Nang cao chat liTtfng xuat khau lao dong Viet Nam sang
thj trUofng Dong Bic A
ThS. NGUYEN DANH TUAN Vien Dai hoc tAd Ha Moi
Theo n h | n dinh cua BO Lao dfing, Thifdng binh va Xa hoi, tiir nhi^u nam nay, D6ng Bac A v i n la thi triTdng truyen thd'ng xuS't khau lao d5ng (XKLD) gop p h i n idn trong vi§c giai quyft viec lam, nSng cao thu nhSp cho ngtfdi lao dOng, thiic da'y phat trie'n kinh ti' dfi't ntfdc. Tuy nhien, qua trinh nay ciing con nhilu h^n chS', bat cfip cIn phai giai quygt.
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THIJC TRANG
Theo Cue Quan ly lao ddng ngodi nffdc, Bd Lao ddng, Thffdng binh va Xd hdi, nam 2013, ca nffdc ed 88.155 lao ddng sang ntfdc ngoii 1dm vide, vtfdt tren 3.000 lao ddng so vdi ehi tidu dat ra. Trong dd, Ddng Bac A dtfdc coi la thi trtfdng truydn thd'ng ed mffc tdng trffdng cao, nhff: Dii Loan (51,86%), Nhat Ban (10,38%), Han Qud'c (6,17%).
Ddc bidt, vide dat dffdc thoa thuan 3tfa lao ddng Viet Nam sang Han Qud'e [am viec theo cdc chtfdng trinh tu nghidp iinh cdng nghidp, xdy dtfng, ndng nghiep Idm vide trong cac nginh cdng nghe cao
*'i theo Luat Cap phep cho lao ddng ntfdc ngoii mdi ciia ntfdc niy da tao ed ibdi vi li dieu kien de Viet Nam ting so' iltfdng XKLD, thtfc hidn da dang hda cd
^ed'u nganh nghd trong XKLD ca d Han Qud'c ndi ridng va khu vtfc Ddng Bdc A ndi chung.
I XKLD gdp phan giai quye't vide lim iva cai thidn ddi sd'ng cho nhieu ngtfdi
^dn, tang ngudn ngoai te cho ddt ntfdc vi nhieu ldi ieh kinh td' khac. Trong dd, thu nhap rong binh qudn cua ngtfdi lao ddng xua't khau/thdng eao nha't la tai thi trtfdng Nhdt Ban vdi mffc 1.200-1.500 USD, Han Qude vdi mffc 1.000-1.200 USD, Dai Loan vdi mffc 640-820 USD.
Ngudn thu nhdp cao tff hoat ddng XKLD cho ngffdi iao ddng da gdp phan cdi thien ddi sd'ng gia dinh vi thdn nhan hp, giup nhidu gia dinh trd ndn khd gia.
nhieu lao ddng sau khi ve nffdc da trd thinh cdc nhd ddu ttf va chii doanh nghiep, tao vide lam cho mpt bp phdn lao dpng khac, ddng gdp vao stf phat tridn v i dn dinh kinh td'- xa hpi. Theo Cue Quan ly lao ddng ngoai ntfdc, vdi sd'tien thu nhdp va tich luy dtfdc, binh qudn mdi nim, ngtfdi lao dpng Viet Nam d ntfdc ngoai gffi ve ntfdc tff 1,6 ty USD dd'n 2 ty USD. Rieng thi trtfdng Hin Qud'e, vdi gan 50.000 lao dpng, mdi nam gffi ve ntfdc tren 700 tneu USD; Nhat Ban hdn 300 trieu USD.
MOTSOHANCHE
Ben canh nhffng thinh qua, cdng tdc XKLD tai thi trtfdng Ddng Bdc A dang gap phai mdt so' khd khdn, ban che'nhtf sau:
Mot la, tinh trang lao ddng bd trdn vd cUtru bdt hap phdp khd cao.
- Tai Hin Qud'e, theo edng bd'eua Bp Vide lam vi Lao ddng Hin Quo'c nam 2012, do tinh trang lao ddng bd't han hdp ddng khdng ve ntfdc, bo trdn. ctf trff v i lim vide bit hdp phdp tai Han Qud'e d mtfc cao de'n bao ddng (trdn 53,1%). Sd lieu cua Chtfdng trinh ed'p phep vide lim cho lao ddng ntfdc ngoii trtfc thupc Bp niy cho bie't, tren thtfc te'. sd'ngtfdi Viet Nam ctf tru ba't hdp phap tai Han Qud'c de'n he't nam 2013 di Idn tdi 14.000 ngtfdi, chid'm khoang 40% tdng sd' lao ddng bo trdn ciia 15 qud'c gia tham gia chtfdng trinh ca'p phep lim viec cho lao ddng ntfdc ngodi ciia Han Qud'c (EPS) (Vu Lan, 2014).
- Tai Nhdt Ban, sd Itfdng m nghiep sinh ttf y phd vd hdp ddng bo trdn tang qua ede nim. Neu nhff ttf nam 2002, sd tu nghidp sinh sang Nhat Ban la 2.202 ngtfdi, cd ty Id bo trdn la 27,9%, thi den nam 2013, trong tdng sd 5.686 tu nghiep sinh, da cd 30,2% bo trdn. Nguydn nbdn la do chi phi ma lao ddng bo ra de di tu nghiep sinh Nhat Ban hidn qua eao (chi phi m i ngtfdi lao ddng
Economy and Foreca.st Review
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phdi nop li tff 5.000-10.000 USD), tu nghiep sinh ndm dau lai kbdng dffdc lim them, chi dffdc hffdng ti-p ca'p tu nghiep bang 70% Iffdng td'i thieu, khoan tien tich luy dtfdc khdng nhieu, trong khi ehi phi d Nhdt lai ddt do, khoan nd d nhd trtfdc luc di lai chtfa trd he't.
- Tai Dai Loan, theo thd'ng ke ciia Bd Lao ddng, Thtfdng binh va Xa hpi, trong nam 2011, Viet Nam cd trdn 49.000 lao ddng bo trd'n, ctf trii, lam vide bd't hdp phap, chiem gan 41% sd' lao ddng ntfdc ngoai bd trdn tai ntfdc niy. Den ndm 2013, tuy con sd' niy cd giam xud'ng. nhtfng van d mtfc khodng 15.000 ngtfdi Vidt Nam (Phtfdng Trang, 2014). Theo Cue Quan ly lao ddng ngoai ntfdc, nguydn nhdn eiia tinh trang tren la do, ben canh phi mdi gidi qud eao, thi nhieu doanh nghiep XKLD ed gia'y phep dtfa lao ddng sang lim vide tai Dii Loan da khdng trtfe tid'p tim kie'm, khai thdc hdp ddng, tuyen ebon, ddo tao vi lam thii tuc xud't cdnh eho ngtfdi lao dpng, ma ban hoac cho thud phap nhan de thtfc hien vi thu mpt khoan phi tff 150-200 USD. Vi vdy, dieu nay gay ra tinh trang "phi chdng phi" dd'i vdi ngtfdi lao ddng.
Hai la, chdt luang XKLD cua Viet Nam con thdp, y thiic chap hdnh ky ludt edn han che.
Hidn nay, nhu cau lao ddng ky thudt cha't Itfdng eao, dac biet li ky stf nganh edng nghd thdng tin d Nhdt Ban vi Han Qud'c la rd't Idn, nhtfng ngudn lao ddng Vidt Nam lai chtfa dap tfng dtfdc, khdng chi thie'u ve so' Itfdng, ma con ye'u ve trinh dd chuyen mdn.
Cu the, tai Han Qud'c, tuy lao ddng Viet Nam chid'm 51,86% tdng sd lao ddng ntfdc ngoii lim vide tai ntfdc niy, nhtfng trtfdc tinh trang bo trd'n khdng ve ntfdc ciia lao ddng ntfdc ta, trong nim 2013, thj trtfdng Han Qud'c da ngffng tid'p nhan lao ddng lao ddng Vidt Nam v i eho dd'n 2014, thj trtfdng nay dtfdc nd'i lai, nhtfng thdi ban chi cd 1 ndm.
Trong khi do, tai thi trtfdng NbSt Bdn, lao ddng Viet Nam dang bj canh tranh gay git vdi lao ddng Trung Qud'c. Nguydn nhdn la do lao ddng Trung Qud'c ndi tid'ng Nhdt td't, tay nghe dam bao cong vide xi nghiep, cdng ty ydu eau.
Con tai thi trtfdng Dai Loan, lao ddng Viet Nam bi canh tranh gay git vdi lao dpng Philippines, bdi lao ddng qud'c gia nay hdn bin ve trinh dp ngoai ngff, tay n^he, dd'n y thffc 1dm viec va ty Id bo trd'n cung it hdn han.
Ba la, ca cdu ngdnh^ nghi lao dong xuat khdu chua da dang, lao ddng phd thdng vdn chii'm ty trong Idn trong tdng sdXKLD.
Chinh vi sff ban che' ve tnnh dp ngoai ngff, tay nghe thd'p, nen XKLD Viet Nam phan Idn Id lao dpng phd thdng. Dien binh nhtf d Dai Loan, nam 2013, ed tdi 72,81% lao ddng Viet Nam 1dm giup vide gia dinh v i hd ly.
Cd cd'u lao ddng xud't khau ba't cap nhtf vdy dd khdng dam bao dtfpc muc tidu tang gid tri XKLD, cQng nhff muc tidu chie'n Itfdc lau dii la tid'p thu kie'n thffc khoa hoc, cdng nghd va nang cao chd't Itfdng lao ddng, hinh thdnh ddi ngu lao ddng cd cha't Itfdng phuc vu cho
cdng cudc cdng nghidp hda, hien dai hoa dd't ntfdc.
Bdn la, nhiiu vdn de riii ro, tieu cue phdt sinh.
Trong thdi gian qua, trong thi trffdng Ddng Bac A vin con phdt sinh cdc ti^u ctfc, nhtf: Iffa ddo ngffdi lao dpng di XKLD, lao ddng phdi vd nffdc sdm, lao ddng bi lam dung, bj phan bidt ddi xii.,
Gan ddy nha't, dau thang 4/2013, Cdng ty "ma" Co phan Thffdng mai Phtfdng Ddng cd tru sd tai H i Npi da liita ddo ngtfdi lao ddng di Hin Qud'c tren dia bin nhieu huyen cua tinh Nghd An vdi sd' tien chid'm doat len tdi 7 ty ddng (VSn Trtfdng, 2014).
Ben canh dd, tai ntfdc tidp nhdn lao ddng, ngtfdi lao ddng gap phai rui ro khi khdng ddp tfng dtfdc ydu cau cua ngiffli sff dung; do cong vide khdng phu hdp vdi sffc khoe cua ban thdn hp; ndi tiep nhdn lao dpng bi pha sdn, ddng ciia, ngtfdi lao ddng bi md't vide bode bupc phai ve nu'dc sdm; do stf thay ddi ede chinh sdch vTm6 ciia chinh phii ntfdc sd tai. Theo thd'ng ke ciia Van phong Quan ly lao dpng Viet Nam d Dai Loan, cd khoang 10% lao ddng Vidt Nam phai ve ntfdc trtfdc thdi ban vi khdng dat ydu cdu sffc khoe de dam nhin edng viec, trinh dp ngoai ngfl kdm, tay nghd ye'u, nha may hi pha san...
MOTSOGIAI PHAP
Nham khac phuc nbiJng khd khan, ban che'cac tieu ctfc phdt sinh, ddng thdi, dd dd'y manh boat ddng XKLD eiia Vi$l Nam sang thi trtfdng khu vtfc Ddng Bac A, theo chung tdi, edn thtfc hidn mdt s6 giai phap cd ban sau:
Thii nhdt, can xdy dung ke hoach XKLD sang thi trudng khu vUc Ddng Bac A mot cdch dong bo. Tbeo do, kd hoach XKLD phai bao gdm cac bidn phdp to chtfc thtfc hidn ttf khau tuyen chpn lao dpng, dao tao nghe va giao due htfdng nghidp, dtfa di lim vide cf nffdc ngoai, quan ly lao dpng d nffde ngoii, dffa lao ddng ve nffdc, ke ca ve nffdc trtfdc thdi ban hdp ddng, dd'n vide bd trd lao ddng xud't kha'u trd ve tdi boa nhdp cdng ddng.
Ben canh dd, can nghien cffu xay dtfng va thtfc bien cae ebinh sdch vd dau ttf tao ngudn lao ddng, hd trd tai chinh cho boat ddng XKLD, bd trd dio tao v^
tin dung cho ngtfdi lao dpng tham gia XKLD... de tao ddng bp ve cd chd chinh sdch trong hoat ddng XKLD.
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KinhtevaOi/bSoThii hai, tdng cudng cdng tdc qudn ly nhd nudc dd'i vdi hoat ddng XKLD. Cu the can:
- Thid't lap cac dieu kidn vd quy trinh ihim djnh vide ca'p phep kinh doanh XKLD mdi theo htfdng chit che. thd'ng nhd't trong ed ntfdc. Thtfdng xuydn kiem tra, giam sat cdc doanh nghiep XKLD, dac bidt la doanh nghiep XKLD dtfde ei'p phep di Nhdt Ban, Dai Loan (ridng Hin Qud'c, ngtfdi lao ddng phai thdng qua Cue Qudn ly lao ddng ngoii ntfdc) nham ban che' tinh trang doanh nghiep
"ma" bode khdng c6 du chffc nang, th^m quyen, Iffa dao ngffdi lao ddng.
- Hidp hdi XKLD can phdt huy vai tro v i nang eao trdch nhiem trong boat ddng dd tao sff binh dang, thd'ng nha't va dn dinh trong hoat ddng ciia cae doanh nghiep XKLD, chd'ng cac hanh vi kbdng lanh manh, gian Idn trong hoat ddng XKLD...
- Tdng ctfdng cdng tdc bao ve, ho trd lao ddng xua't khau d Nhdt Bdn, Hdn Qud'c, Dai Loan bang each thiet lap cac van phong quan ly lao ddng d ede khu vtfc cd ddng lao ddng Viet Nam lam viec.
sinh sd'ng de gidm sat, giai quyd't kip thdi cdc vtfdng mac v i tranh cha'p phdt sinh, bao ve quyen ldi eiia lao ddng xud't khau.
- Nhd ntfdc can cd chinh sach hd trd vay vd'n vdi Iii sua't thd'p cho dd'i ttfdng lao dpng xua^t kha'u. Ddng thdi, giam cae thu tuc xua't - nhap canh.. nham ban che' vide lao ddng bo trd'n de lam them, vi da phai vay lai cao phuc vu eho viec di lao ddng ntfdc ngoai.
Ben canh do, Bd Lao dpng, Thtfdng binh va Xd bdi cung can dd nghi v i phdi hdp td't vdi ehinh phii cdc ntfdc Nhat Ban, Hin Quoc, Dai Loan trong vide tdng ctfdng quan ly lao dpng bo trd'n, nhi't l i hd trd Viet Nam trong vide cbi
tra trd cap thdi vide ebo ngtfdi lao ddng. Day la dieu kien de giup Vidt Nam cd dieu kidn ctfdng che' lao ddng bd trdn vd ntfdc.
Tha ba, day manh cdng tdc thdng tin tuyen truyen ve hoat ddng XKLD. Nha ntfdc vi cdc doanh nghidp trong ITnh vtfc XKLD can ting ctfdng cdng tac thdng tin tuyen tuyen ve XKLD de'n tan ngtfdi lao ddng thdng qua cac hinh thffc khae nhau, nhtf: thong qua ehinh quyen vi ede td chffc dodn the dia phffdng, thdng qua cdc phffdng tien thdng tin dai chung, phdt td rdi, qua he thd'ng loa, dai phtfdng, xa, thdng tin Itfu dpng... Minh bach, cdng khai ede thdng tin va ehi phi, eung nhtf quyen ldi va nghia vu cua eac ben tham gia XKLD. Dong thdi, phd bie'n cu the dd'n ngtfdi lao dong de hp bie't ro quy trinh, thu tuc hoac dja chi lien be tin cdy khi mud'n di XKLD.
Thii tu, chii trong ndng cao chdt luang lao ddng xud't khdu. Bdi Nhdt Ban, Han Qud'c, Dai Loan deu la cdc qud'c gia phdt trien, dang ddi mdi dau tff vi hien dai hda cdng nghd san xua't, ndn can ed cd nhu eau tie'p nbdn lao ddng nffde ngoai cd trinh dp chuyen mdn, ky thudt cao.
Vi thd', Nhi nffde edn tang ctfdng dau ttf tii chinh hdn nffa cho cong tdc gido due, dio tao. nha't la dio tao nghe; Md rdng vi nang cao chd't Itfdng cac ed sd ddo tao nghe; ddc biet can Itfu y he thd'ng cdc cd sd dtfdc giao nhidm vu d i o tao lao ddng xui't khau edn ddp ffng nhu eau dao tao ngudn lao dpng xud't khau phu hdp vdi nhu cau sii" dung lao ddng cua ede ntfdc trong khu vtfe Ddng Bic A. Vi du: Ddi Loan thi ed nhu eau tuyen dung eao trong ITnh vtfc dieh vu, Nhdt Ban l i cdng nghe thdng tin, Hin Qud'c l i ITnh vtfe xdy dtfng...
Doi mdi phtfdng phdp giang day. giao due htfdng nghidp cho XKLD theo htfdng: tdng thdi Itfdng hpc cae ngoai ngff: tie'ng Trung. tie'ng Hin, tie'ng Nhat, tim hieu ve phdp luat, phong tuc tap qudn d ede ntfdc nay, tang thdi gian thtfe binh, ke ca di thtfe te'6 ede cd sd, doanh nghiep dang boat dpng tren cd sd tffng nginh nghe cu the, theo tffng thi trtfdng nhdm ndng cao tie phong lam vide, ky luat lao dpng...
Bdn canh do, ngtfdi lao dpng cung can ttf nang cao y thffc trong viec dao tao nghd, ngoai ngff, y thffc chap hdnh ky ludt lao ddng...G
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO — _ 1. Cue Quan ly Lao ddng ngodi nffde, Bp Lao ddng, Thffdng binh vd Xd hpi (2014). Cdc tulieu
veXKLD tii ndm 1990-2013
2. Vu Lan (2014). Nguy ca mdt thi trUdng lao ddng Hdn Qud'c, truy cap tff http://www.nhandan.
com. vn/mobile/_mobi le_xahoi/__mobile_tintucxh/item/2285 3702. html
3. Phffdng Trang (2014). Lao dong khdng vi nUdc bi phat 100 trieu dong, truy cap tff http://
vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/thoi-su/lao-dong-khong-ve-nuoc-bi-phat-100-trieu-dong-2960210.html 4. Vdn Trffdng (2014). Phdt hien dUdng ddy Ida ddo XKLD quy mo Idn, truy cap tff http://
baonghean.vn/an-ninh-quoc-phong/an-ninh-trat-tu/201404/phat-hien-duong-day-lua-dao-xuat- khau-lao-dong-quy-mo-lon-470671/
5. Xudn Thao (2014). Lao dong Viet Nam bd trd'n tai Hdn Qud'c: Nhdn thudc, truy cap ttf http://
www.baobaiquan.vn/pages/lao-dong-viet-nam-bo-tron-tai-han-quoc-nhon-thuoc.aspx
Economy and Forecast Review
