NATIONAL ACADEMY OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT Journal of Education Management, 2019, Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 1-8 This paper is available online at http;//jem.naem.edu.vn
VAI T R O CUA D A O TAO TRlTC T U Y E N T R O N G G I A O D U C T H U d N G X U Y E N N H A M X A Y D U N G X A H Q I H O C T A P
T r l n T h i Lan Thu^
Tom tat. Dao tao true tuyen dUdc bilt din nhit mot mo hinh, mot phifdng thiic dao tao hien dai va dUdc coi la mot cuoc each mang day va hoc, tr5 thanh xu hir6ng xk yeu cua thdi dai. Bai viet de c$p den boi canh va vai tro cua dao tao true tuyln trong giao due thudng xuyen va dUa ra mot so hlnh thiic triln khai, ling dung dao tao true tuyln trong giao due thubng xuyen de giiip cac Trung tam giao due thubng xuyen tham khao ap dung, thuc hien vai tro giao due thubng xuySn, xSy diing xa hoi hoc tap. Dong thdi, bai vilt dUa ra mot so kien nghj nham day manh trien khai dao tao true tuyln nham phat trien hinh thiic giao due thubng xuyen, thUc hien muc tieu xa hoi hoc tap va hoc tap suot dbi.
TH khoa: Ddo tgo tnic tuyin, xa hdi hgc tdp, Trung tdm gido due thudng xuyen.
1. Dat van d e
Tilp noi va phat trien tU tudng cua Bac Ho, chii trUdng xay dtfng xa hoi hoc tap 5 Vi6t Nam la chu tnidng 16n da dUOc chi ra trong nhi^u Nghi quyet cua Dang trong nhieu thap ky qua, dac biet Chi thi 11 ngay 13/4/2007 cua Bo Chinh tri. Cung vdi do, Chinh phu da ban hanh nhieu van ban nham cu the hoa cac quan diem cua Dang ve xay diing xa hoi hoc tSp va hoc tap suot dbi d nUdc ta. Trong so do, hai van ban quan trong gop phan xay diing xa hoi hoc tap va hoc tap suot dcJi 6 Viet Nam ia Quyet dinh so 112/2005/QD-TTg ngay 18/05/2005 cua Thu tiidng Chinh phu ve viec phS duyet De an "Xay diing Hoc t | p suot dcJi giai doan 2005-2010" va Quyet dinh so 89/QD-TTg ngay 09/01/2013 cua Thu tUdng Chinh phu phe duyet De an "Xay diing Xa hoi hoc tap giai doan 2012-2020". GS.TS. Nguyin Thi Doan, nguyen Pho Chu tich nudc, Chu tich Hoi Khuyin hoc Viet Nam cung da khang dinh "Xay dung Cong dan hoc tap, Ddn vi hoc tap va xa hoi hoc tap d Viet Nam la con difdng duy nhat den vdi each mang 4.0"[6]. Quan diem cua UNESCO: "Xa hoi hoc tap la mpt xa hoi trong dd moi ca nhan deu phai hoc tap thudng xuyen, lien ttic, Hoc tap suot ddi va biet tan dung triet de cac cd hoi hoc tap do xa hoi mang lai. Do do, hoc tap phai trd thanh nhu ciu tli than, la trach nhiem cua moi cong dan, moi gia dinh, dong ho, copg dong dan cU, cua cac nganh, cac doan the va trach nhiem cua toan xa hdi".
De xay dung xa hpi hoc tap va hpc tap suot ddi, Viet Nam da dUa ra miic tieu giai doan nay la
"tao cd hpi va dieu kien thuan ldi de mpi ngUdi d mpi liia tuoi, mpi trinh dp dUdc hoc tap thudng
Ngay nhan bai: 07/11/2019. Ngay nhSn dang; 10/12/2019.
^Trung tam Dao tao tnJc tuyln, Tnrdng Dai hoc Md Ha N6i;
e-mail: thutl@ hoo.edu.vn.
xuydn, hoc lien tuc, hoc suot d5i 6 moi ndi, moi luc, moi cap, moi trinh do", dong thdi xae din nhiing yeu to cd ban de xay dung xa hoi hoc tap va hoc tap suot dbi, do la:
- Moi ngudi deu co quyen binh dang va Co cd hoi dUdc hoc tap; hoc tap viia la quyen ldi, vua la trach nhiem cua moi ngudi trong xa hoi.
- Co chinh sach h6 trd, khuyen khich, dong vien moi ngu6i trong xa h6i tham gia hoc tap.
- Nha nudc tao lap mot he thong giao due linh hoat, da dang, da loai hinh, da cap do, co sil ten thong gifla cac cap hoc, cac loai hinh dao tao nham dap ling moi nhu cau hoc tip nang cao tri tbilc cua moi ngudi dSn trong xa hpi.
- Co ha tang cong nghe thong tin phat trien, hS trd viec giang day va hoc tap.
2. Boi canh Cach m a n g cong nghiep 4.0
Co the thay, Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0 da mang lai cho Viet Nam nhieu cd hoi va thach thiic.
De thich ling vdi no can phai phat trien kinh te tri thiic, nang cao hi^u biet va ky nang toan dien cua dot ngu lao dong va toan dan. De lam giau von tri thiic chi co con dudng hoc tap. Hoc ci moi noi, mgi luc, bang moi hinh thiic: chinh quy, khong chinh quy va phi chinh quy. NgUdi nguS boc talp la cd s6 de xay dung Viet Nam thanh xa hoi hoc tap, xa hoi tri thiic.
Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0 vdi nhOng thanh tuu nd'i bat trong cac linh vvtc: intemet, mang xa hSi, dfl lieu khong 16, di dong, tri tue nhan tao,... da tao ra nhflng thay doi vo cung ldn trong moi hoat dong d mpi linh vuc cua con ngudi. Cing vdi do, he thong giao due da va dang bi tac dpng manh me, toan dien va co nhiing thay ddi rjt ldn. Viec ap dung cac cong nghe hien dai vao qua trinh dao tao da tao cho ngUdi hpc nhieu cd hpi hdn u-en con dudng chiem ITnh tri thiic, tao ra nhflng san pham tri thflc co gia tri cao, phii hpp vdi sil phat trien chung cua the gidi. Dao tao triic tuyen dfldc biet den nhu mpt mo hinh, mot phfldng thflc dao tao hien dai va dfldc coi la mpt cupc each mang day va hpc, trd thanh xu hudng tat yeu eua thdi dai.
Ben canh do, de tao mpt moi trudng eho mpi ngudi co the hpc tiip cl moi liic, mpi ndi, mpt ha tang CNTT phat trien se la mpt yeu cau cap thiet de tang cd hpi hpc tap cho mpi ngfldi, nhat la doi vdi loai hinh hpc tap khpng chinh quy Thdi gian qua, Chinh phii Viet Nam da ban hanh nhieu van ban n h t o xay dung va phat ttien cd sS ha tang thcng tin va truyen thong, nhu Quyet dinh so 246/2005/QD-TTg ngay 06/10/2005 cua Thii tudng Chinh phu phe duyet chien Ifldc phat trien cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong Viet Nam den nam 2010 va dinh hudng den nam 2020, trong do CO npi dung "Dam bao tren 80% thanh nien d cac thanh pho, thi xa, thi trin co the s i dung cac flng dung CNTT va ttuySn thong va khai thae Intemet. Tilng budc dua CNTT vii truyen thong vao ddi song cua nong dan, thu hep khoang each so giiia nong thon va thanh thi. Ngfldi dan dfldc truy cap thong tin va tri thflc kip thdi thong qua phat thanh, truygn hinh, Internet va cac trang thong tin dien tfl". Quyet dinh so 1755/QD-TTg ngay 22/9/2010 cia Thii tudng Chinh phu phe duyet De an
"Dfla Viet Nam sdm trS thanh nfldc manh ve cong nghe thong tin va truyen thong" trong do co muc tieu "Den nam 2015, ty le ngUdi dan sfl dung Internet dat tren 50%. DSn nam 2020 ty le ngudi dan s i dung Internet dat tren 70%". Thuc tiln nhung nam qua, CNTT d Viet Nam da co mflc dp tang trfldng rSt cao. Nam 2018 Viet Nam co toe dp tang trudng CNTT tren 16%. Ty le ngudi diing Internet tai Viet Nam nam 2018 tiep tuc tang va dat 59,37% dan s6. Ha tang CNTT phat trien, ddi song kinh te c i a ngUdi dan dfldc nang cao, phan ldn ngudi dan da mua sam dupc cac thiet bi cong nghe cap co the truy cap internet. Tfl do, nhieu cd sd giao due da phat trien cong nghe dao tao true tuyen de ho trd dao tao.
JEM., Vol. 11 (2019), No. 12.
3. Dao tao trtfc tuyen va xu the phat trien
UNESCO da xae dinh dao tao trUc tuyen la qua trinh hpc tap su: dung cac phUdng tien dien tfi, CNTT va truyen thdng. Dao tao tnic tuyen cho phep mpi ngUdi co the hpc d mpi liic, mpi ndi, xda bo nhiing gidi han ve thdi gian va khdng gian de cho mpi ngUdi cd cd hdi hpc tap va hpc tap theo nhu cau cua minh (UNESCO, 2002) [5].
Trong nhflng nam qua, dao tao triic tuyen da dUdc trien khai rpng rai d cac cd sd GD&DT.
Vdi sii phat trien khdng ngitng cua KH&CN, ngUdi hpc cd the sut dung nhieu hinh thiic khae nhau thdng qua cac phUdng tien truyen thdng khae nhau de dat dUdc muc dich hpc tap cua minh. Dao tao true tuyen da dUdc nhae den nhieu va la llnh vilc dang rat dUdc cac tnidng dai hpc, cac cd Sd GD&DT quan tam. Mdt so dac diem tich ciic ciia dao tao u-iic tuyen trong thiic tien dUpc xae dinh ddla:
- Cd nhieu doi mdi va tien bp hdn so vdi cac hinh thiic hpc truyen th6ng, cung cap cho hpc vien sU ket hdp "nghe, nhln va sii chu ddng";
- Giup cho viec dao tao hieu qua tdi dUdc nhieu doi tUdng ngudi hpc khae nhau trgn toan cau, CO the cat giam dfldc chi phi in an, xuat ban va phan phoi khi ap dung viec dao tao qua mang;
- Ngfldi hpc true tuyen cd the chu dpng chpn nhflng kien thflc phu hdp vdi minh so vdi hinh thflc tiep thu thu ddng tren ldp;
- Dao tao trflc tuyen cho mpt each hpc mang tinh tfldng tac cao; Vdi viec cung cap tot nhat cac loai hinh dao tao dong bp hay cong nghe tfl xa nhu he thong tin nhan, chat, thU dien tu: va dam thoai qua mang se giam dfldc kha nang hpc vien bi cd lap, tao ra sfl tfldng tac can thiet trong qua trinh hoc. Neu cd the tao ra dfldc cac hinh thflc tfldng tac trflc tuyln manh me hdn nfla gifla hpc vien va giang vien thi hieu qua se dUdc nang cao ro ret;
- Dao tao trflc tuyen la loai hinh dao tao ma hpc vi€n la chu dao va mang tinh ca nhan: Ngfldi tham gia vao loai hinh dao tao true tuyen tU kiem soat toe dp hpc, cong cu hpc tap, dia diem hpc cung nhu khoi Ifldng kien thflc ma ho muon thu nhan, hp dUdc tu minh quyet dinh each thflc thu nhan kien thflc, kl nang va kha nang phu hdp vdi phong each hoc cua chinh minh;
- Dao tao trflc tuyen la loai hinh dao tao hieu qua, cho phep hpc vien tfldng tac vdi cdng cu hpc tap de cd the ghi nhd dfldc tdi da khdi Ifldng kien thflc da hpc dfldc.
Theo WilUam Horton & Catherine (2002), so vdi giao due truyen thong, dao tao trflc tuyln cd nhieu flu diem va ldi ich vUdt trdi hdn, E-Learning da lam thay doi each day va hpc theo cac tieu chl mdi nhu: Hoc mpi ndi (any where), hpc mpi luc (any time), hoc suot ddi (life long), day cho mpi ngudi (any one) va mpi trinh dp tiep thu khae nhau [4].
Vdi toe do tang trUdng CNTT va ly le ngfldi dung Internet tai Viet Nam nam 2018 tiep tuc tang nhu da ndi tren, ciing vdi sfl phat trien cua ha tang CNTT, Viet Nam hien nam top 10 thi trfldng cd toe dp tang trudng E-Iearning ldn nhat the gidi vdi ty le tang trfldng 44,3% trong nam 2018.
4. Vai tro cua dao tao trUc tuyen trong giao due thubng xuyen 4.1. Muc tieu va cac chuong trinh cua giao due thudng xuyen
Muc tieu cua giao due thudng xuyen nham tao dieu kien cho moi ngUdi vfla lam vfla hpc, hpc lien tuc, hpc tap suot ddi nham phat huy nang lUc ca nhan, hoan thien nhan each, md rpng hieu bilt, nang cao trinh dp hoc van, chuyen mdn, nghiep vu de tlm viec lam, tfl tao viec lam va thich nghi vdi ddi song xa hoi; gdp phan xay dUng xa hpi hpc tap (Dieu 41 Luat Giao due 2019 cd hieu
xuyen, hpc lien tuc, hpc suot ddi d mpi ndi, moi liic, mpi c ^ , mpi trinh do", dong thdi xae ai nhflng yeu to cd ban de xay dUng xa hpi hpc tap va hpc tap suot ddi, dd la:
- Mpi ngUdi deu cd quyen binh dang va cd cd hdi dUde hoc tap; hpc tap vfla la quyen Idi, v a la trach nhiem cua moi ngudi trong xa hpi.
- Cd chinh saeh ho trd, khuyen khich, dpng vien mpi ngfldi trong xa hpi tham gia hpc tap.
- Nha nudc tao lap mot he thong giao due linh hoat, da dang, da loai hinh, da cap dp, cd sU lien thdng gifla cac cap hpc, cac loai hinh dao tao nham dap flng mpi nhu cau hpc tap nang cao tn tn cua mpi ngUdi dan trong xa hpi.
- Cd ha ting cong ngh6 thong tin phat trien, hd trd viec giang day va hpc tap.
2. Boi canh Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0
Co thi thay, Cach mang cdng nghiep 4.0 da mang lai cho Viet Nam nhieu cd hpi va thach thUc De thich flng vdi nd cSn phai phat trien kinh te tri thflc, nang cao hieu biet va ky nang loan dien ciia dpi ngu lao dpng va toan dan. De lam giau von tri thflc chi cd con dudng hoc tap. Hoc d mpi ndi, mpi luc, bang mpi hinh thflc: chinh quy, khdng chinh quy va phi chinh quy NgUdi ngfldi hoc tap la cd sd de xay dUng Viet Nam thanh xa hdi hpc tap, xa hdi tri thflc.
Cach mang cdng nghiep 4.0 vdi nhflng thanh tflu noi bat trong cac iinh vifc: internet, mang xa hdi, dfl lieu khong lo, di dong, tri tue nhan tao,... da tao ra nhflng thay doi vo ciing ldn trong mpi hoat ddng d mpi ITnh vflc cua con ngUdi. Cung vdi dd, he thong giao due da va dang bi tac dpng manh me, toan dien va cd nhflng thay doi rat ldn. Viec ap dung cac cdng nghe hien dai vao qua trinh dao tao da tao cho ngUdi hpc nhieu cd hpi hdn tren con dUdng chiem linh tri thflc, tao ra nhflng san pham tri thflc cd gia tri cao, phu hdp vdi sU phat trien chung ciia the gidi. Dao tao triic tuyen dUdc biet den nhU mpt md hinh, mot phUdng thflc dao tao hien dai va dUdc coi la mpt cupc each mang day va hpc, trd thanh xu hfldng tat yeu cua thdi dai.
Ben canh dd, de tao mot mdi trudng cho mpi ngudi cd the hpc tap d mpi luc, mpi ndi, mpt ha tang CNTT phat trien se la mpt yeu cau cap thidt de tang cd hdi hpc tap cho mpi ngfldi, nhat la doi vdi loai hlnh hpc tap khdng chinh quy. Thdi gian qua, Chinh phu Viet Nam da ban hanh nhieu van ban nham xay dung va phat trien cd sd ha tang thdng tin va truyen thdng, nhfl Quyet dinh so 246/2005/QD-TTg ngay 06/10/2005 cua Thu tUdng Chinh phu phe duyet chien lUdc phat trien cdng nghe thong tin va truyin thong Viet Nam den nam 2010 va dinh hfldng den nam 2020, trong dd cd npi dung "Dam bao tren 80% thanh nien d cac thanh pho, thi xa, thi tran co the sfl dung cac flng dung CNTT va truyen thdng va khai thae Internet. Tflng bfldc dfla CNTT va truyen thdng vao ddi sdng cua ndng dan, thu hep khoang each so gifla ndng thdn va thanh thi. Ngfldi dan dfldc truy cap thdng tin va tri thflc kip thdi thdng qua phat thanh, truyen hinh, Internet va cac trang thdng tin dien tfl". Quyet djnh so 1755/QD-TTg ngay 22/9/2010 cua Thu tfldng Chinh phu phe duyet De an
"Dfla Viet Nam sdm trd thanh nfldc manh ve cdng nghe thong tin va truyen thdng" trong dd cd muc tieu "Den nam 2015, ty le ngfldi dan sfl dung Internet dat tren 50%. Den nam 2020 ty le ngfldi dan sfl dung Internet dat tren 70%". Thuc tien nhflng nam qua, CNTT d Viet Nam da cd mflc do tang trfldng rat cao. Nam 2018 Viet Nam cd tdc do tang h^dng CNTT tren 16%. Ty le ngfldi dung Intemet tai Viet Nam nam 2018 tiep tuc tang va dat 59,37% dan so. Ha tang CNTT phat u-ien, ddi song kinh te cua ngudi dan dfldc nang cao, phan ldn ngudi dan da mua sam dfldc cac thiet bi cdng nghe cao cd the truy cap internet. Tfl dd, nhieu cd sd giao due da phat trien cdng nghe dao tao true tuyen de hd trd dao tao.
JEM., Vol. 11 (2019), No. 12.
3. Dao tao true tuyen va xu the phat trien
UNESCO da xae dinh dao tao trUc tuyen la qua trinh hpc tap sfl dung cac phfldng tien dien tfl, CNTT va truyen thdng. Dao tao trflc tuyen cho phep mpi ngfldi cd the hpc d mpi luc, mpi ndi, xda bd nhflng gidi han ve thdi gian va khdng gian de cho mpi ngfldi cd cd hdi hpc tap va hpc tap theo nhu cau cua minh (UNESCO, 2002) {5].
Trong nhflng nam qua, dao tao trflc tuyln da dfldc trien khai rdng rai 6 cac cd sd GD&DT.
Vdi su phat trien khdng ngflng cua KH&CN, ngudi hpc co the sfl dung nhieu hinh thflc khae nhau thdng qua cac phfldng tien truyen thdng khae nhau de dat dfldc muc dich hpc tap cua minh. Dao tao trflc tuyln da dfldc nhae den nhilu va la linh viic dang rkt dfldc cac trfldng dai hpc, cac cd Sd GD&DT quan tam. Mdt so dac diem tich cflc ciia dao tao trflc tuyln trong thflc tien dUdc xae dinh dd la:
- Cd nhieu doi mdi va tien bd hdn so vdi cac hinh thflc hpc truyen thong, cung cap cho hpc vien sfl Iffit hdp "nghe, nhln va sfl chu ddng";
- Giup cho vide dao tao hieu qua tdi dUdc nhieu doi tUdng ngUdi hpc khae nhau tren toan cau, cd the cat giam dfldc chi phi in Sn, xuat ban va phan phoi khi ap dung viec dao tao qua mang;
- Ngfldi hpc trflc tuyln cd the chu dpng chpn nhflng kien thflc phu hdp vdi minh so vdi hinh thflc tilp thu thu dpng tren ldp;
- Dao tao trflc tuyln cho mdt each hpc mang tinh tfldng tac cao: Vdi viec cung cap tot nhat cac loai hlnh dao tao d6ng bp hay cong nghe tfl xa nhfl he thong tin nhan, chat, thfl dien tfl va dam thoai qua mang se giam dfldc kha nang hpc vien bi cd lap, tao ra sfl tUdng tac can thilt trong qua trinh hpc. Neu cd the tao ra dfldc cac hlnh thflc tfldng tac trflc tuyln manh me hdn nfla gifla hpc vien va giang vign thi hieu qua se dUdc nang cao rd ret;
- Dao tao trflc tuyln la loai hinh dao tao ma hpc vien la chu dao va mang tfnh ca nhan: Ngfldi tham gia vao loai hinh dao tao trflc tuyen tu kiem soat tdc dp hpc, cdng cu hpc tap, dia diem hpc ciing nhfl khoi lUdng kiln thflc ma hp muon thu nhan, hp dfldc tfl minh quylt dinh each thflc thu nhan kiln thflc, ki nang va kha nang phu hdp vdi phong each hpc cua chinh minh;
- Dao tao trflc tuyln la loai hinh dao tao hieu qua, cho phep hpc vien tfldng tac vdi cdng cu hpc tap de cd the ghi nhd dfldc toi da khoi Ifldng kiln thflc da hpc dUdc.
Theo WiUiam Horton & Catherine (2002), so vdi giao due truyen thong, dao tao trUe tuyen cd nhieu Uu diem va ldi fch vUdt trdi hdn, E-Learning da lam thay doi each day va hpc theo cac tieu chf mdi nhU: Hpc mpi ndi (any where), hpc mpi luc (any time), hpc sudt ddi (life long), day cho mpi ngUdi (any one) va mpi trinh dp tiep thu khae nhau [4].
Vdi tdc dp tang trUdng CNTT va ty le ngUdi dung Internet tai Viet Nam nam 2018 tilp tuc tang nhfl da ndi tren, cung vdi sfl phat trien cua ha tang CNTT, Viet Nam hien nam top 10 thi trUdng cd toe dp tang tnidng E-learning ldn nhat the gidi vdi ty le tang trUdng 44,3% trong nam 2018.
4. Vai tro cua dao tao t r u e tuyen trong giao due thudng xuyen 4.1. Muc tieu va cac chuong trinh cua giao due thubng xuyen
Muc tieu cua giao due thudng xuyen nham tao dieu kien cho mpi ngUdi vfla lam vfla hoc, hpc lien tuc, hpc tap suot ddi nham phat huy nang Iflc ca nhan, hoan thien nhan each, md rpng hieu biet, nang cao trinh dp hpc vSn, chuyen mdn, nghiep vu de tlm viec lam, tfl tao viec lam va thich nghi vdi ddi song xa hdi; gdp phan xay dUng xa hdi hpc tap (Dieu 41 Luat Giao due 2019 cd hieu
luc tfl 01/7/2020).
Cac chUdng trinh cua giao due thudng xuyen bao gdm:
- ChUdng trinh xda mu chfl;
- ChUdng trinh giao due dap flng yeu cku cua ngudi hpc; cap nhat kien thflc, ky nang, chuyen giao edng nghe;
- Chfldng trinh dao tao, boi dudng nang cao nang luc nghe nghiep;
- ChUdng trinh giao due thuoc chUdng trinh de cap van bang cua he thong giao due quoc dan.
(Theo Khoan 1 Dieu 43 Luat Giao due 2019 cd hieu liic tfl 01/7/2020).
4.2. M a n g ludi co sd giao due thudng xuyen
Ca nudc hi8n cd 733 trung tam giao due thudng xuyen (73 trung tam cap tinh, 660 trung tam cap huyen). So huyen cd trung tam giao due thudng xuyen chilm ti Ie 94,96%, trong do co 289 trung tam giao due thudng xuyen (43.79%); 185 trung tam giao due thUdng xuyen - GDNN (28.03%); 185 trung tam giao due thudng xuyen - hudng nghiep - day nghe (28.03%), 01 trung tam hudng nghiep. Cd 1.538 trung tam ngoai ngfl - tin hpc (NN-TH), trong do: 90 trung tam NN-TH cdng lap va 1.443 trung tam NN-TH ngoai cdng lap va 05 trung tam NN-TH cd yeu to nfldc ngoai.
Ben canh dd cd 11 trfldng Bd' tiic van hoa. Cac trung tam giao due thudng xuyen cap huyen tiep tuc phat trien ve so Ifldng va md rpng hlnh thflc hoat dpng theo hUdng mdi huyen co mot trung tam thiic hien nhieu nhiem vu (Sdn La, Ha Giang, Quang Ninh, Bac Giang, VTnh Phiic, Quang Ngai, Ha Tlnh, Khanh Hoa, Dak Lak, Dong Nai, Hai Phdng, Thai Binh...). Dau tfl xay dflng mdi 223 phdng hpc kien co; mua sam trang bi may tinh va kit noi-mang Internet cholO0% j:ac trung tam giao due thudng xuyen. Viec flng dung CNTT trong quan If va day hpc dfldc tang cUtJng hdn trfldc, dat dUdc hieu qua rd ret. Mpt so tinh tiep tuc dau tfl xay dung cd sd vat chk cho cac trung tam giao due thudng xuyen (Lang Sdn, Thanh Hda, Khanh H d a . . . ) . Cac chUdng trinh giao due thudng xuyen dUdc phat trien da dang, dap flng nhu cdu hoc tap ciia cac tang ldp nhan dan; so lUdng ngUdi hoc cac chUdng trinh giao due thudng xuyen tang ddn, dac biet la cac chUdng trinh boi dudng, nang cao trinh do chuyen mdn, nghiep vu, hpc nghe ngan han, gdp phan nang cao chat lUdng nguon nhan lUc cho dia phUdng [1],
Trong nhflng nam qua, Viet Nam dang dan hlnh thanh he thong cung cap kha nang hpc tap suot ddi cho moi ngfldi trong xa hpi. He thong nay bao gom he thong giao due quoc dan; he "thdng dao tao, bdi dudng chuyen mon ciia cac bp, cac nganh cac cd quan, ddn vj va he thong hoc tap md.
Cac trung tam giao due thudng xuyen da phat huy vai trd trong viec xay dung xa hpi hpc tap, hoc suot ddi thdng qua cac chUdng trinh nhU:
- Cac chfldng trinh giao due thubng xuyen cSp THCS va cap THPT;
- Cac ChUdng trinh giao due thubng xuyen dg l^y van b^ng cua hd th6ng giao due qu6c dan bao g6m: vfla lam vfla hpc, hpc tu xa dupc thuc hien phdi hdp vdi cac cd sd giao due dai hgc trong he thong giao due qudc dan;
- Cac chfldng trinh dao tao, b6i dudng ngoai ngu, tin hpe, b6i du3ng nang cao nang Iflc ngh^
nghiep, cac chfldng trinh dap ung nhu cau ngfldi hoc.
Vdi cac nhiem vu dat ra ciia cac Trung tam giao due thudng xuyen, co t h i thSy rKng viec phat triln giao due thudng xuyen chi'nli la npi dung cd ban ttong la trinh xay dflng xa hpi hpc tap, hpc t§p suot ddi.
JEM., Vol. 11 (2019), No. 12.
4.3. Vai tro cua dao tao trUc tuyen doi vdi giao due t h u b n g xuyen
Dao tao true tuyen ngay cang trd nen quan trong va dang dan liim thay doi md hinh hpc tap, each thflc tiep can tri thflc cua nhieu doi tUdng tiem nang nhu hpc sinh, sinh vien, can bd, vien chflc nha nudc... trong giai doan hien nay. Dao tao trflc tuyen dang lam eho viec hpc tap trd nen thu vi hdn, h4p d§n hdn va thuyet phuc hdn. Vdi nhflng uu diem ciia dao tao trflc myen, phfldng thflc hoc tap nay ddng vai trd quan trpng trong giao due thfldng xuyen:
- Thuc day mot nen giao due md, giup mpi ngfldi khdng phan biet tuoi tac, khdng phu thudc vao khoang each dia ly deu cd the tham gia hpc tap, tilp can rat nhieu thdng tin, thdng tin nhieu chilu, rat nhanh, rut ngSn mpi khoang each, thu hep mpi khdng gian, tilt kiem ve thdi gian.
- Giflp cho viec doi mdi nen giao due toan dien, chuyen nen giao due tfl chu yeu la truyen thu kiln thflc sang phat trien nang Iflc ngfldi hpc, giam thuyet giang, tang tu hpc, thuc hien "giang ft, hpc nhieu", bang each giup ngUdi hpc phUdng phap tilp can va each tU hpc, each giai quylt van de.
Viec truyin thu, cung cap kien thflc se do CNTT dam nhan, giai phdng ngfldi thay khdi sU thilu hut thdi gian, de ngUdi thky cd the tap trung giup ngUdi hpc phUdng phap tilp can va giai quylt van dl, to chflc cac hoat ddng hpc tap gan vdi thflc tidn nham phat trien nang lUc cua ngUdi hpc.
- Giup nang cao chdt lUdng va hieu qua cdng viec giang day. Chat lUdng giao due phu thudc rat nliilu vao nang lUc ciia ngUdi thay, mdt ngUdi thay gidi cd the thay thi nhilu ngudi thay khdng gidi, tiep can cung luc vdi nhieu ngUdi hpc d nhieu ndi, bdt ke khoang each xa, gan. Giup xda bd ranh gidi dia ly, trinh dp, van hda vCing miln, tuoi tac, tham chi ca ngdn ngfl,... gdp phan tao ra xa hdi hpc tap va hpc tap suot ddi.
Vai trd cua dao tao trUc tuyen doi vdi ngfldi hpc:
- Lam bien doi each hpc cung nhfl-vai trd cua ngUdi hpc, ngfldi hpc ddng vai trd trung tam va chu ddng trong viec hpc tap.
- Tao ra sfl hap dSn vdi nhieu doi tupng ngUdi hpc bdi cac bai giang da phUdng tien vdi am thanh, hinh anh song ddng, ky xao hoat hinh, cac trd ehdi mang tfnh giao due cao, cac bai hpc md phong: phdng thf nghiem ao, thu vien ao,... cd dp tUdng tac cao gifla ngfldi hpc va chfldng trinh, dam thoai trflc tilp qua mang.
- Cho phep ngfldi hpe lam chu hoan toan qua trinh hpc cua ban than ve thdi gian, khoi Ifldng kiln thflc, sfl lien lac tfldng tac vdi ban be hoae giao vien ngay trong qua trinh hpc. Cd nhieu each hpc khae nhau nhfl dpc, xem, kham pha, tlm hieu, tfldng tac, thUc hanh, giao tilp, thao luan, chia se kien thflc. Dao tao trUc tuyen dong nghTa vdi viec ngUdi hoc cd the truy cap tdi rat nhieu nguon tai nguyen phuc vu cho hoc tap: ca tU lieu va con ngUdi, va theo each nay mdi ngUdi dlu cd quyen chpn lUa hlnh thflc hpc tap phu hdp nhat vdi kha nang va dieu kien ciia minh.
Vai trd cua dao tao true tuyen doi vdi cac nha quan tri giao due:
- He thong dao tao trUc tuyen la mot giai phap dao tao dong bp, giup cho cdng viec quan ly day du hdn, khoa hpc hdn, minh bach va dan chu hdn, tfl quan ly ngUdi hpc, nguon nhan lUc, chfldng trinh, ke hoach dao tao, tai nguyen hpc tap cho den tai chinh, mot each dong bd va toi Uu hda phUdng an quan ly. He thong dao tao trUe tuyen giup cho viec kiem tra, danh gia nang lUc ngUdi hpc, nang lUc cua cac cd sd dao tao mdt each cong bang va minh bach, tfl do, giup cho nha quan tri giao due cd giai phap hd trd kip thdi, phat huy va nang cao chat lUdng, hieu qua tai cac cd sd dao tao.
- Vdi cupc CMCN 4.0, trfldng hpc se khdng lii ndi ddc quyen trong viec tao va chuyen giao tri thflc. Md hlnh "nha trudng - doanh nghiep" se la cdng bang va pha trdn khi xem xet d gdc dp
chuyen giao cac san pham tri thflc "ly thuylt di ddi vdi thuc tiln". VI vay, dao tao trflc tuyen se giup cae nha quan tri giao due dia phfldng dmh hfldng, phat trien nguon nhan Iflc de tao ra cac sa pham tri thflc phu hdp vdi su phat trien kinh tl xa hdi tai dia phUdng.
5. M o t so binh thu'c trien khai dao tao trUc tuyen trong giao due thubng xuyen Luat Giao due 2019 da quy djnh traeh nhiem phoi hdp gifla cd sd giao due dai hoc vdi cac c sd giao due thudng xuyen de dap flng nhu cau ngUdi hpe, thflc hien chinh sach nham tarig ty , ngudi dan dfldc tiep can giao due dai hpc theo hinh thflc giao due thudng xuyen, tao nen nhflng 9 pha trong phat trien ngudn nhan luc cho quoc gia trong bdi canh hien nay. De thuc hien dieu o, cac Trung tam giao due thudng xuyen va cac trUdng dai hpc md, cac cd sd giao due dai hoc c phoi hdp, lien ket de trien khai cac chUdng trinh dao tao, boi dudng, chia se tri thflc; dac biet la cac chUdng trinh dUdc trien khai bang phUdng thflc true tuyln se tao dieu kien thuan Idi cho ngflf^i 9^
va md rpng cd hdi hpc tap cho mpi ngUdi. Ben canh dd, vdi phUdng thflc trflc tuyen, cac tru ng dai hpc md, cac cd sd giao due dai hpc cd the chia se cae nguon hpc lieu, tai nguyen giao dye m phuc vu cdng dong va dap flng nhu cdu hpc tap suot ddi cua ngfldi dan thdng qua cac cd sd gia due thudng xuyen.
5.1. Cac chUdng trinh giao due thubng xuyen de lay van bang cua he thong giao due quoc dan
De trien khai cac chUdng trinh dao tao trUc tuyen cap van bang trinh dp dai hoc, cac cd sd giao due dai hpc can dam bdo cac dieu kien ve ha tang cdng nghe dao tao trflc tuyen, h6 thong hpc lieu dien tfl phuc vu day-hoc, dpi ngu giang vien, dpi ngu nhan luc hd trd [3]. Cac Trung tam giao due thudng xuyen ddng vai trd cung cap thdng tin, phoi hdp dat tram dao tao de ho trd, dap flng nhu cau ngUdi hpc tai dja phUdng. NgUdi hpc dUdc tiep can cac chfldng trinh dao tao da dang do cac cd sd giao due dai hpc cung cap thdng qua cdng nghe dao tao triic tuyen vdi moi trudng hpc tap qua mang bao gom he thong hpc lieu dien tfl, dpi ngii giang vien hfldng dan, giai dap, thfl vien dien tfl va dpi ngu tfl van, hd trd giup ngUdi hpc nam vflng phfldng phap hpc trflc tuyen va duy tri tot viec hpc tap.
Viec U:ien khai cac chfldng trinh giao due thfldng xuyen cap van bang cua cac trfldng dai hpc md, cac cd sd giao due dai hpc dfldc thuc hien phoi hdp vdi cae Trung tam giao due thfldng xuyen dam bao dfldc cac muc tieu cd ban cua xa hpi hpc tap va hpc tap suot ddi, do la: "tao cd hpi va dieu kien thuan Idi de mpi ngudi d mpi Ifla tuoi, mpi trinh dp dUdc hpc tap thfldng xuyen, hpc lien tuc, hpc suot ddi d mpi ndi, mpi luc, mpi cap, mpi trinh do" va "mpi ngudi deu co quyen binh dang va cd cd hpi dfldc hpc tap; hpc tap vfla la quyen ldi, vfla la trach nhiem cua mpi ngudi trong xa hdi".[2]
ThUc te, hai trudng Dai hpc Md Ha Noi va trfldng Dai hpc M6 TP Ho Chf Minh da tien phong trien khai, thuc day giao due md, kit noi va huy dpng cac nguon liic cua nha trudng vdi he thong cd sd giao due thudng xuyen cong lap va tu thuc nhSra nang cao chat lUdng va hieu qua xay dung xa hpi hpc tap va hpc tap suot ddi.
5.2. Cac chuong trinh dao tao, boi dudng ngoai ngir, tin hoc, boi dUOng nang cao nang lUc nghe nghiep, cac chUOng trinh dap flng nhu cau ngudi hoc
Cac cd sd giao due dai hpc la ddn vj ndng cot, phat huy nguon tai nguyen giao due md, ciing chia se tri thflc, tao ra sU binh dang ve cd hdi tilp thu va giao Iflu tri thflc. Nhiem vu nay dupc luat hda trong Luat Giao due 2019 mdi ban hanh. Khoan 3, Dieu 46 Luat Giao due 2019 quy djnh "cd
JEM., Vol. 11 (2019), No. 12.
sd giao due dai hpe cd traeh nhiem phoi hdp vdi cd sd giao due thudng xuyen trong viec cung cap nguon hpc lieu cho cd sd giao due thUdng xuyen de dap flng nhu cau hpc tap cua ngfldi hoc".
Cae Trung tam giao due thudng xuyen kit hdp vdi cac cd sd giao due dai hpc trien khai cac chfldng trinh dao tao, bdi dfldng dUa tren ngudn tai nguyen tri thflc cua cac cd sd giao due dai hpc.
Vdi eae ehUdng trinh boi dudng ngoai ngfl, tin hpc, cac chUdng trinh bdi dudng nang cao nang Iflc nghe nghiep cdp chflng chl nhu ke toan vien, hudng dSn vien du lich, . . . khi dUdc eung cap qua hlnh thflc true tuyen, ngUdi hpc se cd cd hdi tiep can ngudn tai lieu da dang, ed chdt lupng;
viec hpc tap linh hoat, chii ddng, hpc mpi Iuc mpi ndi.
5.3. Cac khoa hpc md dai chiing cung cap cd hoi cho moi ngudi dan, moi trinh do cap nhat kien thiic, hpc tap sudt ddi
Bang phudng thflc trflc tuyln, he thong cung cap cue khda hpc md dai chiing hien nay tren thi gidi dang phat trien rit manh me va cd cac thanh tUu rdt ldn. Theo mpt khao sat dien rdng cua nhdm tac gia cdng bo tren Harvard Business Review ngay 22-9-2015 cho thdy so lUdng ldn ngUdi hpc qua he thong cung cap cac khda hpc md nhan thay ldi fch doi vdi nghi nghiep (72%) va viec hpc tap (61%) cua ban than, da tao nhflng thay ddi tfch cue cho hang trieu ngudi tren the gidi. He thong cac khda hpc md dai chung da gdp phan thiic day cho hpc tap suot ddi cua cdng dan moi quoc gia.
Tfly nhien, so vdi cac nUdc trong khu vflc thi he thong cung cap cac khda hpe md trflc tuyln cho dai ehung (MOOCs) d Viet Nam cdn nhieu viec phai lam mdi tiln kip cac nUdc. Cac Idida hpc md dai chung d Viet Nam hien nay chu ylu phat trien d cac ddn vi tU nhan, cac ed sd giao due dai hpc bat dau quan tam nhflng chua dUde trier khai tai cac Trung tam giao due thudng xuyen do dieu kien han che ve ha tang cdng nghe va he thong hpe lieu trUc tuyen. Hai trUdng dai hoc md cua Viet Nam da bat dau cung cdp cac khda hpc md dai chung bang phUdng thflc trflc tuyln phuc vu cdng dong, tuy nhien neu cac khda hpc trUc tuyen dUdc trien khai kit noi vdi cac Trung tam giao due thudng xuyen thi se Ian tda va thu hut dUdc ddng dao nhieu tdng ldp nhan dan tham gia.
Viee phat trien he thong cung cap cac khda hoc md true tuyen do cac trUdng dai hpc md va cac cd sd giao due dai hpc ket hdp cung vdi cac Trung tam giao due tliudng xuyen se md rpng va thuc day manh nhu cau hpc tap suot ddi cua ngUdi dan, tao sU binh dang trong giao due. Dong thdi, he thong cac khda hpc md cdn cung cap cd hpi hdp tac va huy dpng nguon Iuc la cac giang vien, nha Idioa hpc, eae cd quan, doanh nghiep trong viec cung cap, chia se npi dung, tri thflc. Ben canh do, viec tham gia va thiet lap hdp tac vdi mang lUdi cac khda hpc md trong pham vi khu vuc va qudc tl se gia tang hdi nhap quoc te va nang cao chat Ifldng giao due dao tao ndi chung.
6. Ket luan
Xu thi phat trien cua dao tao trUc tuyln trong boi canh Cach mang cdng nghiep 4.0 ngay cang sau rpng. Viec trien Idiai flng dung dao tao trflc tuyln trong cac chfldng trmh giao due thudng xuyen ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viec thuc hien muc tieu va nhiem vu cua giao due thudng xuyen, dac biet trong xu hudng quoc t l hda nhU hien nay, nguon nhan luc cdn phai cd nang Iiic lam viec trong mdi trUdng quoc t l va phai cd nang Iuc tU hpc suot ddi. De lam dUdc dieu do, cac nha quan ly va xay dung chfnh saeh giao due cdn: Phat trien ha tdng cdng nghe cho ngUdi hpc tai cac dia phudng nhu ha tang CNTT, phan mem va trang thilt bi hpc tap; Tuyen truyen nhan thflc cua cac cd sd giao due thudng xuyen tai dja phfldng vl vai trd, ldi ich va cae hlnh thflc dao tao trflc tuyen doi vdi phat trien giao due thfldng xuyen va xay dflng xa hdi hpc tap, hpc tap suot ddi; Day
manh hdn nfla sfl lien kit chat che gifla cac trfldng dai hpc md, cac cd sd giao due dai hpc vdi ca cd sd giao due thudng xuyen trong viec chia se tri thflc va thflc hien md hinh giao due md. Pn huy vai U-d cua TrUdng Dai hoc Md Ha Npi va TrUdng Dai hpc Md thanh pho Ho CM Minh trong viec phoi hdp vdi cae Trung tam giao due thudng xuyen day manh cac hlnh thflc hpc md, eae hi thflc hpc tap cpng dong, cac hinh thflc dao tao ngan ban... nham dap flng nhu cdu hpc tap da dang, nhu cau hpc tap suot ddi cua mpi ngUdi trong xa hpi.
TAX LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Bao cao quoc gia vl nhflng chfnh sach va thUe tien thanh edng trong xay dung xa hdi hoc tap va hpe tap suot ddi d Viet Nam (2016).
[2] Quylt dinh so 112/2005/QD-TTg ngay 18/5/2005 cua Thu tfldng Chfnh phu vl viec phS duyet Dl an "Xay dflng xa hdi hpe tap giai doan 2005-2010".
[3] Thdng tu so 12/2016/TT-BGDDT ngay 22/4/2016 quy dinh viec flng dung CNTT uong quan ly, to chflc dao tao qua mang.
[4] Horton W. & Katherine, E-Learning by Design, in HandBook, 2002.
[5] UNESCO (2002), Open and Distance Learning Trends, Policy and Strategy Considerations. Division of Higher Education ©UNESCO 2002.
ABSTRACT
The role of online training in regular education to build learning society
Online training is known as a model, a modern training method and is considered a teaching and learning revolution, becoming an inevitable trend of the times. The paper addresses the context and role of online training in continuing education and provides some forms of implementation and application of online training in continuing education to help continuing education centers.
References apply, perform the role of continuing education, build learning society. At the same time, the article offers some recommendations to promote the implementation of onUne training to develop continuing education, and realize the goal of social learning and lifelong leaming.
Keywords: Online training, learning society, Continuing Education Center.
