Nang cao hieu qua hoat dong thUcfng mai dien tu*
tai Viet Nam
ThS. LE D d c ANH Hoc vien Ngan hang
Cung vdi stf phat trid'n cua c6ng ngh^ thong tin, mua sam trtfc tuyen ngay cang trd ndn ph^ bid'n tai Vi$t Nam. Di^u do lam cho internet trd thanh mfit kdnh ph§n phd'i quan trpng va tiem nang dd'i vdi cac doanh nghidp. DSy la xu htfdng tS't yd'u. Tuy nhidn, Iam thd' nao de ho^t dong thtfdng mai didn tu"
(TMDT) dat hi^u qua cao la bai toan cSn Icfi giai.
THliC TRANG HOAT DONG TMDT
Theo thd'ng kd eiia Trung tdm so'lieu intemet qud'c te, Viet Nam dffng thtf 18 trdn tdng sd 20 qude gia cd sd' Iffdng ngtfdi diang internet nhieu nha't tren the' gidi, xdp thff 8 tai khu vffc chdu A va thff 3 Ddng Nam A.
TMDT dd dffdc coi la mdt trong nhffng dpng Iffc phdt tnen kinh td chu yd'u vdi nhieu ifu the', nhtf: gidm chi phi, tid't kiem thdi gian, md rdng khdng gian kinh doanh, cho phep doanh nghidp sdm tid'p cdn nen kmh te' sd'. Dd'n nay, cd the ndi TMDT da vd dang di vao cupc sdng. Ngay edng ed nhieu doanh nghidp TMDT dd ra ddi vdi nhieu md hinh dieh vu da dang va phong phu.
Theo bdo cao chi soTMDT Viet Nam nam 2012 do Hiep hdi TMDT cdng bd, cd hdn 40% doanh nghiep tham gia dilu tra cd website va 12% doanh nghidp tham gia cae san TMDT.
Bdo cao thtfc trang phat trien TMDT Vidt Nam nam 2013 do Cue TMDT vd Cdng nghe Thong tin (VECITA-Bo Cdng Thffdng) cho thd'y, trong sd hdn 31 tridu ngffdi truy cap internet d Viet Nam cd hdn 1/2 la thffc Men mua sdm online.
Vide tiep can intemet da khdng con la vd'n de qud ldn ddi vdi Viet Nam. Ngffdi dan cd the tiep can dffdc v ^ mtemet mpi liic, moi ndi nhd stf ra ddi cua coiig nghd 30.
Intemet ttd thanh ngudn quan ttong
trong vide tim kiem thdng tin ve san pham tidu diang (93%), giup ngtfdi tidu dung tim dtfdc nhiing san pham mdi, nhan hidu mdi (74%). Cung theo Cue TMDT vd Cdng nghe thdng tin, trong nam 2013, sd'Itfdng ngtfdi sff dung intemet d Viet Nam chie'm 36% ddn sd va trong sd' dd cd 57% cd thffc hien cdc giao dich trffc tuyd'n (Hinh 1). Trong do, gid tri giao dich mua hdng trffc Mydn cua mot ngffdi Viet Nam trung binh la 120 USD va loai hang hoa phd bie'n nha't la quan ao, giay dep vd my pham. Mdt tin hidu khd tich effe cho nganh TMDT cua nffdc ta la ty Id khdch khdng hai long chi chid'm 4%.
Mdt yeu id' nffa gdp phan vdo stf phat trien ciia TMDT tai Viet Nam la do ngtfdi tieu dung ngay cang tin ttfdng vdo dd bdo mat cua thanh loan trffc tuydn.
Vdi da phat trien nhtf hien tai, TMDT se dat dffdc nhffng btfdc tid'n xa hdn nffa trong thdi gian tdi.
HINH 1: TY LE DAN s6 VIET NAM TRGY CAP IMTERMET VA MUA SAM ONLINE
Vietnam E-Commerce 2013
TPflPf 1f1f'IP'll"lff 56%
I P f f T P T P f f I f f 57%
Nguon: Cue TMBT vh C6ng nghe thong tm, B6
Economy and Forecast Review
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NGHIEN C d u - TRAO DOI
NHONGRAOCAN
Khd khan chu yeu hidn nay Id do tdrn ly yd thdi quen thanh toan theo kieu thtfdng mai truyen thd'ng cua ngffdi ddn Id dung tien mat. Nhffng khai niem "thanh loan dien tff", "the tin dung", "dich vu eBanking"... con khd la ldm dd'i vdi dai da sd ngtfdi tidu dung. Hdn nffa, hinh thffc mua ban vd thanh toan gian tie'p tao cam gidc bd't an cho ngffdi tidu diing. Nd'u mudn chuyen dich sang thanh todn trtfc mydn ddi hdi phai ed mdt qud trinh trien khai tuydn truyen, ndng cao nhan thffc cho ngffdi dan.
Hien nay, hinh thffc thanh toan chu yd'u la trtfc tie'p sau khi gian tid'p trao ddi hdng hda qua cac trang mua bdn dien iff. Bdn canh dd, ty Id cdc website mua bdn dien tff co giao dich ttfdng tac vdi TMDT va tich hdp thanh toan dien tff chffa nhieu. Md hinh kinh doanh TMDT ed cd td't va xa'u. Mot mat, no hd trd doanh nghiep va kich thich stf phat trien cua TMDT. Mo hinh ndy lam cho cac doanh nghidp va ngtfdi tidu dung de'n dtfdc vdi nhau qua boat ddng TMDT bang cdc cd hdi gid, tff dd kich thich stf hieu bie't vd tidu dung cua ngtfdi mua trong linh vtfc TMDT,
Mat khdc, hinh thffc mua hang theo nhdm nay cung rd't dd bi lam dung de' cac doanh nghidp bdn hang khdng chan chinh, ban cac san pham dich vu khdng dung vdi gid tri thtfc, hoac khdng du nang Itfc phiic vu nhu cau khi cd Itfdng khdch hang mua Itfdng san pham Idn...
Cho dd'n nay, phan ldn cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam mdi men khai cac ffng dung TMDT d mffe cd ban, nhtf:
trao ddi thtf didn tff, quang ba doanh nghiep, gidi thieu va quang ba san pham qua website, tim kid'm thdng tin trdn mang... ndn ty Id iftig dung TMDT trong hoai ddng san xud't, kinh doanh con d mffe khiem ton. O Vidt Nam dang cd chieu htfdng ngtfdc lai, tffe la giao dich TMDT chu yeu van dffa vao hinh thffc C2C (giao dich giffa cdc cd nhdn vdi nhau).
Mdi trtfdng phdp ly cho TMDT dang tffng btfdc
Di san ciia TM inijen ihong Mo hinh TMDT
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cam thiiy thoai mai v^ tm tuong khi mua ff cho quen biel
Miic dp bao mjl/liii nhi;m trong giao dich, thanh todn true luyen van con Ihap
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^ Sir ngan ngai doi vai ^ . TMDT ciia nguoi tieu diing
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dtfdc hoan thidn, nhimg ph^n Idn mdi la cdc van ban dtfdi luat. Hdn nffa, vide phd bid'n phdp ludt vd TMDT chffa dffpc chu trpng; eon thieu ed che' gidm sdt, chd tdi xff phat chffa du ran de cac hanh vi vi pham, thid'u cd chd giai quyd't tranh chd'p, khid'n nhidu ngffdi tidu diing e ngai tham gia giao dich TMDT.
Chinh nhffng rdo can ndy da, dang vd se tid'p tue tao ra sff ng^n ngai tff phia ngtfdi tieu dung khi ltfa chon viec tidn hanh cdc boat ddng mua sam trtfc tuydn.
MOTSOGIAI PHAP
Mot Id, ddo tgo nguSn nhdn luc cho TMDT
TMDT bao gdm cdc giao dich gitta doanh nghidp vdi doanh nghidp (B2B);
giffa doanh nghidp vdi ngffdi tieu dung (B2C), chu yd'u la iren thi trffdng ban le;
giffa doanh nghidp va chinh phu (B2G) trong vide mua sam cua cac cd quan nh&
nffdc hay da'u thau qua mang va Idp cac website de cung cd'p cac dich vu cdng (nhff: hai quan dien tff; chffng nhdn xuat xff dien tff, kd khai thud'qua mang...; gitta cdc ca nhan (C2C), nhffng ngtfdi tieu diing tff lap website hodc thdng qua cdc sdn giao dich san ed dd mua, ban, dau gid bang hda... Cac giao dich ttdn, mot mat, doi hdi phai cd mpt ddi ngu chuydn gia tin hpc manh, thtfdng xuydn bat kip cdc thanh ttfu cdng nghe thdng tin mdi phat sinh de phuc vu cho TMDT va cd kha ndng thid't ke' cdc phan mem dap ffng cac nhu cau cua kinh td' sd' hda. Mat khdc, ddi hoi mdi ngtfdi tham gia TMDT phdi cd du dieu kien sff dung may tinh, cd thd trao ddi thdng tin mpt each thdnh thao trdn mang, cd nhffng hieu bidt can thid't ve thffdng mai, luat phdp...
Bdi vdy, phai ddo tao cdc chuydn gia tin hpc vd phai phd cdp kid'n thffc ve TMDT khdng nhffng cho cdc doanh nghidp, cae cdnbd quan ly ctia nha ntfdc ma cho ca mpi ngtfdi; ddng thdi tuydn truyin vd ldi ich cua TMDT de tifng btfdc thay ddi tap qudn, tam ly cua ngtfdi tieu diing tff cho chi quen mua sam trtfc tie'p tai cac sidu thi, cdc chd chuyen sang mua sam qua mang.
Hai Id, xdy dung ki't cdu hg tdng cho TMDT
TMDT lien quan dd'n cdng nghe thdng tin, cdng nghe vidn thdng, mang internet;
cdng nghd didn tff, ciing vdi he thdng dao tao, tieu ehuan cdng nghd, nen ket
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eau ha tang cho TMDT gan vdi kdt ca'u ha ting cho cdc linh vtfc ndi ttdn. Kd't cau ha tang cdng nghd thdng tin, edng nghe vidn thdng vd mang intemet la ba dieu kidn tidn quye't bao dam cdc dich vu thich hdp de phat tridn TMDT. 6 Vidt Nam, kd't ca'u ha ting phuc vu TMDT dd cd nhieu tid'n bd, nhirtig intemet tdc dp cao nhtf ADSL va dtfdng tmyen ridng chtfa phd cap het cac dia phtfdng do chi phi kd't ndi con cao.
Ba Id, hodn thien mdi trUdng phdp ly Bi TMDT phat iridn Idnh manh can phdi hoan thidn mdi trffdng phdp ly, thdng qua vide ban hanh vd thffc thi cac dao luat va cdc van ban dffdi ludt ddng bd de didu ehinh cac hoat ddng thffdng mai, thich ffng vdi phdp ly va tdp qudn qud'c te ve giao dich TMDT.
Mdi day nhat la Nghi dinh 185/2013/
ND-CP, ngdy 15/11/2013 cua Chinh phu ve quy dinh xff phat vi pham hanh chinh trong boat ddng thtfdng mai, sdn xud't budn bdn hang gia, hang cd'm va bdo ve quyen ldi ngtfdi tidu diJng se cd hidu Itfc kd tff ngay 01/01/2014. Nghi dinh 185 dtfdc ban hdnh vdi nhieu mtfc xff phat hanh chinh cu the trong &6 cd ITnh vtfc TMDT se gdp phan giup TMDT phdt trien theo htfdng minh bach, bao dam Idng tin cho ngtfdi giao dich. Hdnh lang phdp ly td't cung chinh la cdng cu dac Itfc cho eae nha quan ly hoat ddng trong ITnh vtfc nay.
Bdn id, bdo ddm an todn cho cdc giao dich TMDT
TMDT CO nhieu tdc dpng tich ctfc, nhifng cung cd mat ttdi Id dd bi cdc tin tac phdt tan cdc virut, ldn cdng vao cdc website; phdt ldn cac thff dien tff, tin nhdn rac; ddnh cap tien tff cac the ATM...
Mat khae, qua internet cung xua't hidn nhffng giao dich xau, nhff: mua ban ddm, ma tuy, budn lau, ban hang gia, hffdng ddn ldm bom thff, lam chd't nd pha hoai, tuyen truyen kich ddng bao Iffe... Tinh trang tdi pham mang gia tang se dnh hffdng de'n nidm tin cua ngffdi tieu dffng vd cac doanh nghidp dd'i vdi TMDT.
Ddng thdi xff ly tdt cac tranh chd'p dd giup ngtfdi tieu dilng tin tffdng vdo vide
mua sam ttffc tuyd'n va thanh toan dien tff. Cdc chuydn gia TMDT cung khuyd'n cdo ngtfdi diing khi mua hang ein phdi ltfa ehpn giao dich d nhffng website chinh thd'ng, CO hinh thtfc thanh toan an toan (qua trung gian da dffdc Nhd nffdc ca'p phep) hoac qua cac wesbite dffdc chffng nhan la bdo dam an toan, nhtf: Ngdn Itfdng bao dam (thudc PeaceSoft), SafeWeb (He thd'ng lidu chud'n trong giao dich TMDT cua Hiep hdi TMDT va Cue TMDT va Cdng nghe thdng tin)...
Ndm Id, phdt trien cdc dich vu cong phuc vu cho TMDT
Nha ntfdc khdng nhffng ddng vai ttd quan trpng trong viec ho trd dao tao nhan Itfc va phd cap kie'n thtfc ve TMDT; tao moi trtfdng phdp ly; xay dtfng kd't cd'u ha ting cho TMDT vd quan ly cac giao dich TMDT de bao ve ldi icb eua ngtfdi tham gia, md con phai phat tridn cdc dich vu cdng nhdm thuc da'y stf phdt tridn cua TMDT. Diy manh cung cap cac dich vu cdng, nhtf: hai quan didn tff; ke khai thud' va nop thud', ldm cdc thu tuc xud't, nhap khau; dang ky kinh doanh va cdc loai giay phep chuydn nganh Udn quan dd'n thtfdng mai, giai quyd't tranh cha'p... tren mang. Cac cd quan nha ntfdc phai ffng dung TMDT trong mua sam cdng, da'u ihlu;
gan vdi cai each hanh chinh, minh bach hda, ndng cao hieu life nen hdnh chinh qud'c gia va xdy dtfng chinh phu didn tff.
Ngan hdng Nhd ntfde can tich ctfc iridn khai de an thanh todn khdng diing tien mdt va tid'p tuc hoan thien cd sd phap ly lidn quan de'n thanh loan dien tff, mdt khau rd't quan trpng trong boat ddng TMDT. Theo Uid'ng ke cua Vu TMDT (Bp Cdng Thffdng), hien cac website cua cac doanh nghidp Viet Nam chu yd'u dung
&i gidi thieu san pha'm va dich vu, khoang tren 20% sd website nhan dat hang qua mang internet, song chi cd 3,2% cho phdp thanh toan trtfc tuyd'n. Ddy la mdt rdo can ldn nha't ddi vdi phdt trien TMDT.
Sdu Id, tdng cudng han nUa sU liap tdc khu vUc va qude te trong phdt trien TMDT.
Tff 2006 de'n nay, Vidl Nam da tieh ctfc hdp tdc da phffdng ve TMDT vdi cdc td chtfc khu vtfc vd qude td, nhtf: ASEAN, APEC, UNCITRAL (United Nation Commission on international ttade law - Uy ban Lidn hdp qud'c ve luai thtfdng mai qud'c te')... Viet Nam cung da chij ddng hdp tdc song phtfdng trong ITnh vffc nay vdi Hoa Ky, Tmng Qud'c, Hdn Qude, Dai Loan, Nhat Ban...
Thdi gian ldi, Viet Nam can day manh hdn nffa sif hdp tac khu vffc va quo'c te' de thffc hien lot cdc cam kd't qud'c t e v e TMDT, xdy dffng va hodn thien cac tieu chudn, quy chud'n ve trao ddi dff lieu didn tff trong nffdc hai hda vdi tieu chud'n qud'c td'.U
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO _ _ 1. Visa (2012, 2013). Nghien ciiu gidm sdt ngUdi tiiu dUng vdi TMDT
2. Kimi Nguydn (2013). Tong quan TMDT Viet Nam ndm 2013. truy cap tff hitp://www.vecita.
gov.vn/default.aspx?page=news&do=detail&id=370
Economy and Forecasl Revie
