duy nha't ciia moi tri thufc khca hpc va khdng cdng nhan vai trd cua cam giac.
Chu nghia duy ly til Descartes trd di da phat trien den dinh diem trdng triet hdc duy tam bien chifng Hegel. Chu nghia duy ly da trd t h a n h chu nghia duy ly khca hpc (chu nghia duy khoa hpc) d mot chiing miic nao dd vdi nguyen tac xem khoa hpc Id van nang, la chiec diia than ciia mpi phUdng sach, da tac ra sii phat trien que quat d con ngUdi. Xu hudng chd'ng ddi chu nghia duy ly yeu cau giai thoat con ngUdi khdi khudn khd chat hep cua tinh than "cogito" nham gianh lai nhan vi cho con ngUdi - dd la chu nghia nhan ban phi duy ly.
Chu nghia Hegel tren budc dUdng anh hUdng ciing diing chan tai My vdi hai dai dien la Josiah Royce (1755-
1816) va F.A. Rauch (1806-1841). So
vdi Hegel, trie't hpc Kant de lai nhieu
anh hUdng hdn d My, khong phai chi
bdi ly do. My la mot dan tpc cd mot lich
sif khiem td'n ma vi trie't hpc sieu
nghiem cua Kant an nhap mot phan
vdi tinh each tii do cua dan tuf cbieng
tdi khai pha viing dd't nay. Mac du
Kant da chi khang dinh, ddi tUdng cua
CHAU MY N G A Y N A Y SO 10-2009 53 trie't hpc la k h i n a n g tri thifc cua cen
ngUdi ve thiic t a i , thiic tai dd Id t h e gidi hien tUdng d ngdai chu t h e nhUng dng cd nha'n m a n h tdi t i n h chu t h e cua h a n h ddng diia t r e n tri thifc, dat ly tinh thilc tien cao hdn ly t i n h t h u a n tuy. Chii n g h i a lac q u a n ciia K a n t phu hdp vdi t i n h t h a n cau tien ciia ngUdi My d chd k h d n g d i n h con ngUdi la mdt thiic t h e dec n h a t vd nhi. Id muc dich tii t h a n , la m u c tieu boat ddng cua chinh m i n h , con ngUdi cd the vUdn tdi sU h o i n t h i e n - con ngUdi tU lap t h a n (self m a d e m a n ) .
T i n h c h u t h e c u a h a n h d o n g t r o n g c a c t r a o liiu t r i e t h o c n h a n ban My.
C i n bat dau til chu nghia thiic dung, vi nd la mdt bien the ndi b a t cua chu nghia My, la p h a t bieu ve trie't hpc, la sii the hien tap t r u n g cua t i n h t h i n My ra ddi cimg vdi tie'n t r i n h p h i t trien cua nUdc My hien dai, vi vay, khdng phai h a n h ddng ma chu the h i n h dpng (tinh chu the cua h a n h ddng) r a t dUdc de cao.
C.S. Peirce da c i n mdn lao ddng trong Idnh dia cua sieu h i n h hpc truyen thd'ng (trUdc Kant) vd t h a y dUdc t i m quan trpng cua c i c phUdng p h i p ldgic nhutng ghi chii q u a n trpng de xay diing mdt phUdng p h a p khoa hpc hutu hieu.
Sd'ng trong thdi dai p h d n tich, Peirce cd y dinh vUdt r a n g d i i p h a m t r u cua cii chu quan v i cai khach q u a n (trUdc day Kant gdi la chu nghia k i n h nghiem va chu nghia giac dieu) thdng qua ldgic ky hieu de nhutng k h i i niem cd the mieu ta chan t h a t kinh nghiem n h a m dUa lai nhiing hieu qua khi v a n d u n g chiing.
Viec nha'n m a n h niem tin khdng giid dieu da p h a n a n h diing t i n h t h a n khai sang d My liic ba'y gid, nhUng ddng gdp cua Peirce khdng phai d dd. Ddng gdp cua dng la d chd da d a n h cho con ngUdi mdt vi the chu ddng trong viec chiem
h n h cic hieu q u i thiic tien, nhUng dd khdng phai la cdi thiic tien, cii hien thiic ngUng dpng md la hien thufc da qua cai tao, xif ly, m a n g tinh chu quan.
Bdi the, trie't hpc p h i i la mdt trp luc cho con ngUdi trong viec xdc lap niem tin di tdi hdnh ddng hiiu hieu, cd ich (ddi vdi con ngUdi). Tu duy ma khdng cd muc dich, khdng dUdc kiem chifng b i n g cdc hieu qua dUa lai thi nd chi la mdt sii phien toai. N h u vdy, d day Peirce dd nha'n m a n h tdi nd liic chu quan cua con ngUdi trdng viec chiem linh tri thifc, chinh niem tin chuf khdng p h i i la sU sang sua bdt ngudn til ly tinh bam sinh (R. Descartes) da giiip ta dat tdi chan ly. Tinh t h a n "ccgito" cua Descartes mac dil cd ndi de'n mdi quan he hutu cd giuta qua trinh tU duy vd chu the, nhUng nd dd nhd't chu the vac vi tri cua ngUdi quan s i t , tinh chu the duf phdng (project) tdi k h a ndng tii thie't dinh cua ly tinh, tifc la trUdng cua nhiing cai cd the suy luan difdc, hdn nUa, chdn ly tU nd khdng thiet dinh dUdc, tinh xdc thiic cua nd phai dUdc kiem chifng bang kinh nghiem, bdng hieu q u i m i h a n h dpng dUa lai. M a t khac, nhif Peire quan niem, tri thifc bao gid ciing xuat p h i t tif mot tri thifc trUdc dd, q u i trinh ndy khdng cd sii ket thiic.
Vay, con ngUdi h a n h ddng cdn cif vao dau? Peirce, J a m e s va Dewey deu gap n h a u d chd k h i n g dinh, c i n p h i i xuat p h a t tii kinh nghiem, til n h u c i u ndi tai de h d n h dpng, sdng tao. K m h nghiem dd Id gi? N h a trie't hpc thiic dung cho r i n g , dd Id "kinh nghiem t h u i n tuy"
(James), "kinh nghiem tii nhien"
(Dewey). Tuf nhien va kinh nghiem la lien tuc, la mdt chinh the thdng nhd't.
Kinh nghiem chinh la thiic tai. cho nen trie't hpc (va khoa hpc) chi nghien cufu chinh b a n t h a n kinh nghiem. J a m e s ndi tdi boat dpng cua y thifc nhU la boat ddng cd n a n g cua the hUu cd p h i n ifng
54 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
lai hddn cinh. Tif pham trii kinh nghiem. cdc nha trie't hpc thiic dung ndi tinh chil the cua hanh dpng con ngUdi.
Vi quan niem triet hec nhU mdt phUdng tien (cdng cu). mot phUdng phap hanh ddng, cho nen, khdng nha thiic dung nao khdng de cao tinh ndng ddng cua nhan thifc. James cho ring, ddng tU tudng ludn Id ddng chuyen bien lien tuc vd mang tinh cd nhdn. tinh liia chpn cua nd hen quan den ldi ich vd sU huiig phdn cua chii the. The gidi ludn chuyen bien mau le. hdn ddn. lien tuc. do dd.
con ngUdi phii mau chdng xdc lap du'dc phan ifng thich hdp va hieu qua. Viec nhan manh vac kinh nghiem dac thu cua ca nhan dua James xich lai gan tmh than tU dc va chu nghia ca nhdn
My. John Dewey di xa hdn d chd yeuciu mdi cd nhdn cdn phai dUdc hua'n luyen de cd the p h i n ifng kip thdi vdi sii ddi thay nhanh chdng ciia cudc ddi, ciia the gidi.
Nhu vdy. chu nghia thilc dung trong khi bdn ve tinh chu the da ciic ky de cao vai trd cua kinh nghiem vd tinh nang ddng cua chu the trcng nhan thifc vd trong bdnh ddng. Peirce nhd'n manh vao nd liic ciia chu the trcng \dec xdc lap mem tin. James them vac dd tinh Ilia chpn. tinh cd nhdn vd tinh ndng ddng, Dewey dua nd thdnh nhutng quy tac gido due vd ddn chu. Ta't ca nhutng cdi dd phai thdng qua kinh nghiem, hieu qua de kiem nghiem xem tri thifc dat dUdc cd phai Id chdn ly hay khdng.
vd chiing cd nhiing gia tri gi. Bdi vdy.
chu the cua hdnh ddng la tinh nang ddng tu quyet cua ca nhdn trong hanh ddng dUa lai hieu q u i cho con ngUdi.
Tinh chil the cua hdnh ddng ciing Id chil de quan trpng nhat trong chu nghia nhan vi vk chii nghia hien sinh My. Mac dii Dewey cd ndi la tinh hieu qua phuc \ai dai chung. F.C.S. Schiller cdn de nghi nen ddi ten chu nghia thiic
dung thdnh chu nghia nhan ban vi ne de cao tinh than sang tao cua con ngUdi, ca hai deu mud'n ndi tdi cai "mat ngUdi" cua nd, tuy nhien, chu nghia thiic dung van thUdng hi phe binh Id mdt thuf chu nghia chifc ndng, chu nghia duy hieu q u i . Chinh vi the, tinh chil the hudng de'n hieu qua can dUdc bd sung thanh td' "nhan vi" de con ngUdi tuf lap than My cd dUdc phUdng thufc tu bieu hien. tii cai q u i n lay minh mdt each hieu qua.
Chil nghia nhan vi va chu nghia hien sinh bao gid ciing de cac vai trd chu the d cen ngUdi, nhUng dd khdng phai la cen ngUdi chung chung, phd quit ma con ngUdi so' it, con ngu'di ca nhdn, cen ngUdi cd than xac va ddi sd'ng npi tam. Tuy nhien, tinh chu the d chu nghia nhan vi, chu nghia hien sinh khdng phai la chu nghia chu quan, d dd nha'n manh tdi con ngUdi vdi tU each la mdt hien hutu, mot nhan vi tii do. Chu nghia nhan vi tim thd'y d My mdt dieu kien xd hdi ciic ky quan trpng, dd la ly tUdng tuf do. binh dang va chu nghia cd nhan de trd thanh mdt trie't hpc dac hutu cua My. Chu nghia nhan vi d Phap khi ndi tdi tinh chu the da nhan manh tdi sii sieu viet cua cai tdi, tutc la tinh y hudng ciia hien hutu \aidn tdi til do tuyet ddi, cdn chu nghia nhan vi My thi lai nha'n manh tinh chu the d hdnh ddng sdng tao (cua cai tdi ddc dao) nhUng dat trong tUdng quan vdi tha nhan, vdi xa hpi, bdi the, mat phi duy ly cua nd dn nhap vdi chu nghia tiiy thdi va tinh t h i n khdan dung khdng ldn vdo dau,
Chu nghia hien sinh chau Au ndi tdi tu do nhu la mot cai vd bdng, tii do hi
"ket an" (J.P. Sartre) cdn d My do la tU do phdt minh ra minh, la tuf lap than.
Trong Cu sdc tiicfng lai Alvin Toffler
chd ring, nUdc My dang bi tra ta'n bdi
sii md hd ve tien bae, tai sin, ludt le va
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 55 t r a t tu, chimg tdc, tdn gido, thUdng de
va gia dinh do sii chuyen bien chdng mat ve g i i tri. Ong cho rang, rdi day con ngUdi se p h i i tieu t h u c i c h sd'ng gid'ng n h u trUdc day ngUdi ta tieu t h u mdt hdng h o i binh thUdng. Ong vie't:
"Khi ngUdi ta dich chuyen til nen van h o i thii cap nay s a n g nen v a n h o i thif cap khac, tuf each sdng nay sang each sd'ng khac, tU hp dUdc r e n luyen de ddi phd vdi sii dau khd khdng the t r d n h dUdc ve sU til bd dinh liu. Hp hpc each tii phdng t h u chd'ng lai sii dau khd ngpt ngdc cua sii r a di"\
Bdi the', sii sang tad cua cen ngUdi tii cai q u i n My m i chu nghia hien sinh ndi tdi d t r e n khdng ddn t h u a n l i viec tao ra cho minh mot "tieu a n h himg"
m i cdn phai s i n g tao trong viec liia chpn cich sd'ng, cung tifc la lam chu trong viec bd di nhUng c i i m i minh da chpn va nhUng each ma minh liia chpn cai dd. Tinh chu the bieu hien d duf phdng ve tU dd, nhUng d My, dd Id tii dd cua chu nghia cd n h a n , tuf do dUdc trd liic bdi du trii t i n h t h a n la "nhiing tap quan cua t r a i tim" (Tocqueville), cho nen, nd khdng h u d n g ve thdi hddng kim qua khif ma chii trpng hien tai va hudng tdi tUdng lai.
Khdng the khdng n h a c tdi p h a n t a m hpc va sii bd sung cua nd cho viec l u a n giai va de cao t i n h chu the trong h a n h dpng cua ngUdi My. Bdi vi trUdc khi nUdc My la nUdc cdng nghiep vd duy ly da cd mdt t r u y e n thd'ng cd ddn vd mac cim, chiing tdi mud'n ndi tdi tinh c i c h cd ddn trong con ngUdi cua chu nghia cd n h a n My v i "mac cam tdi ldi" vao tin dieu Kinh t h d n h . Trong h a i cudc chie'n t r a n h t h e gidi, nUdc My khdng hi ldn dan nao til ngoai b a n vac, the nhUng, sU cd ddn lai hien dien khdp ndi dd SUf b a n h trUdng cua chu nghia ky tri va chii n g h i a cdng nghiep, nd khdng ngiing dUdc t d n g cUdng s a u cac
cudc k h i m g k h o a n g kinh te. Cd hai the he My da bd phieu cho sii cd ddn nhieu hdn ca la The he bi mdt (Lost generation) nhUng n a m 1920 vd The he im lim (The silent generation) nhUng n d m 1950. Benh cd ddn (va c i Stress) l i t h a n h tiiu vd Id ndi dau cua nUdc My - xif sd ddi khi dUdc hinh dung la "mot t a p doan cua nhiing ke ich ky"^ P h d n t d m hpc i n h hUdng vad nUdc My vdi tU each la lieu phdp t a m ly, t i n h t h i n "giim sd'c" t a m ly cho ngUdi t r u n g luu My chd hai ldng vdi mot thufc ddn ba mdn: tien, tien nghi, cua cai. Nd gdp p h i n la'y lai thdng b a n g cho nhiing ngUdi hi qua t i i tinh t h i n , de tim tha'y y nghia cudc ddi trdng SUf lac quan, de tiep tuc la chu n h a n ngdi den thieng lieng (cdi tdi) cua chinh minh. Cd le vi vay, p h a n t a m hpc d My da p h u dinh tinh cd gidi cua libido, gidi tinh vd t h a y nd bdng n h a n to van hod. Fromm dd ndi ve chu nghia n h d n dao cua minh rdng: "lam cai vd thifc y thifc da chuyen cdi y niem t h u i n tuy ve tinh phd q u i t cua con ngUdi t h d n h sii the nghiem sd'ng dpng cdi phd q u i t dd"^ My la ndi xay r a cudc Cdch mgng tinh due (sexual revolution) nhutng n a m 1960-1970 vdi nhutng cudc chung cha "be bd'i", n a m giat khd', nii khdng dec "xu cbieng" d dai hpc, d n g d i i dUdng, d mpi nee dudng cua tudi tre c h i c chdn phai dat r a d dd mdt vd'n de van hoa nghiem tiic. TrUdc dd, ndm 1909, Freud tdi My, cung da n h a n dinh nUdc My la "mot sai l i m " bdi t i n h simg dad se l i m gia t a n g cUdng dp d a n g hien, dan tdi thif chu nghia tuf yeu chinh minh, cho r i n g thUdng de chpn m i n h chd nen nd ciing ddi hdi sii a n t h u d n g va yeu da'u nhieu nhat, sU phdng tiing ve tinh due nhieu nhd't. Trcng vdn hdd My, day la thdi ky bimg nd vd'n til vufng ve tinh due nhieu nha't, c i i "mat na" ma Freud vach ra
56 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY trUdc dd da dUdc giat tung de con ngUdi
sung sUdng vdi nhutng xiic cam tran bd.
Tuy nhien, phan tam hpc chi trd thanh mdt lieu phap tinh than mdt khi nd nhap vdd chieu sau cua truyen thd'ng My. Cam giac tdi ldi tiing la mot loai tii vd'n tam ly dUa lai y thifc ve ca nhan, tinh than Thanh gido My de cao tinh khoan dung lai coi trpng viec tha thii cho chinh minh, ngUdi tii tha thif cho chinh minh de sd'ng xifng dang (thay vi chudc tdi trong sii sdm hd'i), de tuf chu bing hanh ddng thdnh dat. DUdng nhU cd met "mac cam lac quan" ndi cen ngUdi My. Tinh chu the d c i nhan la tuf sifa minh de t h i n h dat, de mUu ciu hanh phiic. Chiing tdi mud'n ndi den mot khia canh khac, t h i i dp tii sifa minh cua ngUdi My de diing viing trUdc mdi trUdng canh tranh khd'c liet, trUdc nhiing ddi thay nhanh chdng cua xa hpi, tham chi la thai dp bie't song va bie't chet. O dd, phan tam hpc ciing chi Id met cich dien giii. Day l i ldi giii thich chd SUf thinh hanh cua nghe tam ly hpc, lam cho nd cd mdt chd difng ngang hang vdi nghe bien hd Guat sU) vd nghe quan tri kinh doanh d dd't nUdc ndy.
NgUdi My tii sifa minh nhu the nae de trd thanh mot ngUdi tuf chu? Trcng budi dau lap qud'c, thai dp tii sifa minh cd lien quan chat che vdi viec thiic hanh dao dufc Thanh giao, ngUdi My thee Tin lanh tii sifa minh theo Phiic Am. NhUng Phiic Am khdng phai la mdt cud'n tii dien cua cudc ddi, ngUdi My khdng phai khdng nhan ra sii md't tinh tu chu trong cic quye't dinh, dac biet, sii rui ro cua thi trUdng, sU nhdm chdn cua vdn hoa thuf cap, dat con ngUdi vio tinh trang hdn mang, hut hdng, mat phUdng hudng. Chu nghia duy vat chat va ldi sdng tieu thu, sut dU thifa ca tinh vd'n la con de cua xa hpi cdng nghiep ap dao va xd dat con ngUdi thu gpn vdd dia hat ca nhan cua nd.
Trong Vdn hod vd tinh cdch cua ngitdi
My, Robert H. Bellah va cdng sii choring, khoa lieu phap tam ly My khdng nhin con ngUdi nhU mot thufc the benh hdan ma nhU mpt ngUdi ban, ngUdi ta chiia benh che nhau va tuf chiia cho minh bang sii chia se (tam ly hpc tU vd'n), cac tac gia nhan dinh: "Bang giao trinh lieu phap tam ly - tinh than gdp p h i n giiip chiing ta mot ban linh tuf ldm chu dUdc trong ba't ky loai hinh giao tie'p nao, dd la dufc tinh nang dpng, khan trUdng, can trong va quyet tam"^
Bdi vay, tinh chu the d day la phai gianh la'y, mud'n vay phai bao ve cai "tuf do ben trong" ve viec lam chu chinh ban than minh vdi mpi bien thai ngoai tai. Nudc My trUdc sau vdn la tieu bieu cho tinh than thUdng mai, tinh than dich vu, cho nen, suf cai quan cai tdi khdng the khdng hUdng de'n sii thanh dat trong kinh doanh, truyen thd'ng
"xud't gia" ciing dUdc coi trpng. Ne'u nhU nen van minh cdng nghiep nha'n manh tdi viec khai thdc va lam chu tai nguyen thien nhien, thi nen van minh tin hpc nha'n manh vao viec khai khac tai nguyen con ngUdi. Vi, kien thifc se la nhien lieu cua nen kinh te tUdng lai, thien nhien khdng cdn la mot ddi tUdng dang chd dUdc khai thac. Trong Ttxo
diing mgt nen vdn minh mdi: Chinh tri cua Ldn sdng thd ba, Alvin Toffler vie't:"khdng gid'ng nha may hay canh ddng, tri thufc xet ve mpi phUdng dien la khdng bao gid bi khai thac can kiet"^
Bi kip tii quan, tuf thufc hien cua con ngUdi tuf lap than My ma chu nghia My, chu nghia ca nhan My ndi tdi Id viec di tim "siic manh ben trcng" chif khdng phai la "hau thudn ben ngoai".
Khdng chi la khai thac md cdn la kham
pha, giai phdng khdng cimg mpi tiem
nang ca nhan con ngUdi. Tinh chu the
trong hanh dpng cua ngUdi My, con
ngUdi tuf quan cua nUdc My n i m d dd.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 0 / Trinh b i y t r e n d i y cho thay r i n g ,
cic chum triet hpc n h a n ban phi duy ly My da p h a n i n h tinh chu the trong triet ly h i n h ddng cua ngUdi My, chiing deu tim each ndi ket vdi cdc tuyen thdng tinh t h i n cua ddn tdc My.
Khuynh hUdng trie't hpc phi duy ly My khdng the khdng tuyet ddi hod vai trd cua tinh chu the. Viec nhd'n m a n h y nghia n h a n sinh, n h a n vi cua h a n h dpng con ngUdi dd khdng phai vdi y dd thu tieu con ngUdi, nd chi phe phdn, phan ifng (phan vdn hda Id mdt vi du dien hinh) cdc b a t cap duy ly boa ma chu nghia ky tri va chu nghia cdng nghiep dUa lai.
Tinh c h u t h e v a t r i e t h o c k h o a hoc My
Ban ve t i n h c h u t h e cua b d n h ddng k h d n g t h e k h d n g ndi tdi t r i e t hpc khoa hpc d My. Vi nd p h i n i n h Cdn ngUdi duy ly, cdn ngUdi ciic ky khdn n g o a n , da "vat hod" v a c cdc s i n p h a m (bdng hda) vd de Id r a x u n g liic sdng tao cua m i n h .
Hinh t h d n h trong bdi canh phUdng thufc s i n xud't tU b a n chu nghia dang phat trien ca ve be rdng vd chieu sau, nUdc My di t i t vae nhieu chu de cua lich sif hien dai, trUdc he't la d phUdng dien khea hpc vd ky t h u a t . Den giuta the ky XX, nUdc My cung la nUdc d i u tien di v i e xa hdi h a u cdng nghiep b i t ngudn til nen khea hpc hien dai. Tif nhUng n a m 1940 trd di, nUdc My m a n h me tien vde xd hdi tieu thu.
Lui lai ve lich suf cd the tha'y rang, truyen thd'ng cua My cd nhieu t h d n h td tinh t h i n tad dieu kien k h i t h u a n ldi cho suf ra ddi va p h a t trien cua khoa hpc va ky t h u a t . Y thifc binh d i n g khuye'n khich con ngUdi tuf mpi xua't phat cd the lap t h a n , y thufc tuf do, ldi sd'ng ddn chu va chu nghia ca n h a n cd vii cho mpi s a n g tao, tinh t h a n canh
t r a n h khd'c liet yeu c i u mdi chu the de thu dUdc t h i n g ldi p h i i bie't tinh todn d i u vac - d i u ra, nhay ben, nang ddng, cd mot d i u dc khdng t h i n h kien, khdng c i u ky vd thiic dung, dao diic Thanh gido khuyen khich ldm giau. coi trpng gid tri cua lao dpng, quy trpng thdi gian, sd'ng cd ke' beach, chi tieu dung miic, NhUng t h d n h to' tinh t h i n nay dUdc hinh t h a n h gan vdi qua trinh khai phd dd't dai, tai nguyen ciia nhUng ngUdi dan tif chie'ng, cho nen, nd cdi md, dung nap, tiep bien vd ket nol vdi mpi khdc biet con ngUdi, tad nen mdt k h u n g c i n h van h o i bet sifc da dang nhUng Cling khdng kem phdn ddc ddc, Ddng thdi, trong hai cudc chien t r a n h the gidi. My Id ndi dung t h a n cho nhieu nhdm ngUdi ti nan, trong dd cd nhieu n h i khoa hpc, Suf thinh vUdng cua nen kinh te' My trong mdt sd' thdi ky cung tad chd nUdc My sifc ldi cudn vdi nhieu n h a khca hpc.
Vdi n h u n g t h a n h to' v i nhdn td dd, nUdc My dd cd dUdc dieu kien c i n va du de ddn d i u ve khoa hpc vd ky thudt. Suf phdt trien cua khoa hpc d My khdng the khdng cd trie't hpc ddn dat, ndi nhif Richard Rorty, la khdng the khdng cd mdt trie't hpc "bien hd" cho nd. Triet hpc khoa hpc d My, tii chii nghia hien thiic mdi, chu nghia hien thufc khoa hpc, triet hpc phdn tich, trUdng phdi chu nghia lich sif,... ndi len dd thiic thi nhiem vu "bien hd". hUdng dao cho khoa hpc My p h a t tridn, vd nhU vay, nd Id mdt d i y td (khdng phai l i tdi td) cua khca hpc, Nhifng de lam dUdc vai trd Id ngUdi d i y td dd, trUdc bet, nd p h i i di cimg thdi vdi khda hpc (d day l i khoa hpc hien dai), vi the nd phdi de cao, tuyet ddi hod tinh chu the duy ly d con ngUdi, dat chu the d t r u n g tam cua nhUng p h a t hien khea hpc.
Diem chung n h a t giuta cac trdo lifu trie't hoc khoa hpc My (va cung la chu
58 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY^
de phd bie'n d cdc nu'dc phUdng Tay vd phUdng Tay hda) la dat trpng t a m vad
\-iec xay diing cdc phudng p h a p khda hpc. nhdn thifc ludn Id v a n de t r u n g tam cua nd. Cd mot thufc te da tiing dien ra vao thdi ky cudi cua khoa hpc cd dien la sii k h u n g hoang ve phudng phdp ludn khoa hpc. trong dd ngii tri phd bien n h u n g khdi mem. nhutng menh de khdng rd rang. Khoa hpc mud'n phat t n e n thi bp mdy khdi niem cua nd. ndi n h u Peirce phai thiic sii sdng sua. Nhu'ng khdi niem vdi tU each la san p h a m cua qua t r i n h trii'u tUdng hoa khoa hoc. du'dc xdy diing nen til
\lec khdi qudt hod thUc tien. nd van dpng vd phdt trien trong tifdng tdc vdi thuc tien. dd dd, sii phat trien cua thufc tien cd the bo lai dang sau n h u n g hieu biet ldi thdi.
Ivhdng nhd t n e t hpc khoa hpc ndo trong the ky XX lai khdng quan t a m tdi bp may khai niem md con ngu'di sif dung de n h a n thilc va cai bie'n thiic tai. Tuy nhien. bUc t r a n h ve thiic tai dUdc hinh dung bang he thd'ng khdi niem (cua khoa hpc cd dien) dd bi p h a n sap (tu cua Karl Jaspers). Chu nghia vat ly bao gid ciing chi dat muc tieu di tim tuf tinh cua su vat. Boi vdy. chiing nae chu the cdn dUng ngodi su vat de nhin nd thi tinh chu the cua nd rat ngay thd. Blaise Pascal tiing ndi, cen ngu'di chi Id mdt cay sd\- yeu dt nhd't thien nhien. nhu'ng dd la cay sdv biet suy nghi. NTid khoa hoc hien dai. ndi nhu Richard Fe\-nman.
phai quan sat b i n g "nhieu tudng tu'dng sdng tad", b i n g "suf tuf dd bieu kien cua y chi"" chd nen ra't thie'u vd'n tuf \afng va each dien giai de bien hp cho each nhin thiic tai cua minh la diing. Id sdu s i c hon ngiidi khdc dUpc nua. Chinh \1 the, chu nghia duy khoa hpc di tdi d m h diem rat cd the se bd roi con ngu'di trong nhung phUdng trinh todn hpc, tinh chu the du>- ly cua nd phai dupc bd sung
•'nhan \d" de dUa cen ngUdi thddt r a khdi miia ddng cua vdn m i n h con ngUdi. Va dd dd. nd phai m a n g k h u d n m a t mdt sieu h i n h hpc mdi.
Trie't hpc p h a n tich My (Whitehead, Quine. Skepke, Rorty) vdn dUdc xem la mdt t n e t hpc ifng dung, t h u m i n h vdd cdc vien n g h i e n cufu d n h i e u trUdng dai hpc My. Nd ndi de'n t i n h chu t h e (chu the khoa hpc) d k h i a c a n h ky t h u a t cua phdn tich ngdn ngU (ngdn ngii giao tiep thdng thu'dng, khda hpc vd triet hpc).
Tuy nhien. triet hpc p h a n tich d My chi cd dUp'c mdt dia \'i nhd't dinh mdt khi nd p h u hdp vdi t r u y e n thd'ng My, trifdc bet la chil n g h i a thufc dung.
W h i t e h e a d chii 5' tdi 'viec xay dilng mdt he thd'ng sieu h i n h cho k h c a hpc.
Ong gdi dd la trie't hpc ve hiiu cd (hay t n e t hpc q u a t r i n h hoat ddng) chuta diing r a t n h i e u nghich ly gid'ng nhU nhUng nghich ly m a con ngUdi dUdng thdi dang sd'ng. Ve cd b a n . dng chd'ng lai Hegel. Ong xem t h e gidi nhU mdt trUdng su kien, d a t t r o n g mdi lien he hutu cd vdi n h a u , gidi tuf n h i e n ludn ndm trong suf v a n dpng, bie'n ddi va phdt t r i e n k h d n g ngiing, nhutng b a n t h a n cac sU kien t h i k h d n g bie'n ddi. "Suf kien Id yeu to' cd b a n cua t h e gidi, la sii thiic cudi cimg cua gidi tuf nhien"'. vd do dd. \Ti t r u vdi tU each la t h e hutu cd, la suf thd'ng nha't cua cac Icai sU kien dUdc dng coi la mot ke't ca'u tuf t h a n va cd n d n g liic s a n g tao tuf nd. NTiUng trUdng sU kien k h d n g gid'ng nhU "y niem logic" cua Hegel, "y niem logic"
cua Hegel v a n dpng tuf t h a n , v a n ddng trong suf k h a i t r i e n t h a n h cdi khac vdi nd va la'y nd t r o n g suf ket ndi giuta cai k h a n g dinh va cdi p h u dinh, tiic suf van ddng m a n g t i n h tdng hdp (trdng hdp de cua cdc vdng k h a u bien chufng). Hegel phdt bieu cdi dd vd dien giai mot each t u bien. W h i t e h e a d di c u n g thdi vdi vat ly hpc hien dai. K^ l u a n ve suf kien cua
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 59 dng da dupc ly t h u y e t trUdng, cd hpc
lUdng tuf xdc nhdn. Vdy, cen ngUdi ndm d dau? B i n ve k h i i niem " k h i c h the vinh h i n g " , dng cho rang, the gidi tdn tai tiem tdng tinh k h a n a n g vd ban, nhUng "khach t h e vinh hang" khdng lUu dpng trong tuf nhien, khi tdch khdi
"ddng chay cua suf kien" chiing gia nhap vac the gidi trifu tUdng (the gidi cua tinh k h a ndng), t i n h k h i n a n g ay hoa n h a p va dUdc td hdp trong cdc ddng sii kien thi trd t h d n h "thdi cd", tifc cd hpi hien thufc va til dd trd t h i n h suf vdt, nhUng dd khdng phai Id suf vat cua chu nghia duy vat ma la "khach the vinh hing". Xu hudng tien hod cua vu t r u Id bien k h i ndng t h a n h hien thiic, cai trifu tUdng t h a n h c i i cu the thdng qua sii Ilia chpn ngau nhien. Cdi hien thufc, cdi cu the ( k h i c h the vinh bdng) tdi cae nhat la Chua. NhU vay, tinh k h i n a n g , la phi ly, chd nen b a n t h a n liia chpn dd ciing vd ly, Chiia ciing l i mdt hien tUdng vd ly, la nen t a n g cua tinh thufc tai cu the. Cdch hieu n i y dUa dng xich lai g i n chu nghia hien thufc mdi d My, vi nd khdng nghien cufu n h d n thifc (cen ngUdi) vdi tU c i c h qud trinh p h i n i n h the gidi thed ldi chu nghia chu quan v i chu nghia k h i c h q u a n ma nghien cifu chinh logic cua sii phdt hien khoa hpc.
lich suf cua ddi tUdng nghien cifu khdng ddng nhd't vdi lich suf hieu biet cua cen ngUdi ve nd. Vi le dd, nd khdng bdn tdi van de cd b i n cua trie't hpc. NhU vdy, Cdn ngUdi dUdc W h i t e h e a d quan niem la chu the n a m bdt, mdt thufc hiiu hien thiic, hieu bie't cua con ngUdi la suf t h d i man t a m thdi khi nd nol ket dUdc cdc quan niem vdi n h a u , suf hieu biet ay dat trong q u i t r i n h tie'n h o i vd tan cua the gidi, c i i cao n h a t la Chiia. 0 Whitehead, khoa hpc da di g i n vdi tdn giao, qua t r i n h p h d t hien khoa hpc ciing la qua t r i n h tdn gido, niem tin khoa hoc di lien vdi niem tin tdn giao.
Dieu ndy cho thay, t n e t hpc khdng the khdng p h a n dnh thufc tien. Cai thiic tidn dUdc cd't gid'u trong trie't hpc ve hUu cd cua Whitehead p h i n i n h t n e t ly n h a n sinh cua ngUdi My d chd, ngUdi My viia tin vad nhutng dieu ma khoa hpc p h i t hien nhUng khdng vi the md chdi bd suf suing dac, suf dung hod giUa ldng tin khoa hpc vd difc tin tdn gido Id mdt thudc tinh ndi trdi trong triet hpc nhdn sinh My. D a t trong ldgic phdt trien cua y tUdng d khoa hpc dUdng thdi, ta bat gap dieu nay trong chu nghia sieu hien thufc cua J e a n Guitton va Bugdanov, vi c i hai dng cung da quan niem, "bifc tUdng Plank", cdi ndm ben kia chan ly khdng p h i i la cai ngifdc lai vdi chan ly, nd Id mdt chdn ly - ThUdng de. Chu nghia quyet dinh khdng chet di cung n h u cd hpc cd dien khdng chet di, nd l i mdt trUdng hdp, mot phUdng tien de chiing ta hinh dung ve the gidi bdng nhieu megapixel hdn.
Triet hpc p h a n tich My tiep thu tinh hieu q u i cua chu nghia thiic dung da dem lai cho nd mdt vi the quan trpng trong triet hpc My. Da'y ciing Id mdt suf My hod, thufc dung hod triet hpc phan tich. Tinh tii do cua triet hpc dUdc chii y nhieu hdn d Qume, Kripke vd Richard Rorty, Ten goi trie't hpc phan tich cd nghia la, xem triet hpc nhU mdt phudng phdp khda hpc - phUdng phdp phdn tich y nghia cua nhUng phdt bieu, triet hpc difdc quy ve nhUng t h a m van ngdn ngut.
Quine chii trpng xay diing mdt triet hpc mang tinh t h a n nhdp cudc vdi t u cdch Id mdt tri thifc hpc ve tU nhien, d dd, tinh quy dinh cua sU nhdp cudc t n e t hpc (nhap cudc b i n the hpc)- p h i i dam b i d tieu chuan ddng tin cdy. Tinh tin cay dd the hien d chd, mdt gia dinh n h a p cudc phai d i m b i o tinh ddng n h a t (cd the p h a n chia vd phdn biet). tinh gian ddn vd tinh thufc tien. Ban the hpc dUdc Ilia chpn de nhdp cudc nhU vdy la
60 SO 10-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY gid'ng n h a u giuta triet hpc va khca hpc.
Chinh vi vdy, phai dimg k i n h nghiem de kiem chifng tinh xac tin cua nd - cac loai menh de. Til dd, Quine de xua't chu nghia chu toan (holism) ve tri thiic ludn. theo dd todn bp khoa hpc la mdt trifdng t n thifc m a n g tinh chu tcan, d dd, chifa diing nhUng chdn ly ldgic tUdng ddi, Cach tie'p can chan ly dila vdo ngdn ngU vd suf thufc (kinh nghiem) dua lai nhUng do tUdng vd gidd dieu.
Tai sao? Tai vi chdn ly ldgic khdc vdi menh de p h a n tinh cd tinh ddng nhd't n h u da ndi d tren, ddi tUdng cua nd Id ky hieu ldgic (khdng phai ky hieu md t i ) dUdc xic lap b a n g ky hieu. Do c h i n ly ldgic xdc lap t r e n nhUng ky hieu logic, cho nen sii t h a y the' ky hieu ldgic ddn tdi sii t h a y ddi gid tri cua menh de.
Gid tri ay la gid hay t h a t p h i i dUdc t d i an kinh nghiem x i c n h a n . Giuta ngdn ngU ly ludn vd ngdn ngU quan sdt khdng cd gidi b a n p h a n chia rd rdng, vi ngifdi quan sat cung bat budc phai diia vao mdt ly ludn ndo dd, bdi vay, chinh k m h nghiem ddn tdi suf dieu chinh cue bd vd phan phdi lai gid tri cho tUdng t h u a t ciia chiing ta, Nhif vdy, Quine mud'n loai bd y nghia vdi tU cdch la b i n the, di tdi k h d n g dinh khdng cd ddi tUdng m a n g y nghia, g i i hay t h a t khdng p h i i d chd cd hay khdng cd y nghia md d chd nd cd p h u hdp vdi kinh nghiem hay khdng, Dd dd, til Quine trd dl chiing ta bdt gap sU ddi thoai giUa triet hpc phdn tich va chu nghia thufc dung, khdng phai chi d viec thifa n h a n tinh hieu q u i cua c i c k h i i niem khi van dung m i cdn sii k h d n g dinh vai trd cua chu the kinh nghiem trong qud trinh chiem linh cdc tri thiic.
Ca Quine vd Kilpke deu chii trpng nhieu tdi m a t ky t h u d t cua phdn tich ngdn ngU. Day cung la ly dc khien cho triet hpc p h a n tich khdng cdn Id mot t n e t hpc "ngoai trdi", tinh b a n lam cua
nd di cimg vdi t u y e n bd' "nha triet hpc p h a i la n h a khoa hpc" - "phUdng p h a p trie't hpc la phUdng p h a p p h a n tich ngdn ngut". C h u t h e theo dd chi la mot cdch thufc l a m chu logic t o a n hpc. Neu trie't hpc chi dilng lai d viec p h a n tich nhutng cdu chut (menh de^ t h i lam sad nd d a m bao cho con ngUdi ddi dien vdi xd hdi tri thufc dUdc, vi suf p h a n n g a n h khda hpc la vd h a n , tri thufc la vd h a n . Trie't hpc la tien p h o n g n h a t , la tieu bieu nha't chd t i n h t h i n tii do, nd phai giiip con ngUdi n h i n r a ldi t h o a t cho t r a n g h u d n g dUdng thdi.
The he sau Kripke cd Richard Rdrty vd P u t m a n k h d n g di tim each xdc lap mot cd sd tri thufc vutng ben tif phia n h a n thufc hpc niia, vi triet hpc p h a n tich k h d n g cd du t h i m quyen p h a n xet nhutng k h o a hpc va dao dufc. Triet hpc c i n d a n h nd lufc de cung cap mot phUdng thifc m a cen ngUdi cd t h e suf d u n g de bien hp cho n h i i n g dieu hp tin tUdng (niem tin) vd nhutng liia chpn.
Theo dd, t r i e t hpc la phUdng thifc xa hdi hod bien hp, tifc Id, suf bien hd ddi vdi tri thufc can diia vao thufc tien, suf tdn t h a n h cua nhutng ngUdi ciing the he. Dieu n a y ddng n g h i a vdi q u a n diem cho r a n g , viec cd h a y k h d n g cd tri thufc khdng p h a i d q u a n h e giuta tri thiic va suf v a t do con ngUdi b a n bo' m a d chd t u y e n be' dd cd p h u hdp vdi h a n h ddng xd hpi, vdi t a p q u a n ngon ngii hay khdng. "Tri thufc Id niem tin dUdc xa hdi bao ve. C h u n g h i a lien ddng xa hpi la chil nghia lien ddng cua mot niem tin t a p t h e va phUdng thifc h a n h dpng xa hpi"^ Q u a n diem n a y k h d n g phai khdng cd n h i i n g cd sd xa hdi cua nd, ngay n a y suf p h a n n g a n h k h o a hpc ngay cang s a u s i c , chi nhUng n h a chuyen mdn mdi cd du k h a n d n g de t h a m dinh mot tri thufc nao dd la diing h a y khdng.
Q u a n diem n a y cua Rorty rd r a n g la di ngUdc lai trie't hpc p h a n tich trudc dd.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 61 bdi le nd nhd'n m a n h tdi tinh chu the
(chu the bien he xa hpi hod) trong qua trinh nhdn thufc. NgUdi thed chu nghia kinh nghiem, chu nghia h d n h ddng bad gid ciing chd'ng lai mdt chu nghia giao dieu. 0 Rorty, dng chd'ng lai chu nghia nen t i n g , vi theo dng, b a t cut mdt trie't hpc he thd'ng ndo deu dat ra cho minh mdt muc tieu Id xay diing mdt nen t i n g tri thifc hpc, chifa diing t h a m vpng la ngUdi trpng tdi cua mpi khca hpc, mpi hinh thai van hca. Cdn ngUdi n a m d dau? Rorty chu trpng tdi con ngUdi vdi tu cdch la mot sinh vat suf dung ngdn ngU de tdi k h d m phd lai td't c i nhUng cii dang dUdc "trie't hpc h d i " h a n g ngay nhdm xac dinh the gidi trong dd chiing ta dang sd'ng. Theo dd, chi cd chdn ly dUdc md t i ve m a t xa hdi cua nhUng phdt bieu ve t h e gidi, niem tin va cac y kien cila chiing ta mdi cd the bien chiing trd t h i n h cd y nghia. Tif dd ddn tdi quan niem, chiing ta ldm nen chinh minh. Quan diem nay khdng mdi, song nd lai dUdc dat r a diing vdo thdi diem giad lUu da vdn h o i , bdi vay, nd cd nhutng gid tri nhd't dinh. Q u a n diem dd ciing dUa dng xich lai chu nghia thufc dung d chd de cao tinh chu the (kinh nghiem) cua h d n h ddng vifdn tdi cdc tien bd tinh t h i n , dao difc vd sang tao.
Tuy nhien, trie't hpc phdn tich khdng the difng lau hdn trong trie't hpc My, nUdc My cdn Tuyen ngon dgc lap, b i n tuyen ngdn nay, ngay trong each dat va'n de da canh chiing mdt suf chuyen quyen n i o dd, khi da tuyen bd' "tao hod ban cho con ngUdi nhUng quyen bat kha xam pham", nhutng quyen tU nhien thi nd cung dd n h i m tdi sifc m a n h cua mpi chu nghia duy ly. Triet hpc p h a n tich va ca chu nghia hien thufc My mac dil cd ndi tdi tinh chu the cua bdnh ddng, song chu t h e dd la ly tinh, mpi thif deu phai thdng qua q u a n ndng ly tinh de chifng m m h tinh diing dan.
quan diem ay ddng nghia vdi sU giai t n i n h a n vi, giii truf tinh chu the vdi tu each la mdt nhdn vi tuf do. P u t m a n viet:
"triet hpc p h a n tich da thufc hien dUdc nhieu dieu ldn, nhUng deu tieu ciic ci"^
Met n h a khda hpc cua Viet Nam viet:
"Cdn ngUdi chi t h a m dii vdo b i n the khi con ngUdi tich ciic, sang tao, khi con ngUdi ra khdi ngdn ngii cua dU kien, cua cdi hien tai de di vao cdi khdng nhin tha'y, vUdt qua nhUng trat tU t h u a n tuy cua logic de di vao the gidi chUa bie't. B i n the "la" qua sU tu thilc hien tii do cua tinh n h a n vi"'°.
Ket l u a n
NhUng trinh b i y tren day cho thay rang, cd hai cdch tiep can khi ban ve tinh chil the cua h a n h ddng trong triet hpc nhdn sinh My. Cach tiep can phi duy ly nhd'n m a n h tinh chu the cua con ngUdi (cdn ngUdi h a n h ddng) vdi tU each la mdt nhdn vi tii do, each tie'p can duy ly nha'n m a n h suf quan xuyen cua ly tinh ddi vdi cdc phUdng phap khoa hpc.
Hai each tie'p can nay la ddi lap ve ban the, t h a m chi b i c bd n h a u trong viec giii quyet mdt van de cu the nao dd cua khoa hpc, trie't hpc, tuy nhien chiing tUdng tdc vdi nhau, tad t h a n h mdt
"trUdng dam dad" ra't hai hda, ra't phdng phii, r a t ddc dio. Tinh ddc d i o dUdc m a n g lai thdng qua nhUng ket ndi vdi truyen thdng My, trUdc bet la chu nghia thiic dung - mdt truyen thdng ddc ddo cua My. Cdc trao luu trie't hpc khoa hpc My deu gap lai chu nghia thufc dung d mdt giao diem - khoa hpc chi Id mdt cdng cu, mdt lo^i phUdng tien ma cdn ngUdi suf dung de thufc hien nhUng mdi quan tdm cua minh, the thufc hien nhUng muc tieu ma minh dat ra. chan ly la pham t r u d i n h gii, do dd, chiing khdng cd gid tri tU than, gid tri cua nd n i m d chd cd lam cho con ngUdi sd'ng td't hdn hay khdng, Trong thifc te.
62 SO 10-2009 C H A U MY N G A Y NAY
ca hai chieu canh du>' ly va phi duy ly deu hien dien ndi cdii ngu'di tuf lap t h a n My. Truyen thdng My vdi td't c i nhiing tinh quy dinh t i n h t h a n da chd phep dung nap n h u n g thdi cue ddi lap dd.
Alvm Toffler cho rang, con ngu'di hien dai dang sd'ng trong thdi dai cua tinh nhd't thdi, cua cdc ddng t i n h .hinh t a m thdi, cac td chifc t a m thdi. cua nen van m m h "dung xong xiit di". con ngifdi trong Ldn sdng thd ba khdng chi diing tdi bd dc duy ly ma cdn cdn tdi xiic cam.
true gidc. tri tifdng tifdng. bdi xi. thdng tm khdng chi gdm n h u n g dut lieu ldgic.
yen td' phi cam xiic md cdn chifa diing nhUng gia tri. san p h a m cua sii h a m me va tdm t r a n g xiic ddng. tu'dng tudng vd tnic gidc - tutc la nhutng san p h a m rdi n h a n vi. Mat khdc. cung thay rang, truyen thdng My vdi chu nghia ca n h a n . y thUc binh dang, va tin dieu Kmh t h a n h cung gdp phdn dang ke vac su tu dieu chmh cac bat cap duy ly hod ma chu nghia cdng nghiep. chu nghia ky tri dua lai. Chiing tdi mud'n ndi tdi mot diem nUa. dd la tinh thoa hiep vdi tu each la mdt tinh cdch dac thii cua con ngu'di My. tich each ma thdng qua nd ngu'di My til dieu chinh nhutng mdi quan tdm cd n h d n cua hp vdi cdc muc tieu xd hdi. Tinh thoa hiep ay trcng mot chiing mile ndo dd cung la mdt bieu hien cua sii khoan dung md chu nghia tuy thdi. tinh t h d n lac quan. tuf phe binh cua nd se ddn tdi n h u n g liia chpn khdng mat ca tinh. se thiic ddy n h u n g gid tri n h d n ban trong sii sdng tao khdng cimg.
Nu'dc My da budc sang nen van muih hau cdng nghiep. qud trinh ca iihdn hod chac chdn se dUa lai nhieu chuyen bie'n mdi lam thay ddi nhieu mat cua ddi sd'ng con ngu'di. nhu'ng tinh chu the cua hanh ddng thi vdn cdn dd. Alam Tom-ame, nhd
xa hdi hpc ngu'di Phdp khi xem xet tinh hien dai n h u Id sU ddi thoai giuta Ij' tri va chu the da di den k h a n g dinh: "chu the thi khdng the tuf phd bo nd. ciing khdng the ket thiic. nd lam cho con dudng cua tu do ludn ludn md ra""". Tuf dd dd md ra bdng each nao? Ddi vdi nu'dc My hdn se la t u dd lap t h a n , tuf lam nen minh. tuf bieu hien mdt each sdng tac. va nhU vay.
nd vdn khdng di lech khoi nhutng gid tri md Tuyen ngon dgc lap 1776 ndi tdi - binh dang, quyen sd'ng. quyen tuf do vd quyen mUu c i u h a n h phiic. nd ciing la cdng ly. md "cdng ly nhU la cdng bdng"
(John Rawls). Mpi gid tri deu phai dUdc su\- xet va hifdng tdi ecn ngUdi vdi nhiing t h a m sd' tinh t h i n dd, dd ciing la muc dich tdi cao cua moi khoa hoc, t n e t hoc •
Chu thich:
I) Alvin Toffler. Cu soc tuang lai. NXB Thong tin ly luan. Ha Noi, 1992. tr.llO,
21 Robert H. Bellah va cong su. Vdn hoa vd tinh cdch ciia ngiidi My. NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi &
\'ien Thong tin Khoa hoc Xa hoi. 1990. tr.106.
3' Bill Dang Duy. Nguyen Tien Diing. Triei hoc My. NXB Tong hgp Tp Ho Chi Minh. 2006.
tr.l.5T,
41 Robert H. Bellah va cong sU. Vdn hoa vd tinh cdch cua ngiidi My. NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi &
Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc Xa hoi. 1990. tr.86.
•5) .Alvm Toffler. Heidi Toffler. Tao diing mot nin vdn mmh mdi: Chinh trj cua Ldn song thii ba.
.NXB Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Noi. 1996. tr.l40.
6i Richard Feynman. Tinh chat cdc dinh lugt vgt ly. NXB Giao due. Ha Noi. 2001. tr.l09.
Tl Luu Phdng Dong. Tnet hgc phiidng Tdy hien dgi, tap 2. NXB Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Noi.
1994.tr,214.
8) Bill Dang Duy. Nguyen Tien Dung. Triei hoc My. NXB Tong hop To Ho Chi Minh. 2006.
tr.263.
9i D i n theo: Hiiu Ngoc. Ho sd vdn hoa My. NXB The gidi. Ha Noi. 2006. tr,249.
10) Do Loc Diep.(chii bien). My-Au-Xhgt: Van hoa vd Phat frien. NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi. Ha Noi.
2003. tr37.
II) Alain Touraine, Phe phdn tinh hien dgi. NXB The gidi. Ha Noi. 2003. Ha Noi. tr.606.
