Tap chi Hoa hoc, T. 48 (6), Tr. 661 - 678,2010
NANG LUONG CHO THE KY 21
De'n Tda sogn 15-2-2009 TRAN MANH TRI
Trung tdm Cdng nghe Hda hgc vd Mdi trUcfng (ECHEMTECH)
ABSTRACT
Energy is of paramount importance for a modern economy. In the last century, world energy supply was mainly based on fossil fuels - coal, oil and natural gas, provided over 80% of the energy required today. However, the high reliance on the use of fossil fuels contributes directly to polluting of the environment and increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Climate change is the greatest challenge face the humanity at the start of 21" century. Morover, their limited reserves insufficient supply to meet the increasing demands for energy, it is essential to introduce alternative sources of energy: the renewable one. The most promising of these energies are wind, hydro (large and small), solar, geothermal, biomass and hydrogen energies. The renewable energy sources are essentially carbon-free and appear to be generally more suitainable than fossil fuels and could provide a major proportional the world's needs by the middle of the 21" century. The introduction of renewable energy sources in the world's energy balance can reduce CO2 emission, cut energy cost, avoid energy crisis. In addition, the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as well as the carbon Capture and Conversion (CCC) technologies, the taxation of CO2 emission would generate strong incentives for a low-carbon transition in the 21" century. The rapid development and deployment of low-carbon technologies is vital to climate change mitigation.
In conclusion the renewable energy sources are likely to play a greatly-increased role in the future energy supplies with zero-carbon emission, there will be the ultimate change from non-renewable
energy to renewable energy as an energy revolution and innovation of century.
I - MO DAU
Ndng lucmg hda thach (than, dau md, khi thien nhien) la ngudn nang lugng quan trgng chu y6'u d the' ky 20, bao dam cung cap hau nhu toan bd nhu ciu dien nang, nhiet nang, nhien lieu dgng ca cho cac hoat ddng ciia con ngudi. Tuy viy, ngudn nang lugng hda thach la cd han, la loai nang lugng chi cd mat di ma khdng the tdi tqo lgi dugc, vi vay ngay mgt can dan. Nhiing cudc khung hoang diu md nhiing nam 70 cua the' ky trudc, su tang gia diu md nhu con ngua bat kham xay ra dau nam nay, nhiing cudc chien tranh, xung dot cue bg vi dau md xay ra triln mien d khu vuc nay hay khu vuc khac da de doa de'n an ninh nang lugng cua the' gidi trong qua trinh phat trien. Han niia, khi sir dung nang lugng hda thach, sir phat thai khi CO2 hay cdn ggi phdt thdi eacbon, mgt loai khi nhd kinh da lam nhiet dd b6 mat trai dit ndng din len, khf hiu hanh tinh bien doi, Iii lut, han han, bao td, nudc bien ding, luc dia mi't dan, de doa den su tdn tai cua hanh tinh va cudc sd'ng cua loai
n g u d i . •••'-:
Nhiing thach thirc dd huge the' gidi phai nhanh chdng tim nhiing ngudn nang lugng mdi, lip vao "khodng trdng ndng lugng" hoan toan cd the xay ra trudc nhu ciu nang lugng ngay cang gia
uon neu tang theo cap sd nhan cua mdt the gidi hdi nhap va phat ttien toan cau d the' ky 21 Uong khi ngi cung lai bi khd'ng che' bdi tfnh chat Ichdng the tai tao cua nguon nang lugng nay. Ben canh dd, n khdng tim cac nguon nang lugng mdi di thay the dau md va khf thien nhien, hoac khdng tim each tie't ki^m tieu diing dau md va khf thien nhien trong linh vuc nang lugng de keo dai thdi gian ton tai cua dau md va khf thien nhien sang cac the ky sau, loai ngudi se rai vao "tham hga" khdng cdn nguyen lieu cho nganh tong hgp hda hgc cac chat hiiu co.
Da nhieu nam nay cac nha khoa hgc the' gidi dau tu nhieu cdng siic cho viec tim nhiing dang nang lugng mdi vdi hy vgng cd the thay the mgt phan hay toan bg cac nhien lieu hoa thach truyen thd'ng, hoa giai cac thach thiic ndi tren. Su tim kie'm nay da va dang dem lai nhieu thanh qua quan trgng day trien vgng my thdi gian thuc hien cdng viec nay thuc su chi bat dau tir sau thdi diem xay ra nhiing cudc khung hoang nang lucmg the gidi vao nhung nam 70 ciia the ky trudc. Nhieu nguon nang lugng mdi trong thien nhien da dugc xem xet, nghien ciiu, dugc danh gia tfnh kha thi va trd thanh nhung iing vien quan trgng: dd la nang lugng mat trdi, nang lugng gio, nang iugng dai duong, nang lugng dia nhiet, nang lugng sinh khdi, nang lugng hydrogen, nang luong nudc trong dd nguon nang lugng nudc khdng phai mdi, da dugc con ngudi khai thac d dang thuy dien tit nhiing the' ky trudc. Tat ca nhiing nguon nang lugng ke tren deu co khd ndng tdi tgo nen ngudn cung ling la vd han, va lai la cac nguon nang lugng nay khong chiia eacbon nen khdng cd phat thai khi nha kfnh va cac khf thai d nhiem Ichac khi su dung nen dugc xem la nguon ndng lugng xanh va bin vieng ciia loai ngudi. Cac ngudn nang lugng nay da trd thanh muc tieu chie'n lugc nang lugng quan trgng cho the' ky 21, dugc nha nudc dau tu tap trung va phat trien ra't nhanh, di dau la cac cac nudc phat trien cd nhu cau tieu thu nang lugng cao, tie'p sau la nhiing nudc mdi ndi len nhu Trung Qud'c, An Do, Brazil.
Cac nguon nang lugng mdi trong thien nhien ndi tren dugc tim each thu lai va chuyen hda thanh cdc chdt mang ndng lugng mdi, cd kha nang thay the' ttog phan cac nguon nang lugng tai tao, khdng chi d dang tiem nang ma da trd thanh dang nang lugng thuc su, ddng gdp vao can bang nang lugng g nhieu nudc vdi mgt thi phan ngay cang cd y nghia, cd nudc da chiem de'n tren 20% trong tdng cac ngudn nang lugng. Ngoai ra, su xuat hien cac dang nang lugng mdi ben canh cac dang nang lugng truyen tho'ng da gdp phan giam phat thai eacbon mgt each dang ke, tham chf da dinh lugng dugc kha nang phat thai eacbon ddi vdi timg qud'c gia cd su dung hdn hgp nang lugng mdi va nang lugng truyen thd'ng de quy dinh gidi han cho phep miic phat thai eacbon d timg nudc trong tiitng giai doan cu the, tU dd budc tang dan ty le su dung cac dang nang lugng tai tao mdi.
Su can thiet chuyen sang nen kinh te' it eacbon va an ninh nang lirdng trong theky 21
Ngay 25/10/2007, Chuong^ trinh moi trudng cua Lien Hiep Qud'c (UNEP) da dua ra ban bao cao day 570 trang vdi tieu dS "Viin cdnh mdi trudng todn cdu - The Global Environmement Outlook GEO-4) [1] trinh bay tinh trang mdi trudng cua hanh tinh. Theo bao cao tren, khf hau trai da't dang thay doi nhanh han bai ky giai doan nao trong 500.000 nam qua. Nhiet do trung binh tren trai dai da tang 0,74°C trong theky 20 so vdi thdi ky tien cdng nghiep va dugc du bao se tang 1,8-4°C hoac cao hgn cho de'n nam 2100. Trong khi dd, ngudng bie'n ddi khf hau nguy hiem khi nhiet do tang them 2°C, ne'u vugt ngudng nhiet do nay, nhiing thanh tuu phat trien cua loai ngudi se bi hdy hoai tren quy md toan cau va cac tham hoa sinh thai khdng the dao ngugc se xay ra. De Ichdng vugt ngudng miic tang nhiet do 2°C, ddi hdi phai duy tri nong do khf nha kfnh d miic khoang 450 ppmv COj. Cac kich ban cua the' ky 21 cho tha'y kha nang nong do khf nha kinh se vugt ngudng dn dinh, dat miic 750 ppmv CO, va cd kha nang nhiet do se tang han 5°C ne'u khdng cd nhiing bien phap manh me trong viec giam phat thai CO2 tren quy md toan ciu. Bao cao ciing neu rd, trai dat da trai qua 5 cudc tuyet chung ldn trong 450 trieu nam qua do cac bie'n ddi cua thien nhien, trong dd su kien xay ra gan nhit each day 65 trieu nam, va rat cd the d the' ky ta dang sdng se xay ra cudc tuyet chung quy md ldn
lin thii 6, nhung khac vdi nhiing lan trudc chfnh la do hanh vi vd trach nhiem ciia con ngudi giy ra khi sir dung nang lugng.
Cach diy 5 nam, the' gidi vSn cdn tranh luan lieu bien ddi khf hiu tren thuc te' cd xay ra hay khdng va neu cd xay ra lieu cd phai do con ngudi gay ra hay khdng. Den nay, cudc tranh luan nay gin nhu da nga ngii, y kie'n cho rang nhiet do hi mat trai dit ndng len hay lanh di la hien tugng tu nhien da xay ra cd tfnh chu ky trong lieh sir hinh thanh va phat trien cua trai dai ft dugc thuyei phuc va tan ddng, trong khi dd y kie'n cho ring bien doi khf hau la cd that va do con ngudi gay ra da dugc chiing minh va dugc su dong thuan rdng rai trong gidi khoa hgc. Do dd, van de da trd nen cap bach han bao gid hei, va biy gid chii khdng phai Mc nao khac, chinh la thdi diim ma loai ngudi phai hanh dgng ngay de bao ve su tdn tai cua chfnh chiing ta va ciia cac the' he mai sau niia. GEO-4 da dua ra ldi canh bao: "Hdy cifu lay hdnh tinh, bdy gid hogc khdng bao gid!"
De cd thi tranh tham hga do bien doi khf hau, theo tfnh toan tren md hinh md phdng khf hiu, phai bao dam lugng phat thai eacbon tiif nguon nang lugng hda thach tdi da la 14,5 GT CO2 mdi nam, trong khi dd, lugng phat thai eacbon hien nay da la 21,9 GT/nam va xu the' hien nay vin tren da gia tang. Hau qua la ngan quy eacbon dioxide (hay ggi tit ngdn quy eacbon) cho toan bg the' ky 21 cd the se can kiet vao nam 2032. Nhu vay, lugng khf nha kfnh phat thai tix nay de'n nam 2050 phai giam di 50% so vdi nam 1990 va phai tiep tuc giam cho den cudi the' ky 21 mdi tranh dugc nhiet do be mat trai dat vugt ngudng 2°C.
Vi viy, cac qud'c gia tren the' gidi phai cin bang lai lugtig khf nha kfnh trong mdi trudng d miic do cd the ngan chan nhiing tac dgng nguy hiem cho su ton tai va phat trien cua con ngudi. Nghi djnh thu Kyoto dugc ky kei tai Kyoto (Nhat Ban) ngay 11/12/1997, cd hieu luc chfnh thiic tii
16/2/2005 sau khi dugc nguyen thii 165 qud'c gia phe chuan (chiem khoang 60% cac nudc lien quan de'n van de khf thai nha kfnh) da nhai trf mgt ehuong trinh cit giam khf nha kfnh binh quin d nhiing nudc nay phai dat muc tieu lugng khf nha kfnh phat thai hang nam trong khoang thdi gian tir 2008- 2012 d miic 5,2% so vdi lugng phat thai nam 1990, chfnh la vdi hy vgng se gdp phan lam cham lai su bie'n doi khf hiu toan ciu qua nhanh nhu hien nay. Viec cat giam lugfng phat thai eacbon tiit ngudn nguyen lieu hda thach ddi hdi hoac phai cat giam miic tieu thu so vdi hien nay ne'u su dung cac cdng nghe cii, hoac phai thay doi cdng nghe mdi de giam phat thai eacbon, tiic cdng nghe eacbon thdp ne'u mudn su dung nguon nang lugng hda thach vdi miic tieu thu cao han, dac biet nguon nang lugtig til than.
Trong so cac dang nang lugng hda thach, dau md va khf thien nhien cd the sdm can din, trong idii dd than la dang tai nguyen hoa thach cdn phong phii nhat, theo du bao vin cdn cd the thoa man nhu ciu tieu thu ciia con ngudi cho de'n hei the' ky nay hoac liu han. Vi viy, sau nhiing nam giiia hoac cudi the' ky 21, than se dan dan chiem dia vi chii chdt trong san xuai va cung ling nang lugng, trong khi dd diu md va khf thien nhien se rai xud'ng hang thii yeu, nhudng chd cho cac dang nang lugfng mdi, dd la nang lugng tai tao. Viec phai giam ty le phin dau md va khf thien nhien trong linh vuc nang lugng d the' ky nay khdng phai chi vi lo so can kiet ngudn diu md va khf thien nhien xay ra nhanh ma cdn vi mgt ly do rai quan trgng khac. Dd la vi ddu mo vd khi thien nhien khdng chi Id ndng lugng md cdn Id nguyen lieu quy gid cho ngdnh tong hgp hda hgc hUu co de sdn xudt cdc sdn phdm hSu co cho nhu cdu cua ddi sdng vd sdn xudt bdng nhitng cong nghe dd thuan thuc vd ngdy cdng hodn thien. Do dd, ngay trong the' ky 21, mac dii cd thi cdn diu md va khf thien nhien vdi mgt trii lugng nhai dinh nhung phai han che' sii dung dau md va khf thien nhien theo hudng lam nhien lieu va nang lugng, tang cudng dua nhien lieu tai tao vao thay the' nham danh phan uu tien diu md va khf thien nhien cho cdng nghiep tong hgp hda hgc hiiu co. Cho de'n khi phan nang lugng tai tao dam duang dugc phin quan trgng trong nhu ciu nang lugng, se sdm chdm dut mgt cdch chii dgng vai trd ddu mo vd khi thien nhien trong viec cung ung ndng lugng. Ba'y gid phan tai nguyen dau md va khf thien nhien se dam duang giii vai trd chii yeu trong viec cung iing nguyen lieu chiia
eacbon cho cdng nghiep tdng hgp hda hgc hiiu eg khdng phai chi cho the ky nay ma con keo dai cho nhieu the ky sau. Dau md va khf thien nhien vdi tu each la nguyen lieu hda hgc bay gid khong con la thii pham cua viec phat thai eacbon lam bien doi khf hiu toan cau vi eacbon da nam ngay trong san pham cua nganh tong hgp hiiu eg.
Tuy nhien, viec thay the dan nguon nang lugng hoa thach ndi tren bang ngudn nang lugng tai tao chua the xay ra mgt each nhanh chdng theo y mud'n, do dd nhiing vin de thach thiic ve phat thai eacbon gay bie'n ddi khf h | u toan cau do sir dung nang lugng hda thach la chu yen, vin cdn la mdi de doa su phat trien ben viing ciia xa hgi loai ngudi. Vi vay, viec sir dung nang lugng d the ky 21 phai hudng de'n xay dung mgt nen kinh te it eacbon vd an ninh ndng lugng tren ca sa mgt hdn hgp hai nguon nang lugng: nguon nang lugng truyen thd'ng - ndng lugng hda thach va ngudn nang lugng mdi - ndng lugng tdi tgo, di kem vdi nhiing giai phap cdng nghe va chfnh sach mdi cua tCtng quo'c gia.
Cac giai phap chuyen dan sang nen kinh te it eacbon trong the ky 21
Su dung hon hgip nang luang tai tao va khong tai tao - vuB giam phat thai eacbon, vCta bao dam an ninh nang luang
Giam phat thai eacbon va bao dam an ninh nang lugng la hai muc tieu nham den trong the' ky 21 trong linh vuc san xuii va tieu thu nang lugng. Thuc te' trong nhieu thip ky qua da cho thay hai muc tieu tren chi cd the dat dugc bang giai phap san xuit va tieu thu hdn hgp hai ngudn nang lugng - tai tao va khdng tai tao mgt each hgfp ly vi mdi nguon nang lugng deu cd nhirng uu diem, nhugc diem nhii dinh, chiing cd the giiip nhau khic phuc nhiing thach thiic, tim ra ldi giai tdi uu cho bai toan nang lugng ciia the' ky.
(1) Tang dan ty le nang li/dng tai tao trong cung cap dien nang va nhiet nang
Trong hdn hgp nang lugng hien nay phan uu the' nghieng han ve nang lugng hda thach di san xuat va cung dug dien nang va nhiet nang (di sudi am cho nhu cau din cu xii lanh) do gia thanh re. Thay doi hdn hgp nay theo hudng tang din ty le nang lugng tai tao khdng phat thai eacbon se cd the dem lai su cit giam ldn trong phat thai eacbon.
Cac ngudn nang lugng tai tao de san xuit dien nang va nhiet nang cho tha'y dang gdp phin ngay cang quan trgng trong su thay ddi ty le ciia hdn hgp nang lugng, cd nghia dang chuyin bie'n dan sang hudng cd lgi cho viec cat giam phat thai eacbon, dong thdi vdi viec giam dan su le thudc vao ngudn nang lugng hda thach, da giiip cho binh on tinh hinh cang thang ve nang lugng cua nhilu nen kinh te' the' gidi, dac biet sau cac cudc khung hoang nang lugng va tang gia dau md viia qua.
Tuy nhien, tilm nang cac dang nang lugng mat trdi, gid, thuy trilu, dia nhiet Men ca ban vin chua dugc khai thac hei, chi chiem khoang 3% san lugng dien the gidi, ngoai trii nguon nang lugng nudc dua vao thiiy dien da cd truyen thd'ng phat triln, cd vai trd dang k l trong ITnh vuc nang lugng dien, chie'm khoang 7-10% san lugng dien toan the gidi hien nay. Rai nhieu nudc tren the gidi, dac biet nhiing nudc phat trien cd nhu cau tieu thu dien nang va sudi am cao nhu My, cac nudc Lien minh chiu Au, Canada, Nhat Ban,... deu dat muc tieu den nam 2020 se nang ty le nang lugng tai tao (dien mat trdi, dien gid, dien dia nhiet, dien thuy trilu) ien 20% trong can bang dien nang cua minh.
Trudc mat, muc tieu de'n nam 2010 [2] cua cac nudc Lien minh Chiu Au EU-25 ty le dien nang tur nang lugng tai tao se ehilm 12% trong tdng dien nang tii cac nguon (trong do, Phap 7%, Tay Ban Nha 12,1%, Diic 4%, Ba Lan 7,5%, Lithuania 12%, Czech 6%, Latvia 6%). 6 mdt sd nudc khac ngoai EU-25, muc tieu din nam 2010 ty le dien nang tir nang lugng tai tao nhu Trung Qud'c se chiem 10%, Nhat Ban 1,35% (chua ke dien dia nhiet), Han Qud'c 7% (bao gom ca thuy dien ldn) Singapore 35 MWth (khoang 50.000 m' panel thu nhiet mat trdi), Malaysia 5%, Thai Lan 8%, an dd
10%, Philippines 4,7 GW, Australia 9,5 TWh/nam, Na Uy 7 TWh/nam, Thuy Si 3,5 TWh/nam, My 5-30% (d 18 bang).
Hien nay, dien nang tii cac nguon nang lugng tai tao k l tren vin chua canh tranh ndi vl gia thanh vdi dien nang tit ngudn nang lugng hda thach ngoai trii thiiy dien va dien tir gid. Nguyen nhan vi cdng nghe va thiet bi thu - chuyin hda nang Mgng tai tao thanh dien nang cdn chua d miic cho phep san xuii dien nang vdi gia thanh ha.
Tuy nhien, viec danh thue phdt thdi eacbon nhu du kiln tii 10-20 USD/tan CO2 vao nam 2010 se tang dan len mdi nam them 5-10 USD/tan CO2 cho din khi dat dugc 60-100 USD/tan CO2 [3] se tao ra mgt su thay ddi can ban trong ca ca'u khuyen khfch dau tu vao cac nguon nang lugng, vi ba'y gid lgi t h i vl gia thanh nang Mgng dien san xuai tiJ than do khdng tfnh din phan thue phat thai eacbon se bi xoa bd, su canh tranh vl gia thanh dien nang san xuai giiia hai ngudn nang Mgng se khdng cdn cang thang niia. :
Nhd chfnh sach danh thue vao phat thai eacbon nhu tren, diu M vao cac nguon nang Mgng tai tao dang dugc tang nhanh tren t h i gidi. Trong vdng 2 nam, tii 2004 de'n 2006 da tang tir 27 ty USD ien 71 ty USD dau tu vao phat triln cac ngudn nang lugng tai tao. Nam 2007, miic dau tu tang len 85 ty USD. Xu hudng chuyen dich dau tu tren day theo hudng nang lugng tai tao phan anh mdi quan tam hien nay tren the gidi vl biln ddi khf hiu va an ninh nang Mgng. Nang Mgng tai tao vd'n la mgt linh vuc cd truyin thd'ng tai chau Au va My nhung hien nay dang cd mgt su thay ddi toan cau, dang dugc quan tam dac biet d cac nudc dang phat trien nhu Brasil, Trung Qud'c, An Do va nhiing khu vuc cdn lai tren the gidi.
Trong cac dang nang lugfng tai tao, ben canh nang lugng nudc (thuy dien), nang Mgng gid va nang lugfng sinh khdi dugc xem nhu da hoan thien va chfn miii vl cdng nghe, gia thanh san pham nang lugng da canh tranh dugc vdi nang Mgng truyin thd'ng, nen vd'n diu tu chu ylu tap trung vao he thilt bi thu va chuyen hda nang Mgng, tiic dau tu vao tai san la chfnh. Trong khf dd, nang lugfng mat trdi va cac dang nang Mgng tai tao cdn lai chii yeu dugc tap trung thu hiit dau M vao nghien ciiu cdng nghe R&D song song vdi thu hiit dau tu vao nghien ciiu he thiet bi thu - chuyin doi nang lugng cd hieu suai chuyin doi nang Mgng cao, gia thanh thiet bi re vdi muc tieu ha gia thanh san pham nang lugng thu dugc.
Vai trd cua Nha nudc trong viec phat triln nguon ning Mgng tai tao nhim thay the' dan nguon nang Mgng hda thach cd tfnh chat quyet dinh. Hien nay, nhilu nudc da cd hang loat chfnh sach hd trg d l kfch thfeh dau tu thdng qua viec tao dung thi trudng dn dinh cho nang lugng tai tao.
Nhung bien phap ve quan ly cua nha nudc ciing la mgt cdng cu tao ra dgng eg idiuyen khich dau tu vao nang lugng tai tao, nhu xay dung tieu chuan vl cac loai nang lugng tai tao; ddi hdi mgt ty le Mgng dien ban ra phai la td ngudn nang Mgng tai tao; dat ra miic thul uu dai trong nhilu nam vl san xuai va cung iing nang lucmg dien tai tao; trg cip cho nhung nha san xuai va cung cap dien tai tao (nhu d Dd'e, da trg ea'p cho nha cung cap dien mat trdi 0,45 €/kWh dien, tire ga'p 8 lan gia dien til than). Chfnh phii nhilu nudc da can thiep true tiep vao thi trudng nang Mgng, ban hanh Mat ve thue' hoa mang ddi vdi dien til nang Mgng tai tao dua vao mang ludi dien qud'c gia, cho phep bai ky cdng ty hay ca nhan nao dap iing cac yeu cau vl chai Mgng va ky thuat diu cd the ban dien vao mang Mdi dien, budc nguon dien qud'c gia phai tilp nhan dien tit siic gid, tir nang Mgng mat trdi va til cac ngudn tai tao khac. Gia dien nang Mgng tai tao dugc quy dinh ciing trong vdng nhilu nam, cao han gfa dien truyin thd'ng nham tao mgt thi trudng nang Mgng tai tao on dinh. Chfnh phii nhilu nudc ciing da cd chie'n Mgc rd rang dl tao lap mdt thi trudng tai tao trong va ngoai nudc on dinh bing each du bao phat trien va tilm nang nguon nang lugfng tai tao d nudc minh, kfch thfeh, khuyen khfch doi mdi cdng nghe va thiet bi thu - chuyin hda nang Mgng, tao ap Mc canh tranh de lam dgng luc phin da'u dat hieu suat chuyin hda nang Mgng va lgi fch kinh te cao hgn.
Nhd nhiing bien phap tren day, hien nay, gia thanh nang Mgng dien tit siic gid da giam nhanh chdng, canh ttanh hoan toan ngang ngira vdi dien til ngudn nang lugng hda thach ngay ca trong dieu kien chua tinh den thue phat thai eacbon. Nlu tfnh den thue phat thai eacbon ap dat cho dien rii nang lugng hda thach, chic chin gia thanh nang Mgng dien til siic gid se con thip han nhilu.
d Tay Ban Nha nang Mgng dien tit siic gid da dap iing dugc khoang 8% nhu ciu dien trong nudc va nhd dd, chi tfnh rieng trong nam 2005, Tay Ban Nha da ngan khdng phat thai de'n 19 trieu tSh CO2.
d Dan Mach, mgt dien hinh thanh cdng ve nang lugng gid, trong vdng 20 nam da nang ty le dien nang til siic gid til 3% len de'n tren 20% trong can bang dien ca nudc nhu hien nay.
(2) Tang dan ty le nhien lieu sinh hoc the he thiif hai va thur ba trong giao thong, van tai
V l nang Mgng sinh khd'i, nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thd nhdt dugc san xuit til ngu cdc (ngd, khoai, sin), mfa dudng dang trong tira ngim ciia nhilu y kiln phan bae vi de doa din an ninh Mong thuc va dit dai, vat tu ndng nghiep (phan bdn, hda chii bao ve thuc vat, nudc tudi tieu...) danh cho san xuat hang hda ndng nghiep, k l ca tren diln dan Lien Hifp Qud'c cung cd nhiing y kie'n phat bieu gay gat cho do la "tgi ac chd'ng lai loai ngudi" mac du nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thii nhat da mang lai nhiing tac dung dang ke vl giam thieu phat thai eacbon va tiet giam dugc mdt phin nhien lieu til dau khf.
Ket qua tha'y rd nhit la ehuong tnnh bio-etanol ciia Brazil va My. Til nhiing nam 1970, d Brazil da cd ehuong trinh sir dung bio-etanol til mfa dudng vao giao thdng vin tai. De'n nay d Brazil, ethanol tir mfa da thay t h i dugc 1/3 xang trong giao thdng van tai, biodiesel til dau thuc vat da thay the dugc 5% dau diesel diu md. d My cd chuang trinh muc tieu dugc ggi la "20 trong 10" (twenty in ten), nghia la trong 10 nam tdi (2007-2017), se giam miic sii dung xang dau 20%, trong dd bao gom 5% (tiic 8,5 ty gallons) xang dau do chfnh sach tilt giam sit dung va 15% (tiic 35 ty gallons) dugc thay t h i bang hd u g ciia bio-etanol pha vao xang. Cudc hgp thugng dinh cac qud'c gia nam 2004 tai Bonn (CHLB Dilc) da cung nhau thd'ng nhai mdt chuang trinh muc tieu, din nam 2020 phai thay t h i dugc 10-20% Mgng dau tieu thu bang cac dang nang lugng mdi d l keo dai thdi gian sir dung diu md va giam phat thai CO2.
Sir dung nMen lieu sinh hgc ciing gdp phan giam phat thai eacbon so vdi nhien lieu hda thach vi thuc vat cd kha nang hip thu CO2 trong khf quyen thuc Men qua trinh quang hc(p d l tao ra chai hilu co chiia eacbon tai tao lai cho ta sir dung. Tuy nhien, tiiy theo nguon gd'c nhien lieu sinh hgc, kha nang phat thai se khac nhau vi td'c do tai tao va Meu suai qua trinh quang hgfp khdng gid'ng nhau. Lugng phat thai eacbon ciia bio-etanol til mfa trung binh khoang 30% so vdi xang til diu md, trong khi bio-ethanol til ngd trung binh khoang 90% so vdi xang. Lugng phat thai eacbon ciia diu diesel sinh hgc (biodiesel) tir dau thuc vat bang khoang 55% Mgng phat thai CO2 cua dau diesel diu md. Chuang trinh nhien lieu sinh hgc d Brazil da cho thi'y tac dung khdng nhung giam MOng iing Mgng xang dau nhap khau tugng iing vdi phan nhien lieu thay the ma con giam dugc lugfng phat thai CO2 kha ldn, khoang 25,8 trieu tan CO2 mdi nam.
Tuy nhien, vl nhien lieu sinh hgc Men cd hai xu hudng dang luu y: (i) di vao san xui't va sir dung bio-butanol thay cho bio-etanol vi bio-butanol cd nhieu lgi t h i han bio-ethanol trong san xuai va sir dung, khdng can lam khan 99,9%; (ii) chuyen hudng san xuat va sir dung nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thii nhai dugc san xuat til ngii cd'c (ngd, khoai, sin), mfa dudng sang san xuat va sir dung nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thd hai dugc san xuai til phe thai long hoac rin trong sinh hoat va san xuai ndng ngMep va nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thd ba dugc san xuit til cac loai cay hoang dai, khdng phai cay Mong thuc nhu cay Jatropha curcas smh trudng tren vilng dai cin cdi, ddi mii khd han, ciy halophyte sinh trudng trong vung dai ngap man, cd swichgrass mgc hoang dai, khdng can phan bdn, cham sdc, hoac tao smh trudng trong dim hd, trong cac vinh ngoai biln. Trong ba the' he nhien lieu sinh hgc ndi tren, nMen lieu sinh hgc the he thU ba dang dugc dac biet quan tam vi giai phap nay cho phep phat triln ben viing, khdng dgng cham din van dl nhay cam an ninh Mong thuc cua loai 666
ngudi. Viec tang dan ty le nhiSn lieu sinh hgc the he thii hai va thii ba trong giao thdng van tai gdp phin quan trgng trong giam phat thai eacbon ma khdng bi mgt Mc can nao han e h l nhu dang xay ra hien nay ddi vdi nhien lieu sinh hgc the he thii nhai.
Chuyen han sang cong nghe than sach (clean coal technology): "chia khoa" cua thang lofi trong cuoc chien giam phat thai eacbon trong thi'ky 21
Than la ngudn nang Mgng hda thach cd tilm nang rai ldn, trii lugfng xac minh cua nguon nang Mgng nay din 566 Gtoe, [4] trong khi mUc sir dung hang nam chi cd 2,26 Gtoe. Vi vay thdi gian CO the sii dung nguon tdi nguyen ndy phdi cdn den tren 250 ndm! [5] Trong khi nguon tai nguyen dau khf cd the sdm can kiet vao cudi the ky nay ciing nhu nguon tai nguyen dau khi phai tiet giam sir dung, tien tdi ngung han d l danh lam nguyen lieu cho nganh tdng hgp hda hgc hiiu eg, ngudn tai nguyen than se la tai nguyen hoa thach tru cot thay the cho dau khf, do vay nhilu qud'c gia da dua ra cac k l hoach sir dung than nhu mdt ngudn nang lugng chfnh ciia t h i ky 21, dam nhan vUa cung cap nhu ciu nang lugng cho san xuai dien nang va nhiet nang, vila cung cap nhu cau nhien lieu thay the cho nhien lieu til dau khf.
Do dd, d l cd the sir dung than lam nguon nang Mgng chfnh trong the ky 21, ddi hdi nhai thilt phai thay the cdng nghe su dung than truyin thd'ng (dugc xem la cdng nghe than ban) bing cdng nghe than sach, vdi tong phat thai eacbon bang 0. Co the noi, sut dung than bang cong nghe than sach mang tinh chat quyet dinh trong viec chuyen sang nen kinh te it eacbon trong the ky 21 dugc thanh cong hay khong.
(1) Thu va chon giCr COj (Cacbon Capture and Sequestration - CCS) cac nguon phat thai cacbon de co mure phat thai COj bang 0
Cdng nghe than sgch (clean coal technology) [6] khdng phai la cdng nghe sir dung than da dugc rira sach ma thuc chai la cdng nghe sir dung than khdng cd phat thai cacbon, tiic phat thai CO2 bang 0. Cdng nghe than sach ddi nghieh vdi cdng nghe than bdn (dirty coal technology) hien nay do phat thai rai nhieu khi CO2 d cac nha may dien chay bing than, la nguyen nhan cua bie'n doi khf hau.
Ban chai cua cdng nghe CCS la khf CO2 tao ra khi ddt than true tiep se tach ra, thu lai, nen ep, chuyen chiing sang dang CO2 khf nen cao ap hoac dang CO2 hoa long va chdn giii trong long dai, dudi day bien. Cac dang CO2 da dugc chuyin hda nay se dugc vin chuyin bang tau hoac trong dng din de cat giii chiing dudi day bien sau, hoac bum ep xud'ng cac via dau khf da khai thac gin hit tan dung la'y them diu khf, hoac chdn giii vao nhirng via dau khf da ngung hoat ddng, hoac bam ep xudng cac via than khdng the khai thac bang nd min vi chiia nhilu khf metan d l khai thac than d cac md nay. Cdng nghe ep via bang CO2 dl tan thu diu da dugc iing dung trong thuc te nhu d My, Argentina, Trinidad, Canada, Biln Bae. Gan day, ngay 2/4/2008, tJc cdng bd da bat dau thuc hien cdng nghe CCS diu tien ciia minh, tiln hanh thu gom khoang 110.000 tan khf CO2 thai ra til cac nha may dien va nen xud'ng mgt md khf thien nhien da khai thac can dl chdn giii d do sau tren 2000m tai bang Victoria, gan thi trin Warrnambool.
(2) Thu va chuyen hoa CO2 (Cacbon Capture and Conversion - CCC) cac nguon phat thai cacbon de co mure phat thai CO2 bang 0
Giai phap CCS ndi tren d mdt chfitng muc nao dd mang tfnh chii ddi phd bi dgng, thieu bin vimg, tdn kem nhieu, tdi thieu khoang 80-100 $US/ta'n CO2 (chua tfnh khoang each giQa nguon phat thai CO2 va dia dilm chdn cat qua xa khd cd thi thuc hien dugc). Hgn nQa su an toan ciia cac giai phap ndi tren khdng phai la tuyet ddi, CO2 cd the bi rd ri thoat ra nhQng nai chdn cat do cac bien dgng dia chai, dut gay cac dia ting, hoac do hoat dgng niii lira. Bang chiing la tham hoa gay tir vong
VI ngat thd CO2 cho 1.700 dan cu va ddng vat d Cameroon (Tay Phi) nam 1986 khi mii lira dudi ho Nyos bat ngd hoat dgng keo theo cho mgt khdi Mgng ldn CO2 bao hda trong nudc hd thoat ra.
Gan day da xuai hien mgt hudng rai mdi [7], xem CO2 nhu mdt nguyen lieu hda hgc chila cacbon, cin thu lai de chuyen hda hda hgc tir CO2 nhd cac chai xiic tac dac hieu thanh cac san pham cd lgi nhu cdc hoa chdt hiiu co hoac cdc logi nhien lieu thay the nguyen lieu ddu khi, khdng xem CO2 nhu mgt chat thai, mgt "thu pham mdi trudng" cd hai ddi vdi khf hau trai dai, nen khdng nhit thiet phai thu lai de chdn da'u sau dudi long dai vinh viln vila ton kem, vila thieu an toan. Nguon CO2 do hoat dgng con ngudi thai ra va nguon CO2 trong khf quyln trai dai se la ngudn nguyen lieu vo tan cho san xuai cac san phim huu ca chiia cacbon va cac loai nhien lieu, cho phep thay the dau khf dang gan can kiet. Vi vay, dl xay dung nen kinh te ft cacbon, gdp phan thanh cdng trong cudc chiln chd'ng bien doi khf hiu cho tuang lai, thay vi nghien ciiu thu vd chdn cat CO2 (Cacbon Capture and Sequestration - CCS), hien nay the gidi dang chuyen manh sang hudng nghien cQu thu va chuyen hoa CO2 (Cacbon Capture and Conversion - CCC).
Rat nhieu hgi nghi, hgi thao khoa hgc chuyen dl ve chuyin hda va sir dung CO2 lien tie'p dugc to chQc tren the gidi, trong tQng khu vuc hoac trong tiing nudc. Chi dan cit Hgi nghi Qud'c te'vi su dung cacbon dioxide (International Conference on Cacbon Dioxide Utilisation - ICCDU) to chQc nam 1991 tai Nagoya (Nhat Ban), do tim quan ttgng cua van dl, hgi nghi da quyet dinh tie'p tuc cQ hai nam mgt lan to chQc ICCDU dl trao ddi nhiing hudng nghien cQu mdi nhit va thdng bao nhirng thanh tuu khoa hgc dat dugc trong linh vuc nay d cac nudc va ICCDU tai Nagoya dugc xem la ICCDU-1. Cac Hgi nghi tilp sau ICCDU-2 (1993) da dugc to chQc tai Bari (Italy), ICCDU-3 (1995) tai Oklahoma (Hoa Ky), ICCDU-4 (1997) tai Kyoto (Nhat Ban), ICCDU-5 (1999) tai Karlsruhe (DQc), ICCDU-6 (2001) tai Breckenridge (Hoa Ky), ICCDU-7 (2003) tai Seoul (Han Qud'c), ICCDU-8 (2005) tai Oslo (Thuy Diln), ICCDU-9 (2007) tai Kingston (Canada), gan day nhit, ICCDU-10 (thing 5-2009) tai Thien Tdn (Trung Qud'c). Qua cac ky ICCDU da xuai hien Miilu hudng nghien cQu mdi, ro nhii la theo hudng tim each su dung nguon CO2 true tiep tQ cac khdi Id cdng nghiep khdng qua phin ly rieng, khdng can lam sach dudi dang CO2 tinh khiet va de thuc hien dugc dilu dd phai tim kilm nhQng chai xuc tac mdi de thyc hien qua trinh chuyen hda CO2 khdng tinh sach trong dilu kien mem ve nhiet do, ap suai thanh cac san phim cd ich nhu san pham nang Mgng va san pham hda hgc huu eg khac nhau (metanol, hgp chai cacbonat vdng, axit formic,...)
(3) Ap dung cong nghe than sach trong san xuat dien nang b cac nha may dien theo cong nghe truyen thong
Than d the ky 20 da dugc su dung nhu nguon nang Mgng chfnh de san xuit dien tren toan the gidi nhung diu thugc vl cdng nghe than ban. Hien cd khoang 1.200 GW cdng suat dien dd't than Uen toan the gidi, chiem khoang 40% tong lugng dien phat ra, kem theo la 40% lugng phit thai CO2 cua t h i gidi. Khi gia dau tang len nhu Men nay, ty trgng than trong san xuit nang Mgng tren the gidi da tang manh. Theo Bdo cdo Phdt trien Con ngudi 2007/2008, [8] cac nudc Trung Qud'c, Ai Dd va My da gia tang dac biet cdng suai phat dien chay bang than trong thdi gian nay va nhQng nam sip tdi. Nam 2006, udc tfnh mdi tuan d Trung Qud'c xay them 2 nha may dien ddt than mdi. My cd de an xay dung tren 150 nha may dien dot than cho tdi nam 2030 vdi mQc diu tu 145.000 ty USD, trong Idii dd, an Do cung cd ke hoach tang han 75% cdng suat phat dien bang than trong vdng 1() nam tdi.
Dilu dang quan tam la cac nha may dien chay bang than la nguon phat thai CO2 rai ldn so vdi nha may dien chay bang xang dau. Mgt nha may dien chay bang than tieu bilu hang nam ed'the thai ra 3.700.000 tan CO2, vl vay cung vdi viec tang ty trgng su dung than trong cac ngudn nang Mgng, sy gia tang phat thai CO2 la khdng Uanh khdi va ne'u khdng thyc hien tdt bien phap thu va cit giQ CO2, dilu nay din den nguy ca the gidi se vugt qua ngudng an toan vl nong do CO; ong kM 668
quyen. Vi vay, dl cac nha may dien chay bang than ndi Uen cd the tdn tai trong t h i k y 21, budc phai lip dat them cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC de dat mQc phat thai cacbon bang 0, neu khdng phai ddng cua hoac phai ddng thul phat thai cacbon rat cao de'n mQc khdng chiu noi vl gia thanh dien nang.
(4) Ap dung cong nghe than sach trong san xuat dien nang theo cong nghe mdi: Cong nghe Chu trinh Men hoan khi lioa tich hdp (Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle - IGCC)
San xuai dien nang theo cdng nghe truyin thd'ng (tQc cdng nghe cu) cd hieu suai chuyen hda nang Mgng thap va phat thai nhilu CO2, nhilu khi dgc hai tQ trong thanh phan ciia than.
De nang cao hieu suai chuyen hda nang Mgng va khdng phat thai cacbon phu hgfp vdi ddi hdi cua t h i ky 21, ngay nay the gidi dang chuyin hudng dan sang cdng nghe mdi: cdng nghe san xuai dien tfch hgp vdi san xuai cac nguon nang lugfng khac bang cdng nghe than sach. Dd la cdng nghe san xuat theo chu trinh khi hda tich hgp IGCC (Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle). Trong cdng nghe IGCC, than khdng sQ dung ddt tryc tiep trong cac Id hai de san xuai dien nhu hien nay, ma trudc tien dugc tie'n hanh khi hod trong Id khf hda (gasifier) ting chat hoac tang sdi bang oxygen (hoac khdng khf) va hai nudc dl tao ra nhien lieu khf cd thanh phan chu yeu chiim tren 85% la hydrogen (H2) va cacbon monoxide (CO), dugc ggi la khi tong hgp hay syngas, nhiing thanh phin cdn lai nhu nitrogen oxide ( N O J : ) , luu huynh oxide (SOx) se dugc loai bd hoan toan trong cac thiet bi lam sach tilp sau. Khf syngas da sach nay dugc su dung nhu khf thien nhien cung cip cho cac nha may san xuai dien theo chu trinh phat dien hdn hgp bao gom phat dien bang tudc bm khf (gas turbine) va tie'p sau, lgi dyng nhiet thQa sau tudc bin khf san xuai hai nudc dl phat dien bang tudc- bin hai (steam turbine). Phan hai nudc cdn lai cho trd vl Id khf hoa, cung cip hai nudc cho phan Qng khf hda. Phin khdng khf tQ sau tudc-bin gas sau khi phin chia, tach oxi cung dugc cho trd vl Id khf hda de cung cap oxi cho phan Qng khf hda.
Cac nha may IGCC cd kem theo su dung cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC la phuong an cd chi phf tha'p hon so vdi ap dyng cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC lip dat vao cac nha may dien ddt than hien nay.
Viec ap dyng cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC tat nhien se tang them chi phf cho cac nha may dien dot than len de'n 35-60%, gia thanh dien se tang len. Theo tfnh toan cua Ca quan Ndng lugng The gidi (lEA), gia thanh dien theo cdng nghe IGCC la 1,371 USD/kW, nlu lip them cdng nghe CCS, gia dien tang len 1,860 USD/kW, nhung doi lai se dat mQc do phat thai cacbon bang 0, lai khdng bi danh thul phat thai cacbon cung nhu khdng cd phat thai NOx, SOx:.
Hien tai, cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC chua dugc ap dung rdng rai d cac nha may san xuai difn nang theo phuang phap cu hoac phuang phap mdi IGCC vi cdn qua dat dd, song trong tuang lai, khi the gidi ap dat mQc thul phat thai cacbon len 60-100 USD/tan CO2 cho cac nha may dien ddt than, viec ap dyng cdng nghe CCS hoac CCC se trd nen bat huge vi khdng cdn con dudng nao khac. Day se la eg hgi chuyen doi toan bg cdng nghe dot than vdi phat thai cacbon cao sang cdng nghe mdi vdi phat thai cacbon tha'p hoac cdng nghe phat thai cacbon bang 0 ddng thdi khdng cd phat thai NOx, SOx. He thdng CCS hoac CCC cdn cd the ap dyng de ghep ndi vdi cac Id hai. Id nung xi mang, Id nung vat lieu xay dung sQ dyng nhien lieu la khf thien nhien hoac dau DO, FO hien nay nhim dap Qng chuang trinh giam phat thai cacbon chd'ng bien doi khf hau toan cau cho t h i ky 21.
Cdng nghe IGCC cho phep su dyng than san xuat dien vdi hieu qua chuyin hda nang lugng nhiet rit cao, mQc phat thai CO2 thip, mQc phat thai NOx, SOx bang 0 so vdi su dyng than trong san xuai dien hien nay.
Cdng nghe nay cdn dugc ap dyng dl su dyng nhiing nguon nang Mgng khac cd phat thai d nhilm cao nhu can dau FO nhilu luu huynh, can coke cua dau md,... TQ nam 1990 din nay Lien minh chau Au (EU) va My da xiy dung 5 nha may trinh diln cdng nghe IGCC, nhQng nha may nay
chQng mmh da dat mQc hieu suit chuyin hda nhiet eao vdi mQc phat thai cacbon thip, mQc phat thai cacbon nay Mcmg duang vdi mQc phat thai khi su dyng khf thien nMen.
(5) Ap dung cong nghe than sach trong san xuat dien nang ket hdp v6i san xuat nhien lieu thay the nhien lieu tii dau khi
SQ dyng than trong san xuai dien nang kit hap vdi san xuat nhien lieu khf va cac loai nhien lieu long thay the cho nhien lieu di tQ dau khf nhien lieu khf ve co ban gid'ng nhu qua trinh san xuai dien nang theo cdng nghe IGCC, nhung tren ca sd hai thanh phin hydrogen (Hj) va cacbon monoxide (CO) cua khf tdng hcrp syngas dugc su dyng thyc hien phan Qng tdng hup Fischer- Tropsch d l san xuit hydrocacbon :
(2n+l)Yi2 + nCO ^ C„H(2n+2) + «H20
Cac san pham thu dugc tQ qua trinh tong hgfp Fischer-Tropsch bao gom nhiing hydrocacbon tQ Idif din ldng va rin, tuy thugc vao ty le Hj/CO, nhiet do va chit xuc tac. Cac hydrocacbon C1-C2 su dyng de thay the khf thien nhien, cac hydrocacbon C3-C4 sQ dyng d l thay the kM dau mo hda long LPG, san phSm ldng C5-C10 su dyng de thay thi xang, cac san pham Cl 1-C20 sQ dyng de thay t h i kerosen va diesel, cac san phim rin C21-C60 Mong tu nhu wax parafin.
Thyc ra, phuang phap tong hgp Fishcher-Tropsch dugc nghien cQu tQ nam 1920 da dugc tie'n hanh d quy md cdng nghiep tQ trong thdi gian chien tranh the gidi thQ II, giai quyet sy khan hiem nhien lieu xang va nhien lieu diesel dl cung ea'p cho cudc chien. Khi chiln tranh ket thuc, hudng san xuai nhien lieu long tong hgp nhin tao cung din din ngung lai do gia thanh nhien lieu long tQ than qua cao, khdng canh tranh dugc vdi nhien lieu long tQ dau khf. Tuy nhien, tQ sau nhirng cudc khung hoang dau md nhiing nam 70, ngudn cung vl diu md bi de doa da lam cho nhilu nude chu dgng quay trd ve chuang trinh san xuat nhien lieu long tQ than tren ca sd nguyen ly cdng nghe tdng hgp Fischer-Tropsch trudc day, nhung dilm khac biet la dua vao cdng nghe than sach de khdng cd phat thai cacbon trong qua trinh san xuat.
My va cac nudc Chau Au, Nhat Ban chu dgng trd vl nghien cQu va phat trien hudng san xuit nhien lieu thay the tQ than theo cdng nghe mdi, nhu nhilu cdng ty nhu Shell OU, Chevron (Texaco), Exxon Mobil, Phdng thi nghiem Cdng nghe qud'c gia (NETL) thudc Bg Nang Mgng My da xiy dung cac nha may pilot hoac nhilu nha may san xuS^t Men dai trong thdi gian gin day bang cdng nghe than sach. Hien nay, My dang cd chuang trinh den nam 2016, nhien lieu long san xuai bang qua trinh tong hgp Fischer-Tropsch tQ than vdi viec ap dyng cdng nghe than sach se thay the khoang 1/2 Mgng nhien lieu long dung trong quin dgi ma khdng can thay ddi dgng co, chu yeu la trong khdng lye Hoa Ky, nhd dd gdp phin giam dugc quan trgng Mgng dau nhap kh^u cho mye dfeh quan sy [9].
(6) Cong nghe than sach trong san xuat chat mang nang lUdng hydrogen
Hydrogen la chSlt mang nang Mgng rat sach va cd y nghia quan trgng trong tuong lai, chang nhung lam nhien lieu thay the trong linh vyc nhien lieu cho giao thdng van tai, ma con trong linh vyc san xuat dien nang. Su dyng than san xuai dien vdi phat thai cacbon bang 0 cung nhu khdng phat thai cac chai d nhilm SOx, NOx dugc thuc hien bang cdng nghe IGCC va CCS, CCC kei hop tuy nhien trong he thd'ng Ichdng su dyng toan bd khf syngas da dugc lam sach de san xuai dien m i da lay ra mgt nhanh de san xuit hydrogen (Hj) nhd vao phdn Ung chuyen vi khi-hai nudc (Water- Gas SMft) tren eg sd khf cacbon monoxit (CO) - mgt thanh phan trong khf tong hcrp syngas-
CO + H2O ^ H2 -(- CO2
Khf CO2 cua cac qua trinh tren dugc tach ra va thu giu theo cdng nghe CCS hoac chuyen hda theo cdng nghe CCC.
670
Phdn Ung chuyen vi hcfi nudc de san xuat hydrogen la phan Qng da dugc ap dung trong cdng nghiep hda hgc tQ the ky trudc nhim san xuai hydrogen vdi tu each nhu mgt nguyen lieu hda hgc, ma khdng phai chai mang nang lugng. Hydrogen trong cdng nghiep hda chai dugc sQ dung nhu mgt tac nhan hydrogen hda lam sach cac san pham chQa luu huynh, chQa cac lien kit khdng no trong cac san pham diu khf, dac biet lam nguyen lieu hda hgc de tong hgp amoniac (NH3) trong san xuat phan bdn urea hoac d l tong hgp metanol va cac hoa chai. Nam 2004 tren the gidi da san xuai khoang 170 trieu ta'n hydrogen cho cdng nghiep hda hgc, trung binh mdi nam tang khoang 10% san Mgng, trong dd 1/2 dugc sQ dyng dl san xuii amoniac va phan bdn, cdn lai chu yeu de e h l bie'n dau nang (hydrocracking) va lam sach san pham diu md. Tuy nhien, cdng nghe san xuat hydrogen lam nguyen lieu trong cdng nghiep hda hgc hien nay tQ than la dua tren cdng nghe than ban, da sinh ra nhilu khf thai CO2, vi vay de cd thi tiep tyc san xuai hydrogen lam tac nhan hoa hgc trong t h i ky 21 bat huge phai ap dyng cdng nghe than sach, dua them qua tnnh CCS vao.
Trong tinh hinh mdi, hudng san xuai hydrogen lam chat mang nang lugfng cho nhu ciu nang lucmg cua the ky 21 hien nay dang dugc d l cap nhu mgt hudng mdi d l phat trien. Bg nang Mgng My (US DOE) da khdi dgng Chuong trinh Hydrogen tU than (Hydrogen from Coal Program) [10] giai doan 2004-2015 de nghien cQu, triln khai va trinh diln cdng nghe sQ dyng than trong san xuai dien va san xuii chai mang nang Mgng hydrogen bang cdng nghe than sach vdi ky vgng bang each ket hgp nay se nang cao hieu suai chuyin hda nang lugng cua than va ha gia thanh san pham hydrogen thu dugc. Chugng trinh cd ten FutureGen do nha nudc va tu nhan hgp tac diu tu de xay dung mdt nha may su dyng than san xuai dien theo cdng nghe IGCC va CCS cd cdng suai 275 MW vdi mQc tong phat thai bang 0 va san xuai chit mang nang lugfng hydrogen vdi gia thanh 0,54 USD/kg, giam 25% so vdi gia thanh hydrogen lam nguyen lieu hda hgc san xuai tQ than hien nay d cac nha may san xuai amoniac (NH3) ddng thdi nang cao hieu suai chuyen hda nhiet trong san xuai dien len 60%, gan vdi hieu suai nhiet cua Chu trinh Carnot (Carnot Cycle). Nha may trinh diln nay du dinh se dua vao van hanh vao nam 2012, vdi muc tieu tap trung san xuai chit mang nang lugfng hydrogen tQ than cho thIky 21 bang cdng nghe than sach.
Tong hgp lai, hudng su dyng nguon tai nguyen nang lugng than dugc nghien cQu tap trung va ky vgng nhit d l dua than thanh ngudn nang lugng chu Mc cho the' ky 21 bang cdng nghe than sach, khdng phat thai cacbon se la mgt cdng nghe lien hoan gdm nhQng cdng nghe rieng re tren day, tao ra cac san phdm da dang, bao gom dien, nhien lieu khf thay t h i khf thien nhien hoac khf diu md hoa long (LPG), nhien lieu ldng thay the xang, nhien lieu ldng thay the nhien lieu diesel cua diu khf va chai mang nang Mgng hydrogen (hinh 1).
Than
Khi hoa Khi tong hap (syngas)^
Oxy • -| Tach oxygen [^ _ .
Lam sach
Dien
Khong khi - ^ - - C 0 2
Chuyen vj khi-hci nu'O'c (Water-Gas Shift) CO + H2O H2+CO2
Tong hap Fischer-Tropsch (n+1)CO+nH2 C„H2„+2+H20
Tuoc bin l<hi
H e / nLKfC
- - San xuat ho'i nu'oc
Dien Tuoc bin hei
Tach Hj va CO2 qua membrane
Hydrogen (H2)
Tach cac san pham
CO2
Thu giu" CO2 (CCS)
Khi dot thay
the
Xang thay the
Diesel thay
the
Hinh 7: Sa do cdng nghe than sach san xuai dong thdi nhilu san pham (Coal Poly-Generation) [11]
Tiei kiem nang luang va nang cao hieu suat thiet bj, may moc sCrdung nang luang gop phan giam phat thai cacbon
Su dyng nang lugng trong khu vyc dan cu cd tac dgng quan ttgng de'n viec tilt giam lugng dau tieu thy va Mgng phat thai cacbon. O cac nudc thugc to chQc OECD, khoang 1/3 Mgng dien san xuait dugc la su dyng vao he thd'ng sudi Sim va lam mat, tu lanh gia dinh, Id na'u nudng, chilu sang va cac thilt bi gia dinh khac. Khu vyc dan cu chie'm khoang 35-40% Mgng phat thai CO2 toan qud'c, rieng cac trang thilt bi da phat ra khoang 12% CO2.
Cac thilt bi dien la mgt ngudn quan trgng cd thi gdp phan giam nhu cau tieu thy xang d^u va phat thai cacbon. Theo tfnh toan trong Bdo cdo Phdt trien Con ngudi ciia Lien Hiep Qud'c 2007/2008, nlu tai ca cac thilt bi dien sQ dung d cac nudc thugc To chUc Hgp tdc Phdt trien Kinh te (OECD) vao nam 2005 dat tieu chuan tdi nhai ve hieu suai thi cd le da giam dugc 322 MT CO2 phat thai tdi nam 2010, tugng duung vdi viec giam 100 trifu chie'e xe luu thdng tren dudng - mgt con sd bang tai ca xe d Canada, Phap va DQc gdp lai. Den nam 2030, nhiing tieu chuan nay cao han se tranh dugc phat thai 572 trieu tan CO2 mdi nam, tuung dugng vdi 200 trieu xe hgi khdng tham gia giao thdng hoac ddng cua 400 nha may dien chay bang khi thien nhien.
Rieng khoan chieu sang tren the gidi cung chiem khoang 10% nhu cau dien toan cau va san sinh ra 1,9 ty tan CO2 mdi nam, bang 7% tdng lugng phat thai CO2. Theo tfnh toan, chi can thay the nguon chie'u sang bang sgi ddt volfram chuyen sang den huynh quang compact thi cd thi giam tong nang Mgng cho chilu sang tdi 38% vi loai den sgi ddt, 95% dien nang tieu thy bi mai mat dudi dang toa nhiet, chi cd dudi 5% la de toa sang. Hien nay, nhieu dy an va chuang trinh nghien cQu dang tap trung vao viec chuyin ngudn chilu sang sang the he den LED (Light Emitting Diode) vdi nguyen ly phat sang khac vdi cac nguon chilu sang t h i he den sgi ddt hoac den huynh quang, mQc tieu thy dien nang rai tha'p, mgt bdng den vai watts sang han bdng den vai chue watts hien nay [12]. Ngudn chie'u sang nay dugc xem la ngudn chie'u sang cho the ky 21, gdp phSn giam dang ke tieu thy dien nang toan t h i gidi, tQc giam mQc tieu thy ddu khf de san xuai dien nang va giam phat thai cacbon.
Phuang tien giao thdng ca nhan la ddi tugng tieu thy dau md ldn nha^t t h i gidi, dong thdi cung la ngudn phat thai CO2 gia tang nhanh nhai. Thd'ng ke cho thay, nam 2004 nganh giao thdng thai ra 6,3 ti tan CO2 va hang nam da tang len vdi td'c do trung binh 1,8%/nam. Tang hieu suat sQ dyng xang dau ddi vdi cac phuong tien giao thdng van tai se gdp phan quan trgng trong viec tilt kiem nang Mgng va giam phat thai cacbon. Van dl nay ddi hdi cd nhung cai tien mdi trong viec ehl tao dgng eg ddt trong va ddng co diesel dl nang cao hieu suat dgng eg cung nhu su dyng cac vit lieu mdi dl giam trgng lugng xe, gdp phan giam mQc tieu thy nhien lieu. TQ nam 2002, Nhat Ban da sin xuai xe cd hieu suat nhien lieu rat cao, 45 dam/gallon xang (tQc - 19 kmAft), cac nudc thudc EU 37 dam/gallon (15,5 kmAft), uc va Trung Qud'c 29 dam/gallon (12 kmAft), trong khi dd, M^^ chi dat hieu sudt nhien lieu 20 dam/gallon (8,5 km/lft). Mye tieu de'n nam 2010, cac chi tieu nay se tang len: Nhat va cac nudc EU se dat mQc 48 dam/gallon (-20 km/lft), uc 35 dam/gallon (-14 kmAit), trong khi do. My khoang 25 dam/gallon (10,5 km/lft), tuy vay cung da cd tac dung se giam mQc tieu thy dau md d My din 3,5 trieu thung mdi ngay, song song dd giam dugc 400 MT CO2 phat thai, tuong duang tdng lugng phat thai cacbon cua Phap mdi nam [13].
Mdt giai phap giam Mgng xang ddu tieu thy cho linh vyc giao thdng, van tai la san xuai va sQ dyng xe "lai ghep" (hybrid vehicles), vQa su dung xang, vua su dyng dien cua pin nhien lieu hydrogen, hoac vQa su dyng dau diesel, vQa su dyng dien (hybrid-electric petroleum vehicles) tQ xe con, xe ca, din xe bus,, tau hoa. Xe lai ghep the he gan day nhai la loai plud-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEV) tQc chuyen doi tay gat qua lai tQ che do hoat dgng bang dgng ca xang hoac dgng- ca diesel sang che do hoat dgng bang dgng eg dien do pin nhien lieu hydrogen hoac pin nhien lieu butanol sinh hgc cung cap. Thd'ng ke cho tha'y su dyng xe lai ghep cd tac dung khdng chi tilt giam dang k l Mgng tieu thy xang ddu ma cdn giam nhilu Mgng phat thai cacbon: Mgng nhien lieu xang 672
ddu tieu thy giam 1/2 den 1/4, chi cdn 2,8-3 1ft cho mdi kilomet, ddng thdi lugng khf CO2 phat thai cung giam khoang 1,5 ldn so vdi trudc. Bang giai phap nay cd trien vgng vQa giam dugc nhu cdu xang ddu, vQa dat dugc mye tieu phat thai HOgCOj^un hanh trinh vao nam 2012 trong khi hien nay, mye tieu cho nam 2008-2009 la 140 gC02/km hanh tnnh.
Dau tu cua mot so nirdc vao nang lifdng tai tao nham xay dimg nen kinh te it phat thai cacbon va an ninh nang lifdng trong the ky 21 [14]
Thang 7 nam 2005, cac nha lanh dao cac nudc G8 da nhdm hgp tai Gleneales, Scotland da dua cudc ddi thoai vl bie'n ddi khf hau, nang Mgng sach va phat trien bin vQng vdi sy tham gia cua 20 nin kinh t l su dyng nhilu nang lugng. Mye tieu cua cudc gap ga tren day la tao ra mgt diln dan ben ll cac cudc dam phan chfnh thQc cua Cdng udc khung ve bie'n ddi khi hdu ciia Lien Hiep Qud'c va nham thao Man cac each thQc nham lam giam phat thai khi nha kfnh va thuc ddy ddu tu vao cdng nghe xanh, md rdng ca hgi ve nang lugng cho cac nudc phat triln va giam ngheo d cac nudc dang phat triln.
Ddu W vao nang lugng tai tao dang tang len nhanh chdng, vdi 70,9 ty USD trong nam 2006, cao hon 43% so vdi nam 2005 va dang tilp tyc nang cao vao cac nam 207-2008. Cac linh vuc dau tu nhilu nhdt la nang lugng gid, nang lugng mat ttdi va nang lugng sinh khdi, td'c do phat trien manh nhat la nang lugng mat trdi hoa mang ludi dien qud'c gia, thQ din la nang Mgng gid, bio-diesel, nang lugng mat trdi dl dun ndng, dien mat trdi phan tan va nang Mgng dia nhiet.
Dudi day se gidi thieu mdt so nudc ddu tu manh vao phat trien nang lugng tai tao trong thdi gian qua:
CHLB Dure (Dien tich: 357.021 km\ sdddn tinh den 31-12-2007: 82.217.800 ngudi) TQ nam 1997, DQc bat ddu cac chuang trinh phat triln nang lugng tai tao va da dat mye tieu de'n nam 2010, ty le nang lugfng tai tao trong tdng san lugng dien qud'c gia la 12%. Nam 2006, CMnh phii DQc da quylt dinh ddu tu tren 9 ty € (Mong duang 11,31 ty USD) cho phat triln nganh nang lugng tai tao va ddu to 800 trieu euro cho ngMen cQu khoa hgc vl nang Mgng mdi trong giai doan 2005-2010. Nhd vay den nam 2007 da vugt chi tieu dl ra, dat 14%, dong thdi dy tfnh den nam 20io cd kha nang cat giam dugc khoang 52 trieu tan khf nha kfnh CO2. Hien nay, muc tieu dl ra cho den nam 2020 se dat mQc 27%.
San lugng dien tai tao Uong nam 2007 la 87.450 TWh, ehilm 14,2% trong tdng san lugng dien ca nudc, phan bd cho cac dang nhu sau (tfnh bang TWh) [15]: thuy dien: 20.700; dien gid:
39.500; dien sinh khd'i: 19.500; dien to biogas bai rac: 4.250; dien pin mat trdi: 3.500; dien dia nhiet: 0,4
Nhd cd chfnh sach quy dinh rd rang Uong Ludt hod mgng [16] cho phep ca sd to nhan san xudt dien tai tao dugc ban dien true tiep cho nha nudc va bao dam vdi mQc gia cd dinh trong 20 nam liln kem theo trg cdp, chang han dien mat ttdi nhan dugc 0,45 €/kWh ttg cdp, da kfch thfeh san xudt dien tai tao trong ca nudc va tao ra mgt thi trudng on dinh, ldi keo dugc nhilu nha dau tu to nhan vao linh vuc nang Mgng tai tao. Chi tinh trong nam 2005, dien tQ nang lugng tai tao da cao hon mQc trung binh ciia Lien minh Chau Au la 50%, va nganh nay da mang lai tdng doanh thu 21,6 ty € (toe 27 ty USD) cung vdi 8,7 ty € (toe 11 ty USD) gia tri ddu to. Dong thdi da giai quylt viec lam cho 240.000 ngudi va nhilu cdng ty nhd va vQa ra ddi da lam an phat dat trong nganh nang lugng mdi nay.
Mgt du Mat rat quan ttgng dugc thdng qua nam 2001 la quylt dinh ddng cua tdt ca cac nha may dien hat nhan da hoat ddng trong thdi han 32 nam dl dat mye tieu de'n nam 2020 se khdng cdn bat cQ nha may dien hat nhan nao hoat dgng tten toan lanh thd nudc DQc.
Brazil (Diin tich: 8.514.876 km'; sdddn tinh de'n 31-12-2007:191.790.931 ngUdi) Brazil la thi trudng nang Mang tai tao ldn nhat t h i gidi va dugc Mnh thanh tQ rai sdm vao nhQng nam 70, chu ylu dua vao san xuat bio-ethanol dl lam nhien lieu thay the xang dau cua nganh cdng nghiep mfa dudng ttong chuang trinh qud'c gia ve ethanol (National Alcohol ftogram).
Khoang 44% tong san Mgng nang lugng la dya vao cac ngudn nang Mgng tai tao. Tren 75% xe o to d Brazil cd thi hoat ddng bang xang sinh hoc hoac xang ddu md. 6 Brazil, gia bio-ethanol re han xang dau md nhilu lan, chmh phu cd nhilu bien phap khuyen khfch ngudi dan sQ dyng xang etanol.
Trong nhilu nam liln, Brazil la nudc san xuai bio-etanol cd san Mgng dQng dau the giai, toy nhien bat ddu tQ nam 2005, da bi My vugt len chie'm giQ ngdi ddu bang vl san Mgng bio-etanol. Dieu dang luu y la bio-ethanol san xudt tQ mfa dudng cua Brazil cd phat thai CO2 ft han khoang 3 lan so vdi bio-ethanol san xuat tQ ngd cua My. Do dd, su dung bio-ethanol d Brazil cd kha nang cat giam 70%
phat thai cacbon, thi d My chi cd kha nang cat giam 13% phat thai cacbon. Tdng Mgng phat thai cacbon d Brazil hien nay din 25,8 trieu tan COjJndxn.
Ngoai chfnh sach ddu tu nhien lieu thay t h i d Brazil vao san xuat bio-ethanol, khoang 1,4 ty USD ttong nam 2006, Men nay Brazil dang chu y dau tu phat triln nang lugng dien gid ttong dy an PROINFA 1,2 MW da dugc chfnh phu thdng qua. Brazil dat muc tieu dat 1,4 GW dien tQ cac nguon nang lugng tai tao vao nam 2008
Nhat Ban (Dien tich: 377.873 km'; sdddn tinh den 3111212007:127.433.494 ngudi) Nhat Ban la nude tieu thy nang Mgng dQng thQ to tren the gidi, nhung nguon nguyen lifu nang Mgng lai rai han ehl, nhai la ddu khf. Nham giai quyet cac khd khan dd, Nhat Ban da bat ddu gia tang dau tu vao ngudn nang Mgng tai tao theo xu t h i chung cua t h i gidi. Luat ve "cdc gidi phdp ddc biet" nham thuc ddy sQ dyng nang Mgng mdi bat ddu cd hieu lye tQ nam 2002, yeu cdu cac td chQc cung cdp dien phai bao dam 1,35% lugng dien tai tao trong tong san Mgng dien qud'c gia. Theo Bd Mdi trudng Nhat Ban, thi trudng nang Mgng tai tao ciia nudc nay neu trong nam 2000 dat 8,9 ty USD thi din nam 2010 dy bao se tang len 58,2 ty USD va den nam 2020 se tang len 88,2 ty USD.
Dieu nay cho thdy Nhat Ban coi trgng phat triln nganh nang lugng tai tao den mQc nao.
Vien nghien cQu Yano cua Nhat Ban cho bilt thi trudng pm mat trdi tai Nhat Ban dat gia tri 3,6 ty USD va cd thi tang d mQc 30-40%/nam, dat 7 ty USD vao nam 2008. Khoang 80% pin mat trdi ban tren thi trudng Nhat Ban la dl su dung trong sinh hoat, cdn lai la sQ dung cho chie'u sang cdng cdng tren dudng phd.
Ngoai ra, Nhat Ban dang ddy manh nang Mgng gid, mac du hien nay dang dQng d vi trf thQ 13 tren the gidi vdi cdng suai lap dat chi cd 1.538 MW, nhung du tfnh se tang len 3.000 MW vao nam 2010 va 11.800 MW vao nam 2030, xap xi edng suat dien gid cua Tay Ban Nha la nudc dQng hang thQ 3 Men nay tren the gidi.
Nhat Ban la nudc cd tiem nang dia nhiet eao vi ca nudc Nhat ndm trgn trong vdng Ma Thai Binh Duong. Nam 1980, Nhat Ban da thanh lap To chdc phdt trien Cdng nghe cdng nghiep vd ndng lugng m&i cua Nhdt Bdn NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation) nhdm thuc thi chuang trinh phat trien nang Mgng dia nhiet d nhiing vung cd tiem nang ldn tren toan lanh tho Nhat Ban. Khoang 20 nha may dien dia nhiet dang hoat ddng tren toan lanh thd Nhat Ban vdi tdng cdng suat lap dat la 535 MW, san lugng dien hang nam ciia dien dia nhiet la 3.467.310 MWh, chie'm 0,4% trong tdng san Mgng dien trong nudc. Ngoai ra, Nhit Bdn cung chu trgng phat trien he thdng dun ndng nudc nhd nang Mgng dia nhiet dl sudi am va' sinh hoat.
T r u n g Q u o c (Dien tich: 9.640.821 km'; sdddn tinh den 3111212007:1.321.851.888 ngudi) Trung Qud'c la nudc san xuai nang Mgng tai tao ldn nhdt the gidi, neu k l ca thuy dien ldn 674
cdng suat dien vao nam 2005 la 120 GW, chiem 25% tong cdng sudt qud'c gia. Trung Qud'c cung la nha san xuat bio-etanol ldn thQ ba tren t h i gidi va cd cdng suat lap dat dien gid dQng thQ 5 tren t h i gidi. Trung Qud'c dang day rdt manh phat triln nguon nang Mgng tai tao vdi muc tieu de'n nam 2020 dat 15% trong tdng nang lugng sg cap.
Trung Qud'c ngay cang chiem uu the trong nganh cdng nghiep nang Mgng mat trdi. Linh vyc nay hien nay DQc va Nhat Ban dang ehilm uu thi. Trung Qud'c chiim 80% thi trudng t h i gidi vl cac thiet bi dun ndng nudc nhd nang Mgng mat trdi. Vdi tdng dau tu vao cac cdng ty nang Mgng mat trdi la 1,1 ty USD gdm 638 trieu USD tQ vd'n mao hilm va c6 philu tu nhan, cdng vdi 466 trieu USD tQ quy phat trien thi trudng cua nha nudc, Trung Qud'c dat mye tieu se trd thanh nudc xuat khau rdng trong linh vyc pin mat trdi vao nam 2020. O trong nudc, Trung Qud'c dat muc tieu cdng suat lap dat dien mat trdi dat 2 GW vao nam 2020 va tuang Qng dy kien trong vdng 15 nam tdi se tang mQc ddu tu len hon 40 ty USD.
V l nang Mgng gid, Trung Qud'c dang tang td'c ddu tu d l bat kip nhilu nudc tren the gidi.
Nlu vao nam 2005, cdng sudt nang Mgng gid cua Trung Qud'c chi dat 1,26 GW, dQng hang thQ 8 tren t h i gidi, thi sang nam 2007, cdng sudt nang lugng gid da tang len tren 6 GW, dQng hang thQ 5 tren t h i gidi, sau DQc, My, Tay Ban Nha va An Do. Gan day, Trung Qud'c cdng bd muc tieu nang lugng gid din nam 2020 se la 30 GW.
V l thuy dien, Trung Qud'c thugc loai hang dau the gidi, cdng sudt lap dat nam 2007 la 145,2 GW, trong dd 70% la tQ cac nha may thuy dien ldn, cdn lai la cac nha may thuy dien nhd cdng sudt
<50MW. Cd thi ndi, thiiy dien vdn la ngudn nang lugng tai tao quan trgng nhat d Trung Qud'c.
My (Dien tich: 9.826.630 km'; sdddn tinh den 31/12/2007: 305.563.000 ngUdi)
Qua ba thap ky tien phong trong nghien cQu va phat triln ca tQ phfa chfnh phu va tu nhan.
My da gidi thieu dugc nhilu cdng nghe mdi ddy triln vgng nham chuyen doi manh me sang nguon nang Mgng tai tao, giam su le thugc vao nguon dau md nhap ngoai ludn bi de dga vl sd' Mgng cung Qng va gia ca. NhQng ngudn nang Mgng tai tao dugc nghien cQu va dua ra nhQng cdng nghe mdi bao gom nang lugfng mat trdi, nang lugng gid, nang Mgng dia nhiet, nang lugng nudc (sdng va dai duang), nang Mgng sinh khdi. My trd thanh nudc di dau vl cac cdng nghe mdi trong linh vuc nang Mgng tai tao. Nam 2005, rieng nganh cdng nghiep san xudt bio-etanol tQ ngd da tao ra 154.000 viec lam mdi, dang k l nhat la cho ndng dan, dong thdi tang them 5,7 ty USD cho thu nhap qud'c dan.
Ddu tu nha nudc vao cac du an nang Mgng tai tao da tang len trong nhiing nam qua. Cac ddng vd'n ddu tu mao Mem va cd philu tu nhan da do vao 4,9 ty USD cho cac cdng ty va du an nang Mgng sach d My nam 2006. Tfnh den giua nam 2005 da cd 17 Quy ve nang Mgng mdi cd gia tri gdn 3,5 ty USD nham hd trg cho phat triln cdc nguon nang lugng tai tao. My la mgt trong nhQng nudc ndm trong top dau d hau hit tat ca cac nguon nang lugng tai tao nhd cd chfnh sach dau tu manh chang nhQng cho san xudt ma dac biet cho nghien cQu phat trien (R&D). Ddu tu qud'c gia vao R&D cho nang lugng mdi d My la 2,2% GDP, cac doanh nghiep tai trg them 64% cho quy R&D.
KET LUAN
D I kit Man, cd the ddn ra day mgt diln hinh thanh cdng cua the gidi vl ty chu nang lugng dua vao tilt kiem nang lugng va phdt trien nang Mgng tdi tao. Dd la Dan Mach, mgt nudc nhd d Chau Au, nam ben bd Bien Bdc, dien tfch 43.094 km^, dan sd 5.475.791 ngudi. Trong giai doan nhQng nam 1960-1970, nang lugng d Dan Mach chu ylu dua han vao ngudn ddu kM re tiln cua the gidi. Vdi cudc khung hoang nang Mgng t h i gidi xay ra nam 1973 do cudc chiln tranh giua Israel va Syria, Ai Cap, gia ddu md tang len ddt bien da lam anh hudng manh me de'n sy phdt trien kinh te-xa hgi cua Dan Mach Mc bdy gid. Trudc tinh hinh dd, nam 1983 Clifnh phu Dan Mach liln d l ra ngay
mdt Chuang trinh ndng lucmg thay the, xay dyng mdt "kich bdn ndng lugng thay the AE83"
(Altematine Energy scenario 83) va ddng vien mgi co sd nghien cQu va trudng dai hgc ttong nudc tham gia. Muc tieu chfnh cua Chuang uinh AE83 la de'n nam 2030 se cha'm diitt nhap khau moi nguon dau tho va than da, thay vao dd bdng cdc nguon ndng luang tdi tgo nhu ndng lugng gio, ndng luang mat trdi, vd nhien lieu sinh hgc, dong thdi cd chu truang cdt gidm mgnh tieu thu ndng luang trong cd nudc. Chuang trinh AE83 khdng dat van dl phdt triln nang lugng hat nhan vi bi phan ddi va khdng dugc su ddng thuan cua du Man xa hgi Dan Mach.
Chfnh phu Dan Mach liln sau do da dua ra hang loat chfnh sdch cdp bach nham thyc tW Chuong trinh AE83 ndi tren. Cac chfnh sdch quan ttgng nhat dua ra da thuc Men rat thanh cdng, khdng nhiing dat dugc mye tieu ma cgn vugt xa hon dy kiln, to 1998, Dan Mach da ty cung Qng tdt ca nhu cdu nang Mgng cho ddt nudc minh. NhQng ket qua da dat dugc bao gdm [17]:
(1) Theo duoi mgt chinh sach tilt kiem nang lugng triet dl, dat ra sdc thul cao ve tieu thy nang lugng, gia xang cao nhdm giam Mgng xe su dung. Cd thi ndi, Dan Mach la nudc ngudi dan sQ dung xe d td ca nhan rdt ft, mdi gia dinh cM cd 1 xe, khac vdi nhilu nudc chau Au va My, mdi ngudi sd hiiu 1 hoac nMlu xe, ngudi dan Dan Mach tu nguyen chuyen sang su dyng cac phuong tien giao thdng cdng cdng rat phat triln, dong thdi cd dugc y thQc tilt kiem de qud'c gia tieu dung nang lugng ft nhdt. Dan Mach da d l ra Mat xay dyng mdi budc cac cdng trinh xay dung mdi phai cd he thd'ng each nhiet va khuyen khfch su dyng he thdng ket hgp nMet nang va dien nang (combmed heat and power - CHP). Kit qua thu dugc that ngoan mye: trong thdi gian tQ giua nam 1972 va 1985, tong dien tfch san xay dung can phai sudi am toy da tang len 30%, nhung tong nMet nang sQ dyng de sudi am da giam xudng dugc 30%. Tieu thy nang lugng thap nhat chau Au tfnh theo ddu ngudi, mdi hg gia dinh Dan Mach chi tieu thy 350 kWh mdi thdng, ttong khi dd, d My la to 600 - 1.000 kWh mdi thang.
(2) Chuyen cac nha mdy dien chay bang ddu sang chay bdng than. Nhd dd, nhu cdu tieu thy dau tQ 93% nam 1972 da giam xud'ng, chi cdn 43% nam 1992, nghla la cM sau 20 nam thyc Men chu truang nay. Trong linh vuc su dyng than, Dan Mach la nudc dp dung cong nghe than sgch Meu qua nhdt tten t h i gidi.
(3) Song song dd, tang cudng cdng tac tim kilm va phat hien cac md ddu va khf thien nMen d vung Bien Bdc. Kit qua nam 1980 da phdt hien dugc 19 cau tao chQa ddu va din nam 1997, Dan Mach trd thanh nudc xudt khau nang lugng dudi dang dau thd. Nam 2003, Dan Mach nhap khau 69.000 thung dau thd/ngay, nhung bu lai da xudt khau 263.000 thung ddu thd/ngay, nhu vay neu trQ Mgng ddu thd nhap khau, vl tong the Dan Mach la nudc xudt khdu ddu thd vdi san lugng l i 194.000 thung ddu thd/ngay. Theo tfnh toan, Dan Mach cdn tilp tyc xudt khau dau thd ft nhdt trong vdng 30 nam nQa tQ nguon ddu thd khai thac dugc d vung Biln Bdc.
(4) Ddu to manh dl phat trien cdc ngudn nang Mgng tai tao trong nudc, dac biet chu trgng din nang lugng gid, nang Mgng sinh khdi, nang lugng mat trdi va nang lugng dia nhiet.
20% nhu cdu dien nang d Dan Mach hien nay la do cac tud'c bin gid cung cdp, la mgt nudc nhd nhung lai dQng hang thQ 6 vl cdng suai ldp dat cua cac todc bin gid tren the gidi, tren 3.000 MW va nhd nhilu tiln bg ky thuat dat dugc, gid thanh dien gid da giam xud'ng den 75% ' so vdi nam 1970 la nam chuang uinh dien gid bdt ddu thyc thi. Dan Mach la nudc san xudt tudc bin gid ca cdng suat ldn, ehilm de'n 40% thi phdn todc bm gid loai nay tren t h i gidi. Dan Mach san xudt va xuat khdu cac chi ttet cua todc bin gid cho thi trudng the gidi, 65% todc bin gid t h i gidi da su dung cac chi tilt quan trgng do Dan Mach san xuat.
Dan Mach su dyng nang lugng sinh khdi, chu yeu la rac sinh hoat dd thi dugc dua vao cac Id ddt theo cong nghe sdn xudt nhiet vd dien ki't hcfp (combmed heat and power - CHP). Nam 2005 d Dan Mach to rac thai dd thi da san xudt dugc 4,8% tong lugng dien tieu thy ca nudc va 13,7% tong 676
lugng nhiet cung cdp cho cac can hd dl sudi am. Bdng phuang phdp nay, hang nam d Dan Mach da xu ly dugc 3,5 trieu ta'n rac (tuy vay cung mdi chi giai quyet dugc 26% Mgng rac thai ca nudc) d 29 nha may, dien va nudc ndng san xudt dugc to rac theo cdng nghe CHP da cung cap cho nhu cdu tieu thy cua 400.000 hg dan. Theo sd lieu thd'ng ke tQ cac nha may thieu ddt rac dd thi d Dan Mach [18], trung binh tQ 1 tdn rac thai dd thi cd thi san xudt dugc 0,67 MWh dien nang va 2 MI nhiet d l sudi dm cac can hg gia dinh. Nhu vay, 4 tan rdc dd thi cd the thay the cho 1 tdn ddu hoac 1,6 tdn than trong san xuat dien va nhiet.
Mdi gan day, tQ 26-29/5/2008 mdt doan cdng tdc dac nhiem gdm Phdng Thuang mgi Hoa ky (US Department of Commerce), Bg phdn ndng lucmg tdi tgo cua Ca quan thuong mgi qud'c te HA (Intemational Trade Administration), va Phdng Thuong mgi cua Hoa ky tgi Copenhagen (Dan Mach), Stockholm (Thyy Diln) da cd dgt nghien cQu va khao sat thyc te 5 ngay vl cong nghiep ndng lugng tdi tgo vd nhien lieu thay thed Dan Mach va Thuy Diln. Cac linh vuc khao sat la cac trang thiet bi san xudt dien mat trdi, dien gid, dien dia nhiet, dien thuy trilu, cac cdng nghe san xuat nhien lieu sinh hgc va sinh khdi. Doan da lam viec vdi Chfnh phu va nhilu doanh nghiep ciia cac nudc nay. Kit Man sau dgt nghien cQu khao sat 5 ngay ddi vdi Dan Mach cho thdy Dan Mach da bat ddu di vdo nghien cQu va sQ dung nang Mgng tai tao tQ rat sdm, ngay sau khung hoang nang Mgng nam 1973 va da rdt thanh cdng. Dan Mach da phan Qng nhanh theo hudng ty chu vl nang Mgng, khdng d l phy thugc vao ddu khf, cd nhilu chfnh sdch mdi vl tilt kiem tieu dung nang lugng, dua nhanh nang lugng tai tao va nhien lieu thay the vao sQ dung, chuyin ddi ca ca'u nang Mgng theo hudng tang ty trong nang Mgng tai tao trong san xuat dien nang, nhiet nang va nhien lieu thay t h i nhien lieu tQ ddu md, ddng thdi tQ ehdi san xudt dien hat nhan. TQ nam 1998, Dan Mach da giai quylt dugc van dl ty cung Qng nang lugfng cho nin kinh t l va hien nay la mdt trong sd' ft nudc cd cac giai phdp tdi nhai vl nang Mgng dia nhiet thdng qua bam nhiet, nang Mgng sinh khdi, pin nhien lieu, nang lugfng sdng va nang Mgng hydrogen [19].
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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9. Zamorano Marti - B-52 synthetic Mel testing : Center commander pilots first Air Force B-52 flight using solely synthetic Mel blend in all eight engines - 22 Dec 2006.
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12. NguySn Xuan Chanh - Den LED, sieu m dien va tu tiic dien thdp sang - Khoa hoc va To quo'c, 4, 2008, tr.
16.
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