13 II TRUClNG BAI HDC THIII D P HA HDI
NGHE THUAT TRAO PHUNG TRONG V A N X U O I M . BULGAKOV NHONG NAM 1920 QUA "NHLNG CUOC PHIEU LUU CUA CHICHIKOV
Dang Bu-c Hiep' Trudng B^i hpc Supham Hd Ngi
Tom tdt: Bdi viet de edp mot cdch long qua! vdn de llie loai, gid tri noi dung vd dac diem nghe Ihuat ci'ia cdc tdc phdm feidllelon trong vdn xitoi trdo phi'tng Bulgalcov giai doan nhung ndm 1920 vd di sau phdn lich "Nhung cuoc phieu luu cm Chichilcov" - mdt tdc plidm feuillelon cu the, tieu bieu thudc the loai ndy cua dng.
Tirkhod: vdn xudi Bulgakov, feiiilleton, Nlnmg cuoc phieu lun ciia Chichikov.
1. D A T V A N D E
Khi nghien ciru mang van xudi ciia Bulgakov nhirng nam 1920, ben canh nhiing tac pham ma van de the loai eiia chiing da kha rd rang, khong can cd them bat ki mot su minh dinh nao khic niia (vi du cac tieu thuyet Bach ve, Nghe nhdn vd Margarita; cac truyen dai O quy, Nhimg qua trimg dinh inenh, Trdi tim cho hay cac truy?n ngan nhu trong tap Biit ki ciia mot bdc sT Ire), cac nha nghien cuu cdn gap mot t h i loai khac, klia dac biet, mot the loai da cd vai trd lich sir quan trpng trong ddi sdng thudng ngay nhirng 1920 va trong su nghiep van chuang ciia Bulgakov ndi chung, dd la thi loai feuillelon (tpememon). 124 tac phim tieu bilu nh§t dng vilt nhimg nam 1922 - 1926 thudc thi loai nay duoc chpn Ipc va sap xep theo trinh tu thdi gian trong tap thii 2 cua M.A Bulgakov. Hap tuyin (tiing Nga) gdm 5 tap do Nxb Van hpc nghe thuat Moskva in hanh nam 1992 [1, tr.211- 640].
Cd nhieu dinh nghia khac nliau vefeuilleton, song chung nhit: "Feuilleton - (nguyen gdc tieng Phip feuilleton, bit ngudn lit feuille - td giiy), la mpt loai t h i van chinh luan nghe thuat, tdn tai chu yeu trong bao chi. Sit ra ddi cm feuilleton bit d i u vao hdi diu thi ki 19, khi trong mpt td bao ciia Phap cd kem theo mpt td rdi cd bai vilt mang tinh tieu khiln, giai tri. KJiai niem vefeuilleton nhu mpt bai bap bit ki nao dupe vilt mdt each sinh dpng
' Nlijn bai ngay 04.03.2016, giii phan bien va duyct dang ngay 28.04.2016 Lien lie tac gia: Dang Die Hicp; Email: [email protected]
TAP CHI KHDA HDC - SO 3/ZDlB 19
da tdn tai trong sudt mpt thdi gian dai. Chi den thdi dai chung ia feuilleton mdi dupe phan lap vdi nhung dac trung, dSu hieu loai tha chinh xac. CJ nude ^ga, feuilleton thinh hanh trong nhimg nam 30 ciia the ki 19. Vdi tu each la mpt loai the van chinh luan nghe thuat, feuilleton mang trong nd tinh thdi su cap thiet, tinh hinh tuong sau sac, tinh tai lieu chinh xac vd tinh cam xiic cao. Feuilleton chu yeu cd kliuynh hudng trao phung" [6, tr.204]. Nhu the, vdi cac dac diem ve npi dung va hinh thuc klia ro rang nhu Xxtn, feuilleton phii hpp vdi mpi the loai sang tac cd the chuyen tai nhanli nhat cac thdng diep va su kien cap thiat nhu truyen ngan, tieu pham, tieu pham, ki, hoat canh, tap van... Tliong nhat vdi each hieu do, dich gia Doan Tii Huyen da dich nhan de mpt sd tac pham feuilleton cua Bulgakov sang tieng Viet va dinh loai nhu sau: Buoi chieu hon (truyen ngan), 1922; Nhirng cuoc phieu km ciia Tritricov (truyen ngan), 1922; Thdnh pho Kiev (ki), 1923; Thit do trong so lay (ki), 1923; Chen d&i (truyen ngan), 1923; Thanh pho dnh vdng (ki), 1923; Thdnh ca (truyen ngan), 1923; Ddo thdm (tniyen ngan), 1924; Moskva nhimg ndm 20 (ki), 1924; Du lich Kncm (Id). 1925; Thdng Ndm (truyen ngdn). 1934 [8, 1145].
2. NOI DUNG
Thdi ki nhii'ng nam 1919 - 1926 la mpt thdi ki lich sir dac biet ciia nude Nga. Nude Nga liic dd dang trong giai doan khac phuc nhirng hau qud nhieu mat ciia Chien tranh the gidi lan thu nhat, cua cupc Cach mang thang Muoi va cupc Npi chian. Bulgakov da timg di nhiaii nai, 1dm nhieu nganh nhiau ngha da kiam sdng va tap viet. Thdng Chin nam 1921, tir Kavkaz, dng tdi Moskva va tir dd dinh cu vTnh vien tai day. Tir thang 11/1921 den giira thdng 01/1922, Bugakov cdng tac vdi td Bdn tin cong thuong vdi tu each la thdng tin vien va sau do la phdng vian. Miia xuan 1922, Bulgakov bdt dau cong tac vdi td Dem trir&c - td bdo ndy bat dau xuat bdn ru 26 thdng Ba 1922. Den thang Hai 1923, khi Bulgakov dupe nhan vao bien che cita td Tieng cdi vdi chirc danh Id bien tap vian, tire la ngudi chuyan sira cdc loi ngir phap trong cac ban lin giri ve toa soan ciia cac thong tin vien cong nhan, thi dng da thuc su say ma, todn tam todn y, hien het minh cho cong viec lam bao vd viat lach. Va dan miia thu nam 1923 thi Bulgakov da trd thanli cay but chuyan viet feuilleton, doi khi cd den 4 - 5 bdi dupe in trong mpt thang. Cong viec d hai toa soan bao Dim tnrac va Tiing cot cd mdt vi tri quan trpng trong cupc ddi ciia Bulgakov nhirng nam 1920. Bulgakov viet cdc tac pham nay chii yeu trong eac nam 1922 - 26 va phan Idn chiing duoc dang tdi tren cac xuat ban pham djnh ki (gom bdo vd tap chi) khdc nhau ciia thdi ki dd, chii yeu la tren td Dem truac (gom 20 bai) va tren td Tieng coi (gdm 87 bai). Ve sau, nhieu tdc pham trong s6 ndy duac Bulgakov cho in lai trong cac tap Nguai thich dita xudt ban tai Leningrad ndm 1926, Vdn de nhd d xuat bdn lai Moskva - Leningrad nam 1926, va trong tap To quy - Cat- tniyen ngdn xuat bdn lai Moskva nam 1925, 1926.
20 II T R U d N G BAI HOC THiIl B D HA HOI
2.1. Cac tac pham trao phting dang tren cac bao D e m trufrc va Tieng cdi Dem trudc la td bao ngay ciia gidi luu vong ngudi Nga duoc xuat ban tai Berlin.- Thuc tl, nhimg ngudi thudc nhdm nay da tuyen bd mpt dudng loi xich lai gan vdi nude Nga xd- viet va hp da hudng cho td Dem tnrdc di theo mpt dudng hudng nhu vay. Ngay tir thang Bay nam 1922, Toa soan bao Dem truac da dupe kliai truang tai Moskva Nhiem vii cua td bao nay la gidi thieu, quang ba giiip cho cac dpc gia ngudi Nga d nude ngoai cd duoc nhirng hilu bilt vl cupc sdng va nhirng sinii boat kliac cua nude Nga xd-viet v.i nhimg trien vong phat trien ciia nd. Vi the, mpt mat, td bao nay dac biet chii y den eac lo:ii thdng tin kliac nhau, mat kliac lai cd nhirng bai viet sau de cap den cac hien tupng mdi ciia ddi sdng dat nude. Mdt cdng viec nhu the hap dan, cudn hilt Bulgakov. Gipng dieu cua td bao, ve CO ban, la kliach quan the hien mpt cai nhin than tliien ciia nhirng ngudi ngoai cupc (ay ia khi noi ve nhirng ban tin eua cac nha van tir nude Nga x6-viet) va mdt cai nhin quan tam theo doi cua nhirng ngudi trong cupc - chinh la mpt cai nhin quan tam theo ddi chir khdng phai la ca tung hay, ngugc lai, la thii djch Khat vong tim hieu, nam bat chinh xac nhimg gi dang dien ra, khong td hdng khdng bdi den, dd la su khac biet giua td Dem trudc vdi bao chi xd-viet vil cac td bao khac cita gidi luu vong. Cung can ndi them rang, phii truong van hoc cliii nhat ciia td Dem Inrdc la do Alexci Tolxtoi (1883 - 1945) phu trach bien t<5p - diiu nay da dam bao cho td Dem Irudc cd dupe mot trinh do van hpc chuyen nghiep nghiem hie. Cac tac gia kliac nhu Be. Ivanov, K. Phedin, V. Kataev, lu. Slezkin d i u dua bai dang a day. Dac biet la, trong khi cdng tac vdi td Dem Inrac, Bulgakov da ki ten dudi cac bai vill ciia minh bang ho ten that cua dng ma khdng diing din nhilu cac biit danh - diiu ma ong tliich dimg trong klii cong tac vdi td Tiing coi va vdi cac xudt ban phim khac.
Phan Idn cac bai viet cua Bulgakov dang Iren td Dim truac la d l cap din cupc sing va cac net smh boat khac ciia ngudi dan Moskva trong thdi ki Chinh sach kinh t l mdi (H3n, 1921 -28). Nhieu dau hicu ve su hdi sinh kinh t l ciia dit nude da khiln Bugakov vui mirng khap khdi, goi lai niem tin ve viec trd lai ciia nhirng chuan mitc ciia n i p sdng xua qucn thudc - dd la nliirng can hd biet lap, tien nghi, i m cung; nhOng each phuc trang chin cliu, nhiing buoi boa nhac va nhirng vd dien c6 diln vdi nhirng klian gia mac ao dudi torn; su sach sc va trai ur tren cac phi xa, vice hpc hanh va cae irng xir xii hpi lai ihco nhu nip xua;
thang may lai hoat ddng binh thudng, nhirng hdi cho ndng nghiep rirc rd sic mau lai duoc Id chirc, giao llidng lai hoat ddng chinh xac ihco dimg Ihdi gian bilu...
Nhung H o n mdi vin tiep luc vii sir gia tiing nhanh chdng ciia lii nliii giiu mdi pliit, su plian lioa sau siic dan cluing thanh nhirng kc mai mai ddi nghco, ma trong sd dd cd ca Bulg:ikov, nhung kc mo udc, Sp ii mong lam giau ca nhiin, va thinh Ihoang la nhirng dai gia nioi phat do .in ciip ciia cong. nhimg trieu phii va li phii ma su man nguyen ciia chiing
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BO 3 / Z a i S || 21
trd thanh mpt su si nliuc ddn dau tren tham canh ngheo khd cua nhirng ngudi cdn lai. Mac dil dd day da thdy xudt hien nhiing ddu hieu cua su hdi sinh, nhung thuc trang cupc sdng van vdy - nhirng can hd chung cu van day ray nhirng te nan xa hpi, dai loai nhu te nau rupu lau va thdi vd hpc lo mang ciia Idp dan cu nay, nhimg tieu quy nay cua te quan lieu nhimg nam 1920, sudt ddi chay theo nhiing ddng tien tang tan tucmg tam, sy hoang lanh, bang hoai, xudng cap ciia dao due va tam hdn. The gidi mdi va ki cue do qua xa la vdi Bulgakov va gpi Ien trong dng mpt su da kich sau cay true dien. Tren nhirng bai viet, ban tin ciia ong xuat hien nhuTig hinh tuang "nhd tu san \ a nhung con ngudi khdng thien cam". nhiJng ngudi ma phan Idn la ba con hp hang vdi Vaxilii Ivanovich Lixovich (mdt vien kT su tham lam vd hen nhdt trong tiau thuyat Bach ve) Mdt buc chan dung xa hdi dac sac ciia cdc doanh nhan hien dai dupe Bulgakov dung lan trong cau chuyen Nhirng cuoc phieu hni cita Chichicbkov in trong phu truong van hpc chii nhat cua td Dem tncac.
Td Tieng coi ra so dau tian vdo thdng Mudi hai nam 1917. Do klidng don gidn chi la mdt td bao nganh cua Bp dudng sat Lien bang X6-viet thdi ki dd md thuc sir la mdt xuat ban pham dpc dao. Ngoai chinli ban than td bao ra, toa soan con cho ra ddi cac phu truong nhu Nhirng ngic&i thich dita (1924 - 28); nguyet san 30 ngay (1925 - 41); ban nguyet san Tgp chi do. Day cfing la mdt nai quy tu dupe cac tac gia tre day tai nang cimg thdi vdi Bulgakov nhu K. Pautovxki, \ ' Kataev, I. Ilf va E. Petrov. Cdc an pham nay da sir dung nhieu tha loai van bao chi khac nliau, tir cdc bdi feuilleton che nliao thoi quan lieu thdm can CO dc tdi cac bai vc cay ddc, phdn anh tinh than thdi dai \'d hien thuc nude Nga nhfrng nam 1920 vdi mdt dp chinh xac cao.
Nhiing su kien duac cac cdng tac vian cdng nhan nganh dudng sat cong tac tai co sd thong tin ve da trd thanli de tai va npi dung cua cac bai feuilleton ciia Bulgakov dang tai tren td Tieng coi. Bulgakov da nhin thay dang sau moi su kien riang biet ndy ciia hien thuc nganh dudng sat mrdc Nga la mdt van da cd tam vdc xa hpi bang cdch nay hay cdch khac dpng cham tdi timg ngudi dan ciia no, va vi tha, trong nhung bdi feuilleton nay. ong de cap chii yeu tdi cdc van da doi npi. Cac nha nghian cihi, vc ca ban, da phan dinh cac dc tai chii yau cita cdc bai feuilleton dang tran td Tieng coi nhu sau: 1 - He thong hanh chinh ducmg dai va te quan lieu (Hdi kich linh cam; Chuyen tdu bdt an; Bien phdp manh). 2 - Nhirng hien tuong phi li cua sinh hoat hang ngay (Nhdn vien thu vien kiem boi bdn). 3 - Te nan hop hanh. mpt tha hien mdi ciia te quan lieu hanh cliinh {Cdu chuyen ciia mgt thong tin vien cdng nhdn ve nhirng nguoi ihiia; Chuyen ciia Makar Devuskin. Mot cuoc hop).
4 - Nhung le thdi, tap tuc ciia xa hdi mdi {Cong viec dat toi 30 do C; Nhimg dm thanh ciia dieu nhay polka tuyet vdi). 5 - Sinh hoat van hoa ciia xd hdi mdi {Quan thanh ira phdi dam. Con cho biet noi). 6 - Nhimg vdn da ciia he thdng >• ic. gido due (Nguai Hd Lan bay.
22 II T R U d N G BAI HIJC T H U BO HA HOI
Nhirng ngudi chet vdn con biet di; Bdt gidng dien lu; Gido due dinh mdu). 7 - Nhimg van dl ciia nganh thuong nghiep (Cdu chuyen nai qudn bia; Cita hang di dgng). 8 - Nhimg van dl chinh tri (Nhirng khodnh khdc cua cdi song vd cdi chit; Thdm hoa hon nhdn) [4, tr.l6].
Bulgakov quan niem viec viet phan Idn cac tac pham feuilleton nhu la mpt "cdng viec van hpc cdng nhat" - tire la mdt phuong tien kiem com himg ngay, de cd dupe thdi gian roi rai vao cac bull chieu ngdi vao ban va viet tieu thuyet Bach vi va cae truyen dai nghiem uic nhu O quy, Nhirng qua trimg dinh nienh va Trdi tim cho.
"Mpt nha viin tai nang dii lam mpt cdng vice van hpc cdng nhat mpt caeli tai nang"
[1, tr.713]. Trong cac biti tap van ciia minh, Bulgakov di siiu vao nhirng kliia canh nhd ciia hien thuc ddi sdng nude Nga. Bulgakov mien tii nhiing con ngudi binh thudng trong nhirng hoan canh binh thuirng, nhimg con ngudi dang vat Idn vdi nhirng viin de cua tin lai nhu nan lam phat phi ma, te quan lieu eua quyen, tham nhiing, hdi Id, nhirng ach tic, dinh tre giao thong, nhirng quy dinh hanh chinh klid hieu, biit klia thi, chii ngliTa phe nhdm, canh hau, gia dinli tri, benh quan lieu, thu tuc giay td rudm ra, thdi nraii che, bao lire gia dinh, cac viin de ve nha d (thieu nlia d tram trpng), giao due, y t l va cac vin d^ cham sdc sire klioe, nhirng cupc hpp hanh trien mien vd nghia (gpi nhd tdi Maiakovsky vdi bai tlio Nhirng ngudi loan hop!). Bulgakov da xay dung dugc hang triim nhiin vat vdi hang tram tiim Ii, tinh each va cac chi sd tri tuc (IQ) khac nhau.
Kliac vdi thi lom feuillelon cd diln, cac tae phUm feuillelon ciia Bulgakov khdng mang tinh giao huiin. Trong liic cd gSng tac ddng tdi nhan thirc eua ddc gia, Bulgakov chi di sau hoc Id ban chat cua cac hien tupng ma khdng cd y dinh dat nang vin d l phai dua ra nhirng phuang hudng va bien phap giai quyet bing nhirng thilt c h i xa hdi.
Xet tren binh dien the loai thi eac tac phim feuilleton ciia Bulgakov cd phong each, phuong thirc sang tac hit sire kliac nhau (va chinh vi thi ma chiing tdi da nghieng vl viec chpn diing thuat ngir tgp vdn). Ve vin d l nay, nha nghien cira L.L. Fialkova da dua ra rapt su phan loai chi net: "1 - cd loai la tilu thuylt diem tinh (nhu Bdo Idnh tinh yeu). 2 - c6 loai la lieu thuylt hinh su nhd (nhu Bi mat ciia kel bac chdng chay). 3 - cd loai la mpt man hdi thoai (nhu Mol ke ddm ddng). 4 - cd loai la mdt cau chuyen v l nganh giao thdng \ an lai (nhu Mol ngoi tnrdng dd biin thdnh dia ngiic nhu Ihi ndo'). 5 - ed loai la mpt tilu phim k|ch mpt man (nhu Biin phdp manh, Ndm dam cua ki todn viin, Dam chdy...). 6 - cd loai la mpt man dpc thoai (nhu Chuyin tdu bdi an). 1 - cd loai la nhat ki (nhu Quang trudng tren nhimg bdnh xe, Ngudi Hd Lan bay). 8 - cd loai la nhirng buc thu (nhu Cdu chuyin vi mot lai hoa ciia mdi nguai da den, Ngudi ta ngdi irin cdi gi). 9 - cd loai la mpt bai van xudi ^ icn tudng (nhu K dich thi gidi) v.v." [1, tr.711].
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SO 3 / 2 0 1 6 I ^^
Tuy nhian, vh thuc chSt, nhiing bai feuilleton ciia Bulgakov cd hinh thiic tha loai khdng that sy ro rang, khdng thudn nhdt va khdng phai liic nao ciing cd the xac dinh mdt each rdt rao tuyet ddi nhimg ngudi dpc van cd the cam nhan duoc mpt each rd ret "chat lupng van chuong cao" trong cac bai viet ay. Nha nghian curu L.E. Croichich da ghi nhan mpt each chinh xac rang "M. Bulgakov, trong nhieu trudng hpp, da thuan phuc thanh cdng su bat tuang dung cua hai the luc be ngoai kinh chong nhau; sy kien va y dd. Cay but nay da lam dupe dieu do nhd viec su dung rdng rai cac thu phap vdn dac tnmg cho thu van xudi nghe thuat binh dan. Cdc tac gid khac ciing dang tren td Tieng coi cac hinh thiic the loai feuilleton, nhung co le su ddc dao da dang ve mat tha loai nhu da trinh bay tren day Clia Bulgakov thi khdng mdt ai co dupe, trir dng. Tren co sd chat lieu eac bai feuilleton da viat, Bulgakov dudng nhu da dung Ien nhu'ng phac thao dau tien cho cdc tdc pham van xuoi va san kliau nghiem tuc, nhiing tac pham ddi khi dupe sang tao ddng thai \ d i cdng viec tai tod soan, doi khi la mudn han, mpt thdi gian sau do" [1, tr.711]
Cdc bdi feuilleton ciia Bulgakov cd mot mdi quan he chat che va mdt vai tro quan trpng ddi vdi cac tac pham chinh yau quan trpng sau nay ciia ong, bdi vi chiing da tao dyng nhirng phac thao ban dau cho cdc kiet tac ay. Dpc gia cd tha Idn theo ddu vet cua eac nhan vdt, cdc tinh each, cac trang huong va cac yau td cot truyen ciia cac bdi feuilleton dupe viet trong thdi ki dau trong sir nghiep sang tao ciia Bulgakov djnh hinh trong cdc tdc pham muon hon nhu Trdi tim cho (1925) va Nghe nhdn vd Margarita {1940).
2.2. N g h e thuat t r a o phung trong " N h i i n g cupc p h i e u luu cua C h i c h i k o v "
Nhirng cuoc phieu Imi ciia Chichikov co kat cdu theo kieu "hoi van" - md dau va kat ihiic dau trong mdt giac mo. Tat ca moi hdnh trang va phiau luu cua Chichikov dau dupe Bulgakov mieu ta trong mdt giac ma ciia chinh nlia van, "mpt giac mo ki la" [1, tr.230].
Theo dd, tir trong "vuong quoc ciia bdng toi <...> keo ra ca mpt bau dodn bat tan" nhirng nhan vat trong Nhung linh hon chet ciia Gogol: Manilov, Nozdryov, Derzhimorda, Selifan, Pctrushka, Fetinya.. Vd "di sau chdt la Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov trong chiec xe britchka noi tieng. Rdi ed bau doan tien vao nude Nga xd-viet". Chichikov, sau klii da chuyen tir chiec xe brichka ciia the ki trudc sang di 6-td, trd lai chinh cdi "khach san ma 100 nam trudc tir day han da di ra" [1, lr.230]. Vd "tat cd van hoan toan nguyen ven" neu cd chang thi chi Ui "thay cho tam bien hicu Khach san khi xua, gid th<4y cd treo mpt tdm bdng vdi dong chu Khu tap the .so .". Kdij dupe yau cdu xudt trinh lenh cdp phong tro, Chichikov khong chiit bdi roi; "Goi ngu'di quan li tdi day!" va da giai quyet vdn d£ mot each nhanh chdng, bdi vi "tudng ai, hod ra la vicn quan |[ gia da nhdn mat: chinh la lao Pimen Ddu Hdi ma trudc day da tirng la chii qudn Akulka .." [1, tr.231]. Trong liic xfip hdng chd nhdn sudt an, Chichikov tinh cd gap lai Sobakevich; sau dd tran phd Kuzneski lai bdt ngd bdt gap
24 f T R U d N G OAI H O C THU B O HA HOI
Nozdrev. Sau klii ban cii gap nhau han huyen du dieu am lanh, Chichikov quylt dinh hoat dpng trong ITnh vuc ngoai thuong. Va mpi viec diln ra that trdi chay. Chichikov lai buon lau kim cuong va dang-ten qua bien gidi. Sau khi da tao dimg dupe mdt sd vdn lieng klcii xii, Chichikov liin de don xin thue mot doanh nghiep XYZ nao dd ma viec thue dd hira hen se mang lai cho nha nude mdt ngudn loi Idn. Tiep dd mpi viec ciia Chichikpv diln ra vdi quy md va tdc dp chdng mat: Chichikov da ban dirt cho mil Korobochka ca kliu Quin ngira ndi tiing, da ming thiu dir an dien khi hoa thanh phd, da thiet lap mpt td hap san xuat thep tir miin eua.
Sau khi mpi viec vd Id, ngudi ta mdi dpc lai ban li Ijch tu khai cua Chichikpv va nhao nhao bd di tim kiem cai doanh nghiep ma Ciiichikov xin thuii va den liic dd mdi ta hoa ra ring do chinh la tupng dai Pushkin tien phd Tver. Ngirdi ke chuyen - tac gia ciia bai feuilleton nay -M.A. Bulgakov - lien dimg ra nhiin lanh trach nhiem tiiiy lung va vd hieu hoa ten dai bjp Chichikov. Sau khi hoiin thiinli xuiit siic nliiem vii, tae giii - M.A. Bulgakov - dupe yiiu cau: "Hay ndi di, anh mudn dupe thudng nhu'ng thit gi", Bulgakov liic diiu tra idi: "Mdt chiec quan... nua can dudng... va mpt ciiy den 25 nen...", nhung sau dd "bong nhien chat nhd ra rang mpt nha viin dung dan thi khdng duoc la mpt ngudi ich ki, vay nen
<...> tdi chang xin gi ca ngoai mpt bp Gogol loan tap, bia cimg, bp siich ma each diiy khdng lau tdi dii phai dem ra ban nd d chp trdi". Tuy nhien, vao diing liic "tren ban tdi hien ra mpt bp Gogol loan tap, bia cimg, gay ma vang" [1, tr.241], thi "tdi tinh giic. Va chang thiiy gi ca: chiing thay Chichikov, chang thiiy Nozdryov, va quan trpng nhat la chang thay Gogol nao ca..." [I. tr 242]. Chi la mpt giic mo.
Nhirng cuoc phieu luu ciia Chichikov lii mdt tac pham feuilleton, ddi klii dugc cac nha nghien ciru (vi du, B Sokolov) dinh loai la mot "truyen vira trao phiing ed nhd"
("MajieubKaa carnpnuecKaa noaecTi") vdi phu d l Trudng ca gdm 10 khiic ca, Lai md diu vd Bat hdu (HooMa n 10-n nyiiKTax c npojioroM H aniijioroM) duoc dang tai tren td Dim irudc tai Berlin ngay 24 thang Chin 1922. Chi rieng nhan d l ciia tac phkm feuilleton nay da ngay lap tire dua ngudi dpc trd lai vdi kict tac Nhung linh hdn chit (McpTBbie aymii - 1840) va ciia N.V. Gogol (1809 - 1852). Ddng vai trd chinh trong tae phim feuilleton nay la eac nhan vat ciia Nhirng Imh hdn chit (trudc hit la Chichikov), song ngoai ra cimg con ed su hien dien ciia cii nhung cit truyen, nhimg nhiin viil va nhilu dien ngdn trich din lir cac uic pham khac, chang han Quan lhanh ira (Pcninop - 1835), Nhirng con bac (HrpOKii - 1842) va Cdi mid (Hoc - 1836). Cac nhiin vai ciia Gogol dupe Bulgakov dua trd lai nude Nga sau Cach mang vao dung thdi ki H 3 n - mdt d l tai sd trudng eiia Bulgakov - nipt moi truang ma cac nhan v,at nay cam thiy cue ki thoai mai, ca v l m<5t thi xac lan tam hdn, nhu ca vc bien Idn" vay. Vin nhung con ngudi hu lau, pham tuc, vin nhung khiion mat lliil
TAP CHI KHOA HCpC - SO 3 / 2 0 1 6 I ^^
cuu, thd o, vd cam nhu 100 nam trudc dd. Van nhirng te nan tham nhung, hdi Id, van mpt thai dp thd a vd cam, cdu thd, bdt tai, d6t ndt. Hem tha niia, trong mpt so ITnh virc, theo nhin nhan ciia Bulgakov, su tha cdn toi te hon ca tram nam trudc do.
Dat ten cho tac pham feuilleton ciia minh la Nhimg cupc phieu hcu ciia Chichikov, do la mpt ung dung tai tinh thii phap lian van ban ciia Bulgakov. Bdi do chinh la nhan da md kiam duyet Sa hoang da ngliT ra va budc Gogol phai su dung de thay the cho nhan de nguyan ban tac pham cua ong - Nhirng linh hon chet. Bulgakov da khong chi giir nguyan nhu vay, ma cdn "chua" tham phu dc mpt each co dung y: Tncang ca gom W ca khiic voi Loi ma ddu vd Lai bat hau. Ngay Loi gioi thieu da cd nhimg dong trich dan tir kiet tac Gogol: "- Giir chat, giir chat ldy day cuong, dd ngu! Chichikov quat Selifan. - Mpt nhan vian cong vii, ria mep dai den ca mdt arsin (=^ 0, 71 m) dang phong tir phia trudc lai va thet lac am v - Ta thi phat cho mdt nhat kiam bdy gid! - Quy tha ma bat may di! Thdy xe nhd nude ma khdng tranh sang mpt ben d?" [3, tr.369]. Tiap theo trong phdn Mo dau, Bulgakov da ddng loat cho cac nhan vat "trinh dien" theo thir tir: ^'Manilov mgc chiec do khodc ngoai bdng long gdu khuyenh khoang, Nozdryov tren mgt chiec .xe khdc m&i chiem dung.
Derzhimorda thi tren mot chiec xe cicu hod, Selifan, Petrushka, Fetinya. Vd di sau chdt Id y, Pavel ivanovich Chichikov. Irong chiec xe britchka not tieng" [1, tr.230]. Tiep do la su xuat hien ciia hang loat nhan vdt khdc: "tay quy tdc huong thon la Manilov, mot ngudi rat le dp, nha nhan"; Selifan - "ga xd-ich ngudi thdp be, mac do tulup ngdn vd Petrushka, trac 30, dien chiac do duoi en rong thiing thinh thira hudng ciia chii, ve mat hoi khac kho, mui to, mdi ddy"; Fetinya - vdn la mdt nii' gia nd nau bap kiem hau phong cua mu dia chii Korobochka; Nozdryov - "theo mpt nghTa nao dd la mot nhan vdt lich sir".., duac Gogol lan lupl de cap dan trong chuong Mpt, chuang Ba va chuong Bon ciia Niiicng linh hon chet. Cdn nhdn vat Derzhimorda thi tai Id mpt trong hai vien cdnh sat trong Quan lhanh ira. Bang thii phdp lien van bdn, Bulgakov dd giiip dpc gia da co dupe mot the gidi chdn dung phong phii ciing vdi nhiing tinh cdch da duac kliac hoa ciia cac nhdn vat.
0 day, Bulgakov dd md phong, nhat lai danli tir truong ca, vi chinh Gogol da xdc dinh the loai cua Nhimg linh hon chei Id "tru'dng ca" (FlooMa). Bulgakov da klico leo sir dung doan vdn am chi bdng gid dan mpt chuyen xc cong vu khan cap trong Nhirng linh hon chet de lao dn tuong rang tac phdm feuilleton ndy ciia ong lai sc nham vdo vn?c phe phan mot khia canli nao do ciia he thong quan lieu. Nhung kliong, trong tac phdm nay dng da tao dung mpt kich ban hoan todn ngupc lai. Thay cho vice ca mpt he thong quan lieu tac oai tdc qudi. cau ket vdi nhau de nghian nat mot ca nhan (nhu Korolkov trong O quy). ong da dung mot cdu chuyen ve mot ca nhdn co ien co Uidi - do Id nhdn vat Chichikov, mot sang tao \ i dai ciia Gogol - tan cong true dien (vd da chian thdng) vao he th6ng quan lieu cua
26 II
T R a d N G BAI HOC THiZi OO HA HOInude Nga Sa hoang ma tan du ciia nd van cdn rai rdt vao thdi sau each mang. Ranh manh va tao bao dkn li6u ITnh - dd la nhiing pham chit ma nhd vao do Chichikov da qua mat dupe ca mpt he thdng - mpt he thdng da khiSn Korotkov trong 6 quy cua Bulgakov phai chat mdt each tire tudi.
Bdng viec sii dung chinh nhirng "than hiiii cd lien he" va nhfrng quy djnh thanh v3n chinh thuc, Chichikov da chi^n thdng ngay tir vdng ddu. Chichikov da su dung mdt cdch co hieu qua chinh nhimg dieu kien roi ram, chdng cheo (vdn da tdn tai trong O quy) - mot khSi luang khdng Id nhiing giay td cac Ioai, thdi vd trach nhiem pho bien (ma theo do mot ngudi nao do, hoac la vo tinh, hoac la cd y, vo tu ki hp cac loai giSy td khdng diing tham quyen va trach nhiem ciia minh). Chinh ngay trong phan Ma ddu (flpojior), Bulgakov thong bao cho dpc gia biet rang tat ca nhung sy kien trong cau chuyen cua dng chi la mot giSc ma. Nhung dng chi de cap dieu dd mdt each qua quyt bang each viet moi mpt cau:
"Mdt gi3c ma ki la..." [1, tr.230], ma thuc chat day la mpt tieu xao ranh manh, theo each rieng (rat Bulgakov), kliien dpc gia chang may luu tam de y. Va chi mai den phan Bgt hau (3nH.nor), dpc gia mdi gi^t minh nhd ra rdng dd chi la mdt giac ma. Trong tdc pham feuilleton nay, giau nhai, ngoa du, huyan tudng va nghich di la nhiing thii phap trao phiing dupe sir dung de nham dat dupe y do thuc su cua nha van - dd la da kich khdng thuang tiec gudng may nha nude va ca nhiing con ngudi ciia nd trong thdi ki H3n bang each bdc tran te quan lieu, hdi Id, cua quyen trong nan hanh chinli mdi. Bdi canh cua "giac mo ki quai"
ciia ngirdi ke chuyen (Bulgakov) la Moskva nhiing nam ddu cita th$p nien 1920, nhimg thu phap huyin tudng va nghich di la su tiSp ndi tir Gogol. Nhiing nhan vat phan dien ma Bulgakov phat hien trong nude Nga xd-viet klidng nhihig chi dan gian duoc kS thira tir thoi dai ciia Gogol (bdi nhiing tinh each, pham chdt cua nhiing nhan vat tieu cue nay dau mang tinh chdt ddc tnrng Nga hoac la mang tinh phd quat), ma han thg nua Bulgakov con khiSn su xuat hi?n ciia nhung nhdn vat nay mang mpt tinh chit sieu nhien, mpt trd quy quai:
"Mpt gide ma ki qudi... Dudng nhu la trong vuong qudc bdng tdi. tran Idi vao ciia no co mpt ngpn den khdng tdt va cd treo mdt tim bang vdi ddng chir "Nliirng linh hdn chat", mot con quy nlidn nhd ra md cOra. Ca vuong qudc chat choc bdt ddu cua quay... Va rdi ca bk doan ticn vao nude Nga x6-viat, va sau dd da di6n ra nhung sir bidn kinh ngac. va nhu tliS nao thi xin theo ddi nhfrng doan sau day" [I, tr.230].
Bang each gpi nude Nga xd-vi6t bdng cai tan ed xua ("CoDCTCKyio Pycb"), Bulgakov dudng nhu muon tiep tiic truy6n thdng Gogol, mudn am chi rdng trudc dd rdt lau, trudc ca thdi Clia Gogol, nude Nga, do cdu true xa hdi bao thii, lac hau ciia nd, da la "vuong qu6c ciia bong toi" va cua "nhfrng linh hdn chat". Van hpc Nga tha ki 19 ddy rdy nhiing nhan vat ma sir tdn tai eiia ho trong nude Nga cir nhu la sy tdn tai trong "vuong qudc cua bdng toi"
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SO 3/201B j ^^
(B TCMHOM uapcTBc). Diau do gidi thich Ii do tai sao nhiing bong ma trong \'uang quoc chet chdc hoan toan cam thiy minh nhu ca ve bien Idn trong mdt nude Nga mdi vd tai sao ma nhung nhan vat ciia Gogol (nhiing dja chii, nhung ndng nd, nhiing ke bjp bom), cho dii theo ddi nhiing nghS nghiep khdc nhau, nhung dpc gia van de dang nhdn ra. Mac dii nha van nhan manh rang da dien ra "nhung sy bien kinh ngac", nhung ddi vdi dpc gid, nhung su bien nay la qua doi quen thudc. Su "tai xuat" cua Chichikov hoan toan khdng mang tinh cam ghet hay Id cham chpc ma dupe miau ta mpt each hai hudc, thuan my pha trd tham chi la thii vi niJa.
0 ddy, sy gieu nhai nhdn vat, chi tiet, cau chu cua Bulgakov hoan toan khdng nham ha thap Nhimg linh hon chet ma thuc ra, han the, lai la mdt su \'tnh danh ddi vdi Gogol \\ dng da sang tao ra mpt loat nhihig nhan vat khong chi lien quan tdi nude Nga ndng no (cha dp ndng no bi bai bo vao nam 1861) ma ca nhirng nlian vat van cdn sdng vdi tam thiic, nao trang ddn tpc. Chichikov cua Bulgakov, thay cho viec di tim mua linh hdn nhung ndng nd da chat (da lam tai san the chap da vay tien nha nude va kinh doanh). da tian hanh hang loat nliung phi vu Idm dn bat luong ma mpt trong sd do la bdng each thua mdt "doanh nghiep ma" ma Chichikov da da dang vay duoc tian sd tian khong 16 dan ndi: "Nhin vao tong so tien cho vay, thu quy hodn todn nghet thd. Chichikov ki nhdn va chd nghien sd tian ay di tran ba chiac xc ngua" [1, tr.234] Trong diau kien H 3 n , Chichikov cua Bulgakov thdm chi con thdnli cdng hon ca Chichikov cua Gogol. Bulgakov tdt nhien khong tha thir cai moi trudng dao dire da cho phep Chichikov thanh cong tren cd raijc mong dpi, nhung ong ciing thich thu trong viec boc tran he thdng quan lieu Nga thdm can cd da van con song sot sau each mang.
3. K E T L U A N
Khong the phii nhdn dnh hudng ciia Gogol doi vdi van xuoi Bulgakov nhiing ndm 1920, va diau nay dupe tha hien ddc biet ro trong phong each ciia tdc phdm feuilleton Nhimg cuoc phien luu ciia Chichikov (thong qua nhirng mo phong, nhirng gieu nhai Id lieu) hay trong Quan lhanh tra phai ddm ("PcBiisop" c BbimuoaHUCM) - mpt tac phdm feuilleton khdc. Nhung cung khong tha klidng nhan ra nhiing ddc diam rat ncng cua Bulgakov, nhirng dau an tac gid kliong tha trpn Idn - cu iha la nhimg yen to triing lap ngau nhien.
nhii-ng bien chuyen bdt ngd, nhirng xiic cam manh me. Va day chinh la nhirng ydu to khdng tha tdeh rdi cua nghe thuat nghich di Bulgakov. Chimg hien dien dam dac \'a dupe su dung nhu mpt cau phan ciia trat tu tu nhien Li do la vi, hoac true tiip hoac gidn tiap. chiing deu lien quan den hien thuc khac nghiet - cai tao nen phong nen xd hoi, tao nen can c6t cho \an xudi Bulgakov giai doan nhiing ndm 1920 Di6u ndy ciins aidi ihich tai sao nhan \di
28 II
TRUCfND OAI HDC THLI ei3 HA HOIChichikov ciia Bulgakov lai it tl nhi, it duyen dang, it suy tu nhung lai hdn lao, xac xuoc hon so vdi nhan \ iil Chichikov cua Gogol trudc do gan tram nam. Chat trao phiing cua Gogol la chit trao phiing de men, hien lanh, nlia nlian. Cdn trao phiing cua Bulgakov thi thd nham, gdc canh, tire cudi va it chit tho hon. Van xudi trao phiing cua Bulgakov dm chii ylu vao phep ngoa du de mieu ta cac sir kien va chan dung cae nhan vat. Dieu nay il thiy trong tac phiim eiia Gogol. Cd the coi Nhirng cuoc phieu lira cua Chichikov la mpt tac phim diln hinli ca tren binli dien de tai va the loai, the hien mdt each day du cac dac diem vl phong each ciu triie, biit phiip cua van xudi trao phiing Bulgakov nhirng nam 1920.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 M.A. EyjiraicoB (1992), CodpaHeiiue coHuiieuuu s immu moAiax, (TOM BTopofi) - MocKBa, XyAOSKecTBCHHaa nuTcparypa.
2. M B . Forojib (1969). CoHuuemai e deyx moAiax, (TOM ncpBbin) HaaaTCJibCTBO Xy;io>KCCTBCHHaH jiiiTcpaiypa.
3. II.B. r o r o i i t (1980), Peausop. Mepmsbie dyuiii. Kasaub. - Taxapcicoc KJUDICEIOC HsAaicnbcxBO.
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ByjiraKOBa- n c p n o ; [ pa6oTbi B ra3eTax FyaOK ii Haicaiiyiie - TBcpb
5. Eo.-ibuioii PoccuiicKiiii DumiKJionedu'iecKuii Cjioeapb (2003). Hay-iiioe H^/iaicjibCTfio
"Eojibiuaji PoccnficKasi 3iiuuK.noneana". - MoCKBa
6. Jlumepamypa Cnpaeo'iiibie .Mumepua.nbi (1988). - MocKEa, ripocBeiijeime
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8. Mikhail Bulgakov (3998), Tuyen lap vdn xuoi (Doan Tir Muycn dich, gidi thieu va chii giai), Nxb Van hpc. Ha Npi
9. L6 T3n (1956), Tuyen kip tap vdn (Phan Klioi djch), N x b Van n g h e . Ma Noi.
10 Le Ba Han, Trdn Dinh Sir, Nguyen Khdc Phi (d6ng chii bien) ( 2 0 0 7 ) , Tir diin thiidl ngir \m hoc, Nxb Giao due, Ha Noi.
THE SATIRIC.VL A R T O F B U L G A K O V ' S P R O S E IN T H E 1920S T H R O U G H T H E W O R K N A M E D
"THE A D V E N T U R E S O F C H I C H I K O V "
Abstract: This arlicle covered generally the issues of genre, content's values and artislic Jeatiires oj the "Jeiiilleton" in Bulgakov's sadrical prose in the 1920s and provided in-
depth analysis regarding the work named The adventures of Chichikov, which is one topical and conn ele woi k ofhisfemllleton genre.
Key words: Bulgakov's prose, feuillelon. The adventures of Chichikov.
