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LY THUYET TAI SAN XUAT CUA C M C NHIN Ttf MO HINH TANG T R I / A N G KINH TE
CUA VIET NAM
• TS T R A N H O A PHlTOfNG Vien Kinh le chinh tri hoc, Hoc vien Chinh tri gudc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Tom tdt: Bdi viet phdn tich hgc thuyet tdi sdn xudt cua C.Mdc dUdi goc do tiep can ve mo hinh tdng trUdng kinh te, tii do rut ra mgt so hdi hgc doi vdi Viet Nam trong kien nghi chinh sdch phdt trien vd chuyen doi md hinh tdng trtidng kinh te tren cd sd nghien cdu thiic tiin ntidc ta hien nay.
• Tii khoa: hgc thuyet tdi sdn xudt, md hinh tdng trUdng kinh te.
1. Nhung noi dung co* ban trong Iy thuyet tai san xu^t cua C.Mac
Dg tim higu vg nhiing can ddi kinh te ca bdn ttong nen kinh te thi trudng, theo C.Mac, can xuat phdt tu ket qua eua san xuat xa hdi do cdc chu the Idnh doanh khac nhau, gan bd vdi nhau dua ttgn he thdng phan cdng lao ddngxa hdi tao ra. "...San phdm hang nam bao gdra nhiing bd phan cua san pham xd hpi thay the tu ban, tiie la nhiing bd phan danh cho tdi sdn xudt tu ban xd hpi, eung nhu nhung bd phan danh cho quy tieu dung, do cdng nhdn va cac nha tu ban tieu diing, do dd, san pham hang nam bao gdm ca tieu diing san xuat ldn tigu dung ca nhan"'". Nhu vdy, cdn ddi kinh te d day la quan he giiia san xudt vd tigu dilng thg hien trude het thdng qua ty le giira tu lidu san xudt vd tu heu tieu dilng trong san pham xa hdi. Tdng san pham xa hdi (TSPXH) la
todn bd san phdm ma xd hdi san xuat ra ttong mdt thdd ky nhat dinh, thudng la mdt ndm. Tu dd, theo C.Mac, "Todn bd san pham xd hdi, do dd ca toan bd san xuat xd hdi, cung phdn thdnh hai khu vue ldn:
(1) Tulieu san xuat, tiic la nhimg hang hda cd rapt hinh thai khien cho ehimg phai - hay It ra eung ed thg - di vao tieu dung san xuat. (Khu vuc I (KVI) - San xuat tu lieu tieu san xuat (TLSX)}.
(2) Vat phim tieu dung, tuc la nhimg hang hda ed mdt hinh didi khien cho chdng di vdo tigu dung cd nhan cda giai cdp cae nha m ban va cua giai cap cdng nhan [Khu vuc II (KVII) - San xuat ttr ligu tteu dung (TLTD)).
Khi nghidn ciiu cde ludng dich chuyen hien vdt va gid tri giua hai khu vuc san xuat TLSX va TLTD cua ngn kmh te, C.Mac chi ro nhimg digu kien can bdng tdi san xudt gidn don va tdi san
LYLUAN CHI'NH TRI-S64/2020
^ J NGHIEN Ctf U - PHAT TRigN Lt LUAN
xuat md rpng tten pham vi toan xa hpi theo ca chg thi ttudng. Ngudn gdc tang trudng kmh te dupe khdng dinh la do tang trudng eua san xuat vat ehdt, muc dp tang trudng dupe quyet dinh bdi quy md tieh luy ttudc bet ttong khu vuc san xuat TLSX Bdi chi nhuvdy mdi cd the khien cho cac bp phan cdu thdnh tdng san pham xd hpi dupe bu dap ve mat gia tri va hien vat. Ve mat gia tri, TSPXH dupe cau thanh bdi 3 bd phdn: (1) Gia tri bu ddp cho tu ban bat bien (c) hay gia tri nhiing TLSX dd hao phi ttong qua trinh san xuat, bd phdn nay dupe dung de bu dap cdc TLSX dd hao phi ttong chu ky san xuat; (2) Gid tri bu dap eho tu ban kha bien (v) hay gid tri sue lao ddng da hao phi. Khoan gid tri ndy bdng vdi tdng sd tien cdng tta cho siic lao ddng tham gia vao qua tiinh sdn xuat; (3) Phdn thiiba Id gid tri thdng du (m) - ket tinh cua lao dpng thdng du. Ve mat hien vat, TSPXH bao gom: TLSX va TLTD, su phdn ehia nay Id cdn cu vdo muc dich sii dung san phdm. Do dd, trong TSX; khong nhirng chi la mdt suhoan lai vg mat gid tri, ma edn la su hoan lai ve hinh thai hien vat cua san pham nua..."'^'.
Khi phdn ti'eh qua trinh tai san xuat tu ban xd hdi, C.Mdc neu 5 gia dinh: Toan bd nen kinh te ttong nude la nen kinh te tu ban thudn tuy (chi cd tu ban cdng nghiep, chi cd quan he giiia nha tu ban va cdng nhan); Mua, bdn hdng hda dung vdd gid tri ciia nd, gid ca hdng hda phu hpp vdi gid tri; Cau tao hiiu co cua tu ban (-) khdng thay ddi; Toan bd tu ban co dinh (may mdc, thiet bi, deu ehuyen hgt gia tri cua nd vao san phara ttong mdt nam); Khdng xet den ngoai thuong.
Dg lam ro qud trinh tai san xuat xa hpi, C.Mac phdn ti'eh 2 md hinh tai san xudt gian don va tai san xudt ma rpng. Qua phan tieh, C.Mdc chi ra cac digu kien de thuc hien tdng san phamxd hpi, trudc bet ttong mo hmh TSX gian don:
Khu vuc 1:4000e + 1000v+ 1000m ^ 6000 (tdn tai dudd hmh thai hien vat la TLSX)
Khu vuc U: 2000c + 500v -i- 500m = 3000 (tdn tai dudi hmh tiiai hien vat hien vat Id tu hgu tieu diing)
Nhuvdy la TSPXH hdng nam (KVI + KVID la 9000.
Quan he ttao ddi giira 2 khu vuc cd tiig bigu dign nhu sau:
I{I000v-t-100m)^nc
Vdi viec thuc hien ttao ddi nhu tten san xudt ndm sau se dupe lap lai va theo quy md cu.
1) Cic diiu kien tiiuc hien TSX gian dan cda tuban xahdi la:
Diiukien thui;l(v-Hm)^IIc. Cung cua KVI vg nhung TLSX mdi tao ra (ngoai phdn dg bii ddp TLSX cua KVI) phai bdng cdu vg TLSX cua KVH;
ddng thdi, cung vg TLTD cua KVII (trii phdn de tieu dung ttong KVII) phai bdng cau TLTD cua edng nhan va nha tu ban KVI. Dieu ndy phin dnh quan he eung cau ve TLSX vd TLTD cua hai khu vuc ttong ngn kinh tg. Su thuc hien ttao ddi nhu the nay la dieu kien can thiet de tdi san xudt theo quy mdcu.
Diiu Men thii2:1 (c-i-v+m) = Ic+IIc, nghia Id, tdng cung ve TLSX cua xd hdi phdi bdng tdng cau ve TLSX cua ca 2 khu vuc. Digu nay ndi len quan he cung - cau ve TLSX ttong xa hdi.
Dje[i]aenth[r3;II(c-i-v+m)=I(v+m)-i-II(v-i-m), nghia la tdng cung ve TLTD cua xa hdi phai bdng tdng cau ve tu heu tieu dung cua ca hai khu vuc cua nen kinh te. Nd phan dnh quan he cung cau vg TLTD ttong xa hdi.
(2) Diiu kien th uc hien sin phamxah di trong TSXmardng
Mudn cd TSXmdrpng phai bien rapt phan gia tii thang du (ra) tiianh tuban bat bien phu tiiem (c|^) vd tu ban kha bien phu thgm [vu). Cac bd phdn tu ban phu them dd phai tim dupe ngudn cung ve TLSX vd tu heu tieu dung phu tiiem dudi hinh thai hien vat tuong iing vol nhu cau do.
LY LUAN CHl'tJH TRj-So 4/2020
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Ung dimg cong nghe vdo ddy chuyen sdn xudt cong nghiep se tgo ra ndng sudt lao dong lcm_ Anh:MH Muon CO them TLSX thi KVI phai san xu^t ra
nhig'u TLSX han trong TSX giandon.dekhong nhiing phu them TSX cho KVI ma con cho ca KVIL Tuy nhien, do KVI la khu vuc san xu^t TLSX, vi vay, tich liiy JCVI se co tinh quyet dinh doi voi toan bp qua trinh TSX mo rSng. Miic do tich luy ciia KVI duac quygt dinh boi khoi liipng gia tri thang du duoc tao ra boi KVI va ty le phan chia khdi luong gia tri thang du ay thanh quy tich luy va quy ti6u dimg. Ddng thoi, KVII ciing phai san xuat ra lupng TLTD nhieu hon d l dap iing nhu cau tieu dimg tang themcuacahal khu vuc.
Do do, CO cau san pham xa hpi co nhiing thay ddi. C.Mac da dua ra mo hinh TSX m o rpng nhu sau: Gia dinh m' = 100% va - = i , khong thay ddi.
-MohinhTSX
Nam thir 1:1 (4000c+1000v+1000m)= 6000 , n(1500c+750v+750m = 3000 ' " " ' °
Nam thii 2: gia sit 1000m cua KVI, phan chia 500m cho tieu dCing cac nha tu ban. con 500m danh chotichluydlmorpngsanxuatvacautao hilu CO khong thay doi la 4/1, thi 500m se chia thanh 400cf[ va lOOvf^; 400cff ton tai dual hinh thai TLSX nen dupe trao ddi trong npi bo KVI, con lOOvft tdn t ^ duoi hinh dial TLSX nen phai dupe trao ddi vol KVII. Vay, KVI phai trap ddi vdi KVII tat ca la: I000v+100vf(+500m (tieu dimg ca nhan nha tuban) = 1600. So TLSX ma KVI CO dl6 cung cap cho KVII (1600) da vupt qua khoi lupng TLSX ctia KVII (1500) la 100, da tao dieu kien cho TSXmorpngoKVlLVayoKVn, tuban phu them se la lOOcfj + 50vf( (cau tap hiiu c o 4 / l , khdng thay ddi).
Co c^u san xuat mdi se la:
I (4000c+400cf() +(1000v+100vg) + 1100m = 6600 , II (t500c+100Cft)+(750v+50vft)+800m=3200
LVLUAN CHINHTRI-So 4/2020
^ N G H l l N CtfU - PHATTRIEN LV LUAN
Tdng san pham xd hdi la 9.800
Nhu vdy, nhung dieu kien ca ban dg thuc hien TSX md rdng tu ban xa hdi bao gdm:
Thunhat, I(v+m) >IIc. Gid tri mdi cua KVI phai ldn hon gid tti nhirng TLSX da tigu dimg d KVII. Phdn gid tti mdi ldn hon dd phai cd gia tri ngang bdng gid tti tu ban bdt bien va tuban kha bien bd sung dudi hinh thai hien vat la nhiing TLSX vd sue lao ddng can dupe tich luy cua KVI. Phan tich luy tu ban kha bign eua KVI phai cd gid tri ngang bdng phan tich luy tu ban bat bien cua KVII, the hidn tinh quyet dinh cua tich luy trong KVI ddi vdi tich luy trong KVII.
Thuhai, I(c-hv+m)>Ic+IIc. KVI phai san xuat ra khdi lupng TLSX cd gid tid ldn hon gid tri nhung TLSX dd tigu dung cua ca hai khu vuc. Phan gid tri ldn hon dd phai phu hpp vdi yeu cdu tich luy tu ban bat bien cua ca hai khu vuc ve gia tri vd hien vat, bao gdm nhiing TLSX dg ma rdng sdn xudt TLSX, nhung TLSX de md rdng san xuat gdm TLTD thiet yeu va nhiing TLSX de md rdng san xudt hang xa XI.
Thii ba, I(v+m}-i-IUv+m)>U(c+v+m). Gid tri mdi dupe tao ra ttong ca hai khu vuc phai ldn hon gia tri cua nhiing TLTD dd dupe tao ra ttong KVII. Phdn gia tri ldn hon dd phai ngang bdng vdd gia tri tich luy de bd sung m ban bat bien cho ca hai khu vue, ddng thdi KVII phai tao ra khdi lupng TLTD vd hang xa xi vdi ket edu du dap iing nhu eau TSX siic lao ddng eho cdng nhdn vd nhd tu ban ttong ca hai khu vuc.
Thuc chdt cua van de nghien ciiu digu kien thuc hien TSX gidn don vd TSX md rdng tu ban xd hdi la nghign eiiu su trao ddi san pham giua hai khu vuc cua nen san xuat xd hdi. C.Mdc da nit ra cac quy luat ciia TSX Id: san xuit TLSXphit tiiin nhanh nhat, sin xuit tulieu tieu ddng phat triin nhanh thuhai.
Dua tren nhung kien giai cua C.Mae ve san
xudt, V.I.Lemn da phan tich md hmh tdi san xuat md rpng tu ban xa hdi ttong nhieu ndm va xera xet cau tao huu ca eua tti ban ((-) )thay ddi do su phat trign cua luc lupng san xuat dudi su tac ddng ciia tign bd ky tiiudt. VLLgnin diay rdng cdu tao him co cua tu ban dgu tang len nhung cau tao huu ca cua tu ban KVI tang nhanh hon KVII. Can cu vao dd, V.I.Lgnin neu ra bieu so sanh ve su tdng Ign cua cac bd phdn khac nhau cua tdng san pham xa hdi vd di dgn ket luan:
san xuat tulieu san xuat disin xuit tuli$u san xuit phit triin nhanh nhit, sau din la san xuit tulieu sin xuat di chi tao tulieu tieu dungva cudi cimg cham nhit li san xuit tu lieu tidu dimg. Ddy la quy ludt uu tidn phat trien san xuat tu lieu san xuat - quy luat kinh td cua tdi san xuat tu ban ma rdng ttong digu kien ky thuat ngdy edng tidn bd.
Nghia la, de nen kinb te phdt trign dn dinh, ludn phai bao dam ty le can ddi vg kgt cdu giira cdc khu vuc cua nen kinh te (KVI, KVII) vd ttong ndi bd tung khu vuc. Neu nhiing quan he ty le cdn thidt dd tdi sdn xuat raa rdng bi pha vd se phat sinh kha nang khung hoang kinh tg. Nen kinh te thi trudng eanh ttanh van ddng theo cac quy luat kinh td, nhung digu kien cua tai san xuat se bien thanh nhirng digu kidn eho mdt qua trinh khdng bmh thudng cua tdi san xudt, gay ra kha ndng khung hoang.
Tu hpc thuyet tai san xuat cda C.Mac vd su phat trien hpc thuyet tai san xuat cua V.I.Lenm ttong dieu kien phat trien mdd eua khoa hpc ky thuat ve nhung dieu kidn thuc hien tdng san pham xd hdi ttong tdi san xuat gian dan va md rpng cho thdy, de qua trinh san xuat cd the dien ra bmh diudng vd kinh tg vT md dupe dn dinh thi cdn bao dam su can bdng cdc cdn ddi Idn cua nen kinh te qudc dan (hay cdn gpi la cdn ddi vi md cua ngn kmh te qudc dan).
LYLUAN CHiNH TRI-So 4/2020
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Ll? luan tdi san xudt tu ban xa hdi cua CMac da dat ngn mdng cho md hinh tdng trudng kinh tg hien dai vdd su chuyen ddi ngn kinh te sang chu ygu tdng truang theo chigu sau, thd hidn su thay ddi vi tii, vai ttd cua eac yen td san xudt. Tii nhung nghien ciiu ve ly ludn tdi san xuat ciia CMdc cd thg rut ra mdt sd dinh hudng van dung vao xdy dung md hinh tang trudng kinh t§ Viet Nam nhu sau:
' Vibio dim syt cin ddi gim bai khu vuc cda nin kinh ti:
Nghign Cliu nhirng dieu kien thuc hien tdng san pham xa hdi ttong dieu kien TSX gian don va TSX ma rdng cua ngn kinh td thi trudng tu ban chu nghia CMac da ehi ro, de qua trinh tdi san xudt xd hdi ttong kinh tg thi tnrdng ed the dign ra binh thudng, dn drnh thi phai tudn thu nhiing tinh quy ludt nhdt dinh bao dam can ddi kinh tg ca ban trong tai san xuat xa hdi. Trong digu kign ngn kmh tg vdn hdnh tu phdt theo ca chg thi trudng, nhiing can ddi kinh tg kg trgn thudng xuygn dupe tu phdt thiet lap rdi lai bi pha vd. Tuy nhien, ngn kmh tg phai ludn bao dam su cdn ddi giua san xuat va tieu dung, can ddi giiia tich luy vd tigu diing, can ddi hai khu vuc cua ngn kmh te.
*VicaciuDiBkinh ti:
Ngn kinh te qudc ddn duac edu thanh bdi nhieu nganh, nhiing nganh nay vua san xudt, viia tieu dung cdc loai san phara, bao gdra ca sdn phdm cua chinh ngdnh minh. Vi vay, giiia sdn xudt va tieu dung d cdc nganh san xuat tdn tai mdi lien hg mat thiet. Ngn kinh te mudn duy tri tai san xudt thi viec san xudt va tieu diing trong cac nganh san xudt cung phai digu chinh quan he theo t^ le nhat dinh. Co cdu ngdnh nghe phai bao dam su phdt trien edn ddi (giua cac ngdnh nghg ttong cung khu vue, vdi khu vuc khac va nhu cdu cda xa hpi); ca
cau nganh nghg dd cd lpi cho viec phan bd tdi uu ngudn luc vd su ehuyen dich ca cdu ngdnh nghe dd ra sao.
*Tingtichlaydithucdiytingtrudngkinh ti Ly ludn tai san xuat ciia C.Mac da chia m ban thanh tii ban bat bien va m ban kha bien. Theo md hinh nay, kdt qua cudi cimg cua san xudt dat dupe muc dp cao cd ve sd lupng vd chat lupng nhung lai sir dung tiet kiem cac loai tai nguyen thien nhign, nguygn vat heu.
Theo nhiing chi dan cua CMac, de thuc hien md hinh tang trudng kinh te theo chieu sau, can chu ddng, tich cue nghien cuu vd su dung thdnh tuu khoa hpc cdng nghe vdo san xuat, ma trong dieu kien ngay nay dd la phai chuyen ddi sang nen san xuat dua vao eac loai cdng nghe cao, cdng nghd tiet kiem sue lao dpng, cdng nghe tigt kiera nguygn vat Udu,...
Qud trinh thue hien nhiem vu ndy mdt mat gdn bd chat che vdi phdt trign ngudn nhdn lue chdt lupng cao thdng qua nhung cai each ca ban trong viec dao tao eae ehuyen gia va cdng nhdn ky thudt lanh nghg, mat khac ddi hoi su thara nhdp ngdy eang sdu hon eua khoa hpc ky thudt vdo hoat ddng san xuat kinh doanh. He qua cua viec thuc hien phuong hudng nay la nhiing su thay ddi trong co cdu (cdu true) toan bd ngn kinh te qudc dan. Trude het, dd Id su thay ddi ty le giua eac nganh cdng nghiep khai khoang vd cdng nghiep ehe bien, giiia hai nhdm nganh san xuat tu lieu san xuat vd san xudt hang tigu dung tiieo hudng cd Ipd cho san xudt cae loai thanh phara. Ddng thdd, vai trd vd ty trpng cua cac nganh cdng nghiep hda chat, hda lpc ddu, ky thuat vd tuygn dien, dien tii, san xuat phuang tien lien lac, san xuat loai vdt lieu mdi,... tuc la nhiing ngdnh bao dam day nhanh tien bd khoa hpc ky thuat se tang tiiem.
Nhu vay, neu nhu cac digu kien khac khdng
LYLUAN CHI'NH TR1-S64/2020
CL
NGHIEN CtfU - PHATTRIEN L? LUANddi, tich luy tang len se gdp phan md rpng san xudt. Do dd, ndng cao ty le tich luy la nhdn td quan trpng thuc day tang trudng kinh te.
* Diiu ki$n di thi^ hi$n sin phim: suphit triin cua thi tiudng
Phdn tich tai san xuat xd hdi, C.Mae khang dinh de ngn kinh te duy tri trang thdi dn dinh thi phai bdo dam can ddi giua gia tri cua san pham hang hda vd lupng tign can thigt dg phuc vu luu thdng khdi lupng hang hda dd. Nhu vdy, digu kien quan trpng de cdc khu vuc cua nen kinh te duy tri trang thai can bdng la phai bao dam mdt khdi lupng can thiet de phuc vu cho luu thong. Dieu do cung ddng nghia vdi viec can phai phdt trign thi trudng tao dieu kien cho luu thdng hang hda didn ra trong trang thai binh thudng.
2. Nhung goi y chinh sach trong mo hinh tang trffdng kinh te ciia Viet Nam hien nay Dg thuc hien tdi san xudt phai bao dam cac ty- le can ddi: Cac cdn ddi vT md ciia nen kinh te qudc dan la he thdng cdc chi tigu dupe thg hien dudi dang cac can ddi tdng hpp. Cde can ddi vi rad ttong ngn kmh tg qudc ddn phai dupe xem xet mdt cdch tdng the ttong cac mdi quan he eua nen kmh te, nhu: moi quan he giua cde ngdnh ttong viee sdn xuat va sii dung san phara; moi quan he giua tich luy tdi san va tieu dimg cudi cling cua dan ei^ mdi quan he giua kha nang san xuat va nhu eau tigu dung, giua san xudt vdi xudt khau, giua ticb luy vd TSX trong nudc vdi khd ndng di vay, dau tu va vien trp tu nudc ngoai.
Phdn tich nhting digu kien thuc hien tdng san pham xa hdi trong TSX gian don va rad rpng cho thdy: dg qud ttinh san xuat cd thg di6n ra bmh thudng vd kinh te vi md dupe dn dinh can bao dam su thdng bdng cac can ddi ldn cua nen kinh te qude dan (hay cdn gpi la cdn ddi vl md cua nen kinh tg qudc ddn).
Cac cdn ddi vi md ciia nen kmh te qude dan la he thdng cac chi tieu dupe the hien dudi dang cde can ddi tdng hpp, gdm 2 phan: tiiu vd chi hay ngudn vd su dung, phan anh su van ddng trong pham vi toan bd nen kinh te qudc dan cua ede hien tupng va eac qua ttinh kinh td, su tac dpng qua lai giua cac ygu td ttong qua ttinh san xudt san pham vat chat va san pham dich vu, kgt qua sdn xuat kinh doanh cua toan bp nen kmh te ndi chung vd cua timg nganh kmh te ndi rieng, thg hien bach todn cdc nguon thu - chi ttong linh vuc tdi chinh, dau tu xa hdi, cac ngudn thu - chi ddi vdd nudc ngodi'^'.
Thd nhit, Chinh sich tai chinh, tiin t$ va diutu
Ly thuygt tdi san xudt cua C.Mac chi ro, tuy theo thdi ky chu chuygn dai hay ngan ma can cd rapt khdi lupng tu ban tien te nhd hay ldn de tu ban hoat ddng, nghia la ngn kinh te phai bao dara can ddi ve gia tri va hien vat. Do dd, nhung edng vide kinh doanh cd tinh chat lau dai ban ddi hdi phai liag ra rapt sd tu ban tien te Idn hon eho rapt thdi gian Idu hon, my nhien ttong thdd gian dd lai chua thg eung cap san pham de thu tien ve, do do tten nam lai ttong luu thdng. Vi thg, trong didu kien day manh CNH, HDH, chuygn ddi md hinh tang tmdng d Viet Nam hien nay, eac chu truong dau tu cua Nhd nudc cdn tinh ddn su can ddi ve ngudn luc eho dau tu va huy ddng ngudn luc cho phat trign nhdm tao ddng luc eho chuyen ddi md hinh tang trudng kinh te theo chieu sdu. Chlnh sach tien te phai bao dam dn dinh kinh te vi md, tao thuan Ipd cho cdc chu the kinh doanh trong tigp can ngudn vdn, trong do ed ngudn vdn tin dung ciia Nha nudc. Ddi vdi ngudn lue dau tu tu ngdn saeh nhd nudc cdn phai tinh den su cdn ddi giua cdc du an nhd vd vua trong ngan han vdd nhirng du dn ldn ed tinh chdt dai
LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So 4/2020
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han nhu xay dung thuy dien, dudng sat, dudng cao t d c . . va cae cdng ttinh khdng ed tae ddng lan tda den san xudt. Ddng thdd, ttong dieu kien ngudn luc cdn ban hep, Nha nudc tao lap mdi truang thuan lpi nhdm huy ddng dau t u cua cac doanh nghiep ttong nen kinh te.
Thii hai, Chfnh sich phit triin ngudn nbinli^
Khi phdn tich md hinh tai san xuat, CMac da de cap tdi can ddi giua cde ydu td san xudt: giua tu heu san xuat va siic lao ddng de san xuat ra tdng san phdm xd hdi. C.Mac khdng dinh, thien nhien khdng the chg tao ra may mdc... Tdt ca- nhung cdi do deu la san pham lao ddng ciia eon ngudi... Tdt ca nhiing cdi do dgu la eua bd de con ngudi, do ban tay eon ngudi tao ra, deu la siic manh da vdt chdt hda cua tri thiic. Nhu vay, con ngudd la ehii the phat hien, khai thac va su dung tdi nguyen thidn nhign... dg tao ngn su tang trudng kinh te; ngudn luc vdn la ket qua cua lao dpng va tich luy eua eon ngudi ma ed, ngudn luc khoa hpc cdng nghe cung do con ngudi tao ra. Day chinh la chia khda chuyen ddi md hinh tdng trudng kinh tg d Viet Nam. Do vay, chlnh sdch cua Nhd nudc trong giai doan tigp theo can dau tu raanh vdo vdn con ngudi vdi chdt lupng vd eo cdu hpp ly, tao ddng luc co ban cho su phat trign va chuygn ddi md hinh tang trudng kinh te sang chieu sau.
Thiiba, Chinh sich khoa hgc c6ngngh$
Trong dieu kien phdt tridn mdd eua edch mang khoa hpc cdng nghe, chinh sach eua Nhd nude phai tinh dgn su thay ddi cua nhung can ddi ldn cua nen kinh te. Dd la su can ddi giua cdc khu vuc va ndi bd tiing khu vuc, nhirng digm nghgn phdt trien cua cdc khu -vyc va trong tiiag khu vuc, xu hudng phdt trien cua cac khu vuc cd phii hpp vdi nhu cau phat trien xa hdi, su lien ket giua cac ngdnh nghe, ca cau cho
phep tdi uu hda phdn bd cac ngudn lire, su ddi mdd, ling dung khoa hpe cdng nghe trong cac khu vuc...
Thuc ttang md hmh tdng tiudng kmh te Viet Nam hien nay cho thay, ket can kmh tg ve ca ban bao dam duac tinh dn dinh. Tuy nhien, gia tri tdng them cua hai nhdm nganh nong nghigp vd edng nghiep so vdi gia tri san xudt deu sut giam, tdng trudng phu thudc nhieu vdo khu vuc FDI nhung chua tao ra tac ddng lan tda sang phdt trign san xudt d cac khu vue khde. Cau tnic nganh cho thdy hieu qua cua cac nganh san xudt vdt chat giam sut, mac du san xuat, xuat khau nhigu nhung phan gia til gia tdng Viet Nam nhdn dupe ngdy cang It ttong khi dat dai dupe sii dung khdng hieu qua, tdi nguyen mat di vd mdi trudng bi dnh hudng tieu cue.
Nhu vay, ttpng digm cua giai doan phat trien tigp theo la dieu ehinh co cdu nganh nghg tru cdt cua nen kinh te, xu ly radi quan he giira nganh nghg truygn thdng vdi nganh nghg ky thudt cao.
Theo dd, Nhd nudc cdn ddu m cd ttpng digm vao linh vuc cdng nghe raa nude ta dang cd lpi the va day manh ehuyen giao ket qua cho cdc doanh nghiep. Ngoai ra, can khuygn khich boat ddng nghien ciiu vd phat trien cua doanh nghiep...
Tuy nhien, de chinh sdch khoa hpc cdng nghe thuc su phdt huy hieu qua, eac co quan tham muu chinh saeh phai lam tdt cdng tac du bao vg xu hudng thay ddi nhiing cdn ddi ldn ciia nen kinh te Viet Nam va die gidi O
(1) C.Mac va Ph Angghen: Toan tap, t.24, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, HaNpi, 1994, tr.574.
(2) C.Mac va Ph.Angglien: Toan tap, phan 2, t,24, Nxb Chinh Ui qudc gia. Ha Npi, 1994, tt.577.
(3) https://wvw.nxbctqg.org.vn.
LVLUAN CHINHTR!-So4/2020
