12.2% 169000 185M TOP 1% 154 6200

There are significant problems associated with the implementation of the balance reporting system in practice. 14Empirical results are consistent with the idea that the decline in the matching between income and expenditure over time contributes to the loss of the accrual role.

Figure 1. Negative autocorrelation of OCFs and changes in OCFs. Source: authors.

Conclusion and remarks

Therefore, since this topic is still an empirical and not indisputable issue, there is much room for future studies to deepen the consequences of a change in the financial reporting system on the effectiveness of the process of matching expenses with income. Accounting earnings and cash flows as measures of firm performance: The role of accounting accruals.

Ethical Awareness, Ethical Decision Making, and Transparency: A Study on Turkish CPAs in Istanbul

• Introduction
• Ethics and transparency
• Ethical awareness
• Ethical decision
• Transparency
• Ethical regulations in accounting
• Account profession and CPAs in Turkey
• Accounting profession ethics
• Ethics literature on accountants
• Hypothesis development
• Study methodology and implementation
• Results and analysis
• Conclusion

In the next part of the study, the definitions and meaning of the concepts of ethics and transparency are given. This result shows that they are aware of the consequences of engaging in unethical practices.

Table 1 shows the factor analysis results for the statements for each of the three factors of ethi - -cal behavior awareness, ethi-cal decision making, and transparency

Author details

This finding reveals a trust problem among accountants in Turkey; specifically, it shows a problem in the enforcement of penalties under relevant laws, even when such laws are considered inappropriate and deterrent. Thus, ethical awareness affects ethical decision-making and transparency, and therefore, when the levels of ethical decision-making and transparency increase, so does the level of ethical awareness. As accountants embrace their important roles in generating and auditing financial information for the benefit of society, they face many ethical issues in their daily lives.

Therefore, the concepts of ethical awareness, ethical decision-making and transparency need to be understood more clearly. Ethical awareness, ethical decision-making and transparency are important concepts for every profession, individual and society. From the point of view of the accounting profession, it is not exaggerated to attribute vital importance to this topic.

As a center for the production of qualified information, the accounting profession is important for all segments of society in terms of the information they provide. Therefore, efforts are needed for greater ethical awareness, ethical decision-making and transparency for professionals.

Muhasebe meslek mensupları ve çalışanlarının etik ikilemleri: Kars ve Erzurum illerinde bir araştırma [Etik ikilemin ortaya çıkmasında kişisel değerlerin rolü: muhasebecilere uygulama]. https://www.financierworldwide.com/aggressive-accounting-vs-fraudulent-accounting/#.Wjtt8raB0cg adresinden erişilebilir. Erişim tarihi: 29 Eylül 2017. 2014 Muhasebe Meslek Mensupları için Etik Kuralları [2014 Muhasebe Meslek Mensupları için Etik Kuralları El Kitabı].

Muhasebecilerde Etik: Ankara Muhasebecileri Araştırması [Muhasebecilerde Etik: Ankara İli Muhasebecileri Araştırması]. Türkiye'de muhasebe meslek mensuplarının mesleki etik düzenlemelerine ilişkin algıları üzerine bir alan araştırması. Muhasebe Meslek Etiği ve Sivas İli Bir Uygulama [Muhasebe Meslek Etiği ve Sivas İli Bir Uygulama].

Muhasebe Meslek Mensuplarının Etik Yargı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi [Muhasebecilerin Etik Yargı Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi]. Acil bir etik ikilemde kişisel değerin rolü: muhasebe meslek mensuplarına bir uygulama. Muhasebe Meslek Mensuplarının Meslek Etiğine Bakış Açıları: Kırklareli İlinde Bir Araştırma.

Theoretical Perspectives on Sustainability Reporting: A Literature Review

• Institutional theory and accounting practices
• Overall vision on the institutional theory in the organizational practices
• The explanatory theoretical framework for sustainability disclosure: the thesis
• Institutional isomorphism and sustainability pressures
• Legitimacy theory as explanatory theory in the organizations’ image management
• Stakeholders’ theory as explanatory theory of voluntary sustainability disclosure
• Analysis and discussion
• Concluding remarks

The main premise of the IT that DiMaggio and Powell [27] have about voluntary corporate disclosures is that it can help explain why organizations tend to act and communicate in a homogeneous way in the organizational field [30]. The NIS model states that the organization's survival is motivated by its orientation towards the institutional environment. In this sense, "isomorphism is a key element of" IT and assumes that organizations adopt management structures and practices that are considered legitimate and socially acceptable by other organizations in their field, regardless of their actual utility" ([43], p. 742).

These practices are influenced by the normative, regulatory and cognitive aspects of the institutional environment. LT is often referred to as an explanation for the environmental and social reports of the private sector [50]. ST recognizes that the impact of each stakeholder group on the organization is different and the expectations of different stakeholders are different and incompatible.

IT can help develop explanations for accounting or accounting practice change [39]. Towards a more coherent understanding of the organization-society relationship: A theoretical consideration for social and environmental accounting research. Corporate social and environmental reporting: A literature review and longitudinal study of UK disclosure.

An Inequality for Reinsurance Contract Annual Loss Standard Deviation and Its Application

Results

As a consequence, if we use the 2-sigma or 3-sigma rule for the confidence interval for the estimate of the mean, for the contracts with the most year 0 losses, these intervals will be very large. For reinsurance contract simulated annual losses f, the standard deviationσf with respect to the average mfis bounded below by:. From Theorem 1, we can obtain an upper bound for the average annual loss on an arbitrary subset of the years:

1For a nonnegative random variable f in a probability space Ω, an arbitrary subset B⊂Ω, the mean. μð ÞB is bound above by the standard deviationσfand the mean mfby:. The numerical example shows that our TVaRupper bound is relatively close in the quantile range with the theoretical upper bound deviating from the simulated value by less than 20%, no matter what the annual loss distribution is. Because of the probability of mMf to take the value M, we cannot solve the constraint on CV by increasing M.

Both conclusions provide a clue to a risk measure for the maximum likely or best compromise quantile by comparing simulated TVaR or AEP to the theoretical limit of the best match, but that is the subject of another research. With these parameters, we used the Mathematica Manipulate function to explore the probability that the ratio of two simulated annual mean losses is within the range 0.5–1.5, given that the annual mean loss obeys the normal distribution. For example, for almost half of the contracts, the simulated annual average loss that is within 50% of each other has a probability of 0.459, that is, with a probability of 0.551, we will see two simulations that have simulated annual average loss increased or decreased by more than 50% (Figures 1 and 2).

Table 1. CV lower bound.

Discussion

The two graphs are identical, although their formulas are quite different, and we do not know whether it is possible to prove analytically that they are equivalent: our graphs are numerical confirmations of both their formulas. If (mf m)µ(m) (M mf)µ(M) = 0, then pBffiDis increases monotonically with respect tocb and reaches a maximum M mf . 50), we can follow the same steps to arrive at the same form of the maximal formula. Although the complex form of Eq. 40) generally applies to any discrete random variable, it may not be as easily applicable as the simple form of Eq. 8) when we need a quick first approximation and therefore of less practical importance.

With numerical simulation, we can get σf andCV directly, so these formulas do not seem to be useful for the numerical results. However, since each simulation may arrive at a different value, known a priori, their approximate value will be a check for any possible simulation process problem. Our inequalities also reveal that the CV is independently related to important value distribution characteristics of the annual loss random variable.

This essentiality of CV is also confirmed by other studies, such as the correlation and cluster analysis of these random variables.

Conclusions

Accounting and Measuring Well-being

• Methodology
• Estimates of genuine savings
• Critical assessment of genuine savings estimates and lessons for green GDP measurement in India
• Conclusion

Genuine savings involve net accumulation of man-made physical capital and human skill capital and depletion of natural resource stocks. Genuine savings of a country can be positive or negative depending on whether the net accumulation of man-made capital is higher or lower than the value of the depletion of natural resource supplies. Available estimates of real savings for different countries show that some countries have negative real savings.

Similarly, the value of the depletion of renewable resources stocks should be subtracted from the actual savings. Therefore, as a first adjustment, current education spending could be treated as part of real savings in the economy. They have tried to make a comprehensive accounting of resource exhaustion in measuring real savings for different countries.

The World Bank's methodology, in addition to proposing to consider the depletion of exhaustible resources and the degradation of renewable environmental resources, also proposes to consider the formation of human skills when measuring real savings. In addition to considering the depletion of exhaustible resources and the degradation of renewable environmental resources, real savings studies also suggest considering the formation of human skills when measuring real savings. The information available in these accounts could be used to obtain very comprehensive estimates of countries' real savings rates.

Table 1. Rents earned from natural resources (oil, natural gas, coal, minerals and forests) as percentage of GDP in the world regions including India in the year 2015.

Financial Instruments: Islamic Versus Conventional

• Financial instruments
• Principles of Islamic finance
• Major differences between CFIs and IFIs
• Forms of financial instruments
• Case study

Under this condition, the value of the instrument is usually a function of the future economic benefits it yields. According to CFI, financiers or investors do not share the associated risk of an investment. An investment account under IF is a replica of a term deposit account under CF.

Under the CFIs, a fixed rate of interest is fixed on the deposit, regardless of the return it intends to achieve. The issuer also undertakes to buy back the certificate at the face value of the instrument in the future. The expected output level is assessed to be sufficient with new capacity for the foreseeable future for the company's operations.

Based on the above analyses, it is sufficient to maintain that the bank stands to gain more in the most productive period of the project. According to [6, 7], issuances of ordinary shares Initial Public Offer (IPO) are a permitted source of long-term financing, subject to certain screenings related to shareholder rights and benefits. The conventional financing that was raised gave a large portion of the company's return to the lender, not the borrower.

Table 1. Breakdown of project’s costs.