Marx trong the ky XXI va nhung tir tuong Ion cua Marx ve con nguM
Ho Si Quy<*'
Tom tat: Trong tuong quan voi hgc thuyet ve tu bdn vd gid tri thang du, ve quyet dinh ludn duy vdt vd hinh thdi kinh te - xd hgi, hay vi giai cdp vo sdn vd chu nghia xd hgi...
thi vdn de con ngudi khong phdi Id chu di trung tdm cita hgc thuyit Marx. Mac dii vay, nhiing tu tuong cua Marx vi con nguoi, du dugc trinh bay chu yiu o giai dogn Marx cdn tre, lgi vdn du tdm voc di ton tgi trong kho tdng tu tuong loai nguoi nhu Id mgt hgc thuyit bi the, co y nghia to Ion ddi voi cdc khoa hgc vi con nguoi vd doi voi su nghiep gidi phdng con nguoi.
Trong khuon khd nhung hogt dgng ky niem 200 ndm ngdy sinh Karl Marx (1818-2018), bdi viet cung cdp thong tin vi thdi do cua cong dong thi gidi doi vdi Marx trong nhiing ndm gdn ddy.
Nhiing tu tuong Ion cua Marx ve con nguoi dugc chung toi tap trung trinh bdy vd ddnh gid gid tri doi voi thai dgi ngdy nay la: 1) Con nguoi Id thuc thi tu nhiin co tinh nguoi;
2) Gidi tu nhien Id thdn the vo ca cua con nguoi; 3) Con nguoi Id nhiing cd nhdn hien thuc, Id hogt dgng cua hg vd nhiing diiu kien sinh hogt vdt chdt cua hg; 4) Bdn chdt con nguoi Id tong hoa cdc quan hi xd hgi; 5) Suphdt triin tu do cua moi nguoi Id diiu kien cho suphdt triin tu do cua tdt cd mgi nguoi. Bo la nhiing tu tuong thuc su co chiiu kich vidgi. Ngdy nay, nhiing tu tuong ndy vdn dang Id tien di ly ludn thuc su cot loi ciia nhieu khoa hgc ve con nguoi. Trong dai song hien thuc, nhiing tu tudng ndy ciing Id nhimg chi ddn the gioi quan vd phuang phdp ludn co bdn cua nhiiu ly thuyet xd hgi.
T u khoa: K. Marx, Hge thuyet Marx, Chii nghia Marx, Giai phdng eon ngudi, Marx trong the ky XXI, Tu tudng ve con ngudi
Abstract: In comparison with the Marx's doctrines of capital and surplus value, of materialistic determinism and socio-economic forms, or of the proletariat and socialism, human issue is not his central theme. However, Marx s ideas of human nature though represented mainly in the "young Marx"period, are significant enough to survive in the mankind's thinking treasure as a considerably influential and substantial doctrine to human sciences and the cause of human liberation.
Against the background of the 200"" anniversary of Karl Marx's birth, the paper provides information about attitudes of international community toward Marxism in recent years.
'*' GS.TS., Vi^n Thong tin Khoa hpc xa hgi, Vi?n Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi?t Nam;
Email: hos iquy, thongtin@gmai] .com
4 Thdng tin Khoa hoc xa hgi. so 7.2012
Marx's great ideas of human nature and their values today to be analysed in the paper include: 1) Human beings are a natural entity that possess human nature; 2) Nature is human's inorganic body; 3) Humans are realistic individuals including their activities and physical living conditions; 4) Human nature is the harmonic sum of social relations;
5) Each individual's free development is the condition for everyone's free development.
These ideas prove meaningful dimensions that remain core theoretical premise of various human sciences. In reality, they also act as guidelines ofworldviews and methodologies in many social theories.
Keywords: K. Marx, Marx's Theory, Marx's Thought, Human Liberation, Marxism in the Twenty-first Century, Marx's Ideas of Humans
I. Marx trong th8 ky XXI
Budc sang thS ky XXI, vi the cua Marx va cua hgc thuyet Marx trong ddi song tinh than nhan loai van la mgt chii de khdng kem phan thu hiit vdi nhung thai do trai ngugc nhau. Ben eanh thai do hoai nghi, phe phan, tham chi ky thi, bdi nho, ehii yeu d nhiing ngudi canh Hiiu, d mgt vai cdng ddng da timg sdng trong he thong xa hdi chii nghia trudc day, hay d mgt so nha hoat ddng xa hdi cue doan, thi van tdn tai kha manh mgt xu hudng khac dudng nhu ngay cang danh gia Marx cao hon, ca ve phuong dien la nha tu tudng, nha khoa hge va la mgt con ngudi.
Nam 1999, trong mgt euge tham dd y kien bau chgn vao thang 9 eua BBC v6 nhiing nha tu tudng vi dai nhat trong thien nien ky trudc, Karl Marx da kha bat ngd dugc bau chgn la ngudi giii vi tri diu tien;
Albert Einstein ehl dung thii hai (Xem:
http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/461545. stm).
Nhirng nam 2008-2009, khi the gidi b5t dau roi vao khung hoang tai chinh, Marx va bd Tu bdn ciia dng da dot nhien ndi tiing trd lai trong nhung mdi quan tam sau sic d hau het cac nude phuong Tay. Nhi6u tap chi ed tieng tren the gidi nhu Time, Newsweek.
Forbes, Financial Times va tham chi la ca Der Spiegel da dua hinh Marx len trang bia.
Nam 2013, theo de xuat chung ciia Diie va Ha Lan, Tuyin ngon cua Bdng Cong sdn va tap dau tien ciia bd Tu bdn eiia Marx dugc dua vao Danh muc *'Ky ue the gidi"
(Memory of the World MOW)<*> ciia UNESCO. Viec de xuat dua tren quan diem cho rang, nhiing tac pham nay cd tac ddng ldn tdi cac phong trao xa hdi tren toan the gidi, ngay tic thdi diem dugc viet.
Nam 2014, cudn Capital in the Twenty- first Century ndi ve gia tri ciia Marx va bp
Tu bdn trong the ky XXI ciia nha kinh te hgc ngudi Phap Thomas Piketty*""* khi xuat ban tai Dai hge Harvard bang tiSng Anh da ban dugc gan niia trieu ban. Piketty ehi la ''' "Ky lie the giai" la chucmg trinh do UNESCO de xuong va thyc hien tir nam 1992 nhSm bao t6n va tiep can nhimg di san tai lieu quy hiem c6 nguy CO bi xam hai va mai mot a nhieu nuoc va khu vuc tren thS gicri. Cho din nay, Viet Nam dang c6 6 di san nhan danh hieu nay, bao gom "Moc ban trieu Nguyin", "Chau ban triiu Nguyin", "Mpc ban kinh Phat thien phai Tnic Lam chiia VInh Nghiem, Bac Giang", "Bia da Van Miiu - Qu6c Tu Giam", "Tha van tren ki6n tnic cung dinh Hud" va "Moc ban Tniong Phiic Giang, Ha TTnh".
'"' Ban tieng Phap: Thomas Piketty (2014), Le Cap- ital auXXIsiecle, Pub. Editions du Seuil, Paris; Ban tilng Anh: Thomas Piketty (2014), Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Translated by Authur Gold Hammer, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, London.
TBarx trong the ky XX3... 5 mgt trong sd nhieu tac gia phuong Tay da
eho ra mat nhiing eudn sach ndi tieng, trong dd cd nhirng danh gia sau sae ve gia tri cua Marx; chang han nhu: Terry Eagleton (Why Marx Was Right - Tgi sao Marx dung, Yale University Press, 2011), Michel Vadee (Marx, penseur du possible - Matrx nhd tu tuong cua cdi co the, Meridiens Klincksieck, Paris, 1992)...
Nam 2016, trong khao sat han mgt trieu tai lieu ma sinh vien My bat huge phai dgc, Tuyen ngon cua Ddng Cong sdn da bd xa cac cudn sach khac de trd thanh mgt trong ba tai lieu dugc dgc va su dung nhieu nhat trong chuong trinh giao due ve ly thuyet xa hdi d My, ca ve sd lugng bai giang lan tan suat dugc giang day (Xem:
Susan Berry, 2016).
Giiia thang 4/2018, tai Trier, noi Marx da sinh ra va hgc trung hgc trudc khi rdi thanh phd nay de vao Dai hge Bonn, Phdng du lich thanh phd da ban hang nghin td EUR cd hinh chan dung Karl Marx de vinh danh dng nhan ky niem 200 nam ngay sinh cua ong. Dieu dang chii y la 5.000 td bac dau tien da dugc ban het ngay sau khi ra mat. Thanh phd phai in them 20.000 td de dap ling nhu cau ciia ngudi mua tu cac nude Australia, Brazil, My va cae nude khac tren khap the gidi (Xem: Alanna Petroff,2018).
Nhijng hien tugng tren dT nhien chi la bieu hien be ngoai. Dieu quan trgng la, sau 200 nam Marx xuat hien trong ddi sdng nhan loai, dac biet trong so sanh vdi cac vT nhan khac, nhirng hien tugng nhu vay chac chan se la nhirng chi bao day y nghTa ve mgt con ngudi, khien cho cac the he sau phai suy ngam nhieu hon, sau hon ve Marx va hge thuyet Marx.
Ngay nay, ehii nghia tu ban chJng nhiing van dang tdn tai ma cdn cd nhiing
budc phat triln dang kinh ngae. Su dieu chmh ciia ban than co chS tu ban chii nghia la mgt hien tugng dang dugc ehu y nghien cuu. Trong khi do, chii nghTa xa hgi hien thuc dii da ton tai hon 70 nam nhung lai bi tan ra va sup do d Lien Xd va nhieu nude Ddng Au. Con ngudi va xa hgi loai ngudi d d i u t h i ky XXI van cdn bi tha hda va mang d i y khuylt tat ma Marx da canh bao. Su that nay lam cho phong trao cdng san va cdng nhan qudc te roi vao thoai trao, niem tin vao ehii nghia xa hdi it nhieu roi rung.
Mae dii vay, ly tudng ciia Marx va cua chu nghia Marx, dae biet ve xda bd ap biic bdc lot va giai phdng con ngudi, ve tu do cua con ngudi... van khdng phai la cai ed the dem ddng nhat vdi su tdn tai cua cac xa hgi thudc he thdng xa hpi chu nghia trudc day.
Terry Eagleton la mgt trong sd cac tac gia da cd nhiing ly le tuong ddi thuyet phuc cho van de nay (Xem: Terry Eagleton, 2012).
De ly giai sue thu hiit dang ngac nhien ciia Marx va cua hgc thuyet Marx trong the ky XXI, chiing toi xin gdp them mot sd y kien sau:
Thic nhdt, vdi chii nghTa Marx, ddi sdng xa hdi ciing nhiing bieu hien phiic tap mudn ve eua nd, bao gdm ca nhiing hien tugng may nii bat ngd, hay cac cugc each mang rung chuyen lich sii... bao gid cGng la qua trinh cd co sd va dieu kien nhat dinh, cd ddng luc thuc te va ed xu hudng van dgng khdng he ngau nhien, khdng nam ngoai su quy dinh va quyet dinh cua nhiing quy luat khach quan eiia lich su loai ngudi. Dd la qua trinh van ddng theo chieu tien bg, dii van khdng hiem khi phai trai qua nhiing budc quanh co hoac thut lui tucmg ddi.
Tir xa hdi tien su den xa hdi mai sau, mgi su bien xa hdi - tat ca deu khdng thSn bi. Cac nha kinh dien tham chi cdn ehi
ThOng Hn Khoa hgc xa hgi. 56 7.201S ra ring "Niu nhu khdng cd Napoleon thi
ngudi khae se ddng vai trd cua dng ta.
Dieu dd dugc chung mmh bdi mgt su that la bit cu khi nao can cd mgt ngudi nhu vay thi deu c6 mgt ngudi nhu vay: Cesar, Augustuts, Cromwell, v.v..." (K Marx. F.
Engels Todn tap, tap 39, 1999: 273).
Nhin xa hgi loai ngudi trong mgt trat tu cd logic, cd quy luat va cd the ludng hudc dugc la udc mo cua mgi tu duy duy ly, cua mgi nhan thiic khoa hgc, dac biet cua cac nha hoat dgng xa hdi d tam vi md. The gidi hien dai cang phiic tap v^ h6n ddn thi con ngudi lai cang mudn sap xep no trong tu duy sao cho budc nd phai Id ra nhirng khuynh hudng tat nhien nham tim kiem giai phap khdng che, tae dgng. Hon ai hit, Marx va hgc thuyet Marx la dia chi hgp ly nhat de thda man nhu eau nay.
Thic hai, trong so sanh vdi cac hgc thuyet xa hdi khac, hgc thuyit Marx la mgt trong sd hiem hoi cac hgc thuyet ed thign cam vdi ngudi ngheo, benh vuc ngudi ngheo, dau tranh khdng khoan nhugng cho lgi ich cua ngudi ngheo. Khdng phai la
"lieu thuoc giam dau", khdng "ban phat Idng nhan dao ciia ke be tren", hgc thuyet Marx da ehi ra vi the xa hgi cua ngudi ngheo, giai cap ngheo, ting Idp ngheo trong viec tao ra ciia cai xa hdi, thiic diy su phat trien xa hgi. Ngay nay, mac du thai do ciia cac ehinh phu va eiia cac td chiie qudc te ddi vdi viec xda bd ngheo ddi d eac qudc gia da tich cue hon va sau s4c hon nhilu so vdi trudc day, tuy thi thai do dd vin rit khac vdi quan diem ciia hgc thuyit Marx vl ngheo ddi va giai cip vd san. Budc vao thi ky XXI, v^n ching cd hge thuyit nao kha dT thay thi dugc chu nghia Marx trong thai do ddi vdi ngudi ngheo.
Thii ba, doi vdi cac phong trao xa hgi, ben canh nhiing quan dilm din dudng hgp
ly, nhiing phuang phap hoat ddng xa hgi hiiu hieu, bao gid eiing la mgt ly tudng cd sue thu hiit va lay ddng trai tim eua ddng dao nhirng ngudi tham gia. Gin 200 nam qua, nhu Mark Skousen nhan xet, khdng cd nha tu tudng nao hay triet gia nao dem lai su say me cudng nhiet den nhu Marx. Ngay nay, Marx van la mgt than tugng caeh mang ehu khdng chi la nha khoa hgc (Xem: Mark Skousen, 2007: 64-104). Hien thdi, gidi tre va nhirng ngudi lao ddng, cac phong trao xa hdi, cac nha hoat dgng xa hdi... van khd tim dugc mgt hgc thuyet nao ed the thay the chii nghTa Marx trong viec nhen len nggn lua dau tranh cho ly tudng giai phdng con ngudi, hay cho viec giai quyet cae van de xa hdi va phan dau vi su tien bg va cdng bang xa hdi.
Dd la nhiing ly do khaeh quan khiln cho Marx va hgc thuyit Marx van tdn tai va cd siic thu hiit khdng kem phan manh liet tt-ong thi ky XXI.
IL Nhu-ng tir tudng Idn ciia Marx vl con nguM
K I tii khi Bdn thdo kinh ti - triet hgc ndm 1844 dugc cdng bd lin diu vao nam 1932, viee phe phan "Marx bd quen con ngudi" d phuong Tay cd phin giam bdt (Xem: Erich Fromm, 1961; David Leopold, 2009; Steven Lukes, 1982; Justine Lacroix, 2012). Tuy nhien tu do, trong xu hudng tim tdi nhiing tu tudng cua Marx ve con ngudi, viec khai thac, suy dien ciia hau thi ddi khi lai di qua xa. Nhiing ndi dung tu tudng ciia Marx vl con ngudi, nhu cd thi thiy trong nhieu tai lieu da xuat ban, thudng dugc trinh bay theo nhiing each ma ngudi ta khdng biet ed diing Marx quan niem nhu thi hay khdng (Xem: 0ujioco(pusi. OcHoeHue udeu u npuHifunbi, 1985; H.C. TypeeHH, 2001;
OiuiocotpuH. VnedHuK dnn eysoe, 2005;
A.r. CnapKHH, 2006).
UTarx trong the hy X!CI...
Trong bai viet nay, "Marx ve con ngudi" dugc lua chgn va trinh bay vdi 5 tu tudng ldn ma chinh Marx da viet. Chiing tdi mudn bam that sat kinh dien, khdng them vao Marx nhiing dieu dng khdng ndi.
Ggi la "nhiing tu tudng ldn" vi trudc het dd la nhiing tu tudng thuc su cd chieu kich vT dai, da tung ddng vai trd dan dat nhieu boat ddng chinh tri - xa hdi trong hon mgt the ky qua. Hon the nira, nhirng tu tudng dd edn la nhiing tien de ly luan va phuang phap luan co ban, cd anh hudng kha rd den su tien trien cua khoa hgc. Hien thdi nhiitig tu tudng nay van dang la tien de thue su cdt loi trong mgt sd ly thuyet xa hgi hien dai va mgt sd khoa hgc ve eon ngudi.
I. Con nguai Id mgt thuc the tu nhien CO tinh nguai
Trong tac pham Bdn thdo kink te - triet hgc ndm 1844, Marx khang dinh: Con ngudi "la thuc the tu nhien cd tinh chat ngudi" (K. Marx, F. Engels Todn tap, tap 42, 2000: 234).
Thuc ra, quan niem xem con nguoi Id mgt thuc thi tu nhien la tu tudng ciia L.
Feuerbach, ngudi duge Marx danh gia la da cd cdng "lam cho quan he xa hgi ciia con ngudi vdi con ngudi trd thanh nguyen tac CO ban ciia ly luan". Feuerbach cho rang, con ngudi la mgt thuc the dac biet ciia tu nhien. Dac biet vi nd la thue the duy nhat cd y thiic. Tuy vay, viec xac dinh ban chat cua nd ciing phai dugc tien hanh tuong tu nhu ddi vdi mgi sinh vat khac, hie la phai xac dinh bang tinh chat cua cac "ddi tugng ben ngoai" nhu khdng khi, nude, anh sang, thiie an, vat lieu boat ddng... - cai dam bao cho con ngudi tdn tai mgt each tat yeu va hien thue. Tiep thu quan niem nay, Marx nhan manh: "Con ngudi true tiep la thuc the tu nhien" (Man is directly a natural being). Marx giai thich: vdi tinh
each la thuc t h i tu nhien, hon niia, lai la
"thuc t h i tu nhien sdng", eon ngudi, mgt mat, dugc phii cho siic manh tu nhien dudi hinh thuc cae "nang l u c " "thien bim", "nang khilu", nhung mat khac, con ngudi cdn "bi quy dinh va bi han che" bdi nhung "ddi tugng" tu nhien ben ngoai nd,
"nhijng ddi tugng khdng phu thugc vao nd" nhung lai "can thiet" va "can ban" de nd the hien va khang dinh minh. Cho nen v l phuang dien nay, con ngudi la "thuc the dau kho" ("Suffering Being"- Marx diing lai thuat ngij eiia Feuerbach, vdi ham nghia la con ngudi huge phai chiu su quy dinh cua tu nhien). Marx ndi rd them:
"Thuc the khdng cd tu nhien d ben ngoai nd thi khdng phai la thuc the tu nhien, nd khdng tham gia vao ddi sdng cua tu nhien" (K Marx. F Engels Todn tap, tap 42, 2000: 232-233).
Cd the thay day la quan niem rat sau sac va cd le hoi khae vdi quan ni?m hien dai ve mdi quan h? giiia con ngudi vdi tu nhien. Hien thdi, ngay ca quan niem phat trien ben vung, mgt quan niem ehii truang coi viec bao ve mdi trudng nhu mgt thanh td dau vao cua su phat trien xa hdi va phat trien con ngudi, ciing khdng xem tu nhien la mgt cai gi dd ldn den miie nhu Feuerbach va Marx da luan giai (DT nhien, cac quan niem hien dai khdng he xem thudng siic manh tu nhien ngu tri trong va ngoai eon ngudi. Chinh vi the mdi can suy ngam: Tai sao hon mgt tram nam trudc, Feuerbach va Marx lai de eao yeu td tu nhien trong su tdn tai cua con ngudi den the, va ngay nay, lieu cd can mgt lan niia nhan manh cai tu nhien nhu the hay khong?).
Mac du tiep thu quan d i l m d l cao yeu td tu nhien trong su tdn tai ngudi ciia Feuerbach, song Marx khdng dimg lai d tu tudng cua Feuerbach, ma di xa hon va hoan
Thong hn Khoa hoc xa hgi. sd 7.2018 chinh khai niem con ngudi cua minh. Marx
viit: "Nhung con ngudi khong chi la thuc thi tu nhien, nd la thuc the tu nhien cd tinh chat ngudi, nghTa la thuc the tdn tai cho ban than minh va do dd la thuc thi loai. Nd phai biiu hien va hi khang dinh nhu la thuc the loai trong tdn tai ciia nd cung nhu trong tri thuc cua nd"'"' (K. Marx, F Engels Todn tap, tap 42, 2000: 234).
Con nguoi Id thuc thi tu nhiin co tinh chdt nguoi - Cd the coi day la dinh nghia khai niem con nguoi cua Marx. Theo chiing tdi, ca ve mat hinh thiic trinh bay ciing nhu mat ngi dung va tam vdc ciia tu tudng dugc dien dat, menh de nay deu dap ling nhung yeu eau khat khe ciia mgt dinh nghia.
2. Gidi tu nhien Id thdn thi vd ca ciia con nguai
Trong chu de ve mdi quan he giiia con ngudi va tu nhien, tu tudng dgc dao nhat eiia Marx la tu tudng eho rang gidi tu nhien la than the vd co cua con ngudi.
Khi phan tich su tha hoa ciia gidi tu nhien, mgt hau qua ciia lao ddng bi tha hoa, Marx cho rang, "gidi tu nhien la mgt bg phan eua ddi sdng con ngudi". Vi hai ly do: "thu nhat, gidi tu nhien la tu lieu sinh sdng true tiep ddi vdi con ngudi, va thu hai gidi tu nhien la vat lieu, ddi tugng va cdng cu ciia hoat ddng sinh sdng ciia con ngudi". Theo nghia ay, gidi tu nhien eiing la than the - than the vd co - ciia con ngudi.
Marx viet: "Gidi tu nhien - eu thi la gidi tu nhien trong chung muc nd khdng phai la than thi ciia con ngudi - la than thi vd co
'•' "But man is not merely a natural being: he is a human natural being. That is to say, he is a being for himself Therefore he is a species-being, and has to confirm and manifest himself as such both m his being and in his knowing" (Trong phin Critique of Hegel's Philosophy in General).
ciia con ngudi. Con ngudi sdng bang gidi tu nhien. Nhu the nghTa la gidi tu nhien la than thi cua con ngudi, than the ma vdi nd con ngudi phai d lai trong qua trinh thudng xuyen giao tiep de tdn tai" (K. Marx, F.
Engels Todn tap, tap 42, 2000: 135). 6 mgt doan khac, Marx cdn neu mgt y tudng rat hay ed the diing de giai thich cho dieu nay.
Marx cho ring, ddi sdng ciia con ngudi khdng nhirng dugc duy tri nhd dua vao gidi tu nhien ma hon the niia, gidi tu nhien con la ngudn gde ciia ddi sdng con ngudi. Neu con ngudi khdng tu nd sang tao ra ban than nd, thi tat nhien ke sang tao ra nd phai d ben ngoai nd. Ke dd chinh la gidi tu nhien. Dd la ly do giai thich tai sao trong y thuc thdng thudng, su sang tao cua con ngudi lai la bieu tugng rat khd tii bd. Ndi chung, quan chiing khdng the hieu dugc "su-tdn-tai- thdng-qua-minh cua tu nhien" (K. Marx, F Engels Todn tap, tap 42, 2000: 180).
Chiing tdi xem quan diem "gidi tu nhien la than the ciia con ngudi" la tu tudng dgc dao, vi trong chung muc ma chiing tdi dugc biet, tCr thdi cd dai cho den ngay nay, ngoai Marx, khdng cd ai eoi gidi tu nhien la than the eiia con ngudi. Hau hit cac trudng phai triet hgc phuong Ddng ed dai tuy dl cao triet ly con ngudi hda hgp vdi tu nhien, eoi con ngudi vdi gidi tu nhien la mgt, chu truang "thien nhan hgp nhit", "thien nhan tuong giao", song ciing khdng din miic coi tu nhien la than the eiia con ngudi.
Su tinh te va sau sac cua Marx thi hien d chd, vao thdi eiia Marx, cac vin dl moi sinh chua dat ra mgt each gay git ddi vdi cugc sdng con ngudi nhu ngay nay. Va dT nhien, thdi dd, Marx chua thi biet tdi Id thiing tang Ozone, hieu ling nha kinh va cac hien tugng sinh thai phuc tap khae ma ngay nay chiing ta hay ggi la nguy co khiing hoang sinh thai. The ma gidi tu nhien lai
HTarx h-ong the hy XX3...
dugc.Marx eoi la than the - than the vd eo cua con ngudi. Marx mudn ndi rang, mgi tac dgng eiia eon ngudi den gidi tu nhien, d i u cd nghia la tac ddng den than the con ngudi. Lam tdn hai gidi tu nhien nghia la lam tdn hai chinh con ngudi. Day khdng phai la dieu suy dien, ma chinh Marx ndi the. Ong viet: "Noi rang ddi sdng the xac va tinh than cua con ngudi gan lien vdi gidi tu nhien, ndi nhu the chang qua chi cd nghTa la gidi tu nhien gan lien vdi gidi tu nhien, vi con ngudi la mgt bd phan ciia gidi tu nhien" (K. Marx, F Engels Todn tap, tap 42,2000:135).
3. Con nguoi la nhitng cd nhdn hien thuc. Id hogt dgng cua hg vd nhiing dieu kien sinh hogt vat chdt cua hg
Trong He tu tuong Due, Marx va Engels viet: "Nhiing tien de xuat phat eiia chiing tdi khdng phai la nhiing tien de tuy tien, khdng phai la giao dieu; dd la nhiing tien de hien thue ma ngudi ta chi cd the bd qua trong tri tudng tugng thdi. Dd la nhung ca nhan hien thue, la boat dgng ciia hg va nhiing dieu kien sinh boat vat ehat cua hg, nhirng dieu kien ma hg thay ed san ciing nhu nhiing dieu kien do boat dgng ciia chinh hg tao ra. Nhu vay, nhiing tien de ay la ed the kiem nghiem dugc bang eon dudng kinh nghiem thuan tiiy" (K. Marx, F. Engels Todn tap, tap 3, 1995: 29). "Hoat ddng sdng ciia hg nhu the nao thi hg nhu the ay. Do dd, hg la nhu the nao, dieu do an khdp vdi san xuat cua hg, vdi cdi ma hg san xuat ra ciing nhu vdi cdch ma hg san xuat.
Do dd, nhijng ca nhan la the nao, dieu do phu thudc vao nhiing dieu kien vat chat eiia san xuat ciia hg" (K. Marx, F. Engels Todn /a/7, tap 3, 1995:30).
Van de la d chd, khi ndi tdi con ngudi, neu chi chii y den con ngudi sinh hgc thi con ngudi d cac thdi dai chang khac nhau
la bao. Vay su khae nhau giira nhiing con ngudi, tren thue t l , la khac nhau v l cai gi?
Marx cho r i n g chi cd the hieu dugc con ngudi khi xuit phat tir nhiing tien de hien thuc trong nghien cuu con ngudi. Dd la hoat ddng va nhiing dieu kien sinh boat vat chit ciia con ngudi. Ndi chinh xac hon do la con ngudi trong boat dgng va trong dilu kien sinh boat vat chat cua hg, nhiing dieu kien ma hg thay cd san ciing nhu nhirng dieu kien do hoat ddng cita chinh hg tao ra.
Day la nhiing tu tudng rat can ban dat nen mong cho su ra ddi ciia ly thuyet boat dgng ma eac nha khoa hgc Xd viet dau the ky XX nhu A.R. Luna, L.S. Vugosky, N.A.
Leonchiev, X.L. Rubenstein... eiing vdi nhieu nha tam ly hgc Diic, Phap, Bungari da phat trien thanh mgt trudng phai hgc thuat nghien ciiu tam ly ngudi. Trudng phai nay ehu truang giai thich mgi hien tugng tam ly, ke ca nhung hien tugng phiic tap nhat, bang boat ddng, bang giao tiep va trong cac mdi quan he xa hdi. Tam ly ngudi, vi the, mang ban ehat xa hgi, la san pham ciia boat dgng va giao tiep. Trudng phai nay da dat dugc nhieu thanh tuu va cd anh hudng dang ke trong tam ly hgc, giao due hgc... den tan ngay nay (Xem: Steven J. Haggbloom, 2002: 139-152).
4. Bdn chdt con ngudi Id tong hoa cdc quan hi xa hgi
TiongLugn cuang thic Vive Feuerbach, Marx viet: "Feuerbach hda tan ban chit tdn giao va ban chat con nguoi. Nhung ban chat con ngudi khdng phai la mgt cai trim tugng cd hiiu cua ca nhan rieng biet. Trong tinh hien thuc cua nd, ban chat con ngudi la tdng hda nhiing quan he xa hdi" (K. Marx, F Engels Todn tap, tap 3, 1995: 11).
Trong suit nhieu thap nien d thi ky XX, luan cuong nay da trd thanh tiln dh
10 Thong tin Khoa hgc xa hgi. s6 7.201S phuong phap luan cho nhieu nghien euu,
kham pha khoa hgc va hoach dinh nhung k l hoach cai tao xa hdi.
Tren thuc t l , luan cuong nay da ghi nhan mau thuin thuc te ciia ban ehat con ngudi va loai ngudi. Ban chat con ngudi quy dinh va dinh hinh mdi ea nhan, mdi cdng d6ng, la pham chat khdng nam ngoai timg ea nhan rieng re, song ban chat Sy lai khdng phai la cai gi dd cd lap, trim tugng, tach biet vdi lich su va vdi the gidi xung quanh nhu Feuerbach va ngudi ddi v l n hinh dung. Ban chat ay hda ra lai la k i t qua tdng hgp (tdng hda) ciia tat ca cac quan he xa hdi ma mdi chii the phai giao tiep - cae quan he xa hdi thuc te, tir thieng lieng, cao ca tdi binh thudng, hang ngay - trong tinh hien thuc eiia nd. I.T. Frolov coi luan cuong nay la mgt trong nhiing diem sau sac va sang choi nhat cua tu tudng Marx, la phat kien cd tam rdng nhat ve con ngudi, dat tdi tam cdng thirc tim tdi vT dai. Frolov eho rang, trong lich sii nhan thiic khoa hge, khd ma tim thiy mgt ehan ly nao ma thoat nhin thi rat don gian va hien nhien, nhung thuc ra lai rit sau sac ma phai qua nhieu the ky, vdi nhung tim tdi khd khan trong nhirng euge dau tranh tu tudng khdc liet mdi ed t h i tim ra va khang dinh dugc.
Nhiing nam 1980, luan cuang nay da it nhieu chiu su phe phan la xem nhe y l u td ca nhan, ca the va sinh hgc. Cac nha khoa hgc da tien hanh nhiing kiem ehiing bing nhieu each thiie khac nhau. Cudi ciing, mac dii van cdn tranh cai song ngudi ta da ghi nhan ring, ban chit con ngudi diu sao v i n la tren ca nhan (phi ea nhan), "nd khdng dinh hinh dudi hinh thiic ea nhan" (ne HMcei nepeo-HH4)HUHpoBaHHOH ^lopMbi) va nd budc phai the hien ra nhu la tdng hda (tong the hda dong) ciia toan bd eac quan
he xa hdi (Xem: V.E. Davidovich, 2003:
341-342).
Ve phuang dien khoa hgc, n h ^ dinh nay cho phep ly luan phan loai cac loai ban chat ngudi va dieu dd cd y nghia dang ke trong boat ddng thue tien.
5. Sic phdt triin tic do cua mdi nguoi la diiu kien cho suphdt triin tu do cua tdt cd mgi nguai
Trong Tuyin ngon cua Ddng Cgng sdn, Marx va Engels viet: "Su phat trien tu do eua mdi ngudi la dieu kien cho su phat trien tu do cua tat ca mgi ngudi" (K. Marx, F Engels Todn tap. tap 4, 1995: 628).
Marx va Engels giai thieh, sau khi eac quan he tu ban chu nghTa bi xoa bd trong xa hdi loai ngudi, giai cap vd san va che dg eua hg se khong the tdn tai mai. Khi hoan thanh sii menh cua minh, che do dd phai nhudng chd cho "mgt lien hiep ciia cac ca nhan", tuc la mgt kieu td chiic xa hdi hoan toan mdi frong lich sii, xa hgi cdng san chii nghia. O dd, su phdt triin tu do cua moi nguai Id dieu kien cho suphdt triin tu do cua tdt cd mgi nguoi.
Can thiet phai ndi rang, trong ddi sdng tinh than nhan loai, tu do xua nay ludn la ly tudng cao ca ciia t i t ca cac giai tang, dii la thugng luu hay chi la binh dan.
Tdn giao nao ciing ran day con ngudi phai tdn trgng tu do eiia ngudi khae bang each tiet che tu do ea nhan. Triet hgc Hegel Cling de cao "y thuc ve tu d o " nhung trong tuong quan vdi su nhan thuc v l cai tat yeu. NghTa la ve thuc chat, t u do moi ca nhan khdng the tranh khdi lam han e h l tu do eiia ngudi khae va cua toan xa hdi.
Mdi trilt thuyit, mdi tdn giao d i u dua ra nhirng each thiic, nhiing phuang an ciia rieng minh d l giai quyet mau thuan nay.
Nhung dieu dang ehii y la, khdng ed hge thuyit nao, tdn giao nao nhan t h i y giQ-a
Hlarx trong th^ ky XX3... 11 tu do ca nhan va tu do ciia ke khac lai ed
the tuong dung vdi nhau, tham chi la dieu kien cho nhau, nhu Marx.
Day rd rang la quan niem dgc dao va hap dan cua Marx. Xa hdi tuong lai se la mgt "lien hgp cua cac ca nhan", d dd, su phat trien tu do cua ngudi nay cd vai trd tao dieu kien de ngudi khac dugc phat trien tu do hon. Quan niem mdi nhat ve phat trien con ngudi cua cac td chiic qudc te ngay nay ciing khd dat tdi trinh do nhu vay.
Thay Idi ket
Mac du chii nghia Marx van dang bi hoai nghi d mice do khdng nhd va chii nghTa xa hdi van dang phai ddi mat vdi thai do khong may tin tudng, nhung vdi Marx - vdi tinh each la nha tu tudng, la nha khoa hgc va la mgt con nguoi... - thi thai do ciia hau the lai gan nhu hoan toan khac. Thdi gian cang trdi di, tam vdc cua dng cang trd nen vT dai, dii day dd van ed ngudi nhin nhan va danh gia dng vdi thai do tieu cue.
Vdi tinh each la mgt con ngudi, Marx tu thira nhan tdt cd nhiing gi thugc ve con nguai deu khong xa Ig ddi vai tdi (Nihil humani a me alienum puto) (https;//www.marxists.org/archive/marx/
works/1865/04/01.htm). Thai do nay cho thay Marx bieu sau sac gdc re cua con nguai Id chinh bdn thdn con nguoi (K.
Marx, F Engels Todn tap, tap 1, 1995;
5 8 0 y . Con ngudi la thuc the tu nhien cd tinh nguai, tiic la nhiing cd nhdn hien thuc, la sdn phdm cua hogt dgng cua chinh con ngudi. Marx vT dai va dugc nguong md, vi trudc het, dng khdng phai la than thanh - tu tudng cua dng la tu tudng cua mgt con ngudi.
i"i "Trilt dl CO nghTa la hieu ducrc su vat den tan g5c rl ciia no. Nhung goc rl cua con nguai la chinh ban than con nguoi"
Vdi tinh each la nha khoa hgc, Marx tu thua nhan la ngudi hodi nghi tdt cd (De Omnibus Dubitandum). Tren lap trudng khaeh quan nay, dng da cdng hien cho nhan loai nhilu phat minh cd y nghia "vach thdi dai", trong dd cd nhiing phat minh ve Gid tri thdng du, v l Chu nghia duy vdt lich sii, v l Hinh thdi kinh ti - xd hgi... Tir nhung phat mmh rit co ban dd, lieh sii xa hdi loai ngudi hien ra trong su van dgng khdng he ngau nhien, ma cd nhiing nen tang va nhung ddng luc thuc su, tuan theo nhiing quy luat khach quan, tit yeu cua tien bd xa hdi.
Vdi tinh each la nha tu tudng, Marx dugc danh gia la nha tu tudng vT dai nhat trong lich sir loai ngudi hem 1.000 nam qua - nha tu tudng cua cae giai phap tran the thgc hien khat vgng xda bd mgi ap biic, bdc lot, bat cdng, chu truang xay dung mgt xa hgi ma d dd, tic do cua mdi nguoi la dieu kien cho tu do ciia tdt cd mgi nguoi.
Ngay nay, nhiing ngudi lao ddng, cac phong trao xa bgi, cac nha boat dgng xa hdi va nhan loai tien bd van chua tim thay mgt nha tu tudng nao khac cd the thay the Marx trong vice nhdm len nggn lua dau tranh cho viec giai quyet cae van de xa hdi va phan dau cho ly tudng cao dep ve tien bd xa hgi va giai phdng con ngudi •
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