Nghien ciru Ton giao .,.- _ , SolO(136), 2014,101-110 VU VAN CHUNG
M O T SO QUAN DIEM PHAN L O ^ I H l f N TU'ONG TON GIAO MOl TREN THE G I 6 1
Tdm idi: Bdi viit phdn tich quan diem phdn logi hien tufmg tdn gido mdi ciia mdt sd nhd nghiin cuu a Phuang Tdy vd Trung Qudc. Mdi quan diim diu chi ra nhitng tiiu chi khdc nhau ldm cdn cu phdn logi cdc hiin tuang tdn gido mdl nhu: ngudn goc Uch su, truyin thdng, chieu hudng tdc dgng, v.v... Viec khdi qudt vd tong kit cdc quan diim phdn logi ciing vdi hi tiiu chi phdn logi ndy cd y nghia trong viic dua ra cdch nhin he thdng cSng nhu giup cho viic dua ra itng xit phit hgp vdi cdc hiin luang tdn gido mdi trin thi gidi vd a Viet Nam hiin nay.
Tit khda: Ngudn gdc, ludn ly, phdn logi, tdc dgng, tieu chi, tdn gido mdi, ti'uyin thdng.
1. Dat van de
Hidn tugng tdn gido mdi xudt hien tir cuoi the ky XIX den dau the ky XX d nhidu qudc gia va chau luc trdn thi gidi. Sy ra ddi, phdt tridn vd anh hudng ciia chiing dli vdi nhan logi dd nhanh chdng thu hiit dugc sy quan tdm nghien cim ciia cdc nhd khoa hgc thudc nhieu chuydn ngdnh khdc nhau nhu Xd hdi hgc, Tdm 1^ hgc. Van hda hgc, Chinh tri hgc, Trilt hgc, Nhdn hgc. Sir hgc. Trong do, mgt vdn de dugc quan tdm Id phan logi hifn tugng tdn gido mdi, giiip cho viec nhan thirc va img xu vdi nhiing hifn tugng ndy mgt each phii hgp.
2. Quan didm phan loai hifn tvgng ton giao mdi cua cac nha nghien ciru Phirong Tdy
Dk tidn hanh phan logi hifn tugng tdn gido mdi, cdc nha nghien ciru nudc ngoai dd sii dung ly thuylt loai hinh hgc (Typology). Theo tdng kdt cua Yoshilliko Masuda trong bdi A Reappraisal of Typologies of New Religious Movements and Characteristics of the Unification Church cd
* ThS.. Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hfi va Nhin van, O^i hpc Qu6c gia Hi Nfi.
102 Nghien ciTu Tdn giao. SdlO - 2014 rdt nhilu quan dilm phdn logi hifn tugng tdn gido mdi'. Trong dd, moi quan didm dya trdn mdt gdc nhin vd tidu chi cu the.
Thu nhdt, quan didm phdn logi ciia nhd lich sir tdn gido Robert S.
Ellwood trong cudn Religious and Spiritual Groups in Modern America (Cdc nhdm tdm linh vd tdn gido a nudc My hiin dgi). Tieu chi chii dgo phan logi hifn tugng tdn gido mdi ciia R. S. Ellwood dya trdn ngudn goc Hch su cua cac hifn tugng nay. Theo dd, R. S. Ellwood da phan cac hifn tugng tdn gido mdi lam sau nhdm:
Mdt la, nhdm cd nguon glc tir cac truydn thong ciia Hdi Thgp ty Hoa hdng va Thdng Thidn hgc (Theosophical and Rosicrucian Traditions), gdm: New Vessels for the Ancient Wisdom: The Theosophical Society in America, The Full Moon Meditation Groups, Anthroposophy Rosicrucianism, The "I Am" Movement, The Liberal Catholic Church.
Hai la, nhdm thd ciing UFO (Vdt thd bay khdng xdc dinh) vd Chii nghTa Tam linh (Spiritualism), gdm: "The Descent of the Mighty Ones"
The Spiritualist Church, Giant Rock Space Convention, Understanding, Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of America, The Aetherius Society.
Ba la, nhdm Khdi dau Hgi kin (Initory Group), gdm: The Crystal Within Gurdjieff Groups, The Prosperos, Scientology, Abilitism, Buiders of the Adytum, The Church of Light.
Bdn Id, nhdm Tan Ngogi gido (Neo-Paganism), gdm: The Edenic Bower Feraferia, Church of All Worlds, Ceremonical Magic and Witchcraft, Satanism.
Ndm la, cdc phong trdo An Do gido d My (Hindu Movements in America), gdm: "The Ganges Flows West" The Ramakrishna Mission and Vedanta Societies, The SelfReal ization Fellowship, The Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's Transcendental Meditation Movement, Intemational Sivananda Yoga Society, The Intemational Society for Krishna Consciousness.
Sau la, cdc phong trdo cd ngudn goc tir Phuang Ddng, g i m : "The East in the Golden West" Western Zen, Esoteric Buddhism in America, Nichiren Shoshu of America, The Baha'i Faith, The Lovers of Meher Baba, Subud, The Unified Family.
Thd hai, quan didm phan loai ciia nhd nhan hgc David F. Aberle trong cudn The Peyote Religion among the Navaho. Tidu chi phdn loai hien tugng tdn gido mdi cua D. F. Aberle dya tren chidu kich tac dgng din ca
Vu Van Chung. Motsdquan diem phan toai... 103 nhdn, sidu ca nhan nhu cac t l chiic kinh te, ky thuat, chinh tri, ludt phdp, tdng thd xa hgi hay vdn hda. Theo dd, cdc hien tugng tdn gido mdi dugc chia thdnh bdn loai:
Mdt la, hifn tugng mang tinh thay doi (transformative movements) nham thay ddi tdng thd cac hf thdng sidu cd nhan. Hai la, hidn tugng cai each (reformative movements) nhdm thay ddi mgt phdn trong cac hf thdng sidu cd nhan. Ba la, hifn tugng ciiu thi (redemptive movements) nham thay doi todn bg ca nhdn. Bdn la, hifn tugng thay thi (alternative movements) nhdm thay ddi mft phan ca nhdn.
Thit ba, quan diem phdn loai ciia nhdm tac gid trong cdng trinh The New Religious Consciousness, do Charles Glock va Robert Bellah chii bidn'^. Quan diem phdn logi nay dya tren viec xem xet cdc hidn tugng tdn giao mdi thudc ve truyen thdng tdn giao hay khdng thugc vd truydn thing tdn giao nao. Theo do, cdc hidn tugng tdn gido mdi dugc chia ra lam ba logi: Mgt la, cac hifn tugng tdn gido mdi dya vdo truydn thdng tdn gido Chdu A. Hai la, cdc hidn tugng tdn gido mdi dua vao truyen thing tdn gido Phuong Tdy. Ba la, cac hifn tugng can tdn gido (New Quasi- Religious Movements).
Trong dd, logi hifn tugng thir ba dugc cho la khdng dd dang xdp vdo loai cac truyin thdng tdn giao Chau A hay Phuong Tay. Chiing xudt phdt chil ydu tii sy phat tridn trong van hda thi tuc thdi hifn dgi nhung lai dinh vdi mdt y nghia tdi hgu ndo do, thudng kit ndi nhihig ngudi theo vdi cai thidng nhung lai dugc hilu nhu Id thii quan frgng nhdt ddi vdi tdn tgi ngudi^. Cdch phdn logi nay, theo Yoshilliko Masuda, tuy cd the dem Igi sy thudn tien nhat dinh, nhung Igi qud don gian d l cd thi tao thanh mft sy phdn logi he thong dugc.
Thd" ttt, quan didm phan logi ciia Dick Anthony frong cudn Sociological Analysis (Phdn lich xd hgi hgc). Cdch phdn loai ciia D.
Anthony dya frdn tieu chi xem xet thai do ciia cac hifn tugng tdn giao mdi ddi vdi cac gia fri luan \-y truydn thong. Theo dd, cdc hien tugng tdn giao mdi dugc phdn ra lam hai logi: Mft Id, hifn tugng nhi nguydn (Dualistic movement) tdi khdng dinh cdc ylu td ciia chii nghia tuyet doi luan 1^ truydn thdng. Hai la, hifn tugng nhat nguydn xdc nhdn tinh tuong ddi va khach quan ctia cdc hf thdng ludn ly.
104 Nghien cifu Tdn giao. SdlO - 2014 Thd ndm, quan didm phan logi ciia nha xa hgi hgc Canada Frederick Bird, xem xet mdi quan hf giifa nhOng ngudi tin theo vdi ngudi ldnh dao ciia gido phai. Theo dd, cac hifn tugng tdn giao mdi dugc cbia lam ba loai, gdm: Mgt la, hifn tugng tdn gido mdi md ngudi tin theo siing kinh vd phd thdc todn bd ban thdn cho I3nh dgo tam linh. Hai Id, nhiing ngudi tin theo mdt nguydn tdc tdm linh vd ddn Idm chii dugc sy giac ngf cua ban thdn. Ba Id, nhirng ngudi hgc theo thdy phii thuy hoac khoa hgc huydn bi, ma thugt d l cd thi ldm chii dugc cac ky ndng tam linh.
Thu sdu, quan didm phan loai cua Barbara Hargrove dya vao chiic nang va ddc didm ciia ngudi tin theo cac giao phai. Theo dd, cdc hifn tugng tdn giao mdi dugc chia ra thdnh hai loai: cdc hifn tugng tdn gido tich hgp (integrative religions) va cac hidn tugng tdn gido biln doi (transformative religions).
Thvt bdy, quan didm phdn logi ciia Frances Westley trong cuon The Complex Forms of the Religious life: A Durkheimian View of New Religious Movements. Theo dd, cac hifn tugng tdn gido mdi dugc chia lam hai loai dya vdo xem xet hifn tugng dd dat cai thieng vao cd nhan con ngudi hay ngoai ca nhdn con ngudi.
Ngoai ra, cdn cd mdt sd cdch phan loai khac, nhu quan didm ciia Roy Wallis trong cudn The Elementary Forms of the New Religious Life, Routledge & Kegan Paul, New York, 1984, chia hidn tugng tdn gido mdi thanh ba logi: Mdt Id, hifn tugng chdi bd thi gidi (world-rejecting. Hai la, hidn tugng thua nhan the gidi (world affirming). Ba Id, hifn tugng ddng banh ciing the gidi (world accommodating).
Hodc quan didm ciia nha xa hdi hgc ngudi Anh, Bryan Wilson (1926 - 2004) khi nghien ciiu cdc hifn tugng tdn giao mdi xudt hidn trong hai thap nidn sau Chidn tranh Thi gidi II. Cdch phan loai nay dya trdn phuang thiic hogt ddng ciia cac giao phai vd con dudng ciiu df cho tin dd ciia chiing. Theo dd, cdc hifn tugng tdn gido mdi dugc chia thdnh:
Nhdm tdn giao theo chii truong cdi dao (conversionist). Nhom tdn gido theo chil truang cdch mgng (revolutionist). Nhdm tdn giao theo chii truang hudng vdo ndi tdm (introversionist). Nhdm tdn gido theo chO truong ldi keo (manipulationist). Nhdm tdn giao theo chu truang sir dung phep thdn thdng (thaumaturgical). Nhdm tdn gido theo chii truang cdi each (reformist). Nhdm tdn gido theo chii truang khdng tudne (Utopian)''.
Vu Van Chung. !4dtsdquan diem phan loai... 105 Nha xa hgi hgc tdn gido ngudi Phdp, F. Champion, frdn ca sd khao sat
cdc nhdm tdn giao mdi vdi cdc tin dd nhu nhimg cdng ddng tam linh (les communotes spirituelles) vd cdc vj gido chii (gourous) da phdn loai chung thdnh hai nhdm:
Nhdm than bi (tune mystique), cdn ggi Id nhiing gido phdi thdn bi7 bi truyen (Les nouvelles religiosities mystiques - esoterique). Nhdm ndy hoi gidng logi Gido hdi, phan anh sy phdn ra ciia tdn gido truydn thong vd nhu mgt ddm hdn mang tinh than bi bi truyin (Cette nebuleuse mystique - esterique) vdi cdc dgc tinh: dgt niem tin vao cai the nghifm;
bien ddi ban than bdng ky thugt thdn thd hay tdm li (yoga, thidn dinh, miia thidng...); sy cuu rdi gdn vdi hanh phuc thyc tai; lgc quan cd miic do;
dao dire tinh ydu dii ddm bdo iing xii dgo diic^.
Nhdm dan gian (religion populaire) cd xu hudng quay trd lai vdi truydn thdng va tich hgp nhung yeu td tdn gido trong dan chiing dd xdy dyng djnh hinh nidm tin mang tinh pha tgp vd dung hda theo phong trao hgp li hda tin nguong (Rationalisation).
Tidp can tir gdc do sir hgc, Elmer Clark, khi khdo ciiu cac nhdm tdn gido mdi d My da phan loai chiing nhu sau: Nhdm tdn gido mdi cd cdi nhin bi quan vd thi gidi (pessimistic), nhu Co Doc Phuc Lam (Adventist). Nhdm tdn gido mdi theo thuyet cau toan hay chii nghTa chii quan (perfectionist or subjectivist). Nhdm tdn gido theo hdp lye (charismatic) hodc theo phong trdo Ngu tuan (Pentecostal). Nhdm tdn gido theo chii truong tuan thii phap luat tuyft ddi (legalistic), tidu bidu Id cdc nhdm Tu tudng mdi (The New Thought groups). Nhdm tdn gido theo chli nghia khdch quan (objectivist). Nhdm tdn giao theo chii nghia bi truyen hay thdn bi (esoteric or mystical)^.
Nhu vgy, cac nhd nghien ciru Phuang Tdy da dua ra nhidu each phan loai khac nhau ve hidn tugng tdn gido mdi. Sy da dang trong quan didm phdn logi xuat phdt tii ban thdn hidn tugng tdn gido mdi da dang vd ngudn gdc, tinh chdt, xu hudng tac ddng cung nhu cdch thirc td chiic va muc dich ra ddi. Ddng thdi, mdi nha nghien ciru lgi dya tren moi chuyen ngdnh khoa hgc va cdn cii vao hf tieu chi nhdt dinh d l dua ra each phan loai ciia minh.
106 Nghien oiu Tdn giao. SdlO - 2014 3. Quan diem phan loai hifn tuvng ton gido mM cua cac nha khoa hgc Trung Quoc
Xet tir mdi quan hf giua hifn tugng tdn gido mdi vdi tdn gido truyen thdng va xa hdi hidn dai, Trdc Tdn Binh' da chia tdn gido mdi thanh ndm logi hinh co bdn sau day:
Mgt la, nhiing dodn thd siing bai didn biln tir fruyen thong Kitd gido, vi nhu gido phai Nhung diia con ciia Chiia (Children of God), gido phdi Ngdi den Nhdn ddn (People's Temple), gido phdi Thong nhat (Unification Church), giao phdi Con dudng Qudc t l (Way Intemational).
Hai id, gido phdi mdi thoat thai tir Islam gido, tidu bilu nhdt la Baha'i gido.
Ba la, nhiing dodn thd thdn bi chu nghia Hen quan vdi An Dd gido va Sikh giao, cd sdc thai trdm tu mSic tudng ciia tdn gido Phuong Ddng, chdng ban nhu phong trao Hare Krishna, Shinkokai (Than quang hfi).
Healthy - Happy - Holy.
Bdn id, nhiing tdn giao mdi dugc hinh thanh do sy phdn hda tir Phgt giao, Thdn dgo, chdng hgn nhu Soka Gakkai (Sang gia Hgc hgi), Reiyukai (Linh hiiu hfi), Rissho Kosei Kai (Lap chinh giao Thdnh hfi), Bussho Goenekai (Phat sd hd Nifm hfi), Honmon Butsuryushu (Bon mdn Phgt lap tdng), Gedatsukai (Gidi thodt hgi), Shinnyoen (Chan nhu uydn), Kodo Kyodan (Hilu dao Gido doan), Nenpo Shinkyo (Niem phdp Chdn gido), Aum Shinrikyo (Chdn ly Tdi thugng).
Ndm la, nhihig dodn thd mdi nli len kit hgp nhdn to than bi Phuong Ddng vdi tdm ly hgc hidn dai, de chiia bfnh bang nidm tin tdn giao, chang hgn nhu giao phdi Khoa hgc ludn, Hfi Nghien cuu Huin tuyfn Erhard (Erbard Seminars Training), Hdi Khong che Tu tudng Silva (Silva Mind Confrol), Hdi Tdi sinh (Rebirth Society).
Tii sy phdn logi dd, tac gia cho rdng, cac hifn tugng t6n giao mdi cd ddc diem co ban Id ndi len frong quan he vdi xa hfi va cd sy phdn hda thdnh hai cyc. Mdt loai nhdn manh ddi song tdn gido each biet tuyft doi vdi xa hdi, thyc hdnh tdn tgi xa hfi dgc lap vd lay gido chii Idm hat nhdn, chang han gido phai Ngdi ddn Nhan ddn, giao phdi David dd phat triln den cyc doan. Dieu nay gdy tdn that vd sinh mang vd tdi sdn ciia nhan dan hoac gdy nguy hai cho xa hdi ndn bi mgi ngudi ggi la ta gido. Loai khac chu fruong kdt hc^ mat thilt vdi ddi sdng xd hgi, tich cyc tham gia vdo cudc sdng nhan sinh hifn thyc, trien khai ddi thoai vdi cdc tdn gido khdc
Vu Van Chung, Mgt sd quan diem phan loai... 107 vd vdi chinh tri xa hdi, chdng han nhu gido phai Thing nhdt (The
Unification Church), Soka Gakkai (Sang gid Hgc hgi). Nhiing gido phdi ndy da thanh cdng nhdt djnh trong tin tgi hifn thyc, tgo dnh hudng kha quan trgng frong cdc ITnh vyc the tiic nhu kinh td, chinh fri.
Dac diem chu ydu ciia nhOng tdn giao mdi nay la vut bd hogc phdn ddi truydn thdng, hoai nghi quydn uy truydn thong va lai quay Igi chii n ^ I a thdn bi. Than bi hda toan bg thi gidi va sy sdng, cd xu hudng quay trd lai ciia duy linh ludn, tu do hinh thdnh nen loi sdng theo dudi sy giao cdm thdng linh, hdi nhdm bi mdt, chang ban nhu phong trao Thdi dai mdi.
Tdc gid Trdn Ha* lai dya trdn nhung tinh chat vd dgc thii cua cdc hifn tugng tdn giao mdi md chia thanh bin logi:
Thli nhdt, phong frao thd ciing (cult). Dd la cdc gido phdi Sidu gidc tTnh tga (Transcendental Meditation), Merher Baba (Meher Baba Moverment) ddu bdt nguon tir An Do giao; Nichiren Shoshu, Soka Gakkai bat ngudn tir Phdt gido Nhdt Bdn; Subud bdt ngudn tir giao phdi Sufi truydn thdng than bi ciia Islam gido. D^c didm ciia cac gido phai ndy Id ldy ban than con ngudi lam trung tdm vdi muc dich thanh trir dau khd cho con ngudi va nhan loai.
Thir hai, phong trdo thdnh linh mdi giang lam. Dd Id cdc gido phai dugc thai nghen va nay sinh tir Kitd gido nhu Khoa hgc Kitd (Christian Science), Chimg nhdn Gidhdva (The Jehovah's Witnesses), Nghi ngdy Thir bay (The Seventh - Day Adventist), Gido hdi cac Thdnh ngay sau ciia Giesu Kitd (The Church of Jesus Christ the Latter - Day Saints), Ddn Chiia Giesu (Jesus People), Ngudi Do Thai theo Giesu (Jews for Jesus), Phong frao Phuc hung Mdu nhifm Cdng giao (Catholic Charismatic Renewal), Gido dodn Thing nhdt, Phong trdo Mau nhidm (Charismatic) hodc Thanh linh mdi giang lam (New - Pentecostal Moverment), v.v...
D^c dilm ciia nhihig giao phai nay hogc keu ggi quay trd lai truydn thdng dd bi lang qudn, khdng tidp nhgn nhung khai thi mdi, hoac thdng qua nhiing phucmg thiic nhu ldi ndi Hnh thidng, xuat than nhap hda, chira bfnh, Idm nhiing dgng tdc ky qudc dl tiln hdnh giao luu ddc bidt vdi thanh linh. Mdt so giao phai trin trdnh td chirc tdn giao truydn thing, mudn dua ra mdt loai the nghifm vd simg bdi tdn gido cd tinh ndi tai, khdng cuong chd theo tinh thdn cd nhan, v.v...
Thli ba, phong frao ta gido Phuong Tdy ducmg dai. Dd la gido phdi Ngdi den Nhdn dan (The People' Temple) vd gido phdi David (The
108 Nghien oiu Ton giao. SdlO - 2014 Davidians) d My, Ma den (Hy Lgp) hay Hgi Nhiing ngudl Anh em Da trdng (Ucraina), Thanh vd mdi, Nhiing dira con cua Chiia, Gido doan The gidi Than thdnh, Gido hdi Nhihig ngudi May mdn Sdng sdt. D^c diem ciia nhdm gido phai ndy Id nhihig td chiic cyc doan, cho rang giao chu la ngudi tdi ndng sidu phdm vd quydn uy nhat, tin d l phdi phuc tiing gido chil tuyft ddi. Phuang phdp thu hiit tin do la lira gat va tdy ndo de khong chl vl mat tu tudng. Ddi khi cac gido phdi ndy cdn cd hanh vi bao lye, ngugc ddi vd hdnh hg tre em, ddm loan, qudn hdn vd doi bai (Ma den), ty sat tap thi (Ngdi den Nhdn ddn va David, Hgi Nhiing ngudi Anh em Da trdng). Nhiing tdn gido mdi ndy thudng thii dich vdi xa hgi bifn thyc, rdu rao ngay tan tbi sdp ddn, tin do bi quan, mat phuang hudng sdng vd hy vgng thodt khdi the gidi vd vi de dugc tdi sinh, kdu ggi tin do li khai gia dinh, sdng tap thd. Td churc cdc tdn gido mdi nay nghidm ngat, Igi dung Idng tin ciia tin dd d l quydn gdp tien bgc hay siic lao dgng, thdm chi cudng biic lao dgng.
Thli tu, phong trdo chudn tdn gido. Dd la cac gido phdi: Nhdm Bgn be Kdt giao (Encounter Groups), Huan luyfn Gidc ngd Geststal (GestaH Awareness Training), Sieu giac TTnh tga (Transcendental Meditation), Tdm ly Tri lieu (Psychic Healing), Phan hdi Sinh vat, Khdng che Tu tudng. Nhdm ndy cd thdi do tich cyc vdi khoa hgc, ludn cho minh Id chdn chinh vd dung thiet bi phan hoi sinh vgt ds cdi thifn phuang phap tTnh tga, tin vdo dy cam, dnh sang ciia ca thd con ngudi va cac hifn tugng thdn ky khdc, xem dd Id cdng nang ty nhien ma khoa hgc dang quan tdm.
Tin do ciia nhdm nay ty thay ddi ban than d l vugt qua dp lye vdn hda hifn thyc hogc chii trgng qud trinh suy nghT vd thd nghifm bdn thdn, tap luyfn cho bdn thdn hda hgp vdi via try hoac nhan thirc dugc cdi bdn ngd chdn chinh hay cdi tdn tgi sidu vift, dd la sy thd nghifm ndi tam. Myc dich tham gia cdc gido phai ndy ciia tin do la d l chiia bdnh, thd nghifm bdn than va hda nhgp vdi vu fry.
Tir each phdn loai trdn, cac nha nghidn ciiu Trung Qudc due kit ve dgc diem chung ciia cdc tdn gido mdi tren thd gidi: Mdt la. trai nghich vdi hien thyc, mugn tdn giao d l trdn franh hifn thyc hay vugt qua hifn thuc, xa lg vdi hifn thyc vd trd nen ky qudi, trdi vdi hdnh vi thdng thudng. Hai la, cudng difu kinh nghifm tryc tidp, theo dudi thd nghidm tdm ly sieu binh thudng. Ba Id, mang khuynh hudng mgt thd hgc, dya vao thuyet tan thi ludn, trd thanh cue doan, td giao. Bdn Id, siing bdi gido chii, thi hidn
Vu Van Chung. Motsdquan diem phan loai... 109 ma lye sidu pham thu hiit tin dd ciia thu llnh tdn gido mdi. Ndm la, tinh
hang hda cao, td chiic, kdt cau Idng leo, giai thich giao ly tiiy tifn va thyc dyng, tranh gianh tin do, bien tdn gido thdnh thuang phdm gidng nhu hang hda; sinh hoat tdn gido phi phdp, ddi khi la vd nhdn dao (lgi dyng vdt chat ciia tin do, chd dap phy nii, buy hogi tinh mang con ngudi), chdng lai chinb phii^
4. Ket ludn
Nhung gi da d l cap cho thdy cd nhidu cdch phdn loai hifn tugng tdn giao mdi, moi cdch cd nhung uu the va dya vao nhung tidu chi nhdt dinh.
Tuy nhidn, timg each phan logi vin chua dat dugc sy nhin nhdn tdng thi ve hifn tugng tdn giao mdi. Ndu phdn loai dya vao ngudn goc se rat khd dd bdc tach van dd, bdi cd nhiing hifn tugng tdn gido mdi cd ngudn gdc pha tap tir rat nhidu tdn giao va cac hinh thiic thd cung truyin thing. Ndu dya vdo ddc diem vd sy tac dgng cua hifn tugng tdn gido mdi thi cd nhimg giao phai khd tich cyc, cd nhirng giao phdi kha cyc doan, cilng cd nhung gido phai dan xen. N I U dya vdo cdch tidp can sir hgc thi khd phan loai dugc nhirng hidn tugng tdn gido mdi xudt hifn va ton tgi trong thdi gian rdt ngdn.
Ci Vift Nam, viec van dung cdc quan dilm dk phdn loai ciing khdng phdi dd ddng, bdi tinh phirc hgp cua cdc hifn tugng tdn gido mdi. Cho nen, viec phdn loai cac hidn tugng tdn giao mdi se trd ndn hihi dung ndu tim ra dugc yeu td chu luu va gdc nhin ciia ngudi phan loai. Neu diing d cdch nhin nhdn vai trd ciia cdc tdn gido mdi trong xd hdi, thi vide xem xet dya trdn cdc tidu chi nhu xu hudng tac ddng, thai do doi vdi thd gidi.
Trong khi dd, ndu diing d gdc nhin tdn gido hgc, thi vifc xem xet cdi thieng trong cdc hifn tugng tdn giao mdi la can thiet./.
CHU THICH:
1 Xem: Yoshilliko Masuda, "A Reappraisal of Typologies of New Religious Movements and Characteristics of the Unification Church", Journal of Unification Studies, Vol. 2, http://www.tparents.org
2 Xem: Charles Y. Glock vi Robert N. Bellah chii bien (1976), The New Religious Consciousness. University of Califomia Press.
3 Charles Y. Glock va Robert N. Bellah chu bien (1976), The New Religious Consciousness, sdd: 73.
4 Trung tam Nghifin ciiu T6n gido, Dai hpc Quic gia Thinh phf H6 Chi Minh, Quan diem cua cdc hgc gid Au - My ve phong trdo Ion gido mdi, Nxb. D?i hoc Qu5c gia Thinh pho Ho Chi Minh: 43.
Nghien ciru Tdn giao. SdlO - 2014
5 D6 Quang Hung chii nhi^m (2001), Nhikng hi?n tuang ton gido mdi a nudc ta:
thuc trang vd xu hudng, De tai cip nhinh Dk tii cdp Nhi nudc, Vi?n NghiSn cuu Tongiao, Hi NOi: 94-128.
6 Trung tim Nghien ciiu T6n giao, Dai hpc Qu6c gia Thinh pho Ho Chi Minh, Quan diem ciia cdc hgc gid Au - My ve phong trdo ton gido mdi, sdd: 44.
7 Trie Tan Binh (Tr^ NghTa Phucmg djch, 2007), Ly gidi ton gido, Nxb. Hi Nfi:
202-203.
8 Trin Hi (2005), "Phong trio t6n giio mdi ciia xa hfi duoTig dai", Nghiin ciru Ton gido, s6 2: 13-18.
9 Tran NghTa Phuang (2001), "Ton giio mdi trong cic c5ng trinh nghifin cihi ciia cic hpc gia Trung Quoc", trong D6 Quang Hung chu nhiem, NhOng hi^n tugng ton gido mai d nudc ta: thuc trgng vd xu hudng, Dfi tii cap nhinh De tii cap Nhinudc, Vifn Nghien Cliu T6n giio, HiNfi: 94-128.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Trie Tan Binh (Trin NghTa Phucmg dich, 2007), Ly gidi tdn gido, Nxb. Hi Nfi 2. TrSn Hi (2005), "Phong trio ton gido mdi ciia xi hfi duomg dgi", Nghien cuu
Ton gido, so 2.
3. D6 Quang Hung chu nhifm (2001), Nhiing hiin tugng ton gido mdi a nudc ta:
thuc frgng vd xu hu&ng, Di tii cip nhinh D I tii c^p Nhi nudc, Vifn Nghifin cihi Ton gido, Hd Nfi.
n. Yoshilliko Masuda, "A Reappraisal of Typologies of New Religious Movements and Characteristics of the Unification Church", Journal of Unification Studies, Vol. 2, http://www.tparents.oi^.
5. Charles Y. Glock vd Robert N. Bellah chu bien (1976), The New Religious Consciousness, University of Califomia Press.
VIEWS ON CLASSIFYING THE NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN THE W O R L D
This text analysed the view on classifying the new religious movements of some Chinese and western researchers. Each view pointed the different criteria for classifying the new religious movements such as historical origin, tradition, tendency impact, etc...
Generalizing and summarizing the views in categories and the system of criteria for classifying help to point systematic perspectives and suitable behavior with the new religious movements in the world and in Vietnam at present.
Keywords: Classify, criteria, impact, morality, new religions origin, tradhion.
