NAM A VA NAM DAO
LUONG NINH'
1. Toe Viet, ngv/di Viet, t i e n g Viet NgUdi Mdn cd - Indonesiens tii VSn hoa BSc Sdn, tijt chan niii da voi b cac tinh Cao Bang, Lang Sdn ngky nay, tien xuong trung du, trong liia cl l^ng Ca, Phii Tho, md rong vung cU tni b Phii Tho, tien xuong dong bang, Ikp nghiep b Chau Can, Ha Tay. Diidng nhien, ho vSn giii moi quan h^
mat thiet, trao doi san vat giQa mien niii phia Bac v6i dong bang, do nhu c^u trao doi san vat va tren cd sd quan h$ than tinh, tham chl than thuoc giQa cac nhom dan cQ b thiidng lUu va trung du song Hong, song Da.
NhQng truydn dan gian co ng^uon goc d vung nui phia Bde nhU Pu lUcfng Qudn,
"Chin chua tranh vua" (Van hgc Viet Nam, tap 39) phan anh sQ hinh thanh nhQng toe ngQdi va lich sii toe ngQdi trong thdi ky dSu cl mien BSc Vi^t Nam. Thite te, day ehi la nhQng truyen thuyet, chuyen ke, khong phai la tai li^u lich sit, tuy no phan anh mot phSn ky Qc lieh sii, nhQng moi quan h?
ban d i u eua toe ngQdi ban diu thi chac c6 the CO. Khao co hoc c6 the dem lai hieu biet va gdi y suy nghi g^n gui hdn.
Xin bat dSu bang Vdn hda Mai Pha, nam trong h^ tho'ng sinh thai nhan vdn sdn kho'i Bae Sdn, "cau noi giQa vung ven bien Dong Bae Viet Nam vdi nhQng bo phAn dan cQ khae tai eQe Bae Vi^t Nam (V&n hoa Ha Giang) va eae cong dong ngiidi ben kia bion
gi6i". Trong dia ban Mai Pha (Lang Sdn),
"da tim tha'y vo oe bien Cyprea pho bien cl vung bien Ha Long, tha'y bon eo vai, co na'e, gom pha vo nhuyen the, motip hoa vSn chap them, hoa van tro lo "dien hinh Ha Long", lai eon tha'y "nhQng bang ehQng tQdng dong ve gom, bo eong cu da mai, giQa Mai Pha va Phung Nguyen va ea "da'u Bac Sdn" trong di chi Phung Nguyen (Ha HQu Nga, 2004). Xa hdn, trong di ehi Van h6a Ha Giang mot so manh go'm co hoa van khae vach, v6i nhQng cha'm trong diidng vach va nhQng ban dap khae ranh song song, ra't giong nhQng ban dap d Phung Nguyen. Moi quan h$ hai chieu Ha Giang - Mai Pha (Lang Sdn) - Phung Nguyen (Phu Tho) da c6 the coi la ehac chan.
Cung CO nha nghien cQu nha'n manh hdi qua vc moi quan h$ v&n hoa, toe ngQdi, ve xa hoi dan cQ, to chQc quan sQ, ve doan quan Nam Tien ehinh phue song Hong, theo truydn Cdu Chda Treng Biia, mac du Trung du va dong bang da dong due va phat trien, nhQ da tha'y qua Ldng Cd, Chdu Can, thi it nha't eung eo the khing dinh ve moi quan h^ giao iQu van hoa, tiep xuc dan cQ giQa Trung du va dong bang v6i mien niii phia Bac, dia ban ciia ngQdi Tay- Nung CO, lai co quan h$ rong v6i to tien ciia ngiidi Nung, ngiidi Chuang, la dan noi tieng Tay (each goi ngon ngQ Thai eua mot so' nha nghien cQu phQdng Tay), de khoi lan v6i ngildiynQdc Thai Lan dung de ehi ca
*GS. Vi$n Khoa hoc KR hpi Vi^t Nam
Tlghi&n cuu Lich siir. sg 8.2008
ngQdi Thai, Lao, Tay, Nung, Chuang, Shan...
Tiep de'n, xem x6t chinh Vdn hda Hg Long - vung ven bien Bac Bg. TQ Mai Pha, mot so iQdng dang ke doi xe sdi bang da't nung da dQdc tim tha'y, co hoa van dac sie- 6 dQdng khae vach tQ tam ra de'n mep, theo cap, moi cap 2 vach thang. De'n Ha Long,
"mot sQu tap bon da, bua da kich thQ6c ldn
"nhieu kha nang la nhQng cong cu chat go, due thuyen doe moc hoac gh6p be mang"
da dQdc phat hien, "tuy chQa tim tha'y da'u tich mot con thuyen nao" (Ha HQu Nga, da din, 32). Vung Ha Long cung la ndi phat hien eong xQdng ehe tac mui khoan (de lam do trang sQc) b Ben Bai, Cat Ba, va eong xQdng che tac do trang sQc d Trang Kenh, Hai Phong (Nguyen Kim Dung, 1996 va 2003). Mot dieu de nhan tha'y la vi$e cQa, due, khoan eae vong tay, n h i n , hoa tai, bang da ban qui, phai la mot sQ phan eong lao dong chuyin mdn hda kha cao; mat khae deo nhQng do trang sQe nay han la nhQng ngQdi "sdn tien" va nhat la khong phai thQdng xuyen "chdn ldm tay biin". Xa hoi da phan hoa va phat trien, nha't la d vung ven bien, va dieu nay eang ro qua eae mo tang thdi Dong Sdn, muon hdn mpt chut. Cung binh tuyen HAu ky Da mdi Da But, Quynh Van, thi Cai Beo - Ha Long da eho tha'y net rieng, dae sic eua vung Van hoa ven bien: do dam dae cua riu bon eo vai, e6 na'c, iQdi xoe. Cong eu lUdi xde lich la dae trQng va con chQng to "nguon goc ban dia cua do dong nudc ta" (riu dong iQdi xoe lech) (Ha HQu Nga, Nguyen Van Hao, 1998). Loai bon co vai, eo na'e, dac trQng cua Ha Long cQng dQdc tim tha'y d Cao Bang, Quang Dong, Van Nam, Dai Loan, Philippin, "nhQng chQa ndi nao co mat do phan bo dam dac nhQ d Ha Long" (Ha HQu Nga, da din). Ben canh do, nhung hat
chuoi nho det, hinh dia, che tac tQ vo nhuyen the cung tha'y kha nhieu b Philippin. NhQ the. Van hoa Ha Long, van hoa ven bien mien Bae eho tha'y eo moi quan h$ rong rai, vdi Nam Trung Quoc, Philippin, nhUng la tQ day di hay anh hQdng qua lai, md khdng he thdy ddu tich vdn hda Nam Ddo tii ngodi biin vdo viing bd bien Bac Bg Viet Nam.
Thdi do Dong, cung binh tuyen Gd Mun, eae di ehi khao eo phan anh dia ban cQ tni da md rong: Vudn Chuoi (Hk Tay), 150 TCN, Gd Chiia Thdng (Ha Noi), 700 TCN, Viet Khi (Hai Phong), 500 TCN.
De'n thdi Scf ky Sat, Vdn hda Ddng Sifn, pham vi cQ tru rong hdn, dong due hdn, da'u tich cua ddi song con ngQdi phong phu va phat trien cao hdn:
Co the xac dinh thdi Vdn hda Ddng Sdn, mdt budc ngoat cua lich sit vdi mot so yeu to, dac diem ehung nhQ sau:
1. Md tdng: Mg ddt \k loai mo pho bien nha't, ngQdi chet dQdc dat trQc tiep vao huyet, n i m ngiia, chan tay duoi thing, 1 trQdng hdp n i m co, mot so mo thuyen hay quan tai b i n g t h a n cay due rong, la tang thQc cd ban eiia ngQdi Indonesiens ban dia- Dong Nam A lue dia. Di cot trong mo cung xac nhan dieu do: ngiidi Chau Can, lang CQdm... (Nguyen Lan CQdng, 1975 va 2004).
Ldng Cd (Phu Thp) co 311 mp tang, Chdu Can (Hk Tay) co 8 ngoi mp thuyen, Thi?u DQdng (Thanh Hoa) eo 122 ngoi mp Dong Sdn, 25 ngoi mp thdi thupe Han... C6 the noi k h i p chau thd song Hong, song Ma va song Ca, dau dau cung da dQcjc khai pha va phat trien.
2. NgQdi Dong Sdn da c6, sii dving mpt h$ thd'ng dd ddng ra't phong phii, gom cong
Ram A vb Ham fiio
cu, do dung, nhac khi, trang sQc, trang phue va vu khi, trong do, vu khi ehi§'m mpt ty 1^ kha eao. Khong phai ehi sd hQu, aii dyng ma eon dat tdi trinh dp luy^n kim, due dong kha cao, de'n mQc diiu luyen ddng kinh ngge.
3. TQ trinh dp luy^n kim mau nhu the, ngQdi Dong Sdn da tien tdi ky nghp luypn kim den - rdn due dd sdt. Khao ed hpe da phat hipn iQdi eudc s i t d di chi Go Chien vay; vu khi, cong cu s i t eung dQdc tim tha'y trong cac mp thuyen d Phu LQdng, Xuan La... Mpt sd 16 luypn s i t con hinh dang phat hipn dQdc d Ddng Mom (Nghp An);
mpt sd ndi, nhQ d Xuan Giang (Ha Tinh) con tha'y da'u vet cue xi s i t rai rac trai dai 2km. M l u than tro ben tren iQdi cude s i t d Go Chien Vay c6 nien dai C14 la 2350 ±100 BP; thd ky 3 TCN ma neu cho nien dai ehe tac con sdm hdn, the ky 4 TCN; tuy co the la muon hdn Trung Qudc it nhieu, nhiing cung c6 the la sdm va eao trong khu vQe.
4. Tren cd sd trinh dp luypn kim m l u va luypn kim den phat trien sdm va cao nhil the, ngQdi Dong Sdn tiep tyc phat trien nghe trdng Ida, ca lua te va lua nep, cdc nghi thu. cdng khde nhQ dpt, lam gdm... (Ha v a n Ta'n ehu bien, 1994).
Tren day ehi ke mpt sddi chi-di tieh tieu bilu ve tQng m$t hay mpt sd mat trong tdng sd dupc biet eho den nay hdn 200 di chi Van hda Dong Sdn tren mien Bic va mien Trung Vipt Nam. Khung nien dai ciia van hda Dong Sdn du<?e biet nhQ sau: Ldng Cd • Vipt Tri (Phu Thp: 2285 ±100 BP, Chdu Can • Roki DQc (Ha Tay): 2375 ± 60 BP, G6 chiin Vdy - Hoki DQc (Ha Tay):
2350 ±100 BP; Quj> Chii - bd song Ma Thanh Hda: 2520 ± 55 BP. NhQ the, nien dai sdm la thd ky 5 TCN, muon la the ky 3 TCN. Dang chu y la Chau Can va Go Chien. Vay la 2 dia didm khong each xa
nhau, lai co nien dai C14 tQdng ddi gin nhau, nen co the coi the ky 4-3 TCN la giai doan phat trien eao eua Vdn hda Ddng Scfn.
Co the noi k h i p chau tho song Hdng, song Ma va song Ca dau dau cung da dUde khai pha va phat trien, tQ thdi dd Ddng den sd ky s i t . Chu nhan cua van hda nay di len tQ thdi Da mdi Hoa Binh, Bic Sdn la ngQdi Indonesiens ban dia hay Mdn cd ve nhan ehung va van hoa/ngdn ngQ, the hipn qua tang thQc phd bien va di edt eua con ngQdi- NgUdi Indonesiens, nhQ da biet qua di edt
Chau Can, Lang CQdm... Toi nghi r i n g thuat ngQ Ngudi Mdn cd la ehinh xac va thich hdp, tham chi sat hdn ca Indonesiens vi ve mat nhan chiing hpc, Indonesiens Id Proto-Australo-Mongoloid, chi ca cQ dan co vung hai dao, nhil ngQdi Dayak, Batak.
tham chi day la ngudn gdc ciia tii Indonesiens, cdn Mdn co-Proto-Mdn nha'n manh mat van hda cua cU ddn cd luc dia Ddng Nam A, ndi ngon ngQ eung c6 ca tdng Mdn cd. Xin nha'n m^inh Mdn cd chQ khong phai Mdn-Khmer. 6 k h i p Dong Nam A luc dia, ngiidi Indonesiens-Proto-Mdn sinh sdng, ndi ngon ngQ Mon cd, nhil ngQdi Penong d Khorat ma ehi c6 mpt bp lac phat trien thanh Khmer (nam 611), khi do mdi cd M6n-Khmer. NgQdi Mon, gpi la Mdn, ndi vd vii't chd Mdn b lilu vQc song Me Nam den the ky 13, d ha iQu Ayerwadi va Sittang ndi va viet chQ Mon den the ky 10, mot bp phan con den ngay nay. NgQdi Mon cd d ddng b i n g song Hdng, song Ma va song Ca den thdi Van hda Dong Sdn thdi thjnh ciia dd ddng va sd ky s i t da phat trien vQpt len ddng thdi da dung nap them yeu td Tdy cd vd Tiin Nam Dao, hinh thanh toe Vipt va tieng Viet - Viittic. (Cd mpt tQ gpi suy nghi - Sdng Dd, gdm Sdng (Mon cd Klong), vdi Dd (Malayo: Da/Ddc: NQdc: Sdng), hay Nam Niim, Nam Sam \k cac nhanh thQpng ngudn song Ma...
Rghi&i cijru Lich sit. s6 8.2008 Trong so' hdn 200 di chi Van hda Ddng
Sdn, ra't loi cuo'n sQ chu y la di chi Ldng Vgc (Nghp An), 246 ngdi mp, 510 hien vat ddng, ndi tieng ve so' vu khi, dd dung, nhac khi ddng. Trong so' mp, mp vd chiem tdi 28% nha't la cdn cd ca mpt khu rieng biet d xdm Dinh. Dd trang sQc cd khuyen tai, vdng, hat chuoi, bua deo hinh rang. Dd thuy tinh kha nhieu, 108 hien vat, gdm khuyen tai, vdng tay, hat chuoi, nha't la khuyen tai thiiy tinh 3 mA'u. Cd the ndi chic r i n g trong sQ ra't phong phu ban dia, ldng Vgc cung eho tha'y md'i quan hp vdi Vdn hda Sa Huynh. Co le Ldng Vgc la gidi han Bie xa nha't ma da'u tieh vdn hda Nam Ddo b i t dau co va cd the neu ed, xua't hien ddng thdi vdi da'u tich v&n hda Nam Dao d mien Trung.
Di tich Gd Qui • Dung Qua't - Quang Ngai (Trinh Sinh, 2007) eho tha'y ro sQ cpng cQ tai Gd Que, ddng thdi, xen l l n va ddng d i n g giQa cQ dan Van hoa Dong Sdn va Van hda Nam Dao. O Lang Vac, ngQdi Nam Dao cd mat sau, nhQng khong muon hdn nhieu lim, cd ddng gop mpt so'da'u tich van hda la va mpt tang thQc la, nhQng cdn giQ vai trd phu, nhd hdn dan ban dia. O Gd Que va tQ Gd Que trd vao Nam, ngQdi Nam Dao den bd bien nhieu hdn, tim ndi dinh cQ va d mpt so' ndi da giQ vai trd ehii yeu trong sQ phat trien kinh te xa hpi.
Trong bo'i canh dd, tpc Vipt b i t d i u hinh thanh tQ thdi dai ddng tren nen eua ngQdi Indonesiens-ngQdi Mon cd, vdn cd sQ tQdng ddng vdi ngQdi Mdn coTndonesiens cQ tru rpng rai tren Nam Ddng DQdng va ca tren Ddng Nam A.
Qua trinh nay da thanh hinh vao giai doan phat trien cao ciia Van hda do ddng Ddng Sdn d thdi Sd ky s i t , khoang the ky r v TCN. No phong phu ve ehiing loai, hoan ehinh, tinh te va duyen dang ve hinh thQc
va hoa van, vQdt hdn h i n eae loai dd ddng trong khu vQc.
CQ dan ddng b i n g song Hdng tQ than vQdn len nhQ tinh lien tuc va phd bien eiia cac van hda khao cd da cho tha'y, nhQng ddng thdi da cd ca sQ ddng gdp ciia van hda Ha Giang, Mai Pha, ciia yeu t d v a n hda Tay cd nhQ da tha'y va it nhieu cua yeu td van hda bien. Sil hinh thanh van hda Viet trong dd, tieng Viet cd the cd mpt yeu td Tdy cdvk mpt yeu td Tien Nam Ddo. Chic chin khdng phai la gdp 3 p h i n b i n g nhau ma nen tang ehinh la cQ dan cd - Mdn cd - Tien Dong Sdn, tQ Phung Nguyen den Ddng Sdn.
Yeu to' Tdy cd tuy khdng la ehii yeu, nhQng lau dai va trQc tiep; cdn yeu td Nam Ddo chi cd tQ ldng Vgc, kha mudn, chi dQdc xac nhan khi ed sQ giao thoa van hda d Gd Que.
Khoang the ky 4 TCN. Du sao sQ dpc dao d day la sQ hdp sQc eua 2 bp lac (Au va Lac) va 3 yeu to' van hda (Tay, Mdn vd Nam Ddo), tao nen mdt van hda Vipt la mpt thQc the dung hdp rpng, nhQng lai rieng bipt, hoan chinh va thdng nha't.
NgUdi Mdn cd b ddng b i n g sdng Hdng cd dieu kipn/kha nang p h a t trien tQ than, vdi sQ dung nap mpt p h i n yeu td v&n hda, trong dd cd ngdn ngQ Tay cd, mpt p h i n yeu td Nam Dao qua van hda ven bien, trd thanh Vipt-Viettie, trd thanh Nam A. Cho nen, G.B.Logan (1862) mdi gpi ten 11 hi ngdn ngQ Mdn-Annam, hay Mdn-Viit, ma 50 nam sau, W.Sehmidt (1907) ddi gpi la hp ngdn ngQ Mdn-Khmer hay Nam A (Austro-Asiatic languages) ma hp nay lai la eai gaeh ndi giQa dan Trung A va Nam Dao, nhQ chu de/ten gpi mot cdng trinh nghien cQu eua W.Schmidt. Ngudi Vipt trQdc het 11 tieng Vipt la sU dung hop rdng, md, it nha't la giQa 3 yeu td, nen ban c h i t la chQa dQng tam the md, dung hdp/dung hda rpng, nhQng lai tao nen mdt thUc thi' thd'ng
Ram A vh Ram S i o
nhdt, rieng biit, phdn biit vdi xung quanh, V(M cai khde biit. Phai chang vi the ma nd khong cha'p nhan sQ ddng hda, sQ lam ma't di ban sac ciia nd? Ma nd kien cQdng chdng lai mpi sQ nd djch, ddng hda, xda nhda ban sic? Trong lich svl sQ ket hpp 2-3 bp lac sdng canh nhau, ddng dipu vdi nhau de hinh thanh mgt tgc ngUdi, mgt qudc gia, khdng nhQng da phd bien, ma cdn trd thanh mgt qui ludt ciia sU phdt triin: Hi Lgp cd dgi \k sQ ket hdp eua 3 toe Myceens, Doriens va Aeheens, Roma cd dgi \k 3 tpc Latinii, Etrurii va Sabini, An Do Ik 2 tpc Pandava va Kuru/Korava; Phd. Nam \k hai bp lac - Nam A (Mdn cd) Bnam vdi Nam Dao... (LQdng Ninh, 2005). NhQng qudc gia nay cd dieu kipn phat trien nhanh, manh, nhQng de ed ngon ngQ ehung va tQ dd, cd chQ vie't thi phai c i n ed mdt thdi gian hdi dai. d ngQdi Vipt, Au va Lac (Tay cd vk Mdn cd), lai them mpt chut Nam Dao) ed the da hda nhap vao khoang the ky IV TCN de cd mdt van hda Ddng Sdn dac sic, mpt ban linh rieng ngay tQ sdm, tuy chQa the ngay tQc k h i c hda nhap, dung hdp mpi sQ khae bipt ben trong, nhQng tan dQ eiia xa hpi bp lac, nhQng thi tpc khae nhau. Mat khae, d thdi ky bp lac, ngQdi ta phan bipt ve ngudn gdc th} tpc, ed eung td tien hay khdng, ma nhp ve phan bipt theo ndi cQ tru, sdng sudi, rQng va phQdng thQc sd'ng. Cd ehd nao dd phan bipt nghiem ngat, cd ehd nao dd lai hinh nhQ l l n Ion, chinh la dae diem eiia xa hpi nguyen thuy (H.L. Morgan, 1877).
2. Viet vk Bach Viet
Mpt 80 ngQdi v i n vQdng va'n vdi sQ kipn hinh nhQ cd mdi lien quan gi giQa nQdc Vipt ciia Cau Tien d i y sQ tieh ly ki ly thu (da thanh kich ban phim) vdi "Bach Vipt"
eung li ky khdng kdm va md hd cdn nhieu hdn. Tuy nhien, nQdc Viet-Cau Tien thi cd
sQ tieh rd rang. T Q Ma Thien (SQ ky) viet 'To tien cua Vipt vQdng Cau Tien la ddng doi vua Vu, eon thQ hai eua vua Thieu Khang nha Ha". 'TQdng truyen dp hdn 4000 nam tnldc", Trung Qudc ed mgt tii trUdng bd lac ten la Hoang De, rdi den Nghieu, Thua'n, Vu, Khai"... (Dong Tap Minh, da din, 1963). T i t ea nhQng sQ kipn nay den vipe Vipt dipt Ngo (473 TCN), rdi Vipt lai bi Sd dipt (306 TCN) va ket thuc b i n g vipe T i n thdng n h i t Trung Nguyen, nam 221 TCN. TQ nam nay ngQde ve trQdc va sau, thdi nha Han, eae sQ kipn va nien dai deu ed the kiem chQng dupe kha ro rang. Dan eua dng Nghieu, T h u i n Vu la dan lam nong nghipp tren lUu vQc Hoang Ha, lap nen cac trieu nha Ha, ThUdng, Chu... thUdng xuyen tranh chip danh nhau vdi nhQng ngQdi chan nuoi du myc d phia Bic va Nam Hoang Ha ma hp gpi la Nhung dich. Trong thdi gian dai, hp sang tao ra r i t nhieu truyen thuyet ve thiiy td, ve phQdng thQc lam an, sinh sd'ng eua thdi bp lac nguyen thuy. Phai den thd ky 3 TCN, qua thdi gian dai, "ngQdi Hoa Ha va Nhung dich mdi hda hpp dQpc vdi nhau" (Dong Tap Minh, da din).
Hdn the ky, nQdc Vipt d Chiet Giang xung dot vdi nQdc Ngd, an ngQ ea mpt dai ven bien Sdn Ddng va sdng DQdng Tii, nen den day (306 TCN), eon dQdng xudng phQdng Nam ma hp nghi deu la d i t thupc Vipt Cd'i Ke (!) da dQpc md cho ngQdi Hoa Ha d mien Bie. Phia Nam song DQdng Tii dd'i vdi ngQdi Hoa Ha v i n cdn r i t xa la;
nhieu ndi dan cQ cdn thQa thdt, sdng trong tinh trang bp lac nguyen thiiy, cdn t h u i n phac ma ngQdi Hoa Ha gpi gdp bing mpt cai ten ehung ehung. Nam Man. Do do, khdng the coi la ed mdi quan hp gi giQa nQdc Vipt d Chiet Giang vdi ngQdi Vipt phQdng Nam eung da sang tao nen Van
Rghjgn curu Lich sit. s6 8.200g hda Ddng Sdn, tieng Viet, hinh t h a n h tdc
Viet va lap nQdc Au Lac, ddng thdi vdi nQdc Viet d nui Cd'i Ke, mai tan Chiet Giang.
Cudi the ky 3 TCN, nha T i n t h i n g cac nQdc thdi Chien Qud'e da tien cdng phQdng Nam, danh den ca da't ngQdi Vipt nhUng khong t h i n g . Dudng xa dong dudi, qua nhieu vung lanh thd, nhieu tpc ngQdi khae nhau, ngQdi Hoa thdi nha T i n coi nhieu vung, nhieu bp lac deu cd gdc Viet, gpi ehung la Bach Viet, coi nhQ t i t ca deu ed ngudn goc tQ phQdng Bic, la than thupc ciia ho. NhQng ten gpi nhQ Au, Man, g i n them tQ Viet, lai cdn cd Ngai Viet, Sdn Viet, DQdng Viet... la nhQng khai niem khdng ed trong thQc te. NhU the ma trong khoang 2 nam, 2007, 2008, da tU phat dien ra mpt cupc thao luan trQc tuyen b i n g tieng Anh, ddi khi xen tieng Hoa ve chii de "Ngudn gdc ngudi Viet Nam" trong quan nipm "Phd Bdch Viet - Pan-Bayueism". NhQng ngQdi cd y kien thi kha nhieu, tdi vai tram; r i t it ngUdi dUde biet ten that, it ngudi cd ten tudi trong khoa hpc. Cd le vi the ma hp tU cho minh dQdc ndi nang eiu tha chang?
Ching han, 'TQ Col Ke den Giao Chi, ngQdi Bach Viet cd mat d k h i p mpi ndi, chia thanh nhieu thi tpc" (?) hay "tieng Vipt la mpt bp phan eua tieng Trung Hoa va thQdng dQdc gpi la tieng Quang Ddng" (?).
Hdn mQc e i u tha, d mpt so' ngQdi edn la sQ nham nhi, nhQ: "NgQdi Quang Ddng each day 2.000 nam la sQ pha trpn giQa ngQdi Han vdi ngQdi Vipt tai chd, tQc dan tpc g i n vdi ngQdi Nung hipn nay, nen vQdng qudc Nam Viet khdng cd quan hp vdi dan toe hipn nay mang qud'e hipu Viet Nam, "NgQdi Vipt Nam hipn dai kdm hieu biet, cin dQdc day bao r i n g hp chi cd quan hp vdi Au Lac thdi, chQ khdng phai vdi Nam Viet" (Nam Viet thdi Trieu Da). Cdn nhieu l i m , nhQng nhQng phan bae nhQ the nay chi b i n g
thQa, vi "ldi ndi gid bay" ciia mdt sd ngQdi cd hieu biet va tam dia kdm edi thi thQc sQ la khdng the cai hda dQdc. Tuy nhien, ciing cd mdt so'ngQdi, it thdi, thQc sQ nghien cQu, y kien nghiem tue, dang nen suy xdt: luan an Ph.D (tien si) cua Jennifer Holmgren n h a n de "Chinese Colonisation of Northern Vietnam" (Su dd hg cua Trung Hoa d Bac Viet Nam), ndm 1980 (do GS. Keith Taylor hQdng din?), da chQng minh r i n g sau nha T i n va nha Han, trong 6 the ky d i u Cdng Nguyen, nhieu gia dinh ldn ngQdi Hoa/Han da den Giao Chi thdi a'y, tham gia vao bp may cai tri, nhQng theo Jennifer, thQc te cho t h i y da dien ra qua trinh Vipt hda cac ddng hp Trung Hoa, hdn la Han hda ddi vdi ngQdi Vipt, d i n tdi sQ xua't hipn mdt t i n g ldp thQdng iQu Hoa-Vipt, mQu toan "phi thQc dan hda", "ban dia hda" thiet ehe eai tri. Si Nhiep la mot vi du. Xem ra, Keith Taylor r i t tan thudng y kien nay? Tdi eho r i n g y kien eiia Jennifer la nghiem tuc, cin suy xdt nhUng cung e i n phan bipn. Si Nhiep da thanh cdng d mQc dp ban dia hda, trung hdp khat vpng dpc lap, tQ do eiia dan ehung ban dia; nhQng cudi cung t h i t bai vi mQu toan Han hda mpt cdng ddng, mdt van hda mang ban sic phi Han/phi Hoa. Bieu hipn ciia sQ t h i t bai dd la sQ ndi day, khdi nghia den ky dUdc mdi thdi. Day khdng phai ddn t h u i n la nhQng cupc chien tranh xam iQdc va chd'ng xam iQdc ma la sQ ddi khang van hda. Nhieu ngQdi khdng hilu dQdc dieu nay. T Q Ma Thien khi ndi v l td tien ciia Cau Tien, cung chi la b i t chQde nhQng ngQdi tien bdi, k l ra eho oai, tdi Tam Hoang Ngu De, tdi De Nghieu, De T h u i n , ma ngay nay ai eung biet ehi la nhQng thii linh bp lac nguyen thuy, ke ten, sang tao ra nhieu ten tpc, gpi ehung la "Bdch Viet" vi la nhieu qua, khdng ed kha ndng phan bipt!
Nay, mpi ngQdi deu biet xung quanh d i t
Ram A va Ram Dio
gdic d iQu vuc Hoang Ha cd r i t nhidu bp lac trdng trpt, chan nudi du mue, xa la va ddi khang ma chinh cac vQdng trieu Hoa-Han gpi/eoi hp la Ddng Di, Tay Nhung, Bie Dich, Nam Man. NhQng di tQ sdng DQdng Tii den Tay Giang (giap Bie Vipt Nam ngay nay) edn phai qua ngQdi Mieu (d Vipt Nam gpi la H'Mdng), Dao, d phia Tay-Nam va h i u k h i p phia Nam, iQu vQc Tay Giang la ngUdi Chuang, ndi ngdn ngQ Tay, khae Hoa, khae Vipt ("Khu tQ tri Chuang"). T i t nhien, sQ huyen hoac, md hd la phu hdp vdi trinh dp hieu biet eiia ngQdi xQa, ciia xa hpi nguyen thuy. Sil md hd lai dQdc linh thieng hda phu hdp vdi tam ly, khat vpng eua mdi cdng ddng, dan tpc trong budi khai sinh, budi d i u dQng nQdc. NgQdi ta thich the, tin the. Dan tdc nao cung the. NhQng dan tpc
"van minh" n h i t loai ngudi nhQ Hi Lap, Roma, lai dQng nen sQ khdi ngudn cua minh b i n g mpt hp thdng t h i n thanh huyen hoac, phi ly nha't, nhQng lai ddng yeu, phu hpp thQc td ciia hp, khat vpng eua hp. O day khdng nang tinh duy ly, khdng nen duy ly dl phe phan. NgQdi Vipt - Vipt Nam k l va ghi lai nhQng sQ tich khdi thuy va bQde di d i u tien cung ed ndt huyen hoac, phi ly, nhQng khat vpng ve mpt sQ khdi d i u hoanh trang, dang hoang, k h a t vpng ve sQ tQ do, phai chang cung la mdt khat vpng dang tran trpng ciia td tien? Trong cude thao lu^n tum lum k l tren, mpt nha nghien cQu ngQdi My, T.Aspell giii tr\lc tiep eho tdi (dl hoi) mpt vai doan dieh va y kien ciia Keith Taylor (trong bdi canh cupc thao luan ndi tren?): "Song Shu-Tdng thU, ch. 97): "d vung nui Quang Chau, ndi ngQdi Li hay Liao (cae nhdm Man tpc ed nhieu"; Sui shu- Tiiy thu (eh. 82) "Cae bpn Nam Man khae nhau sdng xen ke ngUdi Hoa, dUpe gpi la Yan, Xiang, Li, Liao va Yi. IQidng bpn nao c6 vua hay thu linh (chief), t i t ca deu sdng
trong hang. TQ xUa den nay, bpn ehung deu thude ve gidng Bdch Vipt". Dieu tdi quan tam khdng phai la doan dieh ra tieng Anh dung hay sai eiia dng, ma la doan nhdn xdt ciia K. Taylor: "Li la mdt danh tQ dung trong the ky 5 de gpi cac bp lac mien nui, trd thdnh cai ten dung trong sudt the ky 6 d l gpi nhQng dan khdng phai Hoa dinh cQ d vung tha'p". NgUdi Vipt Nam dugc coi Id thudc ve nhdm ngUdi Li nky (Taylor p. 149).
Tdi da tra ldi T.Aspell: 'Tdi khdng ro dng l y - K.Taylor, hieu Li la the nao, ed cung vdi each hilu ciia tdi hay khdng? NhUng ngudn tai lipu eua dng l y qua muon (Td'ng thU:
420-478 AD; Tiiy thU lai eang mudn: 589- 618 AD), luc a'y, nUde Au Lac ciia ngUdi Vipt da lap lau rdi". Tuy nhien, trong sQ hieu biet md hd ciia thdi xa xQa, cua ca cac ngudn tai lipu dUde ghi chdp tQ thdi nha Han, trong y thQc quang ba la Trung Hoa/
trung tam ciia the gidi, cac sii gia Vipt eung khdng the khdng phan anh tam thd Vipt:
'Thuy td eiia ta la ddng ddi hp T h i n ndng (ma Kinh DQdng VQdng la chau 3 ddi ciia Viem Dd, hp T h i n Ndng) (Dgi Viet sQ ky todn thu). Ai eung biet dd la nhQng nhan vat khdng ed that, nhQng T h i n Ndng day dan lam rudng, chan t i m dpt lua la tdt roi, tuy nhien, dieu quan trpng \k "De Minh, chau Viem De, da sinh De Nghi, lai sinh em la Kinh DQdng VQdng; em dQpc yeu qui hdn vi "thanh tri, thdng minh" nen De Minh mudn truyen ngdi cho Kinh DQdng VQdng, nhQng em lai cd nhQdng cho anh, nen De Nghi dQdc ndi ngdi, eai quan phQdng Bic, cdn em la Kinh DQdng Vudng thi cai quan phUdng Nam (Todn thU, (1 b), Ky Hong Bdng thi). Em cung cha khae mp, nhUng em hdn, nhUdng eho anh. Tuy nhien, dieu ehu yeu mudn n h i n manh d day, la
"mpnh trdi, mdi ngQdi mdt phUdng", dUpe bilu Id ve sau, (the ky XI) trong eau thd:
10 Rghi&i cijru Lich sit. s6 8.2008
"Nam qudc sdn ha Nam De cU... dinh phan tai thien thU". TQ cai thud nao thud n l o , cae eu da thd'y, da hieu, da canh giae. De ket doan ndy, cd the nen trd lai y kien mdt nha khao cd hpc, Giao sU Dai hpc Hdng Kdng W. Meacham (1985) "Hoan toan khdng t h i y tinh trang tang dan sd vk di dan d Ddng - Nam Trung Qudc. Phuc Kien h i u nhu khdng cd di chi thupc nien dai 4000-2500 nam TCN. Dai Loan va Quang Ddng cdn kha hdn mpt chut. Cac cupc khai quat khao cd hpc cho t h i y r i t ro mat dp dan so' cUc ky t h i p sud't thdi Trung ky Da mdi va cung t h i y sQ tii'n trien liin tuc ciia tdc ngUdi tQ Trung ky Da mdi den thdi dai ddng tren h i u het dia bdn. Do dd, ed the di den ket ludn hdp ly r i n g cac cQ dan Nam Trung Hoa trong thdi Tien sii gan n h i t la nhQng ngudi ndi ngdn ngQ Thai-Kadai vd Nam A (Mdn-Khmer vd Miiu-Dao) vk ndi nao edn den ngdy nay ma khdng bi ddng hda vdo vdn minh Trung Hoa thi chi cdn lai eae nhdm Chuang va nhQng nhdm Thai khae d Tay-Nam Trung Hoa, nhQng ngQdi Ly d Hai Nam, ngQdi Viet Nam d Vipt Nam vd ngudi Yao d Quang Ddng. (AP XXVI-
100).
Tdi nghi r i n g ngUdi/tpc Viet la mpt nhdm rieng da hinh thdnh tpc ngUdi dUdi hinh thQc lien minh bp lac cd ket vao khoang the ky IV TCN, d i y sQc sdng thdi van hda Ddng Sdn. Ly do Id sQ phat trien cao, toan dien cac ngdnh nghe - ndng nghipp, dpt, ldm gdm va ren due dd ddng, s i t , la sQ phat trien ddng ddng vd dong dgng trin phgm vi rdt rdng, tQ Bic den Trung va giao iQu vdi ca mien Nam. NgQdi ta khdng the ldm dQdc b i n g each ehi ra hipu b i n g tay hay " t h i t nut". Ngdn ngQ Vipt da ra ddi tren cd sd tieng Mdn cd ban dia thdng dung, dung nap mpt sd yeu td Tay cd vd Scf Nam Ddo (Proto-Autronesian).
Tuy nhien, mdt sd yeu td thi tpc, bp lac, t h u i n phac va tan man, v i n tdn tai lau ddi vdi ddi sd'ng vd kinh te tieu ndng.
3. Trong d o n g D o n g SoTn
Trd'ng ddng Id mdt loai hinh vdn hda ddc s i c va tieu bieu cua van hda Ddng Sdn, eiia ngQdi Vipt, ed hoa van tinh te va ddc dao, cd nhQng ndt cd ban gidng nhau de nhdn, da dQdc phat hien tren k h i p mpi mien d Vipt Nam vd ca d nQdc ngoai. O day, ehung tdi mud'n dQng lai, quan tam tren mpt khia canh khae ve y kien cua mdt nhd nghien cQu Viet d nQdc ngoai, bac si Kieu Quang Chan-ngQdi da dQa ra mpt sd ludn diem /gia thiet ly thu (Tap chi XUa-Nay, sd 3- 2008):
1. Theo dng, d Indonesia da tim dQdc 80 trd'ng ddng, ke ca manh v9, trong dd cd 78 trdng loai Heger I, chi cd 2 trdng loai IV, ma hdu hit nhdp cdng tQ Bac Viet Nam vk mpt sd tQ Nam Trung Hoa, nhUng lai khdng tha'y b i t cQ mpt thQ vu khi Ddng Sdn nao.
Trong sd dd, cd 4 chiec trdng khdng Id, to hdn h i n nhQng chiec trdng dQdc biet d Vipt Nam; 3 chiec dQdc gpi ten la Sangeang, 1 chide la Kur. Nghien cQu ky trdng Kur, cae hpc gia Indonesia vd My cho r i n g nd chi dUOc ddc tgi Bac Viet Nam vko the ky III ma thdi. NhQng mat ngoai trdng, ndi chdn eon cdc b; gay lai due ndi 8 chQ Han, dpc dQdc la "Tam thi" - nhQng tQ ciia nha Phat.
Mpt sd eau hdi dat ra: Coi vipc doan dinh ngudn gdc vd nien dai nhQ tren Id dung thi tQ ngQ nha P h a t va ca nien dai the ky 3, cd phu hdp hay khdng? Tai sao Trdng ddng Ddng Sdn d Indonesia lai ldn hdn va dpp hdn trdng tim t h i y d trong nQdc? Do ngudn nao? Thdi nao?
2. V i n cd nhQng manh giap tru, vu khi, nhac khi, ca trdng MQdng loai Heger II den
Ram A va Ram Dho 11 the ky X, vdy tQng thdi gian v i n c6 quan
dpi, thii linh, te le, trong ea nghin nam
"Bic thupc"? Theo tdi dieu nay cd t h i cd, xen ke tQng thdi gian lich sii. NhQng ngodi 4 trdng ldn edn hdn 70 trdng Ddng Sdn loai nhd thi den Indonesia b i n g ngudn ndo, eon dudng ndo, n h i m myc dich gi? Ong cho la vao thdi ky dd ddng (tQ khoang 700-400 nam TCN?), mien Bic Vipt Nam la "mpt trung tam quyen iQc", giiu cd, ddng dan, cd t h i ddng glp 2 l l n ca 2 tinh Quang Tay va Quang Ddng gdp lai, nen cd uy tin ldn, thu linh eae nQdc lang gieng thQdng de'n giao hao, khi ve lai dQdc tdng trdng. Nghe nhQ the thi dang tQ hdo, thich thu that, song xin loi dng Kieu, tdi khdng t h i chia xe vdi dng nhdn xdt ndy vi khdng he ed mpt chut dQ lipu ndo xac nhan, du chi la mpt p h i n nhQng dieu dd. Toi quan tdm den chi tiet nay bdi nghi r i n g trdng Ddng Sdn cd gia trj, dupe Ua chuong, nen ed t h i mang ban, trao ddi vdi vung hai dao, hi vpng tim thay eon dudng giao lUu sdm giQa hai vung, d i t liln va hai dao. Tdi nghi tdi gid thii't ve mpt Idi giai. The ky IV TCN, ddng b i n g sdng Hdng, sdng Ma vd sdng Ca lien mpt giai Id Trung tam eua Vdn hda Ddng Scfn vk Ida gao, chic da cd tieng vang va sQc hut, nen mpt sd' thuyen dpc mpc gh6p ddi eua dan Van Dao tQ biln tim den, hpe nghe trdng Ida nQdc, hpc nghe due ddng, rdn due sdt.
Cd t h i day Id bQdc d i u eua si^ giao iQu, hpe hdi md ra eon dQdng giao tiep vQdt bien, tuy khdng ed d i u hipu eiia sQ lien hp thQdng xuyen. Bieu hipn ciia sQ tiep sue vd giao iQu ban d i u chinh Id ldng Vgc vk dQdc k h i n g djnh vdi Gd Qui, deu vdo khoang the ky IV TCN. Vung hai dao d thdi dilm nay cung chQa c6 mpt trung tam nao tQdng xQng. Nam 218 TCN khi quan T i n t i n cdng d i t Linh Nam, "NgQdi Vipt chien d i u r i t ngoan cQdng; hp rut vao rQng, khdng ai chiu d l cho quan T i n bit", cung md d i u
mdt thdi ky ehien tranh xam iQdc vd ehdng xam lQdc,n6i ddy vd dan ap, kdo dai hang the ky. Mpt sd gia dinh ed dieu kipn, mpt sd ngQdi cd nghe due ddng, ren sit, cd the dd
"chay giae" de'n hai dao, tiep tue nghe due ddng d day chang? Gia thiet dQdng nhien Id de thao luan; nhiing du cd dung di chdng nQa, eung khdng tra ldi dQdc: ngQdi Van Dao nao tQ dau den mien Trung va mien Nam Vipt Nam vao the ky V TCN va d trinh dp nhQ da bie't. Vd'n de vin dang d phia trQdc.
4. Con diid^ng cua ngiidi Nam Dao Day Id eai dieh eudi md tdi mudn di den, nhQng dang tide, hinh nhU rdi eung khong den ngay dUde?
H. Geldern cho r i n g Nam Trung Hoa \k ndi x u i t phat eiia ngudi Nam Dao, tQ day sang Dai Loan rdi di cac ndi. NhQng W.
Meacham da phan bac cd can cQ ma rdi P.
Bellwood cung phai tan thanh. Ong cung de x u i t mpt ndi nQa la Viet Nam, mk ngQdi thi ndi tQ mien Bie, ngQdi thi ndi tQ mien Nam. Ben tren, tdi da chQng minh r i n g d ven biln mien Trung vd mien Nam Vipt Nam, chl co d i u tieh tQ ngodi biln vao, chQ khdng cd d i u tich tQ d i t lien di cQ ra khdi.
A. Reid cdn chu y tdi sU di cU eiia ngUdi Chdm-Chamic, nhUng thUc te chi cd diu tich ciia ngUdi Malayo-Polynesia tdi dinh eU d ven bien mien Trung va mien Nam Vipt Nam, lap nen Van hda Sa Huynh vd Cin Gid ndi tieng, chuin bi cho sU ra ddi eua nUdc Champa vd tpc Chdm, nUde Phu Nam va ngUdi Phu Nam.
W. Solheim thi coi x u i t phat dilm cua ngUdi Nam Dao hay Malayo-Polynesia Id tQ chinh que hQdng hp ma lau nay, gin nhQ mac nhien, mpi ngQdi coi dd Id vung Polynesia - Van Dao, la New Zealand hay Timor Leste. Cd dieu khd giai thieh la ndi
12 Rghito ciiru Lich sit, s6 8.2008 hp xua't phat va nhQng ndi ho da di qua cd
trinh dp p h a t trien nhQ the nao va vao thdi gian nao, cd tUdng thich vdi nhQng ndi hp da den hay khdng? Ndi each khde, hp mang den cai gi vd mang di cai gi, vao thdi gian nao?
Mpt trong nhQng ndi ludn dQdc n h i c tdi, vdi vi tri rat quan trpng, la Viet Nam. Viet Nam ed khoang 430.000 ngQdi ndi ngdn ngQ Malayo-Polynesia, trong dd cd g i n 100.000 ngQdi Cham, ndi tieng Malayo- Chamie, nhQng sd'ng gan xen ke vdi ngQdi ndi ngon ngQ Nam A, t i t ca cung sinh cd lap nghiep tai cho, da trai qua hdn 2.000 nam. Khdng ed d i u tieh gi cho thd'y hp la dan mdi nhdp cU, hay ed mpt bp phan dd tach rieng d l ra di vdo mpt lue nao dd, trUdc day.
Ly thuyet Nusantao ciia W.SoIheim nhdn manh ddn gdc Ddo vd vdn hda bien md ha thap yeu td ngdn ngQ Nam Ddo hay Malayo-Polynesia thi tQ nd khd dQng viing.
Khoang 430.000 ngQdi Tay-Nguyen - Vipt Nam Id Nam Mongoloid ve sd do nhan trie, ghi vdo the ky XX, ndi ngdn ngQ Malayo- Polynesia sd'ng xen ke vdi cung khoang 460.000 ngQdi gid'ng loai hinh nhan chiing nhQng khae ngdn ngQ, ndi ngdn ngQ Nam A hay Mdn-Khmer. Vky thi nhiing ngQdi ndi ngdn ngQ Nam Dao d Vipt Nam cd quan hp gi vdi nhQng ngQdi Nam Dao d ngoai Bien Ddng hay khdng? Tdi nghi r i n g tuy chQa the ed ldi giai dap thda dang, nhQng cd t h i hieu bidt ngdy eang sang rd hdn, neu cd sQ tap trung nghien cQu ky, phan ra tQng dia bdn cu the, td chQc theo qui md lien qud'c gia.
TAI LIEU DAN
1. Dong T^p Minh. Lich sd Trung Qud'c. Nxb Ngo?ii van Bfic Kinh, 1963.
2. Quach M^t Nhil(Jc (chu bien). Trung Qud'c sd cdo, Nhfin dfin xuat ban xa, Thu<?ng Hai, 1976.
(3). Til Ma Thien. Sd ky. Ban dich, Nxb. Van hoc. Ha Npi, 1988.
(4). Ha Van Tfi'n (chu bign), Vdn hda Ddng Scfn d Viet Nam. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Hfi Noi,
1994.
(5). Ha Hflu Nga, Nguyin Van Hao. Hg Long thdi Tiin Sd, Nxb. Thg'Gidi, 1998.
(6). Nguyen Lan CUdng. Dgc diem hinh thdi ngudi cd d miin Bac Viet Nam. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 2003.
(7). Nguyin Kim Dung. Ky thu^t sdn xudt thu cdng cdd Viet Nam, trong Mgt thi'ky Khdo cdhgc- Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, 2004.
(8). Trinh Sinh. Di chi Md Gd Que, T^p chi XUa-Nay, so 3-2007.
(9). Luong Ninh. Lich sd cd dgi. Nxb. Gi6o di^c.
Ha Npi, 1993.
(10). H.L.Morgan. The Ancient Society, N.Y, 1877.
