mil ''11/11/ •
/./,ii 2017
PHAN i f i i BIIHOMB-HIEN IIIC V i M C 111
N g u y ^ H^ng Thao*
* PGS.TS. Oai hpc Qu6c gia Ha Noi
Thcmu lin bai \ i t f Tir khod: phdn quy^t, vitng biin tranh c h ^ , quyen ljch su, danh ogtua l)cfa su, vung chong Un
Lich su bdi viet:
NhlnbAi: 25/12/2016 Bient$p: 28/12/2016 Duy?tb4i; 02/01/2017
Artii'lt' InfomutKin:
Keywords: ruling, di^nited waters, historic rights, historic title, overlapped waters
Article History:
Received: 25 Dec. 2016 Edited: 28 Dec. 2016 Approved: 02 Jan. 2017
Ngdy 12/7/2016, T6a Tnjng tai dir(?c thinh lap theo Phy lyc VII cua Cong ucrc Lien biq) quoc ve Luai bien n i m 1982 (UNCLOS) da ra p h i n quyet chung CUQC v i b i t b u ^ cho vy Phillipptoes k i ^ Trung Quoc a Bien Dong.
Phan quydt cua Tofk Trpng tai da lam giam d i n g kk cac viing bien tranh chqj, lim rd tinh tr^ng p h ^ ly cua cau tnic trong Bien Dong, bao gom d i , bii cit ngam v i bao v$ dia vi p h ^ ly ciia viing d$c quyen kmh t^ (EEZ) truoc nhimg tuyen bo bat hpp p h i p d\ia tren quyen lich sir. Phin q u y ^ da t^o mpt hudng di mcri de giii quyet tranh c h ^ thong qua d i m phin v i b i ^ phdp h6a binh khic trong tuong lai. Tu> nhien. vice thvc hicn phin quyet Ifti ph\i thupc v i o thien chi ciia c i c ben trong c i c trudng hpp Cpng hda Phillippines v i Cdng hda Nhan dan Trung Hoa ciing nhu i p 1 ^ ctia dtr lu{ln. Tinh hinh chinh tri phiic t^p d BiSn E}dng d i t ^ ra thich thiic mdi cho v i ^ th^rc hi$n phin quy^t.
Tuy nhien, cong ly se dupc thvc hi^n trong ttiong lai.
\bviract:
The ruling issued on 12 July 2016 by the Arbitral Tribunal constituted under Annex VTI to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law o f t h e Sea made a turning point in the history of disputes in the East Sea. The award has rediu:ed significantly the disputed waters, clarified the legal status of features in the East Sea, including rocks, shoals, and defended the legal status of EEZ before the illegal claims based on the historic ri^ts. The award gives a new direction to settle the disputes dirough negotiations and other peaceful means in the ftiture. However, the in^lementation ofthe award depends on the good will of parties m the cases, the Republic of Phillippines and People Republic of China as well as the pressure of the public opmion. The new political situations in the East Sea have created new challanges for the implementation ofthe award. Moreover, the justice will be done in the future.
1. Nhihig diem chfnh trong phin quyet Phdn quyet thuc day tinh than thugng ton phdp lu^t quoc te, dua ra cac chi din quan trpng ve gidi thich vd dp d\mg Cong uoc Lu|t bien 1982 (Cong uoc), ddng thoi yeu cau cdc quoc gia lien quan phai lam ro ngi dung vd ph^m vi tranh chap phu hgp voi lultt phdp. Cdc nha binh lu^n deu thong nhdt
n h ^ d}nh: phdn quyet da t^o ra mgt buoc ngoat trong giai quyet tranh chap bien tai Bien Dong. D6ng g6p Ion nhat ciia phan quyet la lano gidm thieu cac viing bien tranh chap, tao dieu ki$n de cac ben tranh chdp dam phdn gidi quyet tranh chap bien mgt each dgc l^p hay gdn voi tranh chap chti quyen, it nhdt tren 4 diem:
41
NHA Nirac VA PHAP LUAT
Trtr&c hit, phan quyet da lam ro npi ham phap ly cua quySn lich sir va danh nghla lich sir, qua do bac bo yeu sach vimg hiin bing duong 9 doan ciia Trung Quoc.
BSng viec chiing minh cac hanh vi va tuyen hi cua Trung Qudc, Toa Tnjng tai ket lujn yeu sach cac tai nguyen dAu khi va ci trong ph?m vi duong 9 doan tren co so cac quyen ljch sit ton tai dpc lap ddi vori Cong uac'.
C4c quyen nay hoan toan trai vcri Cong uoc va khong c6 hieu l\rc phap iy vi chiing vupt qua gioi h ^ dja ly va thirc chat cua cac danh nghla bien cua Trung Qu6c theo Cong uoc^.
Vdi k^t lu^n niy, se khong co s\r chong lan giiia cic viing die quyen kinh te vi them l^c dja tir lanh tho lyc dia ciia cac nuoc vdi pham vi duong 9 dogn vi do do khong co tranh chap. Ket luin niy ciing se tgo tien 1$
ap d ^ g doi vdi mpi yeu sich quyen lich siJ ciia cic nudc khic trong Bien Dong, ton tgi dpc lip vdi Cong udc. Khong cd s\r phin biet ddi xil chi vdi dudng 9 dogn.
Thir hai, Toa ket lugn li tit ci cac th\rc the noi cua Trudng Sa deu khong thich hpp cho con ngudi den d hogc cd ddi song kinh te rieng vi do vgy chiing chi cd 12 hii ly lanh hii. Ket luan niy dupc dua tren nhiing lgp lugn lam ro hon khii n i ^ di vi quy che phip ly cua chiing trong dieu 121.3. Day li dieu khoin giy ttanh cai nhat trong UNCLOS. Tda cho ring, dieu ki?n de mpt da thich hpp cho con ngudi d^n d hogc cd ddi sdng kinh ti rieng phy thupc vio kha ning khach quan cua ihifc the, vio cic dieu ki?n tu nhien ciia chiing, vio khi ning duy tri mpt cpng dong ngudi dn djnh hojc cd hogt dpng kinh ti khdng phu thupc vao cic nguon \ifc ben ngoii hoic dupc khai thac mpt each hoin toin hf nhien. Tda da dua ra 10 chi dan d j
nhan biet; 1) ttr "di" trong dieu 121.3 khdng gidi han d quy dinh cac thvrc the bit bu^
phii ciu tgo tir da cimg. Thanh phin dja ch^' vi dia mgo cua di c6 the rat khic nhau, li san hd, li cat, Ii bun, vdi didu kipn chiing li cac viing dit ndi tren mgt nirdc khi thiiy tti Ju cao nhit; 2) quy che cua thvc the dupc xic djnh tren co sd khi nang tv nhien ciia chimg, khdng cd bit ky mpt sv bd sung hay thay ddi tli ben ngoii nhim tang cudng khi ning thich hpp cho con ngudi den d ho^c cd ddi sdng kinh td rieng; 3) khii nipm "thich hpp cho con ngudi din d" phii dupc hieu nhimg cu dan d day la nhiing cu din tv nliien, li mpt cpng dong dn djnh tren thvc the, coi thvc thd li nhi tren do hp cd the d lgi. Cpng ddng nhu vgy khdng nhat thiet phii Idn vi doi vdi nhimg vimg dio san hd xa xdi, mpt vai ci nhin hogc nhdm gia dinh cung dii. Sv tni ngv dinh ky ho^c thudng xuydn cua nhdm ngudi niy ciing cd the tgo ndn tinh thich hpp cho con ngudi ddn d; 4) khii nipm
"ddi song kinh te rieng" gin lien vdi yeu ciu thich hpp cho con ngudi den d. Dieu 121.3 khdng ndi ve gii tri kinh te mi li vi cd "ddi s6ng kinh td". Ddi song kinh te d day li cupc sdng vi cic dieu kipn s6ng ciia ngudi din song va lim nhi trdn cic thvc the ho$c nhdm thvc the. Ddi sdng kinh te niy phii gin lidn vdi thvc thd ciia chinh nd. Ddi s6ng kinh te phii dupc djnh hudng xung quanh thvc the vi khdng chi tgp trung vio cic viing nudc hoic diy bidn cua lanh hii bao bpc.
Hogt dpng kinh td hoin toan phy thupc vio cic nguon lvc ben ngoii hogc nhim su dyng thvc the nhu doi tupng cua cic hogt dpng khai thic mi khdng cd sv thara dv ciia cpng ddng dia phucmg se thidu di lidn hd cin thidt vdi chinh bin than thvc thd. Hogt dpng khai
1 Final Awuni. par 2 i : - : i 4 hup >™-w.pcacases.coiii/pcadocs/PHOI%20-%2020160712%20-%:OAwjmi.pdf 2 Final Award, par. 2 « . 1203 B I . liltp:"www.pcacases.coni/pcaiJocs*H-CN%20-%2020160712%20-'i20Awaid.p<lf fcft naHiiNCVu
* • ' l A P P H A P . . 561.232.1330171/2017
thdc kinh te thu ho^h cdc tai nguyen thien nhien cua th\rc the vi lgi ich ciia cu dan noi khdc ro rdng Id khai thdc tai nguyen nham tiiu lgi kinh te nhimg chiing khong the dugc coi la t^o ra mgt doi s6ng kinh th rieng ciia ddo; 5) M ^ dii ldi van cuadi6u 121.3 mang tinh phan bi?t, kha nang thich hgp cho con ngucri den cr ho|K: co dcri song kinh ^ rieng nhung tir goc dg thyc tien, Toa cho rdng, mgt th^rc the bien chi co the co mgt doi sfing kinh te rieng neu nhu no da co mgt cgng dong cu dan on djnh. Chi co ngo^i 1^ Id trudng hgp cu ddn duy tri doi song ctia hg thong qua mang luoi nhieu th\rc th^ bien lien quan. Song cu dan md cdc dieu ki?n s6ng vd ddi song kinh tl ciia hg tren cd mang ludi cdc th\ic the do se khong the khong thua nh^n rang cdc th\rc the nay cd ddi song kinh te rieng cua minh chi vt khong phdi tat ca chung deu co ngudi cu ngy thudng xuyen;
6) Khd ndng thich hgp cho con ngudi den d ho$c c6 ddi song kinh te rieng la tieu chi khdch quan. Chung khong lien quan gi den van de chu quyen tren th\rc the; 7) Khd nang thfch hgp cho con ngudi den d ho^c c6 ddi song kinh te rieng phdi dugc ddnh gia theo ttmg v\i v i ^ cu the. Cdc yeu to chinh t^o ra khd nang t\f nhien cua thye the bao gom sy h i ^ d i ^ ciia nguon nirdc, tfai^ pham vd ncri cu ngv vdi so lugng dii cho mgt nhom ngudi s6ng tren thi^c the trong khodng thdi gian khong djnh. Cdc yeu to nay co the bao gom v i ^ ddnh gid cdc dieu k i ^ sinh ho^t va phat trien ddi song kinh te tren thyc the, bao gom khi h^u thjnh hdnh, miic dg lan c|n ciia th^c the vdi cdc viing c6 cu dan khdc sinh song vd dan chiing, tiem ndng sinh nhai tren vd xung quanh th\rc the. Sy ddng gdp va tam quan trgng cua cdc yeu to nay doi vdi khd ndng thich hgp cho con ngudi din d ho^c co ddi song kinh te rieng se khac nhau tii thvrc thl nay tdi thyc the khdc; 8) D6i vdi trudng hgp mgt nhdm cdc thyc the co the mang tinh
'^/uk , Ifttnq . \(im . IfcH 2017
tap the cd kha nang thich hgp cho con ngudi den d ho^c cd ddi sdng kinh te rieng, Tda cho rang khdng nen danh ddng vai trd nhdm cdc ddo vdi viec cung cap tir ben ngoai. Vi?c sir dvng mang tinh dja phuong cdc tai nguyen ldn can nhu mgt phdn sinh nhai ciia cgng ddng khdng ddnh ddng vdi nhiing lgi ich kinh tl den tu xa nham khai thac cdc tdi nguyen thien nhien; 9) Bang chiing cac dieu kign vdt chdt tCr ddu chi du de phdn loai thyc thl thugc tieu chi nay hay tieu chi khdc. Neu thyc the hoan toan khdng cd thvc v§t vd thieu nudc uong dugc cung nhu cac th\rc pham thiet yeu cho ddi sdng co ban, no ro rdng thieu khd nang thich hgp cho con ngudi den d. Ket tudn ngu^ l^i cilng dung ncri ma cdc d^c trung v^t chat ciia mgt thvc the ldn ldm cho nd cd khd nang thich hgp cho con ngudi den d. Vi vay, Tda cho rang, bang chung ve cdc dieu ki$n v^t chdt la khdng dii ddi vdi mgt thvc the. Se rat khd neu khdng noi !a khdng the, xdc dinh tu cdc dac trung v^t chdt cua mgt thvc thl dcrn dgc md khd ndng chi dii giii cho con ngudi sdng dugc dang ket thiic vd khd nang thich hgp cho mgt cgng dong bat ddu sinh song an cu. Sy xem x6t cdn phdi khdc bi^t tu thyc the nay vdi thvc the khdc; 10) Cdc bdng chung xdc thyc nhdt ve khd nang ciia mgt thyc the thudng Id su dyng chiing trong Uch sii. Neu ho so ljch sii ciia mgt thyc the chiing to khdng cd mgt cgng ddng dn dinh ndo dugc phdt trien tren do thi mgt ket ludn hgp ly la cdc dieu ki?n tu nhien Id qud khd ddi vdi viec thdnh l^p mgt cgng dong nhu v^y vd thyc the khdng cd khd ndng thich hgp cho con ngudi den d. Trong tnidng hgp khdng cd nhirng lvc lugng can thi?p nhu chiln tranh, d nhiem, suy thodi mdi trudng, thi hodn todn cd the ket luan mgt thuc the khong cd ljch sii duy tri mgt cgng ddng se thieu khd nang thich hgp cho con ngudi den d. Bdng chiing thich hgp cho con ngudi den d cd trudc khi
____— NOHItHCUU, t n S61+2{329*330in 2 0 1 7 \ _ | J l p P H A P ™
l A SlIC-M • - ' ' I U A T
CO khdi ni?m vimg dac quyln kinh te trong Luat biln se co gid tri cao hon bdng chimg hi?n tai vi cdi sau da bi che ldp bdi nhimg loan tinh ro rang \e yeu sdch vung bien^
Thu ba. Tod kit ludn vl quy chl cua cac bai niia noi nira chim. Cdc quoc gia hodn todn CO quyen xdy dyng cac ddo nhdn tgo vdi dilu ki?n ton trgng quyen tai phdn ciia qudc gia ven bien tgi viing dac quyen kinh tl vd thim lyc dja. Cac bai nay khdng co quy chl cua dd nen chiing khdng dugc hudng lanh hai 12 hdi ly md chi co vung an todn 500 m xung quanh. Cdc bai nam trong khodng 12 hdi ly tinh tir cac dd xung quanh cd the dugc xem xet chgn lam cdc diem co sd tinh ldnh hdi ciia cdc da do. Quy che cua chiing chi quyet djnh theo timg trudng hgp cy the.
Thir tu. Tod ciing khdng dinh quan ddo Trudng Sa khong dugc coi Id mgt tdng the gdn bd huu co md Id cdc da vd thvc the niia ndi niia chim rdi rdc. Vi vgy, vi$c dp dyng dudng CO sd thdng ciia quoc gia quan ddo cho Trudng Sa td vd hi?u. Trudng Sa khong cd cdc viing bien chung ma chi cd cdc lanh hdi 12 hdi ly cho timg da cy the.
Vdi cdc ket Iuan ndy. Tod da "giai phdng" mgt viing bien tdn tranh chdp do cdc yeu sdch viing bien ching tdn tinh tir 33 dd vd Idioang 700 bdi nira noi nda chira thugc quan ddo Trudng Sa. Can cii vdo cdc ket lugn ciia T6a, cd the hinh dung biic tranh ve tranh chap bien mdi trong Biln Dong nhu sau:
- Cdc vimg tdnh hdi 12 hai ty chong tan gtiia cdc da d Trudng Sa con rat it. Nhilu chong ldn da phuong nay chi con song
phuong. Dieu dd cd nghia la cac vy phdn dinh bien trong tuong lai ciing gidm di m$t cdch ddng ke.
- Chong ldn yeu sdch d^c quyln kinh tl vd them lyc dia tu dat liln vd cdc ddo ldn cua cdc nudc xung quanh Bien Ddng s5 gidm bdt. Chi cdn tdn tai vung chdng i k giiia Vi$t Nam - Indonesia, Vi?t Nam - Malaysia. Cdc tranh chap tgi Bai Tu Chinh hay Bai Cd Rong do yeu sdch 200 hdi ty tir Trudng Sa nhu mgt thyc thl vdi d$c quyln kinh tl cua cdc nudc khdc se khdng cdn.
- Xuat hi?n vung Biln cd ben ngodi dudng yeu sdch dgc quyln kinh te 200 hdi ly tir lyc dja vd cdc ddo ldn ciia cdc nudc xung quanh: Phillippines, Trung Qudc, Vi?t Nam, Malaysia va Brunei.
- Xuat hi?n vung ddy biln Di sdn chung ciia lodi ngudi ben ngodi ranh gidi ngodi thim lyc dia cua cdc nudc xung quanh. Uy ban ranh gidi thim lyc dja cua Lien hi?p qudc se cd co sd xem x6t ho so ranh gidi ngoai cua cac nudc d$ trinh dl hdi hda quyen ciia qudc gia ven bien vdi lgi ich chung cua Cgng ddng quoc ll dugc dieu hdnh bdi Ca quan quyen lyc ddy dgi duong.
Ngodi ra, cdc ket lugn cita Tda vl cdc hdnh vi cua cdc ben trong vung d§c quyln kinh tl Id co sd de gidi quylt cdc tranh chip hdng hdi, mdi trudng, nghl cd, qudn 1^ dao nhdn tgo. Tda ket lugn: Vi?c xdy dyng, md rgng cdc dao nhdn tao vd xua dudi ngu dan trong vung d§c quyen kinh tl ciia nudc khdc Id vi phgm cdc dilu 56, 60, 77 vd 80 ciia Cong udc. Cdc hanh vi dam va, diing vdi rong xua dudi tdu nudc khdc td vi phgm Cong udc trdnh dam va COLREG vd dilu 94 cua UNCLOS. Cdc hdnh vi xdy dyng, md rgng dao nhdn tao quy md ldn da Idm ton hgi
Final Award, par 5411-550 h
•tn CVU p H • r-
* pcacases.com/pcadocs/PH-CN%20-%2020160712%20-%20Award.pdf
mdi trudng bien, vi pham cdc dieu 192-194 cua UNCLOS.
2. Hifu lyc ciia phdn quylt
Phdn quyet chi cd hi?u lyc vdi cac ben trong vy ki?n, cy the la PhiUippines vd Trung Qudc. Do UNCLOS vd Tda Trgng tai khdng cd CO chl gidm sdt bdt huge thi hdnh nen vi?c thyc thi phdn quylt phdi tren tinh thm pacta stmt servanda vd phy thugc vdo thi?n chi ciia cdc ben. Nghia vy nay dugc khang dinh trong dieu 26 Cdng udc \^en ve Lugt dieu udc quoc te 1969*. Khdng cd quy djnh cy the vl thdi gian thyc hi?n phdn quylt
Vy Phillippines ki?n Trung Qudc Id mgt vy dn d$c thii trong thyc tien dp dyng va gidi thich UNCLOS do sy vdng m^t ciia mgt ben. Sau 17 ndm ddm phan song phucmg bat thdnh, ngdy 22/1/2013, Phillippines chinh thuc d? don ki?n Trung Qudc^ Bdc Kinh tit choi tham gia vy ki?n nhung dua ra Tdi li^u tgp trudng^ trong dd neu cdc ly do bdc bd tham quyln ciia T6a: 1) bdn chat thyc sy ciia tranh chap Trung Quoc - Phillippines Id vdn dl chil quyen md Tda khdng cd tham quyen;
cdc d? trinh ciia Phillippines nhu xac dinh quy chl cdc thyc thl lien quan den van de phdn djnh biln vd dd bj logi bo bdi bdo Iuu
cua Trung Qudc nam 2006 ddi vdi dieu 298 cua Cdng udc; Phillippines da khdng tuan thu cdc cam kit giua hai nudc, Tuyen bo ASEAN - Trung Qudc vl cdch ung xu ciia cac ben d Bien Ddng, Hiep udc than thign vd hgp tac Dong Nam A, Hifp udc Da dgng sinh hgc... quy djnh tiln hdnh gidi quyet bdng ddm phdn song phuong thay vi sy can thi?p cua ben thii ba.
Ngay sau khi cd phdn quyet, Trung Qudc da ra tuyen t>d bdc l>6 vd keu ggi gidi quyet tranh chap bang dam phdn song phuong'. Tnmg Quoc dua ra chinh sdch 4 khong (khdng tham gia, khong cdng nhgn thdm quyen ciia Tda, khdng chap nhgn vd khdng thi hdnh phdn quyet)*. Cdc ty do neu ra van td cac tgp lugn trong Tdi li?u tgp trudng cho rang Tda khdng co thdm quyfin xet xir vd vi phgm bdo luu dieu 298 ciia UNCLOS tir phia Trung Quoc, vi?c thdnh lgp Tda Trgng tdi do sy chi dinh ciia Chdnh dn ngudi Nhgt Bdn td thien v), khdng khdch quan, phdn quylt ciia Tda Trgng tdi khdng phdi Id ngudn ciia lugt qudc te nen Trung Quoc khdng vi pham.
Phillippines ciing co nhirng bieu hi?n tam thdi khong sir dyng phdn quyet nhu mgt
4 http;//news.abs-cbn.coni/focus/lI/29/16/icj-judge-urgcs-ph-china-to-resolve-sea-dispute-peaceftilly 5 PCA Case No. 2013-19: The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic ofthe Phillippines v. The People's Republic
of China), htq)://www pca org: http://thediplomal com/wp-content/jqjloads/2016/07 thediplomat_2016-07-12_09- 15-50.pdf
http/T* wfrnprcgov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_66280S/tl217I47.shiinl
China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philip- pines in the South China Sea, Global Times, http://www.globalQmes.CQ/contcnt/993982.shtnU.
Chinese Society of International Law, The Tribunal's Award in the "South China Sea Arbitration" initiated by the Philippines is Nui and Void, 10 June 2016,HOTg Kong International Arbitration Centre HKIAC. Proceedings on Public International Law Colloquium on Maritime Disputes Settlement, 2016; Chinese Journal of International Law (2016), Special Issue on Junsdiction and Admissibility in the South China Sea ArbitratiDn. Downloaded from http://chincscjil.oxfordjoumals.or^' at Universit>' of Melbourne on November 28, 2016; Li Mingjiang. The South China Sea Arbination Turning point in Chinese foreign policy, RSIS NO 205. 12 August 2016, www.rsis.edu.sg
» AP PH
45
NHA NtfdC VA PHAP LUAT
thing \<fi phap ly ap dJt len Trung Quoc.
Tnroc chuyto tham chinh thuc BJc Kinh thing 9/2016, T6ng ±6ng Phillippines, ong Duterte gpi phan quyet la mpt to giay co b6n goc va quy^t dinh day vi?c th\rc thi ve phia sau nhung van de nong khac giira hai nu6c^
Tuy nhien, Bp Ngo^i giao Phillippines da giai thich ve uu tien chinh sach doi ngoai cao nhat ciia Phillippines hi?n nay la lam song dpng lai quan he hai nuoc, xay d\mg long tin giiia hai nucrc va Chinh phu Phillippines van khing djnh ton trpng cac dieu udc quoc te, bao gom ca nhimg ket lii^ cua phan quyet'".
Nhirng yeu cau chinh tri moi cho Tong thong die cu Duterte da nay sinh sau phan quy^t.
6ng phai bao dam gianh dupc quy&i danh ca cho ngu6i dan tai Scaibourough (mye tieu ciia vtf ki?n) vii hi?n d^ hoa lvc lupng hai quan va canh sit b i ^ de th^c thi theo tinh than phan quyet. Day li nhiing nhiem vy kho thyc hifn khi chinh quySn moi cua Phillippines chira du tiem life va dang co chinh sach tim kiem diu nr nuoc ngoai, trong khi My - ddng minh chua sot sang. Trung Qu6c sin sang dira ra nhimg goi vi?n nv kinh te mong dpi, nen Phillippines da Ivra chpn "gie" chir khong phai "bo" phin quyet.
Cac dien tien tiip theo cho thay, duimg nhu hai nuoc da co mpt thoa thuin ngam ve hpp tic bien. Trang Qu6c giam bcrt lvc lupng hii glim vi ngu dan Phillippines dupc phep tiep c(in nguon ci tai Scarborough (bai c?n Hoing Nham). Ngiy 21/11/2016, T6ng thong Duterte don phuong tuyen b6 thanh
l^p khu bio ton bien Panatag Lagoon vi cho bi£t cac nha lanh d^o Trung ()u6c vi Phillippines da thio lufm vi hpp tic bien t|i Pera, ben \i hpi nghj APEC". Phillippines hy vpng buoc di tiay nhim h^in chi ngu dan Phillippines vi Trung Quoc trong khu vyc va ngan Bac Kinh tiep t\ic xay d^mg cic cong trinh nhu tren 7 bai nua noi nua chim Of Trucmg Sa. Ngupe l^i, Trung Quoc triin khai cic "din xep rieng" cho ngu dan Phillippines c6 the danh ca a nhitng vtuig nuoc lan can nhung van khing djnh "Chi quyen va cic quyen tii phin tren bai can Hoing Nham vln va se khong thay doi"".
Phillippines vi Trung Quoc ciing b^t din xanh cho cac cong ty diu khi bin ve khai thic chung tai Bai C6 Rong khi coi dly li cic thuong thuyet tu nhan ma khdng phii ciia Chinh phii nen khong anh hu6ng den l^p trudng chii quyen moi ben. MJt khic, Phillippines ciing chua rut bd phin doi cua minh hay gia nhap hd so chung ve ranh gidi ngoii them lyc dja do Vi?t Nam vi Malaysia d? trinh khi cic da d Trudng Sa, theo phin quyet, khong cd them lyc dja rieng.
Thii dp ciia cic ben chinh trong phin quyit ro rang inh hudng din kha ning thyc thi.
Vi mat lujt phip, diiu II Phy lyc Vn quy djnh: "Bin an cd tinh chit toi hju v4 khdng dupc khing cio". Diiu 12 b6 sung:
"Bat ky tranh cai nao cd thi xiy ra giiia cic ben trong vy tranh chip lien quan din vifc giii thich hay cich thi hinh bin an, diu cd the
46
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\I Ngwiph«ng6nB?i Ngoaigiao Trung Qu^noingAy 25/11/2016. •^'.•cvio.
NOHIIH CUU — _ _ _ _
UlP PIIAP-^Sdi-2 -yi-'j- ?o-
Auqc ben nay hoac ben kia dua ra de Toa Trpng tai da myai an quyet djnh". Phillippmes va Tmng Qu6c la thanh vien cua UNCLOS CO ngbia v\i thi hanh Phu luc VU da ky va phe chuan, trong do co cac quy dinh ma phan quyet da tuan thii. Neu mpt ben chua chi^) thu^n ban an, hay con tranh cai giua cac ben thi mpt trong hai ben deu co quyen yeu cau Tea tiep tyc giai thich ban an".
Cac lap luan khong chap n h ^ phin quyet cua Tnmg Quoc deu da dupc Toa Trpng tai tru djnh va giai thich ro trong qua trinh phan xu. Trong vy ki?n vang mat, Toa da ap dyng dieu 9 Phy lyc VII ciia UNCLOS: "Khi mpt trong so cac ben trong vy tranh c h ^ khong ra Toa h o ^ khong trinh bay cic Iy Ie cua minh, thi ben kia co the yeu cau Toa tiep tyc trinh ty to tyng va phan quyet. \^?c mpt ben ving mat hay vi$c mpt ben khong trinh bay cac ly le cua minh khong can tra cho trinh ty to tyng. Trum; khi ra phan quyet, Toa Trpng tai can phai biet chic chin rang, khong nhung Toa co tham quyen xet xu vy tranh chap ma con chac chin ring don ki^n c6 ca sa ve m$t thyc te phap Iy". Trong qua trinh xem xet, T6a Trpng tai da th|tn trpng dinh gid bang hai phin quyet v^ thim quy&i va npi dung truoc khi di den ket luan Toa co tham quyen x6t xir vi don ki?n (gom 15 diem) co ca sa ve m$t thyc te phip ly. Cic ngo^i 1^ ma Tai li^u
Wm-. Ifitnq . \am JM 2017
lap tniong cua Trung Quoc dua ra da Ian Iu<;rt dupc Toa phan tich va bac bo mot cich thuydt phyc trong hai ban in ve tham quyen va npi dung". Ly do Toa Trpng tai 5 nguai khong khich quan do duac thinh lgp thong qua chi dinh ciia Chinh in Toa Trpng tii Lu^t bifin qudc tfi ITLOS, ong Yanai - nguai Nhat Ban ciing kho thuyfit phyc, vi Trung Qudc hoan toin co the tham gia vao qui trinh lya chpn trpng tai nhung da quyet dinh ving mgt. Cic tham phin ciia ITLOS li nhung nguai dupc lya chpn vi danh gii mpt each nghiem ng^t, bio dam co nang lyc phip Iy va khich quan trong c6ng vi$c. La thanh vien oia ITLOS, Trung Quoc va Phillippines dfiu tham dy vio qua trinh myfin chpn nay.
Phin quyet cua cic Toa phip ly khong phii li nguon chinh cua Lu^t quoc tfi nhung chung la nhiing nguon bo trp dugc quy djnh trong Difiu 38 Quy che cua Toa an phip ly quoc te.
Difiu 287 ciia UNCLOS da quy dinh quyfin ty do lya chpn cic thii tyc giii quyet tranh chip trong do c6 Toa Trpng tai thanh l|p theo Phy lyc v n . Dieu 296 UNCLOS quy djnh:
"Cic quyfit djnh do tda in co tham quyen theo mye niy dua ra li co tinh chat toi h^u, vi tit ci cic ben tranh chip phii tuan theo".
Da CO nhimg tifin 1^ trong Iich su ve vi?c khong thyc thi phin quyet. Nam 1986, trong vu Cic ho^t dpng quan sy va bin quan sy tai Nicaragua va chong lai Nicaragua,
Stefan Tslmon in The South China Sea Arhitration and the Finality of^Ftnal" Awards, Boone Research papers on tbe ptd>lic iniematKHia] law. NO 12/2016, No\ 24, 2016 p. 4 cbo ring, phan quy^ ciia Toa kbong phai 14 toi h^u vi no khong to^i b6 kha ning T6a se phii dieu chinb 1{U [dian quyel trong tnrong h^p cd su bat dong ciia cac ben v^ gjai tfaich v i cAch giai thich phin quyet ciing nhu trong cac ho4n canfa d$c b i ^ khi cd nhiing bing chumg moi c6 tinh quyel dinh 6wfc (rftiit hi$a.
Xem JEROME A. COHEN. Tbe Wisdom of Tbe Hague's South China Sea Decision, http. www. wsj.com/artic les/the- wisdom-of-the-hagues-south-china-sea-decision-I4689438l9. orhttp''/roilogolez.blogspot.coin/20l6/07/die-wis- dom-of-ba^ues-south-chma-seaJitml: Nguyen Hfing Thao, Nhirng khJa cynh p h ^ ly cua phin quyet Tda Trpng tai vv Philippin b^n Trung Quoc 6 Bien Ddng. T»p chi NhA nirdc va PbAp h^I. thang &/2016.
_ , NOHIlN CUU I."7 So 1*2(329*330] T1/2017'_ LAP P H A P " '
Tda in Cdng ly qudc td ICJ da kft luan My vi ph?m nguyen tic cim sii dvmg vu luc vi de dga su dyng, nguyen tic can thi?p vao cong vi?c npi bp cua nudc khic va yeu cau cham dirt cic hoat dpng ho trp cho cic lire lucmg Contrat chong Chinh phu vi bdi thudng thijt h^ cho Nicaragua. My da phin doi khdng chip hinh phin quySt. Nim 1990, khi chinh quy^n mdi ciia Nicaragua khdng ddi hoi bdi thudng, hai nudc da bmh thudng hda quan h i My da cit vi?n tnj cho lvc luijng Contrat, thio dd l?nh cim van kinh ti vai Nicaragua. Trong vu Arctic Sunrise aim 1990, tiu va thuy thii doin da dugc phdng thich dii trudc do Nga tuyen bd khdng thira nhan phin quyet cua Tda Trpng tii luat bi6n quoc te. Cic phin quy^t cu6i ciing van dupc thvc thi tren ca sd thi?n chi, ngoai giao mera deo, giii the hi?n nudc ldn vi tuan thii luat quoc te.
Vi?c thvc thi phan quyet khdng chi phv thupc vio thi?n chi cua cac ben trong phin quyft mi cdn chiu tie dpng ldn ciia du luin quoc te.
3. Tic d$ng ciia phin quyet vii b@n (hirba
Phin quyet khdng cd hi?u lyc vdi cic ben thir ba. Tuy nhifti cic ben thir ba hoan toin cd quyen van dvng phin quyft de bio ve quyen lpi ciia minh trong cic tranh chip tucmg tv, nhit la vdi cic ben trong phin quyet. Phiti quyft da de cao quyen tv do bay, tv do hing hii, tv do dit day cap vi ong dan ngim trong cic vimg die quyen kinh te.
Tau thuyen dupc phep thvc hi?n quyen tv do di lai trong vimg nudc nim ngoai 12 hii ly lanh hai tir cic di dang tranh chap chii quyen va ngoii vimg an toin 5(XI m tir cic bai nira ndi niia chim hifti dang cd lvc lupng
4 8 HA.
don trii. N^u thvc hi$n dung phin quyet thi trong vimg bien ci vi viing diy bien - di sin chung cua loai ngudi d giira Biin Ddng, til ci cac qudc gia, cd bifti hay khdng cd bien, dSu dupc hudng quyen tv do bien ci (tv do bay, tv do hing hai, tv do dJt day cip vi ong dan ngim, tv do dinh ci, tv do nghien cuu khoa hpc biSn, tv do thift ijp vi xay dvng cic dio nhin tao, cic cdng trinh thiet bj tren bidn) vi quyen dirpc chia sd tai nguydn tren diy bidn dudi sv dieu hinh ciia Ca quan quy^n lvc Vimg. Cic quyen niy li cic quyen da dupc thira nhjn chung, dupc ghi nh(in trong UNCLOS vi cd tinh tip quin.
Cic qu6c gia cd quydn lpi cd thd vi$n dan phin quy^t ciia Toi khi cd tranh chip vdi cic bdn tham gia vv kidn. Neu cic quyen lpi niy hi vi pham thi mpt vv kidn ip dvng co che giii quyet tranh chip bit bupc vi Ph\i lvc VU ciia UNCLOS tuong tv nhu vv Philippins vs. Trung Qu6c sd dupc kich ho?t. ASEAN bj phan hoi thinh cic nhdm tranh chip va nhdm khdng cd quyen Ipi gid diy it nhit cung thiy didm chung quyk Ipi trong viing bien ci va Vimg diy bien di sin.
Lio quoc gia khdng cd biin, hay Cimpuchia dupc coi li bit lpi ve mjt dja ly, sd cd quyen ydu cau phan ciia minh trong Biln Ddng. Cic quoc gia cd thuang mji hing hii ldn qua Bidn Ddng nhu U%
Australia, Nhjt Ban, Hin QuAc khdng thi bd qua quyen lpi tv do bien ci vi quin ly Vimg diy bidn to ldn niy. Vipc khdng chip nhjn vi khdng thi hinh phin quyet cua Toi sd tic dpng tidu cvc tdi quyen ciia cic quflc gia trong vi ngoii khu vvc. Vipc cic nudc ddng ldng bio vd cic quyen Ipi niy s8 190 sire dp bupc cic ben trong phin quyet phii xem xet muc dp thvc thi cua minh.
4. Thii dp cAc nmh:
Ngay trong ngay phin quyet, Dii Loan da ra hai tuyen bo phan doi vi Toa da gpi dao qu6c niy la "Chinh quySn Dii Loan ciia Trung Qu6c" va da coi dio Ba Binh chi CO quy chl lanh hai 12 hai ly. Tuy nhien, Dai Loan van keu gpi giai quylt hoa binh tranh c h ^ thong qua dam phan da phirong vi gie tranh chap, day m^nh cung khai thic. Trong khi khong chap nhan tinh bit bupc cua phin quyet, Dai Loan cam kit giii quylt tranh chip biln phii h(?p vdi UNCLOS va lu^t quoc te va khong duy tri cac yeu sich thii qui. Dii Loan khong coi dudng 9 dogn li yeu sich tranh chap vung bien va chi duy tri tuyen bo nim 1994 ve cic khu vyc cim 4000 m va h ^ chl 6000 m xung quanh dio Ba Binh'^
Malaysia li mpt trong nhirng nudc dugc hucmg lpi tir phin quylt. Dudng 9 dogn chong lan 4/5 viing d^c quyen kinh te cua Malaysia tinh tir cic bang Sabah vi Sarawak, noi co nhieu mo dau khi'*. Diem phia Nam xa nhat cua dudng 9 do^n li Bai ngam Ting Mau thupc Malaysia. Song Malaysia ciing khong phii li ben ung hp nhi^t tinh v i ^ sir dung con dudng trpng tai trong giii quyet cic tranh chap bien, nhat la sau khi da thua ki$n vdi Singapore.
Malaysia cung nhin nhgn Trung Quoc nhu mpt nhi dau tu tiem ning. Bac Kinb da mua CO philu ciia Quy diu tu 1 Malaysia Berhad 1MB de cuu danh tieng ciia Thu tudng Najib va thucmg mgi hai nudc d^r tinh tang tir 100 ty nam 2015 len 169 ty USD nam
^/uk . fJifng . \am . Uai 2017
2019. Malaysia cung dong vai tro quan trpng trong chien lupc Mpt con dudng, Mpt vinh dai ciia Tnmg Qudc. Tnmg thanh vdi chinh sach ngoai giao im lang, Kuala Lumpur tuyen bd: "tat ci cac ben lien quan cin tim kiem cic cich thiirc xay d\mg de phat then cic cupc doi thogi, dam phin vi tu vin linh mgnh trong khi thupng ton cic nguyen tic lu|t phip vi hda binh, an ninh vi dn dinh cua khu v\rc"'"'.
Vi?t Nara ciing la nudc dupc hudng lpi tir phan quyet. Ngay trong qui trinh vy ki?n. Hi Npi da iing hp khi nang Tda Trpng tii cd tham quyen. Lgp trudng niy la nhat quin khi Vi^t Nam nhanh chdng ra tuyen bo ngay 12/7/2016: "Vi?t Nam mpt lin niia khing dinh lap trudng nhit quin ve vy ki$n, ling hp mgnh me vi$c giii quylt cic tranh chip d Bien Ddng bing bi^n phip hoa binh, bao gom cic tien trinh ngogi giao vi phip ly, khdng sii dyng ho^c de dpa sii dyng vu lyc theo quy djnh cita lugt phip qudc tl, trong do cd Cdng udc cua Lien hi^p qudc ve Luat Bien nara 1982. Vi^X Nam img hp duy tri hda binh, dn dinh trong khu vyc, an ninh, an toin. ty do hing hii vi hing khong d Bien Dong, tdn trpng nguyen tic thupng tdn phip lu^t tren cic vung biln vi dgi duong.
Y\^X Nam tiep tyc khing djnh chii quyen ciia minh ddi vdi hai quan dio Hoing Sa vi Trudng Sa, chii quyen doi vdi npi thuy vi lanh hii, quyen chu quyen vi quyen tii phin ddi vdi virng dgc quyen kinh te vi them lyc dja cira Vi^ Nam dupc xac djnh phii hpp vdi UNCLOS cung nhu tit ca cic quyen vi lpi ich phip ly cua \^^t Nam lien quan den cic
Tsai Holds 1st NSC meeiing, "Unveil South China Sea Approach", Taiwan Today 20 July 2016.
Prashanth Parameswaran, "Malaysia's Approach to the South China Sea dispute". Contemporary Southest Asia, Vol.
38 NO 3.(2016) p. 377.
Ministry of Foreign Afairs, "Statement by Malaysia", 12 July 2016.
H O H I I N CUU So 1*2(329+330) Ti;2017 l A P P H A P '
NHA Nlf6C VA PHAP lUAT
cau true dia ly thupc hai quan dao Hoing Sa vi Trudng Sa"'*. Viet Nam cin nghien cuu ky phin quylt dl cd nhiing chinh sich va phin img phii hpp. Thii dp thin trpng ciia Vi?t Nam hoin toin cd the dupc giii thich khi Tda Trpng tii khong cd chuc ning giii quylt tranh chap chii quyln. Viec ip dyng quy chl da cua Trudng Sa len Hoing Sa khong thl miy moc khi chinh Toa da khuyin nghj phii cin cu timg trudng hpp cy thl, khi thilu sy dong thuan cua Trung Quoc vi khi chinh Bic Kinh dang thi hinh mpt sd hogt dpng nhu md tuyen du ljch, dudng bay din dyng hing ngay, ting cudng vil khi d Hoing Sa, vi phgm chu quyen Vi?t Nam.
Thai dp ciia ba nudc ASEAN tranh chap chinh trong Bien Dong inh hudng mgnh din lgp trudng chung ciia khoi. Nira 2017. Phillippines se la Chu tjch ASEAN.
Vi^c Philippins vi Malaysia cd chinh sich nghieng ve mye tieu kinh te vdi Bic Kinh se lim miic dp phan hoa trong khoi ting len vi ASEAN kho c6 dupc mpt tuyen bl chung ve Bien Dong cfing nhu vl phin quylt. Nlu Phillippines quyet djnh "gac tranh chap ciing khai thic" tren phan them lyc dja ben ngoii 12 hii Iy cic di Phillippines dang chilm dong. vi?c tham gia cua \1?t Nam nhu trong Thoa thugn Ba ben nim 2003 Ii mpt ciu hdi bd ngo.
Tieng noi cua cac nudc ngoii khu vyc Cling chua m ^ me. Sau khi phin quylt ra ddi, mdi chi cd 7 nudc iing hp ro ring phan quyet. Phan ldn cic nudc khic dung cic ngon tir ngogi giao "cdng nhgn, ghi nh|ln, nghien cim", yeu ciu cic ben lien quan thyc thi phin quylt. Day li nhirng budc di tinh
1 !
toin chinh trj hon li cich hilu cpng d^ng: ; qudc te khdng ung hp phin quyet.
My khdng phai la mpt ben ky kit UNCLOS. Chinh sich ciia Tong thong mdi die cir Donand Tnmip vdi chiu A chua ro ring. Tuyen bd cua Tdng thdng My se nit khdi TPP it nhieu anh hudng tdi cic dong minh tgi chau A - Thai Binh Duofng vi gieo ric lo ng^ ring, Trung Quoc cd the tgn dyng ca hpi de chiem ITnh khoing trdng quyln lyc. Mgt khic, dng Trump l?u td ra ciing rin qua cic bieu hi$n (nhu trao ddi di$n thogi vdi bi Tran Thii Van, bd qua quy tic tdn trpng chinh sich Mpt Trung Quoc trong quan h? Trung - My; bo nhi^m nhung ngufli theo dudng loi cimg ran vio Chinh phii; Idn gipng trong vy Trung Quoc thu giii thilt bj l§n khong ngudi lii ciia Hai quan My...).
My, dudi thdi Donan Trump, cd thl lien kit vdi Nga dl hgn che di di len cua Trung Quoc nhu Nison da timg lien kit vdi Trung Quoc nim 1972 de md dau giai dogn suy vong ciia Lien Xd. Vdi ban tinh cua mpt ty phli, chinh sich cua Donand Trump se de bj cic tinh toin kinh te tic dpng hem li giir mpt cii nhin dii hgn. Quan tim ctia My se li nudc My, Trung Ddng vi Biln Hoa Dong nhilu hon li Biln Ddng. Mpt kjeh bin bit tay nhu nim 1972 li hoin toin cd thl.
5. Tinmg lai cua phin quylt
Dinh gii ci nhan mpt vin dl ldn, phirc tgp nhu tranh chap Biln Ddng li khong the day du, chinh xic. Song tir cic lgp l u ^ phip ly vl vy ki?n vi cic thyc tiln tilp sau, mpt so y tudng cd thl li hihi ich cho trao doi.
Phin quyet li mpt thing Ipi phip ly chua trpn v?n do Tda Trpng tii khdng c6
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18 hllp:/vi«i«ln«.v..^™itoi-,u/dunh.W31S323;v,o.™,,.ho„-„ghe,J,.ph.„.^ya^.p„h^^
H«MiiH euu _ _ _ ^ LAP P H A P Sd 1*2i32--»330] Tl/2017
tham quyen giai quylt tranh chip chu quyen. Miic dp vi thdi gian thyc thi phin quyet chua xic djnh do chinh cac ben trong phan quyet chua thyc tam thyc hi?n. Cpng dong qudc te bi phan tira bdi cic quan nggi khic vi cim giic Phin quylt di xong, vy v i ^ chi cdn do cic ben true tilp dim phin giii quyet. Sue ep cua cdng luin khdng cao.
Vi$c thyc thi Phan quylt se cdn cin rat nhieu thdi gian va khdng the tich khdi qui trinh giai quyet tranh chip chu quyen.
Trung Qudc tuyen bd khong chap nhgn, khdng thi hanh phin quyet nhung dieu dd khdng cd nghia nudc niy vTnh vien khdng c h ^ nhan hay thi hinh trong tuong lai. Sau phin quyet, Trung Quoc trinh khong lim cing thing tinh hinh tren bien tru v i ^ tiep tyc duy tri cac dio nhan tgo. Trung Quoc thgra chi da de ngu din Phillippines quay 1^ dinh bat d Scarborough vi dong y giii quyet cic tranh chip tren co sd lugt quoc te. Trung Qudc ciing khong riit khdi UNCLOS sau khi cd nhiing cin nhic hem thi$t. Bien Ddng la van de dja chiln lupc ciia Trujig Qudc nen nudc niy se khdng bao gid tu bd y djnh kiem soit toin bp. Vi vgy Trung Quoc se phii tim cich dung hda giira vj the dang len vi trgt ty the gidi cu, giiia y djnh t^o an toan chien lupc sin sau vdi tdn trpng quyln Ipi bien cua cic quoc gia khic.
Sy thay ddi chinh sich ciia Donand Trump doi vdi TPP va chau A se mang lai nhirng lgi the mdi cho Trung Quoc d Bien Ddng.
Song nudc niy khdng the rapt minh thich thuc tr|t ty phip ly qudc te. Dieu niy neu xiy ra se lira tdn hgi din binh anh troi dgy hda binh ciia Trimg Qudc, lam cic nudc xung quanh e nggi. Trujig Qudc to ra thgn trpng, khdng lim gi mdi de thich thiic cic kit l u ^ ciia Tda trir vi^c xiy dyng 7 dio nhin t^o di hoin thinh trudc phin quylt.
V i ^ thu giu: roi nhanh chdng tri Igi tiu tin
%luk Jfimq Ahu Jfd/ 2017
khdng ngudi lai cho Hai quin My cho thay, Trung Qudc se trung thinh vdi chiln thugt cit lit salami, hp se tilp tyc cd nhirng budc di cing thing du dp de khing dinh vj the nhung khdng giy ra dd vd quan h? vdi My.
Vi^c khdng tuin thu phin quyet ve Iiu dai cd thl gay ra nhijng tranh chip mdi vdi cac nudc khac khi sir dyng quyen ty do biln ci vi Vimg Di sin, khdng cd Ipi cho Trung Qudc. Trong khi van duy tri yeu sich chu quyen tren cic thyc the nim trong pham vi dudng 9 dogn vi tiep tyc boi dip cic bai nua noi nua chim, Trung Qudc se gay ip lyc dl cic nudc khic chap n h ^ hinh mau "gie tranh chap ciing khai thic" gidng nhu dang lim d Scarborough vdi Phillippines. Hinh thuc dim phin song phuong se dupc diy ragnh vi nd mang lgi nhiing lpi ich cyc b$
(nhu dam phin Phillippines - Trung Qudc sau phin quyet) vi li vi dy d6 Trung Qudc quang bi lgp trudng giii quylt tranh chip bing dim phan song phuong. Trung Quoc cung cam kit cung ASEAN sdm thdng qua Bp Quy tic img xu d Biln Ddng (COC).
Khdng lo^ tni Trung Quoc se tiep tyc xiy dyng cin cii quin sy tren cic bii san hd mdi ho$c thiSt lgp vimg nhgn di$n phdng khong ADIZ trong Bien Ddng. Budc di niy khdng dl ding, mi can tira ly do thuylt phyc cpng dong qudc tl chip thugn. Xa hom nu:a, Trung Qudc cd the van dpng cic nudc thong qua mpt thda thu^n giii thich rieng ve dilu 121.3 de bic bd hi^u lyc cua phin quyet.
Phillippines - nudc dupc hudng Ipi tir phin quyet, ddng thdi cd nghia vy xem lgi phan ddi hd so chung ranh gidi ngoii thira lyc dja cua Vi?t Nam va Malaysia, vi cd the tham gia cimg. Nudc nay cd the se diy mgnh cic sing kien bpp tac bien (nghien ciiu khoa hpc bien, bio v? mdi tnrdng bien...) trong khi keu gpi diu tu tu Trung Quoc. Cac nudc se chil trpng den cic sing kien hpp tic quan
~ N O H I l N CUUI 12017 LAP P H A P
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NHA Ntrdc VA PHAP LUAT Iy cac ho^t dpng bien (bao ton tai nguyen bifen, giu gin moi truong bien, nghien cuu khoa hpc bien) vi mye dich chung. Cic cuoc dam phan ve tranh chap chu quyen van be tic giiia hai each tiep c|n: 1) tren ca so dam phin song phuong va 2) cai gi song phuang thi dam phan song phuong, cai gi da phuang thi giii quyet da phuong. Vi?t Nam va Trung Quoc se tiep tyc trao doi ve hpp tac ngoai cijta vjnh Bic Bp trong khi cha dpi mpt giai phip cuoi cimg ve van ii Hoing Sa. Vai tro ket noi ciia ASEAN co the ning cao khi to chiic thong nhit d^i di$n cho quyen lpi cua khoi trong vung bien ci va diy bien di san ciing nhu cic quyen t\r do tren ca sd ton trpng quySn tii phin ciia quoc gia ven bien trong ving djc quyen kinh te vi them Ipc dja. ASEAN vi Trung Quoc se tiep tyc diy manh sing kien COC, nghieng ve phia quin ly ximg dpt, an ninh bien vi cic ho(lt dpng bien hom li giii quyft tranh chap chu quy&.
Tianh chap chii quyen van chira dupc giai quy^t. Phin quyjt g6p phan lam giam cic tranh chAp bien nhung dieu nay chi thyc su c6 ^ nghla khi cic ben lien quan den vy ki$n CO thi?n chi thyc hi$n vi cic nuoc trong vi ngoii khu vpc tjio ip luc. Dien bien h ju cic vy Nicaragua ki?n My hay Arctic Siinrise cho thay, cic nudc 16n khi quan tam den van d^ the di?n vi mpt chinh sich ngoji giao linh ho(it. Giup hp vupt qua mjc cim d6 khong phii li cich tiep cJn i6i. Cong ly sS can thiri gian dii di thay doi nhjn thuc trong npi bp cic nuoc lien quan vy kien, de cic nudc khic nh|n thiic dupc toi da quyfn lpi chinh ding va ding gii ciia minh khi cong nghf phit ttidn cho phip khai thic, sii dyng toi da biin ca vi day biin di sin. Phin quyet se dupc thyc hifn hoin toan khi mong quan lyc lupng vi tinh hinh chinh trj thay doi. Bien Dong can mpt giii phip tdng (bi ve chinh trj, kinh ti, ngoai giao, phap ly, quan sy vi hda binh, 6n dinh va thjnh vupng.
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I NOHItN cini , _ ^ _ L * P P H A P _ S« 1*2(329«3301 Tl/2017Phin quyet ciia Tda tjo dieu k i ^ phap ly bio Vf toin vfn vimg djc quyen kinh ti va them lyc dja ciia Vift Nam tir dat lien tach khdi vimg nudc tranh chap. Hpp dong cdng ty Trung Quoc Hai Zi Yang ky vdi cdng ty My Crestone nam 1992 trin Bai Tu Chinh thupc them lyc dia Vift Nam sS khdng cdn gii trj. Cling nhu v^y Ii 9 Id dau khi mi CNOOC (Cdng ty Diu khi ngoii khoi Trung Quoc) gpi thiu nam 2012 tr«n them lyc dja Vift Nam. Day li vi dy da dupc Tda di c^lp ttong phan quyet t^i trang 89.
Vift Nam vi Malaysia cd the yfiu cau Uy ban ranh gidi them lyc dja cua Lien hifp quoc xem x6t sdm hd sa chung ve ranh gidi ngoai thim lyc dja hai nudc da d$ ttinh nim 2009. Phillippines se rut lfii ydu cau Uy ban chua xem xdt ho so cua Vift Nam vi Malaysia vi nudc niy cd the gia nhip ho sa chung.
Cic ho?t dpng cit cip, truy duoi ngu dan Vift Nam thyc hifn quyen dinh bit chinh ding t?i cic vung biin ciia minh phii dupc chim dut. Quyin tiip cin tii nguydn ciia ngu dan Vift Nam tji cic viing biin Hoing Sa, Trudng Sa phii dupc dim bio.
Vift Nam oing cic nudc cd CO sd ddi hdi Tnmg Quoc chim diit lfnh cim dinh bit ci trii phdp ttong Bien Ddng ban hinh tir 1998.
Vift Nam ciing nhu cic nudc lien quan cd co sd lim ro ddi hdi viing bien quan dio Trudng Sa trdn ca sd yeu sich chii quyen cic thyc thi.
Vift Nam cd thi hpc hdi kinh nghidm, sir dpng giii phap phip ly di xic djnh quy che phip ly cua cic thyc thi tji quan dao Hoing Sa, bic bd dudng ca sd quanh quin dio Hoing Sa nim 1996, giim bdt cic tranh chap biin ngoai ciia Vjnh Bic Bp trdn co sd duy tri ddi hdi chii quyin. Vift Nam cDng cd ca sd di dau tranh vdi cic vi p h ^ mdi ,
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