52 SO 04-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
VAN HOA - LiCH SU
QUA TRINH THAM NHAP TIENG ANH VAO CAC CONG DONG DAN CL/BAC MY
TH6I KY THUOC DIA
N
am 1607, Jamestown - khu dinh cU thudng xuyen dau tien eua ngUdi Anh d Bac My dUde thanh lap. Tif dd, da't Bac My da chifng kien sii md dau edn sdng nhap eU tif Anh. Ked dai sudt hai the ky, ddng nhap eU nay tii nhd giot chUng vai tram ngUdi lap nghiep den hang van ngUdi mdi tdi. Bi thiic ep, bi bat budc bdi nhieu dong cd, ly do manh me va khac nhau, ho tdi Tan The gidi va gdp phan xay diing mdt nen van minh mdi d phan phia Bac ciia luc dia nay.Trdng qua trinh dd, ngUdi Anh tif chd la cU dan thieu so', da dan dan chiem Uu the trong cdng ddng cU dan Bac My. LTU the ve mat so' lUdng eiia ngUdi Anh sd vdi dan cU ban dia va cac nhdm di eU khac tif cac nUdc chau Au, chau Phi trong thdi gian dau chii yeu nhd tang cd hoc - nhUng ddt di cU tii chinh qud'e. NhUng, dUdi tac ddng cua mdt so' nhan to', ty le tang dan so' tii nhien dan chiem Uu the. Den cud'i the ky XVII, khoang 90% dan dinh cU tai cac thudc dia Anh d Bac My la ngUdi Anh va con chau ho. Sau dd, do sii phat trien ciia nhUng ddng nhap eU khac tii chau Au va chau Phi, den nam
1775, ty le nay khdng con cao nhU trUde, nhUng so vdi nhUng nhdm cU dan khac nhU: nd le va dan da den tii
Tran T h i e n Thanh Triidng DH KHXH & NV, Dai hoc Quo'c gia Hd Noi
do (20%), Scotch-Irish (7,8%), Diic (6,9%), Scotland (6,6%), Ha Lan (2,7%), Phap (1,4%), Thuy Dien (0,6%) va mot so' nhdm ngUdi khac (5,3%), ngUdi Anh van la thanh phan dan cU ddng nha't - chiem 48,7%).
Vdi Uu the ve dan so', lai ed trinh do phat trien kinh te cao hdn nen d Bac My da xay ra qua trinh ddng hoa eiia ngUdi nhap cU vdi cU dan ban dia.
Trong cdng ddng ngUdi nhap eU, ngUdi Anh chiem da sd', hdn nUa lai la ngUdi cai tri 13 thudc dia, nen qua trinh ddng hda dien ra trUdc he't giUa cdng ddng dan di cU ma hat nhan la ngUdi Anh vdi cU dan ban dia, ke den la giUa ngUdi Anh vdi cac cong ddng dan cU khac di cU ttf cac nUdc chau Au, chau Phi - the hien ro net nha't tren phUdng dien ngdn ngU. Tuy nhien, phai khang dinh la qua trinh nay du ed dien ra d mifc do nao cung khdng the xac lap mot each tuyet ddi van hoa Anh vdi cac cdng ddng dan eU khac. 0 mdi cdng ddng dan cU dd, trong chvfng miic nha't dinh v l n bao luu dUde nhUng gia tri van boa truyen thd'ng eiia minh. Hdn nUa, khi ngUdi Anh cung nhu cU dan ciia eac nUde khac di eU sang Bac My, nhUng dieu kien dia ly, mdi sinh, mdi trUdng, xa hdi khac rat nhieu so vdi ndi ho xua't
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 04-2009 53
eU, nen trong cdng ddng dan cU d Bac My, ben canh nhUng net van hda mang tinh truyen thd'ng da tiep nhan hdae da hinh thanh nhUng thanh to' van hda mdi phii hdp vdi nhUng thay ddi ve mdi trUdng tu nhien xa hdi d vung da't mdi.
1. Sir t h a m n h a p t i e n g Anh v a o cong d o n g ngvfdfi b a n dia
TrUde khi tiep xiic vdi ngUdi Anh, cU dan ban dia My da trai qua mdt thdi gian dai chiu anh hudng van hoa Tay Ban Nha, Ha Lan, Phap... Trong khi dd nhUng gi cac nha xam thiie Anh biet ve nen van hoa xa la eua ho hau nhu ehi gidi ban trong nhUng cud'n sach vie't ve chau My va nhUng kinh nghiem tif qua trinh xac lap thudc dia d Ireland. Trong thdi gian dau sau khi dat chan len Bac My, nhUng ba't ddng ve ngdn ngU khie'n cac nha xam thiie Anh khdng the hieu day du ve cuoc sd'ng va van boa cua ngUdi ban dia. "ChUa dUde khai hda va ngu ngd'c", "NhUng con ngUdi la^
limg", "Ky quae" la quan niem phd bien cua ngUdi Anh ve cdng ddng cU dan da sinh sd'ng hang ngan nam tren manh dat Bac My. "Ldi sd'ng cua ho khac chiing ta hoan toan", "ea chiing ta va ho deu khdng the hieu tha'u dao suy nghi va thdi quen cua nhau" la ket luan dUdc John Lawson riit ra sau tam nam nghien ciiu van hda eua ngUdi ban dia sd'ng tai Carolina.
Trong khi dd, de phue vu va ciing ed' nen thd'ng tri Anh d Bac My, viec thiet lap dia vi ddc tdn eiia tieng Anh la he't sife can thiet.
Song sii tham nhap tieng Anh vao cdng ddng cU dan ban dia la mdt qua trinh lau dai. Bien phap dUde ngUdi Anh sif dung d day cung khdng gid'ng vdi thudc dia .\nh tai mdt sd'ndi khac, tiic la dua tieng Anh vao he thdng giao due cho ngUdi ban diaV Tai Btie
My, ban dau ngUdi Anh td chUe cac budi dien kich pantomime" trong dd sif dung tdi da cif chi, dieu bd, ldi bieu hien tren net mat va ba't cU am thanh nao cd the giiip ngUdi xem nam dUde y chinh cua vd kich. Cach nay dat dUde hieu qua nhat dinh. Nhd dd. ngUdi Anh va ngUdi ban dia cd the doan dUde y nghia mdt sd' cif ehi, dieu bd eiia nhau. Chang ban, dieu bd vay Idng thu eiia ngUdi Indian mdi khi gap tau Anh cd nghia la ho san sang tien hanh trao ddi hang hoa. NgUde lai, ngUdi Indian cung nhan ra rang khi ngUdi Anh dat mdt dd'ng vd sd vao xudng ciia minh cd nghia la ngUdi Anh mud'n ket ban vdi ho.
Trong giai doan tiep xiic dau tien, he thd'ng bieu tUdng ciia ngUdi ban dia kha da dang va ngUdi Anh phai hoe each "doe" va hieu nbUng bieu tUdng nay. Vao the ky XVII, nhd viec dem sd' da cudi, niit day hoac hat ngd do cac
"lai budn" ban xif gifi tU vung ndi dia, ngUdi dan Virginia biet dUdc khi nao la thdi diem thich hdp de tien vao vimg da't cua ngUdi Indian trao ddi budn ban. TUdng tii nhU vay, ngUdi Anh ed the nhan biet dUdc ngUdi cua cac bd lac ban dia thdng qua viec nhin hinh xam hoac hinh ve: hinh eon ran la bieu tUdng ciia ngUdi Occaneecbi, qua difa - ngUdi Susquehannoek, ba mui ten - ngUdi Nabyssan... Cach "giao tiep" nay ciia cac thUdng nhan cung dUdc chinh phii thudc dia chap nhan.
Dan chifng tieu bieu la bang Nam Carohna da gifi thdng diep tdi cac bd lac ban dia d xa bang eac sdi day ed that niit, bang New York yeu eau bd lac Iroquois sau khi nhan thdng diep bang cac chuoi vd sd cung phai tra ldi theo each dd...
Song, phUdng thiic giao tiep nay cd nhieu die'm ban che, de gay hieu lam va khd trao ddi nhUng van de pbifc
54 SO 04-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
tap. Vi vay, yeu cau pha vd rao can ngdn ngU mot lan nUa dUdc dat ra.
Trao ddi bang ldi da xua't hien nhUng he't sife ban che. Chang han, cuoc tiep xiic giUa William Hilton va mot bo lac d Carolina van dien ra vdi ra't nhieu cif chi ra hieu, trao ddi bang ldi ehi gdm hai tif "Bonny" (td't, vui mtfng, xinh dep) va "Skerry" (da). Dan dan, tieng Anh "bdi"^ xua't hien. Ddng liic quan trong nhat sii ra ddi cua kieu ngdn ngU nay la nhu eau trao ddi budn ban. Ca ngUdi Anh va ngUdi ban dia deu cd nhUng mat hang ma ngudi kia can. Dd'i vdi ngUdi ban dia, boat ddng trao ddi thudng mang y nghia nghi thifc n h l m thiet chat quan he giUa ngUdi nay vdi ngUdi kia. Trong eac nghi le dd, hang hoa trao ddi dUdc coi nhu mot mdn qua. Quan niem eua thUdng nhan Anh lai hoan toan khac, gia ea va ldi nhuan la nhUng dieu ho nghi tdi dau tien. Ban daa, viec trao ddi budn ban d Bac My ed sU ket hdp hai quan niem nay, nhUng dan dan y nghia thUdng mai dUde dat len hang dau. Tuy nhien, boat ddng trao ddi budn ban chi dUde tien hanh thuan ldi khi hai ben thdng hieu ngdn ngU ciia nhau. Tieng Anh "bdi" ra ddi tii chinh nhu can dd. O day can nha'n manh rang, trong thdi gian dau, nhieu ngUdi ban dia da can trd qua trinh nay hdae tim each duy tri ngdn ngii eiia ho d vi tri trdi vUdt hdn. NhUng, vdi sii kien tri va ddi hdi cua nhu cau giao tiep khi mat do tiep xiic trd nen thudng xuyen hdn, "nhUng chuyen gia ve ngii phap ban dia" (Indian grammarians) da vUdt qua dieu dd de md rong pham vi sif dung eua ngdn ngU nay. Hdn nUa, qua trinh truyen giao va quan niem cua ngUdi Anh coi viec hoe va sif dung tieng Anh la bieu hien eiia sU tuan phue nen thd'ng tri cua ho tai day da ddng gdp vao viec lam cho
tieng Anh trd t h a n h mdt ngdn ngU cd vi tri quan trong d Bac My. Mot sd' quy dinh bat budc sif dung tieng Anh xua't hien. Vao nhUng nam 1670, nhiing ngUdi diing dau vimg da't ven sdng Potomac (Virginia) de ra quy dinh: tai cac cuoc gap chinh thiic, ngUdi Indian phai tii dich ndi dung trao ddi. Quy dinh tUdng tU ciing lap tren trdng pham vi toan bang Virginia. Ket qua la, vao nam 1710, tifc la sau thdi diem t h a n h lap khu dinh eU Nam Carolina 40 nam, thanh thieu nien ban dia dUde sinh ra sau khi ngUdi Anh dinh cU d vung da't nay da ndi t h a n h thad tieng Anh^ Nam 1734, ngUdi ban dia d Virginia "hieu va ed the ndi tieng Anh ra't td't"'. Mot vai ngUdi ban dia da hoe each doc va vie't bang tieng Anh^.
2. Sif t h a m n h a p t i e n g Anh vao cac c o n g d o n g d a n n h a p cvt k h a c
Qua trinh tham nhap tieng Anh vao cac cdng ddng dan nhap cU khac viia mang tinh tU nhien, viia mang tinh ap dat.
Tinh tu nhien the hien d chd, vdi vi tri hang dau ve dan so', kinh te, ngUdi Anh ludn chiem Uu the trong quan he tai chinh, thUdng mai vdi cac cong ddng khac va bude ho khi quan he vdi ngUdi Anh phai sif dung tieng Anh.
Hdn nUa, ngay trong cdng ddng dan nhap cU khac da cd khdng it ngUdi sif dung tieng Anh nhU ngdn ngU thii hai trUde khi hd di eU sang Bac My. Day chinh la ket qua eiia qua trinh tiep xiic, nghien cifu va truyen ba tU tudng, van hoa Anh ra the gidi thdi ky trUde dd.
Tinh ap dat the hien d chd, vdi vi tri la chil nhan ciia thudc dia Bac My, ngUdi Anh tim moi each lam cho tieng Anh trd nen phd bien d tat ca cac bang thudc dia. Bang quyen lUc thd'ng tri.
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ngUdi Anh da ap dat ngdn ngU va ldi sd'ng ciia ho tai cac bang thudc dia va rd rang ho da dat dUde phan nao y dd eiia minh. Hdn nUa, vdi dac diem dUdc hinh thanh tif nhieu ngudn^, tieng Anh trd nen gan gui vdi ngudi Dife, ngUdi Phap va cac dan tdc vd'n da tUng chinh phue va de lai dau a'n van boa tren lanh thd ciia ngUdi Anh.
Dieu dd cimg vdi Uu the ve ky tii, each phat am da tao cho tieng Anh ldi the de ed the dUdc truyen ba rong rai khap eac thudc dia. Ket qua la, sd' lUdng ngUdi Ha Lan, Phap, Tay Ban Nha... ndi tieng Anh ngay cang ddng.
Tieng Anh trd thdnh ngdn ngU chinh thdc vd phd bien tai td't cd cdc bang thudc dia, trie nhiing cdng ddng niidc ngodi biet lap.
NhUng, cung phai khang dinh rang, trong khi viec sif dung tieng Anh anh hUdng Idn den cac ngdn ngU khac va tao sU bien ddi dan ve vd'n tif viing cho nhUng ngdn ngU dd, thi ban than tieng Anh eiia ngUdi Anh cung dan bien ddi va trd thanh "tieng Anh My" (American English). "Tieng Anh My" ed dac diem:
• Vay mUdn tU viing cua ngdn ngU ban dia (barbecue, cande, chocolate, cocoa, maize, potato, tomato, caribou, tamahawk,... nhUng thay ddi each phat am); hinh thifc riit ngin ciia tif ban dia (hominy tif rockahominy, squash tif asquutasquash, hickory tif pawcohiccora...); bie'n the eiia tif ban dia (muskrat tif muskwessu hoac museassus, woodchuck tif otchek hoac odjik...); ket hdp vdi tieng Anh (shunk cabbage, shunk bear, Indian pony, Indian mallow...)...
• Vay mUdn tU viing eua cac ngdn ngU chau Au va chau Phi, chang ban tif tieng Phap (portage, prairie), tieng Ha Lan (boss, cookie), chau Phi (cooler-turtle. ^oo6cr-peanut, juhe- immoral, disorderly,./wjiz-amulet)...
• Chiu anh hUdng each phat am eua cac ngdn ngU khac.
• Phue hdi nhieu tif va each phat am nhUng tii khdng dUde sif dung d nUde Anh tren hai the ky trUde dd, chang ban: adze, andiron, bay- window, greenhorn, home-spun, jeans, loophole, molasses...
• Su khac biet trong each phat am eua eU dan eac vung khac nhau d nUde Anh trai qua qua trinh dinh eU lau dai d Bac My cd xu hudng hi xda md.
Trdng khi dd, each phat am "tieng Anh My" d cac thudc dia lai ndi len.
Chinh sU ra ddi ngdn ngU chung - tieng Anh la mdt trong nhUng nen tang cho sU hinh thanh nen van boa Bac My tach ra khdi anh hudng van boa chinh qud'e. Cimg vdi nhUng tac ddng khac eua qua trinh nhap cU va dinh cU (chil yeu tU Anh). sU hinh thanh nen van boa nay da gdp phan gan bd nhUng cdng ddng ed ngudn gd'e khac nhau, y tbilc la ngUdi Bsic My dan hinh thanh. Day chinh la mdt trong nhUng tien de quan trong cho sii hinh thanh mdt dan tdc mdi - dan tdc Bac My va cho sii ra ddi eiia nUde My cudi the ky XVIII •
Chu thich:
1) Tren thUc te, ngUdi .Anh cung c6 y Jinh lap ra mgt so trifdng phue vu viec khai hoa cho ngKdi ban dia nhiing vi nhieu nguyen n h a n da khong thanh lap dUdc. Cung CO trUdng hdp, tai mot .so trUdng da dUdc t h a n h lap, muc tieu ban dau la cai dao cho ngiidi ban dia khong diJdc thuc hien day <iu
2) Pantomime la loai kich co nhac. mua, tro he diia tren truyen co tichj thdn thoai.
3) Tieng dUdc chuyen hoa tii tieng .\nh va cac thii tieng ciia ngUdi ban dia.
4) Philip D. -Morgan (199:i). Diversity and Unity in Early -N'orth America, Routledge, l>ondon & N<w York, tr.85
5) Sdd, tr. 86
6 ) S d d , tr. 87 • • ,•
7) Tieng Angles - Saxon (tC(c tieng Anh co) co nen tang la phitdng ngii Germanic do nhiing ngitdi Angles, Sa.xons va J u t e ap dat vao the ky .X. Tif the ky \ I I I den the ky IX til vUng dUdc phong phii len nhd von tii BAC AU do ngiidi Viking dem lai. Sau do. vdi sii chinh phue cua ngUdi -Ndocmandi. tieng Phap trd thanh ngon ngO chinh thiic d Anh. Viec sU dung tient; Phap da anh hUdng Idn den tieng Anh co va tao sii bien doi dan ve voii tii viing cho tieng Anh hien dai.
