V A N H O A N G H F T H i l A T Miyy^ p j g ^ ^
VAN HOA VAT CHAT
QUA TRUYEN C U ^ VIET NAM VA NHAT BAN
MOT CAI NHIN SO SANH
Lfe THI QUYNH HAO
LTS: Viet Nam va Nhat Ban CO nhieu diem tuang dong ve lich sui va van hba. Van hoa cua hai nuAc cimg chju anh huofng cua hai nen van hoa ldn, Trung Hoa va An Do, dong thai hai nudfc cung co su giao luu van hoa tir xa xua. Van hoc dan gian cua hai nuoc, trong do co truyen cuoi, cd nhieu diem tuang ddng ben canh nhufng net khae biet mang dam ban s^c cua timg dan tgc. Qua so sanh vdi truyen cudi Viet Nam, truyen cudi dan gian Nhat Ban cd the giiip Chung ta hinh dung dUdc phan nao con ngudi, van hda truyen thdng cua dat nudc nay va ban the niia, cd the nhin nhan lai mot each thau dao hdn ban dien dan tdc minh.
Trong cac sd tap chi 322, thang 4-2011 va hai sd tiep sau, VHNT ian luot gidi thieu vdi ban dgc chiim bai nghien cuu so sanh mdt sd khia canh van hda ddi sdng dugc phan anh trong truyen cudi dan gian hai nudc.
M
dt myc di'ch ciia truyen cudi la khim phi va c h i giiu nhirng mat trii cua cugc sd'ng trong nhieu linh vyc, tit mdn an thtic udng din cic cich sinh hoat thudng nhat eua ngudi xua. Cude sdng cita ngudi dan qua timg miu truyen cudi hien len mdt each diy dii, sau sic.Sur tuong dong
Qua khao sit, chiing tdi nhan tha'y sy tuong ddng vl van hda im thyc la ndi bat nhit trong mang truyen cudi vl van hda vat chit ciia hai nudc. Cau thanh ngir
"ed thyc mdi vyc duge dao" da trd nen than quen, gin liln vdi bao t h i he con ngudi d hiu hit cic nudc tren the gidi. Nhimg bua an du dam bac hay no du, trudc tien, phai d l bao tdn su sd'ng. Milng an dugc xem trgng nhung niu coi milng an lam trgng thi lai din din rat nhilu ehuyen vi pham vao dao diic xa hdi, gay cudi v i hon the niia.
Da kich tinh tham an ciia con ngudi d Nhat Ban cd truyen Cdm an qud sdm, khi tiec mdi dugc dgn ra, ngudi dan dng trong truyen da qui phan khi'ch m i cim on ludn chit nha: Nhilu
mdn nggn vat la qua! Tdi tha'y ngon mieng vd cimg. Tuong ty, ngudi Viet ed truyen Dugc mpt bffa thd cua. Mdt chi lay phii anh chdng tham an, h i ngdi vao mam l i chiii miii gip lay gip de, khdng nghi den ai. Chi ta xiu hd lim, khuyen mai phai an udng til tdn ma anh chdng vin chiing nao tat iy. Mdt hdm nhi bd vg cd gid, hai vg chdng di an cd, so chdng an udng thd Id thi xau mat chi ta liln lay mdt sgi day budc vio chan chdng, cdn dau kia chi cam lay va dan chdng: "He bao gid tdi gigt ddy mdi dugc gdp ddyT. Qidng ddng y. Vao mam, mgi ngudi dlu thay anh nay an udng tir tdn, lich su. Chi vg d dudi bep vira lam vita giat day.
Ddi liic mii lam, quen khdng giat lam anh chdng cii phai ngdi ngay ra nhin mdn an ma nhd rai.
Bd vg phai gip thiic an cho. Den giira bira, mdt con ga di qua ching may vudng phai day co chan giat giat gd mai vin khdng dugc. O tren anh chdng thiy day giat lia lia, vdi vang cim diu gip. Cang gip tha'y day cang giat tudng vg cho an tha cira, anh ta vd ludn c i dIa thiic an tnit vao bit. Hai nhan vat trong truyen
sd 322 Thang 4-2011
NGHE THUAT RON PHUaNG
mac dil cd ngudi kilm-che tinh tham an ciia hg nhung hg vin khdng thi che giau dugc tinh xiu kia. Khdng sdm thi mudn hg ciing ty bgc Id ban chit cua minh.
Thdi tat an vyng nhimg dd cim ky cua eic nha su ciing dugc dan gian hai nudc phan anh diy du va sau sic trong eic truyen Mua cd, Con muc, Nhd long gd... (Nhat Ban) va Con thanh tinh, Ddu phu cdn, Ld hdng Id hdng... (Viet Nam). Nhimg tinh hud'ng ngiu nhien da td cio viec an vyng dd cam l^y cua cic nha su.
Truyen cudi hai nudc cung phd bay tit ci nhtmg cii xau xa, bit chap ca Idng ty trgng trude milng an cua con ngudi.
Milng an trd thanh nguyen nhan gay hieu lim, xung dot giiia chu nha vdi khich An theo bdng trdc, Ong dy dn hit cd, Chd lg nghe, Hai phdn cam... (Viet Nam), Khdch den trong khi nudng bdnh (Nhat Ban)... Hay vi ehiit si dien hao ma ngudi chdng day nghiin vg, dinh con de td rd tinh cam thit dai khach quy trong truyen Nudc chdm ndy, Beo con, Hdm nude mdm... Ben canh dd cd ngudi trd nen lanh lung vdi ban be, Ididng mang den vg con, mat ca tinh anh em, gay tdi ldi ca vdi dang sinh thanh nhu nhan vat trong truyen:
Khong CO con ndo nho cd, Ddi tdi rd xoi, Gid mdi 16 ddu ra. No dn d trong, Chd lemdi cd lang dn a?. An chd co, Co hieu, Cung gid... (Viet Nam),
Ngdy kieng dn, Cdo pho...
(Nhat Ban).
Ben canh ngudn thtic an chi'nh, chiing ta eung bit gap nhung thtic udng hang ngay ciia nhan dan hai nudc nhu rugu, tri... qua eie truyen Ong ram rdu, Bde cff mdi di, Cdi mdi thinh, E vo dm (Viet) va Dpc thu hp, Ngudi khong rugu vi dgi nhdt, Ngudi phu ngua tho, Bdt cdn... (Nhat).
Thich udng nudc tri cung li mdt net van hda rat rieng cita im thyc Viet Nam, Nhat Ban mi truyen cudi cd dl cap.
Dudi gdc nhin cua truyen cudi, bit nude tri khdng cdn nguyen ven d khia canh van hda lich sy vd'n cd. Cii hii, cai tinh nghich ciia ngudi dan hai nudc da khiin net van hda nay them thii vi. Nhimg ylu td niy gdp phin tao nen sy tuong ddng trong truyen cudi hai nudc.
Van hda vat chat qua truyen cudi hai nudc cdn the hien d hoat ddng kinh te ciia ngudi dan. Tur hoat ddng nay cting tao ra khdng it dilm tuong ddng giira truyen cudi hai nudc. Rat hdm hinh, mdt loat nghi cita ngudi dan hai nude duge ve len khi diy dit nhu: nghi budn bin trong Tdng gid mgi dieu (Nhat Ban) vi Buon vit trdi. Met tri, Khoc cdi tudi, Khong phdi thit lgn se... (Viet Nam), nghi bin ci trong Con sd (Nhat Ban), Cdi bien hdng (Viet Nam), nghi giiip viec trong Ngudi hdu dugc trff td, Nhiet dp nudc tdm (Nhat Ban) va Ba anh ddy
td, Cho biet noi, Lffa chdy nhd, Mudn ddy td khong tien... (Viet Nam), nghi thiy thud'c trong Xem much ngudi hdu, Thdy lang tu khen minh... (Nhat Ban) va Bde thudc theo sdch, Bi mdng, Cdi choi long gd, Mdnh khoe, Cho sdng lgi, Chffa ma ra ngudi... (Viet Nam), nghi an trdm trong Cffa hdng (Nhat Ban) vi An trpm bi Id vdn. An trpm that thd, Bdt dugc sgi ddy... (Viet Nam), tham chi nghi ky nQ ciing xuat hien nhilu trong cic truyen hai nudc Thanh todn hoa dan, Mudn ldm samurai, Di xem long den, Tien thudc..-. (Nhat Bin) va Di tu phdi tgi (Viet Nam)...
Sy khae biet
Ben canh rat nhilu nhiing dilm tuong ddng, thdi xau bieu hien trong van hda im thyc cua hai nudc cQng cd nhimg diem Ichic biet nhat dinh. Cd nhiing thdi xau xuit hien rat nhilu trong truyen cudi ngudi Viet nhung rat It trong truyen cudi ngudi Nhat, nhu li thdi an vyng. (i Nhat Ban, thdi an vyng chi xuat hien d nhiing truyen che giiu thdi an vyng dd cam ky ciia nha su (Con muc, Mua cd), trong khi dd d truyen cudi cua ngudi Viet, thdi an vyng xuit hien rat nhilu va d nhilu ddi tugng khae nhau. Dd la nhimg phy nii chuyen an qua vat hang quin nhu d cic truyen Mui lui xa la, Dong mon dong khoai, Rdng ho, Cui soi cd thdi loi... Dd li nhimg ba
Thang 4-2011 S d 3 2 2 | r |
V A N HOA NGHE T H U A T HmtC M e o f l l
vg ludn trdn chdng an vyng (An phung chdo ke, Bdn cu.
Thong minh...) va k l ca cac bac miy rau cung khdng thua kem eic b i vl khoan an vyng nhu anh chdng trong truyen Mo hdi den, Gdy xuang sdng, Lgi chuyen dn vung chdo che, Tff cha... Truyen cudi Viet khdng chi phin inh, phe phan nhimg ndng dan it chii cd thdi hu tat xau trong van hda i m thyc ma den c i nhiing tri thiic, quan lai ciing khdng che giau duge hit han e h l nay eiia minh (Thdy do liem mat, Dffng noi nffa...
tao them)...
Trang phye ngudi Viet cung nhu ngudi Nhat Ban it dugc dl cap trong truyen cudi.
Nd chi dugc diem xuyet qua cii hii y nhi trong cich an mac cita ngudi phy nii. Hiu hit phy nii Viet xua deu mac viy. Trang phye niy xuit hien cd khi la tieng ndi budn Idng eho ngudi vg khi nhat nhai nghe theo ldi chdng trong chuyen an van, eho dii l i van trang phye cita chinh hg. Tieu bilu li nhan vat trong truyen Mac vdy nha. Nhung ciing ed khi dd l i ding cudi d i kich, cham bie'm sau cay vao bgn ngudi xau xa: Xdn mdn mpt ti Id xong, Doi rudi Id vffa. Hay ndi dgi, Ddng trudc hay ddng sau, Thd mdn, Nghien thudc phien. Long gan ddu... Hiu nhu viy la trang phue dien hinh liic biy gid cita phy nii Viet Nam. Ao dii lau nay l i trang phye truyin thdng eiia ngudi Viet nhung Ididng thiy
xuat hien trong nhimg truyen cudi ma ehung tdi khao sat.
Chi tiei nay cd thi ndi len nhieu dilu vl lieh sit cua truyen cudi dan gian Viet Nam dugc luu trii tdi hdm nay ma chiing tdi xin dugc dl cap din trong mdt nghien cUu khie. Trang phye ngudi Nhat ciing chi xuit hien qua mdt vai truyen nhu: Qudn do mong.
Ten trpm... Dd la ao choang len, i o Idt bdng, i o gai, khd.
Nhung thii niy lin lugt xuit hien dl mdt ngudi khing dinh vl sy manh dan ciia minh. Mdt ngudi khing dinh minh manh dan hon anh ciia minh chi vi ly do anh ta mac quin io it han.
Anh ta dua ra vi dy: Neu anh ay mac i o choang len thi tdi mac i o lot bdng. Neu anh ay mac io Idt bdng thi tdi khdng lot gi hit. Ne'u anh iy mac i o khdng Idt gi thi tdi mac i o gai, vi niu anh ay mac i o gai thi tdi ddng khd. Mgi ngudi bay gid mdi cham bie'm hdi them:
"-Cdn khi anh dy chi dong khd thi sao?'\ Anh ta tu tin tra ldi:
"-i, till tdi chi de phdt plid\
Qui la manh dan hon ngudi.
Cung nhu i o dai ciia ngudi Viet, kimdnd l i trang phue truyin thdng ciia ngudi Nhat Ban nhung rat it xuit hien trong truyen cudi, chi xuit hien trong hai truyen m i chiing tdi khio sit. Trang phye ciing li mdt dac dilm lim nen net khic biet giiia truyen cudi hai nudc. Qua khio sat, chiing tdi thiy ring vin dl di lai va nhi d trong truyen cudi Viet ciing ehi la diem lam nln eho
nhimg ndi dung cudi khae.
Kiiu nha tret la hinh thirc ehii yeu phu hgp vdi miic sdng ciia nhan dan Viet xua, nhirng ngdi nhi chit ye'u Igp bing tranh tre cd sin trong ty nhien. Cung qua nhiing cau chuyen: Lap lgi mdi nhd, Ldm nhd chdc chdn, Chuyen mua nhd... the hien dugc so luge nhimg vat dyng cin thilt d l xay dyng mdt ngdi nhi. Cii cudi tham thiiy trong Su tre de su mit hay cii cudi gidn gia trong Mua tre ciing bilu dat cho van d l an d cita ngudi dan Viet xua. Nhi cira cdn thd so thi van dl di lai trong truyen cudi ciing dimg lai d m i c do don gian nhai. Chiing ta phin nhilu bit gap canh nhan dan di bd, nhimg ke giau sang quyin quy mdi dugc ngdi vdng Igng khi di xa. Cii vong Igng nghenh ngang ngoii dudng khie'n tao ra nhiing biic tranh trii nguge giira ting ldp quan lai vdi ting ldp binh dan.
Tilng cudi tung ra lim vil khi da'u tranh chdng lai nhiing ke hgm minh cay quyin cay the di lai nghenh ngang. Ciing xuit hien trong truyen cudi Viet nhiing loai dd, thuyin, be qua lai tren sdng nudc. Nhtmg cau chuyen cudi xuit hien giua nhilu con ngudi khi di tren nhimg chuyen dd: Tren mpt chuyen dd, Ong ldi do ndi ldi...
Nha d eung it thiy dugc dl cap trong truyen cudi Nhat Bin, chi dugc ndi din trong truyen Cd ngudi phu giup, Cua hdng... Truyen Co ngudi
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NGHE T H U A T B(^N PHLTONG
phu giup cd nhie de'n cdng viee bai trf lai phdng khich va tyc dai khach dl gidi thieu phdng mdi... Phuang tien di lai trong truyen cudi eiing chi dimg lai d cap do don gian nhit, chii ylu li di bd, thinh thoang di bing thuyin (truyen Qua song, Ddnh ddu...
(Nhat), cung xuat hien phuong tien di lai bing ngua trong ddi sd'ng dan toe Nhat Bin xua (Ngudi cdm kich, Cudi ngua...). Ngoai ra, khdng tha'y dl cap din eie phuong tien giao thdng khic.
Van hda vat chat qua truyen cudi cdn the hien d hoat ddng kinh te cua ngudi dan. Qua truyen cudi, cac hoat ddng kinh tl chit yeu cita nhan dan Viet la sin xuat ndng nghiep. Hinh anh nhimg ndng dan qua truyen cudi that tha, mdc mac. Hg chi bilt con trau di trude cii ciy theo sau, sudt ngay lao ddng vat va de lam ra cil khoai, hat gao. Nhtmg eau ehuyen thii vi vl anh ndng dan phai dit trau (bd) di lim tir sdm ma nhin nhim hd thanh ra mat ca budi ciy (Mdt budi cdy), hay nhan vat ngudi ndng dan hiln lanh, that thi bi me vg bit nat (Bim bip keu md cdy) vi nhimg hoat ddng cay, gat vdn dl cua nghi ndng cdn dugc trinh bay trong eie cau chuyen hdm hinh khae: Gdy xuang sdng, Anh chdng ngoc, Nghien thudc phien, Chdng re thong manh...
Ndng nghiep li nganh nghi chinh ciia dan Viet xua de duy tri eudc sd'ng ciia minh. l^img
cau chuyen cudi cat len vira khic hga dugc biic tranh van hda vat chat ddng thdi gay dugc tie'ng cudi liic di ddm, gidn gia sang khoii, Idii tham thuy sau cay cita nhan dan Viet xua. Dac diem nay khdng tha'y trong truyen cudi Nhat Ban ma chiing tdi nghien ciru.
O linh vyc nghi nghiep, ben canh nhiing diem tuong ddng cung ed khdng ft nhirng net khic biet, cd nhimg nghi khdng tha'y trong truyen cudi Nhat Bin nhung lai xuit hien rit nhilu trong truyen cudi ngudi Viet ma chiing tdi khao sat. VI dy nhu nghi thiy bdi, thiy tudng, thiy dia ly, thay phii thiiy, thiy biia, thiy sd, thay phap... (Ai nudi tdi. Hoi khdch qua dudng, Thdy bua, Thdy phdp rdu do...), nghi thay ciing (Chet nhdm, Chu Nguyen Thi Tea, Tra dudi vdo...), nghi thg mgc, thg bac, thg may (Nhdt ben trgng nhdt ben khinh, Cdng mpt mdn, Hai kieu do...), nghi ve truyin thin (Thdy quen mat nhd con roi sao), nghi chup hinh (Mau phai), nghi td tirgng, diic chudng, lam eiu (Khuyen gido...), nghi hin kim (Thg hdn ldm), nghi lam ndng (Trung thdn nghia sled, Mua phdn...), tham chf nghi cho vay nang lai ciing dugc tic gia dan gian Viet dl cap den trong truyen Ddu ddm ldm dng khd ldy. Nguge lai, mdt loat nghi cita ngudi dan Nhat Ban duge de cap trong truyen cudi nhung khdng thiy d truyen cudi ngudi Viet nhu:
nghi ban thudc dao (trong Thudc chdng bd), nghi cho thue nha, xay lua, dao gieng (trong Ddo gieng trong nhd), nghe quang cio, tilp thi (trong Bien qudng cdo, Bdn ddu), nghi day thuat danh kilm (trong Thudt ddnh kiem), nghi canh tuin (trong Thdt bgi cua ngudi tudn dem, Ngudi canh phdng lffa)..., diem niy eiing gdp phin tao nen sy khic biet giiia truyen cudi hai qudc gia.
Chg, mdt dia dilm hoat ddng kinh t l thuong mai ciing xuat hien trong truyen cudi cita ngudi Viet nhung khdng thiy trong truyen cudi Nhat Ban ma chiing tdi khao sit.
San vat biy bin trong chg la nhung sin vat xung quanh khudn vien gia dinh be nhd cita mdi gia dinh. Ngudi dan hiu nhu dem nhung thir hang hda do minh lam ra de trao ddi cho nhau. Ddng tiln xuit hien lim gii tri trao ddi nhung cung chi diing lai d mire thap, nhimg quan tien hay ddng xu.
Tu hoat ddng thuang mai nay, ngudi dan ciing che cudi cac tat xau nhu an qua, trdm cip cdn tdn tai d mdt sd ddi tugng (Dong mdn dong khoai, Keu trudc len Id vffa...).
Nhirng cau chuyen cudi cat len vita khic hga dugc biic tranh van hda vat chat ddng thdi gay dugc tilng cudi liic df ddm, gidn gia, sang khoii, khi tham thiiy, sau cay eiia ngudi dan hai nudc Viet Nam- Nhat Ban B
L.TQ.H
Thang 4-2011 Sd 322 E S I
