Thyc thi chinh sach binh d3ng gioi trong chinh tri o* vung dan toe tliilu s6
Tran Thi Hong*
Tom tat: Dua tren quan diem gioi va phat trien, bai viet phan tich cac chinh sach va vice thirc thi chinh sach thiic dSy binh dang gioi trong chinh tri a vung dan toe thieu s6 (DTTS). Phuong phap chinh la tong quan tai Ueu, phan tich so lieu khao sat dinh lugnng 344 can bo lam vlec a Uy ban nhan dan cSp huyen va c4p xS tai 8 tinh va tu liSu thao luan nhom, phong v§n sau can bg chii chot, ngiroi dan 6 cong d6ng nam 2018-2019. K^t qua phan tich cho thay, cac chinh sach ve binh dang gidi trong ITnh virc chinh tri da duac cac dia phuong trien Idiai theo dung dinh huong nhung hieu qua dat dugc con ban che. Thirc te ty le phu nil DTTS giu cac vi tri lanh dao con thap va thudng chi giil vi tri cap pho. Viec thiic day giao due thi€u dinh huong, thieu gan ket vdi dau ra va nhu cau sii dung nguon nhan lire ciia dia phircmg dan den thyc trang du thira va lang phi nguon nhan lire dugc dao tao. Dinh kien gioi ve vai tro va nang lire lanh dao quan ly cua can bo nil van dang la nhiing rao can "v6 hinh" doi vdi sir tham gia ciia phu nij trong he thong chinh tri, dac biet la sir tham gia vao vi tri lanh dao.
Til khoa: Binh dang giai; Chinh sach binh dang gioi; Dan toe thieu so.
Ngay nhan b^i: 9/2/2020; ngay chinh sura: 4/5/2020; ngay duyet dang:
29/5/2020.
1. D a t v a n d e
Binh dang gioi trong ITnh virc chinh tri la mot trong nhiing chu de dugfc dac biet quan tarn vi no khong chi dam bao quyen tham chinh ciia phu rm trong bp may quan ly xa hoi ma viec tham gia cua phu nir vao cac vj tri chu chot trong chinh quyen dugc ky vong se dam bao co hoi va loi ich cho cac nhom phu nil trong vi?c thuc thi cac chinh sach phat trien kinh te - xa hoi a dia phuong. Trong
• TS., Vien Nghien cmi Gia dinh va Gioi, Vi$n Han lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam.
4 Nghien cCKi Gia dinh vk GIOT. Quyen 30, so 2, tr. 3-15
thai ky D6i moi. Dang va Nha nuac Viet Nam d§ ban hanh nhi8u chinh sach ve binh ding gioi noi chung va binh dang gioi trong ITnh virc chinh tri noi neng.
Cac chi tieu cu thS v6 ty le phu nil da dugc dk ra nh4m thuc day sir tham gia cua phii nu va can bSng \h ty 1? nam nil trong he thong chinh tri.
Mgt s6 nghien ciru da chi ra, s\r tham gia cua phu nfi trong lanh dao, q u ^ ly a Viet Nam, nhkt la trong khu vuc nha nude dang c6 nhimg thay doi nhat dinh. Tuy nhi6n, ty le nu tham gia he Ihdng chinh tri a cac c§p chua cao va chua dat dugc chi tieu dk ra. Dac biSt, phu nil dan tpc thieu so van dang bi tut hau ve co hgi, kha nang t i ^ can va thu huong cac quyen cua hg (UN Women, 2015). Theo so li?u thdng ke, ty le nu dai biiu hgi dong nhan dan nhiem ky 2016-2021: cap tinh la 26,46% (tang 1,29% so voi nhiem ky 2011- 2016); ckp huyen la 27,51%
(tang 2,89% so voi nhiem ky 2011-2016); ckp xa la 26,70% (tang 4,99% so vdi nhiem ky 2011- 2016) (Nguyin Truong Nhat Phuong, 2018).
So voi chi tieu 35-40%, ty le thuc te nay con la mot khoang each. DSc biet, doi voi nhom dSn tdc thi6u so, g§n 30 DTTS khong co dai dien la nu:
trong he thong ca quan quan ly Nha nuac ve cong tac dan tgc, vi du nhu dan tgc Mang, La Hii, C6ng, Ca iao, La Ha, Pa Then, Lu, Chut, SiLa, Brau, R a mam... (UN Women, 2015; Vien Chu nghia xa hgi khoa hgc, 2014). Ben canh do, nhieu noi thuc hien chinh sach binh dang gi6i trong chinh tri chi nh3m dam bao ve ca cau theo quy dinh nhimg hau nhu cac vi tri do nG gioi DTTS dam nhiem tbudng khong phai la cac vi tri chu ch6t. Di6u nay d i n d^n tieng noi va vi ih^ xS hgi cua phu nu DTTS bi anh huong do thi§u dai di6n cua hg trong dpi ngu lanh dao, quan ly cong d6ng (Le Thi H6ng Gai va cong sir, 2019).
Thvrc te tren cho thay con co khoang each nh4t dinh gifia thuc trang tham gia vao he thong chinh tri cua phu nil dan too thi6u s6 voi chinh sach thuc dky binh dang gioi trong chinh tri va dat ra v^n d§ c5n thilt phai phan tich sau s i c ve chinh sach va viec thuc thi chinh sach ve th\rc trang binh dang gioi trong chinh tri a vung dan tpc thieu so.
2. Phircmg p h a p n g h i e n cihi 2.1. Khai nifitt vd each tiip can Khdi niem "Binh dang giai trong chinh tri"
Binh dang gioi trong ITnh vuc chinh tri da dugc quy dinh cu t h i tai Digu 11 Luat Binh dang gioi (2006), do la:
1. Nam, nu: binh dang trong tham gia quan ly nha nuac, tham gia boat dgng xa hgi.
Tran Thj H6ng 5 2. Nam, nfi binh dang trong tham gia xay dung va thuc hien huong uoc, quy uofc cua cong d6ng hoac quy dinh, quy chg cua co quan, t6 chuc.
3. Nam, nil binh dang trong viec tu ung cur va dugc giai thieu ung cu dai bieu Quoc hoi, d?i bieu Hgi d6ng nhan dan; tu ung cu va dupe gioi thieu ung cur vao co quan lanh dao cua t6 chijcc chinh tri, t6 chiic chinh tri - xa hgi, t6 chiic chinh tri xa hoi - ngh6 nghiep, t6 chiic xa hoi, t6 chiic xa hoi - nghe nghiep.
4. Nam, nu binh ding vk tieu chuin chuyen mon, dp tu6i khi dupe da bat, b6 nhiem vao cung vi tri quan ly, lanh dao cua ca quan, td chuc.
Theo van ban phap luat nay, binh ding giai trong chinh tri dugc hiSu la bmh ding trong quyin tham gia, bmh ding vk tiing noi, binh ding trong ca hoi giil vi tri lanh dao, quan ly giila phu nil va nam gioi trong he thdng chinh tri, bao gom Quoc h6i, hgi dong nhan dan, cac ca qxxan ciia chinh phu, cac t6 chuc chinh tri - xa hgi... Dong thai binh dang giai trong chinh tri con ham y dam bao CO h0i dugc tham gia, dugc quyet dinh cac vin dk cua cong d6ng va cua t6 chuc, CO quan nhu nhau giua phu nil va nam gioi. Bai Vih nay tap trung vao binh ding nam nil trong tham gia quan ly d tb chuc Dang cong san Vi?t Nam, Hgi dong nhan dan; Uy ban nhan dan cap co so d cac dia ban co dong ddng bao dan tgc thieu so sinh song.
Tiep can gici vdphdt trien
Tiep can gidi va phat trien (GAD) dugc chu y k6 tu nhung nam 1980, dugc cho la da tiep thu ca nhiing bai hoc va nhung han che cua hai each tilp can Phu nu trong Phat tri^n, Phu nil va Phat triin. TiSp can GAD tim each cai tao cac h? thong va co che tao ra su bit binh ding gidi bang each khong chi tap trung vao phu nil ma dam bao rang ca phu nil va nam gidi cung tham gia va hudng Igi nhu nhau tir su phat trien. Ben canh do, each tiep can nay nhan manh vai tro cua nam gidi trong viec giai quyet bat binh dang gidi va coi trgng viec trao quyen cho phu nu, nhung ng;udi thudng hi dat vao vi tri yeu hem ve mat kinh te va xa hgi so vdi nam gidi (Gender Equality Team, 2007).
Quan diim gidi va phat triin ngay tu diu khing dinh m6i quan he hilu co giila can bg nil va phat triSn, giua tang trudng kinh te va phat trien xa hgi. Hon the, quan diSm nay con nhin manh vai tro chu the ciia can bg nil trong qua trinh hogch dinh, thuc hien va danh gia cac muc tieu phat trien kinh te xa hgi.
Cong cugc doi mdi kinh \k - xa hgi dang ma ra nhiing kha nang to Idn cho viec doi mdi tu duy va di tii "cdn bg nir trong phat trien" den "gidi va phat trien".
Nhu vay, each tigp cdn gidi va phat triin cung cip ca sd ly luan v^ viec c4n thiet dam bao su tham gia cua can bg nu trong tuong quan vdi can bp nam
6 Nghien cipu Gia dinh va Givi. Quyin 30, so 2, tr. 3-15
trong viec tham gia he thdng chinh tri, trong do co he thdng chinh tri cap co so noi rieng. Bai vi6t se xem xet cac chinh sach vh binh dang gidi trong chinh tri o viing dan tpc thi^u s6 va viec thuc thi cac chinh sach da dugc long ghep quan diem nay d muc dp nhu the nao.
2.2. Phucmgphap phan tich
Phuong phap chinh la tdng quan tai lieu va phan tich sd lieu khao sat dmh luong va dinh tinh nam 2018 - 2019 cua dS tai "Mot s6 vin da ca ban ve binh dang gidi d vung dan tpc thidu sd nude ta" (thudc Chuang trinh khoa hgc va cong nghe cip qudc gia giai doan 2016-2020 - Nhiing vin da co ban va cap bach ve dan too thilu sd va chinh sach dan tgc d Viet Nam dan nam 2030). Cac tai lieu dugc tong quan gdm cd: he thdng van kien, nghi quyet ciia Dang, van ban luat phap, chinh sach cua nha nude lien quan dan binh dang gidi trong chinh hi, cac bao cao, s6 lieu thdng ke \k su tham gia ciia nil gidi va nam gidi trong he thdng chinh tri d vimg dan tgc thieu sd Viet Nam d cac dja ban khao sat.
Phan tich dinh luong dugc thuc hien dua sd lieu phdng van 344 can bp lam viec o UBND cip huyen va cip xa tai 8 tinh da tai tien hanh khao sat (Soc Trang, Ninh Thuan, Dak Lak, Thira Thien Hua, Thanh Hoa, Lang Son, Dien Bien, Ha Giang).
Phan tich dinh tinh dupe thuc hien dua tren ket qua thao luan nhom can bp chu chot cap huyen, cap xa, phong van sau dai dien ngudi dSn d cdng ddng.
3. Ket qua nghien cihi
3.1. Quan diem va chinh sach ve binh dang gidi trong chinh tri ddi vdi viing dan tpc thieu so & Viet Nam
Tai Viet Nam, quyen binh dang giila nu: gidi va nam gidi tran mgi ITnh vuc va ITnh virc chinh tri noi rieng dugc khang dinh tir rat sdra. HiSn phap nude Viet Nam Dan chu Cong hoa nam 1946 quy dinh: "Tit ca quyan binh ding trong nude la cua toan tha nhan dSn Viet nam khdng phan biet noi gidng, gai trai, giau ngheo, giai cip, tdn giao"; "Dan ba ngang quyan vdi dan dng va mgi phuong dien". Nguyen tic binh ding nam nil ciing dugc quan triet trong quan diam cua Dang, xuyan sudt trong Hien phap va cac Bp Luat, Luat cua Nha nude Viet Nam.
Trong nhiing nam gin day, dinh hudng thiic diy su tham gia ciia phu nil vao he thdng chinh tri dupe tha hien cu thd qua chi tieu can bp nil trong Nghi quyat 11 ciia Bg Chinh tri ngay 27/4/2007 va cdng tac phu nil thai ky diy manh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dit nude. Muc tiau dugc dua ra la "Phin
Tr4n Thi Hfing 7 diu din nam 2020, can bo nO tham gia cjp uy Dang cac cSp dat tit 25% tro len; nO dai biSu Qu6c hoi va HDND cac cip tvr 35 - 40%. Cac ca quan, don vi CO ty le nO tii 30% tro len, nhit thiSt co can bo lanh dao chu ch6t la nu"
Chi tieu nay dugc ap dung chung dfii voi cac dia ban tren toan qudc, bao gdm ca vung dan tpc thiSu so. Ben canh do, quy dinh vh ty le can bo nO dan toe thi6u s5 tham chinh cung dugc dk cap trong Nghi dinh 86 05/2011/ND - CP ngay 14-01-2011 cua Chinh phu vi cong tac dan tgc: "Dam bao ty le hop ly can bp nguoi dan tgc thiju s6, mi tien can bp nu, can bg tre tham gia vao cac ca quan, t6 chiic trong he th6ng chinh tri cac cip" (Didu 11. Chinh sach can bg nguoi dan tpc thilu s6).
De dat dugc chi tiSu dk ra, dinh huong vS viec ban hanh chinh sach, ca che quy hoach, dao tao, b6 nhiem can bp nO, dac biet can bg nu la nguoi dan tgc thieu s6 da dugc d6ng thai dS cap. Nghi quyit 11 cua Bg Chinh tri ngay 27/4/2007 da de cap den: "Thuc hien cii tuyen dao tag can bg nii trgng cac dan tgc thieu s6, ton giao va trong cac linh vuc co ty le can bp nil qua thip. Co chinh sach cu the ve quy hoach, dao tao, b6i duong, b6 nhiem, luan chuyen d6i vol can bp nii; dac biet quan tiim can bg nii la tri thiic, cong nhan, nguoi dan tgc thigu s6, ton giao". Nghi quyk 57/CP-NQ ngay 01/12/2009 cung khjng dinh; "xiiy dung co che dam bao thiic day su tham gia nhi^u han cua phu nii vao cac qua trinh ra quyit dinh, tang ty le ling cir dai biSu Qu6c hgi, HDND cac cap".
Gin day nhit, Chi thi s6 21-CT/TW cua Ban Bi thu ngay 20 thang 01 nam 2018 ve tiep tuc day manh cong tac phu nii trong tinh hinh moi nhan dinh nhieu chi tieu cua Nghi quyet so 11-NQ/TW ve cong tac can bp nii chua dat;
van con dinh kien giai. De tiep tuc diiy manh cong tac phu nii trong tinh hinh mai. Ban Bi thu yeu cau cac cap uy, to chuc dang. Mat tran To quoc, cac to chiic chinh tri - xa hpi tap trung thuc hien tot cac nhiem vu huong tai hoan thien luat phap, chinh sach ve binh diing gi6i tao dieu kien cho phu nii phat trien toan dien. "Doi vai nhom phu nii dan tpc thieu so, nguoi dung dau cap uy, chinh quyen cac cap chiu trach nhiem chi dao, to chiic thuc hien dong bg cac giai phap de dat chi tieu Nghi quyet so 11-NQ/TW ve cong tac can bp nii; quan tam tao nguon can bg nit tre, nu dan tgc thieu sg". Hgan thien cac quy dinh ve cong tac can bg bao dam nguyen tic binh dang giiia nam va nii ve dp tuoi trong quy hoach, dao tao, bo nhiem, luan chuyen doi vai mgt so nhom phu nii giii chile vu lanh djo, quan ly phu hgp trong timg giai doan.
Nghi quySt sd 26-NQ/TW ngay 19/5/2018, Hgi nghi lin thii bay Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang (khoa XII) vh tap trung xay dung dgi ngfl can bp
8 Nghien CLPU Gia dinh vi Gi6i. Quyen 30, so 2, tr. 3-15
cac cip, nhit la cip chian luge, du phim chit, nang lire va uy tin, ngang tam nhiem vu cung nhan dinh: "Ti ie can bp fre, can bp nil, can bg ngudi dan tgc thiau sd chua dat muc tieu dh ra". Vi tha, nhiem vu, giai phap chu yeu dugc dua ra la: "Cip uy cac cip va ngudi dung diu phai co ka hoach dao tao, bdi duong, sip xap, bd tri, tao diau kien, co hgi phat trian cho can bo tre, can bp nu, can bd la ngudi dan tdc thiau sd". Xay dimg chi tieu co cau phu hgp, neu chua bao dam chi tieu ca ciu thi phai dd trdng, bd sung sau; gan viec thirc hien chi tiau vdi trach nhi^m cua cap uy va ngudi dung dau.
Kdt luan sd 65-KL/TW ciia Bd Chinh tri ngay 30-10-2019 vd tidp tuc thuc hien Nghi quyk sd 24-NQ/TW ciia Ban Chip hanh Trung uong Dang khoa IX va cdng tac dan tdc trong tinh hinh mdi ciing "yau cau cac cap liy, chinh quydn, doan tha nhan dan cac cap tiep tuc thuc hien cd hieu qua Nghi quyat s6 24-NQ/TW ciia Ban Chip hanh Trung uong khoa IX nham phat trien ban viing vung ddng bao dan tgc thiau sd va miln niii; chu trgng quan tam tao ngudn can bp nu- dan tpc thiau so; ho trg nang cao nang lire da tham gia vi tri quan ly lanh dao trong cac co quan, td chiic ciia he thdng chinh tri".
Nhu vay, chii truang thiic diy su tham gia cua phu nil dan tdc thieu sd vao he flidng chinh tri da dugc chii trgng trong khoang 10 nam gin day vdi viec dam bao su tham gia ca ve sd luong va chit lugng thdng qua quy trinh: quy hoach, dao tao - bdi duong va bd nhiem. Quan diem gidi va phat trien da dugc tha hien thdng qua su thiic day su tham gia binh dang ciia ca hai gidi trong he thdng chinh tri.
Tuy nhian, ve sd lugng, hian mdi co chi tieu cu the ve ty le nil gidi trong he thdng chinh tri, chua cd chi tiau cu the ve ty le can bd nil dan tpc thieu sd trong he thdng chinh tri d viing dan tdc thieu sd. Ve chat lugng, cac bien phap tao ngudn can bd nu tre dSn tdc thieu sd tap trung vao nang cao trinh dp hpc van va nang cao nang luc lanh dao, quan ly da dugc djnh hudng.
3.2. Qua trinh trien khai thirc hien chinh sach phap lu^t ve binh ding gi&i trong chinh tri d cac diaphwffng
Cong tdc quy hoach can bg nit
Sd lieu thu thap d cap xa cho thay, chi co 6/13 xa khao sat (khao sat 14 xa nhung 1 xa khdng cung cap thong tin) cd quy hoach can bg nil vao cac vi tri lanh dao. Q cac xa cd quy hoach, sd lugng can bg nil dupe quy hoach thudng thap hon dang ke sd lugng can bd nam dupe quy hoach, chi tu 1-3 ngudi trong khi sd lugng can bd nam dugc quy hoach cd the lan dan 8 ngudi. Sd lugng can bd nO lam viec d Uy ban nhSn dan xa cung thudng thap hon so vdi sd lugng nam, thudng chi bang 1/2 hoac 1/3 so vdi can bd nam, trong tdng so khoang 23 can bd d mdi xa. Nhu vay, chi xet ve sd lugng da
TrSn Thi HSng 9 t h i y cong tac quy hoach can bp nil chua d u g c thuc thi tfit. VS c h i t lugng cdng tac quy hoach, so lieu thu d u g c tit y kiSn can bg c i p huyen va c i p xa chg thay, hem 50% can bg dugc hoi cho r i n g cong tac quy hoach can bg nii vao cac vi tri lanh dao da dugc chii trgng o don vi. Tuy nhien, v i n cgn co 36,8% can ba c i p huyen va 3 4 , 3 % can bg c i p xa chg r i n g viec xay dung quy hoach can bg nO m a i chi d u a ra chi tieu cho dat yeu c i u thea quy dinh chii chua chii trgng din viec dao tao, b6i duong ngudn quy hoach. Ngoai ra, con mgt ty IS n h i t dinh 3 , 1 % can bg c i p huyen va 5,5% can bg c i p xa cho rang cong tac quy hoach chua dugc thuc hien.
Tim hieu ly do vi sao vi$c quy hoach can bg nii theo chi tieu dugc di ra lai chua dugc thuc Men a mgt s6 dia ban, thgng tin thu dugc cho bik cong tac quy hoach can bg nii gap kho khan do s6 lugng can bg nii khong nhiiu. Ngoai ra, can bg nii khong dii cac d i t o kien ve tieu chuin hgc v i n hgac chua co dupe su tm nhiem cao khi liy phiSu dk dua vao danh sach quy hoach. Thong tin ma can bg c i p xa va c i p huyen Dien Bien Dgng, Dien Bien chia se dual day la mgt vi du:
Bang 1. Y kien ciia c^n b§ ve sw chii trpng trong cong tac quy hoach cdn b$ nir vao cac vi tri liinh dao
Co, dugc thuc hien tot
Co, nhung chi dua ra chi tieu cho dat theo yeu cau cua cip tren
Chua Khong biSt
N
Cap huyf n 56,4 36,8 3,1 3,7 163
C a p x i 54,7 34,3 5,5 5,5 181 Nguon: Bang hoi can bd cap huyen va cap xa, 2018-2019.
"Xa ciing phe duyet de an quy hoach can bo nir nham thuc day binh dang giai trong chinh tri. Cu the, co dinh huong xep cac chau co trinh do van hoa, CO kha nang nang luc lam cong viec cua xa. Neu ca nam va nH ma du dieu kien thi xa cung ca cau de huong den 2025 la co the dat duac chi tieu ty le nit trong cap uy, hoi dong nhan dan, uy ban nhan dan. Day cung la nhiem vu thuc hien ke hoach cua cap tren, thuc hien thucmg xuyert hang nam de dao tao can bo nguon day. Quy hoach ca nit va nam de nang cao chat lu(mg doi ngu can bp. Van de dat ra la mudn quy hoach vao can bo lanh dao thi phieu tin nhiem cUng rat la cao, noi chung rat la ung ho. Chii yeu la trinh do cua chi em phu nii cung it, co bang cap thi trong day nit hai ir (TLN can bp xS Na Son, Dien Bien Ddng, Dien Bian).
12 Nghien ci>u Gia dinh v^ G'liri. Quyen 30, so 2, tr. 3-15
Sd li?u thdng ke thu thap d 14 xa khao sat cho bidt thuc td thdi diem nam 2018-2019 ty le nit tham gia he thdng chinh tri d vimg dan tgc thiau so con rat han cha. Theo quy dinh, cac co quan, don vi cd ty le nG tir 30% tro len, nhat thiat CO can bd lanh dao chii chdt la nu song frdn thuc ta chi co 3/14 dia ban khao sat cd phd chu tich la nil. Theo Chian luge qudc gia vd binh dang gidi giai doan 2011-2020, ty le nil dai bidu Qudc hgi, dai bidu Hgi ddng nhan dan cac c i p nhiem ky 2011-2015 tir 30% trd len va nhiem ky 2016-2020 tren 35/o.
Thuc ta d cac dia ban vimg dan tdc thidu sd, ty le nu ttong hgi ddng nhan dan c i p xa dao ddng tir 15% ddn 50% theo timg xa, va chi cd 3 xa dat chi tiau co tir 35-40% nu trong hpi ddng nhan dan, Uong do 1 xa cd ddng ddng bao Mong sinh sdng, 1 xa ddng ddng bao Bd Y sinh sdng), va 1 xa ddng ddng bao Tay va Niing sinh sdng.
Da hieu rd hon vh su han che cua phu m trong tham gia vao he thdng chinh tri d vimg dan tdc thidu sd, dja ban Meo Vac, Ha Giang dugc dua ra nhu mgt vi du dien hinh.
HOp 1. Thuc trang phu nu tham gia hf th6ng chinh tri mgt huyen cua tinh Ha Giang
Ty le can bo nit trong he thdng chinh tri cdp xa chua dat yeu cau. Hien tai, trong 18 xa tren dia ban huyen, ty le nit Bi thu Ddng uy la 1/18, nit chu tich Id 2/18, Pho chu tich cd 1/21. phd chii tich Uy ban vd hoi ddng nhan nhan thi cd 2 ddng chi nit. Cd nhiSu nguyen nhan dan den thuc trgng nay. Trudc hit, trong cdng tdc dao tao, rat it phu nit duac hoc hit cdp 3 vd duac ddo tao a cdc trudng chuyen nghiep, de tao ngudn cho huyen. Dd la hau qud cua tu tudng trong nam khinh nii. cdc gia dinh khdng cd su quan tam den cdc em gdi Ddng thai, su nhan thirc cua cdc em gdi ve viec hoc tap. ve gido due ciing bi han hep. Trong tao ngudn, khd khan nhdt Id dan toe Mong. bdi vi tren huyen Meo Vac dan toe Mong Id chiem da sd. nhung ma ti le nhan thirc cua ngudi dan, trong do cd phu nit lai cd phan han che hon so khdc vdi cdc dan tdc khdc. Tren dia ban huyen, tre em dan tdc Gidy vd dan toe Xudng cd nhan thirc tot ve viec hoc tap. Tre em di hoc chuyen nghiep chiem ty le cao so vai dia ban huyen. Ngoai ra, phu nit cung con bi han che ve tieu chudn ly luan chinh tri. (Tga dam can bp cip huyen. Ha Giang, 2019).
Cdng tac bd nhiem can bd nil con gap phai nhiing rao can "v6 hinh" nhu dinh kidn gidi ve nang luc lanh dao quan ly cua can bd nam va can bp nil.
Dang chii y dinh kian nay tdn tai d chinh ca dpi ngij can bp lanh dao la nam gidi. Dieu dd dat van de can thilt thiic diy vai trd ciia nam gidi trong vide giai
Tran Thi Hong 13 quydt b i t buih ding gidi trong chinh tri va coi trpng viec trao quydn cho phu n u nhu quan diam gidi va phat trien da de cap.
"Em nghi nhimg ngudi phu nii md ho co nang luc thi ho cd thi lam viec gidng nhu dan dng nhung khi bdu cu, cd mot sd ngudi nghi rdng nam gidi se phu trdch cong viec hieu qud han, quyet dodn hon. Cd thi Id do thuc ti hi$n nay, phu nii tre con tre qud, chua du tin nhiem trong khi lap gia thi trinh do thap" (Can bd nu: cap xa, M I U Son, Lang Son).
"Do cdi tu tudng trong nam khinh nit vd nhan thirc ve vai trd cua ngudi phu nit trong mat cua ngudi dan dng. Vi thuc ra thi ngudi dan dng ho Idm lanh dao thi ho van uu tien cho doi tuong id nam gidi han so vai phii nit. Ngudi ta nhin thay phu nu cd nhieu mat han che, the nen rat Id khd. Day la ngudi ta nhin thay phu nit cd nhieu mat han che thdi chu bdn than minh cd thay han che nao dau" (TLN Can bd Cao Ldc, Lang Son).
N h u vay, budc dau tim hieu viec thuc thi cac chinh sach ve binh dang gidi trong chinh tri d vimg dan tdc thieu sd cho thay, cac dia phuong da tridn khai theo dinh hudng cua cac nghi quyet, chinh sach dupe ban hanh. Cac dac thu cua vimg dan tgc thieu sd vdi diem noi bat la su han che han trong tiap can giao due cua phu nil va tre em gai da dugc chu y dan va thuc thi cac giai phap phu hgp nhu tang cudng tiep can giao due cho tra em gai. Tuy nhian, cac dia phuong dang gap phai vudng mac trong viec dao tao va sir dung ngudn nhSn luc cd hieu qua. Viec thuc day giao due thieu dinh hudng, thieu gan ket vdi dau ra va nhu ciu sir dung ngudn nhan luc cua dia phuong dan den thuc trang du thira va lang phi ngudn nhan luc dugc dao tao. Ddng thdi, tao ra tam ly tieu cue, thiau niem tin d cdng ddng. Ben canh do, cdng tac bd nhiem can bd nil con ban chd do su tdn tai cua dinh kien gidi, dang chii y dinh kien nay con ton tai d nhung ngudi dung dau.
4. K e t luan va d l xuat
Tiap can gidi va phat tridn da duac tha hien trong chinh sach thuc d i y binh ding gidi ca vd sd lugng va chit lugng trong he thdng chinh tri d viing dan tdc thidu sd. Tuy nhien, viec dua ra chi tidu vd can bg nu noi chung trong he thdng chinh tri cd tha chua thiic d i y dupe su tham gia cua can bd nil dan tdc thidu sd. Cac nghien cim tren thd gidi da chi ra ring c i n cd mgt sd lugng tdi thidu phu nil tham gia lanh dao, quan ly chinh thilc trong cac c a quan dan cu de bao dam tidng noi cua hp dupe chuyln hoa thanh chinh sach. Tuy nhien, thuc ta cho t h i y ty le phu nu DTTS giu cac vi tri lanh dao con thap va phu nix ciing thudng chi giil vi tri cip phd. Day la v i n da dang quan tam trong bdi canh Viet
