Dang Thu Thiiy. Plldt trien hoat dong ngdn hdng xanh tgi An Do..
C2020 Vi$n Nghiin ctnj & i Do va lay Nam A Tap chf NghSn OAJ JSn 0$ vS ChSu A 566(91), thdng 6-2020 http.//vi I sas.va ss.gov. vn ISSN: 0866-7314
Phat tri^n hoat dong ngan hang xanh tai An Do va Viet Nam
Dgng Thu Thdy'' Vien Nghien cihi An Dp vd Tdy Nam A
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 27/11/2019. ngdy gui phdn bien: 04/05/2020, ngdy duy ft ddng: 02/06/2020
T^di viet de cap den hogt dong ngdn hdng xanh lgi hai quoc gia An Do vd Viet Nam thong qua J-J viec ddnh gid vd so sdnh tren tirng hogl dong cu the. Mac dii "ngdn hdng xanh " Id khdi niem mai. nhimg thuc lien hogt dgng ngdn hang va dgc tinh dich vu ngdn hdng co linh "xanh " khong m&i Ig doi vdi nhieu nen kinh te, trong do co An Dg vd Vi^t Nam. Nhieu hogt dgng va djch vu cua mgt so ngdn hang/to chirc ldi chinh tgi hai quoc gia dd the hien tinh xanh ro net. Nhir vgy, "xanh hoa " ngdn hdng de dong gop vdo "xanh hoa " nen kinh te, Phdt trien ngdn hdng xanh chinh Id yeu cdu cdp thiet trong boi cdnh nen kinh te dang chuyen ddn sang mo hinh tang tnrdng xanh.
Til khda: An Dp, ngan hang xanh, so sdnh, Viet Nam
Mfrdau
Vdi vai trd la mdt trung gian tai chinh, trong mdi tuang quan vdi tang tnidng kinh te, ngdn hang ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viee phdt trien ben virng nen krah te. Su ddng gdp ciia ngan hdng ddi vdi tang tmdng xanh, kinh te xanh the hi?n d hai khia canh ea bdn: (i) la cau ndi gitra eac id chirc, ed nhan, giura ben thira vdn va thieu vdn; tham gia vao qua trinh ddnh gia va qudn Iy riii ro cdc du an ddu tu, Uong dd gdm ed nhQng nii ro mdi trudng; (ii) bdn than hoat ddng ciia ede ngdn hang cung tae dpng tryc tiep tdi mdi tmdng, thdng qua viec img dung cdng nghe de phi chimg tir hda cac phuang tien thanh loan, dp dung ngdn hdng dien tu true myen... Theo dd, ngdnh ngdn hang ddng vai trd trpng yeu trong vice "xanh hda" ddng vdn ddu tu; dinh hudng ngudn lire tdi chinh vao nhirng ITnh vyc xanh; han che ddng vdn vao nhung dy an gay dnh hudng tdi mdi trudng; gdp phan thiie day cdc khach hang vay vdn chuyen ddi dy dn vd muc dich sir dung vdn vay sang cac d^ dn thdn thien vdi mdi trudng.
I. Khai niem v^ vai tro ciia ngan hang xanh trong nen kinh te
Hogl dpng ciia "ngdn hang xanh" rat rdng, bao gdm hr cdc hoat ddng xanh hda bdn thdn ngdn hdng nhu tiet ki^m gidy sir dung cho ngan hang va khach hang; dp dung hinh thirc ngdn hdng true myen de gidm hi?n dien vat chat dudi hinh thiic chi nhanh hoac phdng giao dich; cho den eac hogt
• ihuyO!83((i'lgmail.com
Nghien euu An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 6 - 2020. U.9-19
Dang Thu Thuy. Phdi trien hogt dgng n\:dn hdng xanhtgrAri£^
dpng .xanh hoa klidch hdng. nhu dp dung cac lieu chuan \ c nidi Irudng eho eac dy an dupe ngdn hang cap vdn vay, hoae ihiic dJ\ tai xrc cho cdc du dn nang lupng tdi tgo. nang lupng ^ach.. Ngdn hang xanh ed the dupc hieu theo nhieu each khde nhau. Dudi ddy la khai ni?m v^ ngan hdng \.mh dus^^^ hieu theo hai each phd bien: (i) ngan hang xanh - hogt ddng nhu mpt ngan hang thuong mgi iNHTMi: ^a (ii) ngan hang xanh -djnh che tai chinh cdng.
(i) Ngdn hdny, xanh - hogt dgng nhu mgt ngdn hdng thirang mgi
Theo each hieu ihu nhdt, "ngan hang xanh" hoat dpng nhu mdt NHTM thdng Ihudng. nhung xem x^t tdi cae yeu td xd hpi va mdi trudng (IBA, 2014). Phdt tnen ngan hang xanh Id \ iec chuyen ddi c;ic quy Irinh npi bp ngan hang, ca sd hg Iang va cdng ngh? thdng tin theo hudng hd Up Idt hon cho vi?c gidm thieu tac dpng lieu cyc tdi mdi tmdng. De hd trp cho qua trinh gidm phdt thai carbon, cae ngan hang xanh tap tmng ngudn lyc tai chinh vao \iec tai trp dy an than thien \di mdi trucmg; day manh ung dyng cdng nghe di ciing vdi xdy dyng thdi quen than thi?n vdi mdi trudng eho khdch hang trong khudn khd cac hogl dpng ngdn hang.
(ll) Ngdn hdng xanh - dinh che tdi chinh cong
Cdch hieu thii hai, "Ngdn hdng xanh Id mpt dinh ehe tdi chinh cdng chuyen cung cap cac ngudn tai trp dai hgn, chi phi thdp cho cac dy an lam giam thieu, sach carbon thdng qua huy dpng cac ngudn iai chinh khae nhau de thu hiit dau lu tu nhdn, qua dd mdi ddng vdn ciia edng chung ed the gdp thanh nhieu ddng vdn eho dau tu tu nhan" (Green Bank Network, 2018).
Theo Ngdn hang Nhd nude Vi?t Nam (2017). vdi vai trd Id tmng gian tdi chinh va !a mpt kenh dan vdn, la huySl mgch ciia nen kinh te, he thdng ngan hang ddng vai trd quan trong trong vi?e quyfit djnh hudng di ciia ngudn vdn ddu m Irong nen kinh te, gdp phan Ihyc hien Ihdnh edng cdc mye lieu phdt irien kinh te - \a hdi ciia dat nude. CM the: (i) tin dung Id edng cu de tap tmng va phan phoi lgi ldi nguyen. nhd sy van dpng cua tin dung ma cde ehu the kinh te nhdn dupe eac tdi nguyen dudi dgng sdn pham. dich vy tiln Ie cua cde id ehirc lin dung de phdt trien san xuat kinh doanh; (ii) tin dung Ihuc ddy tieh ty va tap tmng vdn. tap tnmg sdn xudt; ihdng qua viee ddu m dap ung nhu cdu vdn thidu hyt eiia cae ca nhdn, td chirc de thye hien cac phucmg thire, du an kinh doanh cd hieu qua, tin dyng thiic day nhanh qua trinh tich ty tap tmng vdn cho sdn xuat; (iii) tin dung la cdng eu tdi Irp de phdt tridn cdc ngdnh kinh te/mui nhpn vd thye hien chinh sdch phdt trien kinh t§ - xa hdi.
2. Khae biet giira ngan hang thirtmg mai va ngan hang xanh
Ngdn hdng xanh cd mot sd diem khde biet vdi cac NHTM tir nhiem vu thuc thi, muc tieu vd edu tnic phap ly
Bdng 2.1. So sanh ngan hang xanh vdi ngan hang thirong mai [ Ngan hang thuffng m^ 1 Ngan hdng xa oh
Nhiem \u \k \ Toi da hoa Im nhuan cho I Tao va ho Irg nSng lugng sach vd moi tnrimg gmm phdt [ thtrc thi I cac cii cJony i thai carbon
Nguon von | \ on co dong. nguon qu\ tu Nguon lai irg cua Chinh phii tir cap tning uong den dia Nghien cim An Dp \a Chdu A. Sd 6 - 2020. tr.9-19
Dang Thu Thiiy. Phdt trien hogt dgng ngdn hdng xanh tgi An Dg..
Sff hihi
khach glii tien Thupc ca so hihi nhd nuoc va tu nhan
phuong, tai chinh khi hau, uai phieu xanh, quy dong thue phifc Igi, tieu chuan danh muc ddu m . . . Duge thanh lap nhu mot cong cu chinh sach cong nhdm thuc day nSng lugng sach
Ngudn: NRDC, 2016
3. Hoat dpng ngan hang xanh tai An Do va Vift Nam 3.1. Tgi An Dp
H? thdng tai tao ndng lupng khae biet ddng ke so vdi he thdng nang lupng thdng thudng, nen cac yeu td ve chi phi cung khde nhau hoan toan cho cd hai ITnh vyc. Chi phi cac du an ndng lupng tdi tgo cd linh chat thdm dyng vdn cao, vdi chi phi nhien lieu bang khdng (zero fuel cost), trdi ngupc vdi cdc h? thdng nang lupng thdng thudng (Bhattacharyya va Maheswari, 2010; Hirlh va Sleckel, 2016).
Tgi An Dp, hogl dpng tai chinh xanh, ngdn hang xanh lai thu hiit rat nhieu ngudn lyc tu nhdn.
Dieu nay chi ra rang cdc td chOrc/cdng ty tu nhdn rat quan tdm den ITnh vyc nay. Tuy nhien, ngudn lyc ndy ddi hdi Chinh phii An Dp phdi dua ra mot khung phdp ly phii hop. Mot bdn dd tai ehinh phi cau tnic cho ITnh vyc nay cho thdy ngdnh ndng lugng tai lao, nang lupng sgch dang dupc cdc nhd ddu tu tu nhdn ciing vdi cac td chiirc ngdn hang quan tdm trong vi?c huy dpng ngudn luc tai ehinh can thiet (Yoshino vd Taghizadeh-Hesary, 2015). Mac dii cdu tnic tdi chinh cua nang lupng tdi tgo d An Dp bi chi phdi bdi nganh tdi chinh ngdn hdng, nhung hien tgi, mpi loat cac nha dau tu mdi da tham gia trong ITnh vyc nSng lupng tdi tao d thi trudng An Dp, bao gdm lir cde NHTM den eae nhd dau tu cd phdn tu nhan, cdc nhd dau tu td chuc va cac ngdn hdng phdt trien.
Bang 3.1. Ban do cac nha dau tir tai chinh vao nang Itrorng tai tao tai An D9 CAc loai nhd dau
t u Ngan hang thuang
mgi Nha dau tir co
phan Nha dau t u t o
chiic Ciic ngdn hang
phat trien
Loai hinh
• Cac ngan hdng khu vyc cong
• Cac ngan hang khu virc tu
• Cac ngan hang nuoc ngoai
• Co phdn tu nhan
• Dau tu mao hiem
• Quy bao hiem, cac to chirc thuoc so hihi nha mroc, 16 chirc song phuong, da phuong
• Cac to chuc tai chinh phat trien nhu IREDA, IFCI. SIDBI
Tong dang kv tai An
26 30 37 51 180 24
3
Hoat d^ng trong linh virc n^ng luQUg tai tao
9 6 0 16 21 11 3 Ngudn: CPI, 2012
Cac Id chuc tai chinh ngdn hdng phi ngan hang thude cdc dy an ndng Iuong tai tgo tai An Dp cam k^t vdi sd vdn ddu lu khoang 2.2570 trieu USD (CFA, 2018). Trong dd cd khoang 20% sd tien da dupc Quy Till trp phdt trien An Dp (IDFC) cam k^t ho trp.
3.2. Tgi I iet \ani
Nghien eim An Dg \a Chau A. Sd 6 - 2020, u.9-19 11
Dgng Thu Thu>'. Phdt trien hogt dgng ngdn hdng \anhjgiA^_££::i Chinh phu, ngdnh ngdn hang da va dang trien kJiai nhieu giai phdp ehdng bien ddt khi h§u, gtam nh? thi^i hgi do thien tai, bdo \ e mdi trudng. Trong dd, ehinh sdeh tin dyng xanh dupe coi la mpt irong nhOmg gidi phdp \ e tai chinh cd hi?u qua; gdp phaji nang cao chat lupng mdi trudng ^dng, bdo \ e sue khoe cpng ddng md cdn giup bao ldn thien nhien, phat trien sinh ke cho ngudi ddn, hirdng nen kinh le tdi myc iieu tang truong xanh. Hogt ddng tin dung xanh/ngan hdng \anh Igi ca An Do va \ ict Nam mdi chi dupc trien khai trong nhimg ndra gan ddy, nen ede gidi phdp \ e lin dyng xanh'ngdn hang xanh cdn il vd chua dupc rdng rau trong khi khung phap ly ho trp thyc hien cdn thieu hoan chinh.
Bang 3.2. Mot so vSn ban lien quan den phat trien hoat dpng tSng trudng xanh vk ngan hdng xanh lai Viet Nam
T T
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\'&a ban/quv djnh NQI dung
Cdc vdn bdn mang linh chdt djnh hirdng hogt dgng tin dgng ngdn hdng phii hgp vdi muc neu tdng tnrong xanh
Quydt djnh s6 403/2014/
QD-TTgngay 20 3,2014 Chi thj s6 03/CT-NHhfN ngay 24/3/2015 Quyet dinh s6 1552/QD- NHNNngay06'8'2015
Ke hogch hdnh dgng quoc gia ve ting uugng xanh giai doan 2014-2020
Thuc day tin dyng xanh va quan ly riii ro moi trucmg vd xS hgi trong hogl dgng cap tin dyng
Ke hogch hanh dgng cua nganh Ngan hdng thyc hi?n Chien luge quoc gia ve ISng truong xanh den ndm 2020
Cue vdn bdn trien Uiui, .xdy dimg chinh sdch tin dung ddc thii Uen quan den Idng tnrong xanh Trinh Chinh phii ban hanh
Nghi djnh s6 55/2015/ND- CP thay tha Nghj dinh 41/2010/ND
Thong hr s6 20/201OHT- NHNN ngay 29/9/2010
Thong m l 3 / 2 0 l 4 / r r - NITNN ngay 18 4 2 0 1 4 hucmg dan thyc hien Quyet dinh s6 68/2013/QD-TTg
Nghi quyat s6 I 4 N Q - C P ngay 5 3/2014
Ve chinh sach tin dyng phyc vy phat trien nong nghi&p, nong thon vdi nhieu chinh sach mai; trong do mgt diem quan trgng la cac quy djnh ve chinh sach tin dung khuyen khich phat trien vi?c san xual nong nghipp theo mo hinh iien ket, irng dyng cong nghe cao
Thuc hien ho Ug nguon von cho vay doi vdi nong nghiep, nflng thon thong qua viec giam ty le du trir va thuc hi^n chuang trinh tdi cap von phil hgp myc tieu, bien phap dieu hanh chinh sach tien le
Ho trg lai suat cho vay de giam ton that sau thu hoach. Thong tu ap d\ing doi vcri cac hop dong vay von nham giam ton that trong nong nghipp.
Cac NHTM cho cac doanh nghipp, hop tac \k, to hgp tac, hg gia dinh, ca nhan \ a y von theo quy djnh tai Quyet djnh 68 vdi ISi suat thdp va duge ngan sach cdp bii lai sudt doi voi cac khoan vay von phyc vy ITnh vyc nong nghiep. nong thon
Khuyan khich phat trian hgp tac, lien kit san xuit gin vcri li^u xhu san phdm. xay dung canh d6ng 1cm; khuyan khich iing dyng cong nghe cao uong san xudt nong nghiep va thiic day xuat khau
I 'dn hdn khde lien quan din .xanh hoa hogl dgng ngdn hdng thuc ddy qua img dung cdng nghf
Nghien cihi An Dp vd Chau A S6 6 - 2020. lr.9-19
Ddng Thu Thiiy. Phdt then hogi dgng ngdn hdng .xanh tgi An Dg..
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Thong m 26 2017/TT- M I N N ngay 31/12/2017 Quyel dinh so 2545/QD- TTg ngay 30/12/2016 Quyel dinh so 241/QD-TTg ngay 23/02/2018
Quy dinh hoat dong the ngan hang
De an phat tiHen thanh toan khong dimg tidn mat tai Viet Nam giai do^m 2016-2020
De an day manh thanh toan qua ngan hang doi voi cac dich vy cong:
thue, dien, nuoc, hoc phi, vien phi va chi tra cac chuong trinh an sinh xS hpi
Ngudn: Ngan hdng Nha nude Viet Nam, 2017
Mpt sd ngan hdng da xay dyng cde chuang trinh tdi uu de phuc vy tang trudng xanh nhu cdc chuong trinh eho vay doanh nghiep, ngudi dan theo chuoi lien ket givta cdc khdu sdn xudt, che bien, lieu thy sdn phdm; xay dyng cac giai phap thuc day sdn phdm "Ngao hang - tin dung xanh" hd trp cho doanh nghi&p thyc hi?n tdng tmdng xanh, khuyen khich tap tmng ngudn vdn tin dung ngan hang cho cdc dy dn, phucmg an kinh doanh, dau tu cho cdc ngdnh, ITnh vyc giam thieu vd thich ung vdi bien ddi khi hgu, phdt trien cdc dich vy ngan hang hien dai, sii dung cdng nghe cao, than thien mdi mdi tmdng.
Bang 3.3. Cdc san ph^m tin dung xanh hi^n co tai cac NHTM Vift Nam T T
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NgSn hdng
Agribank
Vietinbank
ACS
Sacomhank
BIDV
I leli. oiiihanK
San pham - Cho vay dy an dau tu xay dyng thiiy dipn
- Cho vay iiy thac dau tu: phat trien cao su, lai chinh nong ihon (RDF) - Cho vay cac dy an nong nghipp nong thon, djch vu du ljch
- Dy an nang cao chat lugng an toan san pham nong nghi?p va phat trien chuong trinh khi sinh hge (QSEAP)
- Cung cap nuoc, hoat dgng quan ly va xii ly rac thai, nuac thai - Cho vay cac dy an tiat kiem va hieu qud nSng lugng - Chuong trinh tin dyng moi tnrong
- Chucmg trinh tin dyng
- Chuang trinh cho vay dy an nang lugng tai tao - Cho vay theo dy an tdi chinh nong thon
- San pham cho vay co bao lanh tir Quy tin dyng xanh danh cho doanh nghipp vira va nho
- Chuong trinh cho vay du dn nSng lugng tai tao - Cho vay nong thon, lam nghiep - Cho vay phat trien kinh te hg gia dinh
- Cho vay cac dy an tai cha chal thai, nang lugng tai tao - Cho vay dy an ihiiy dien, phong dien
- Cho vay dy an khu du lich sinh thai
- Cho vay du an nhd may tai tao nang lucmg. ha thong cap nuoc sach - Sdn pham cho vay theo chuang trinh dy an
- Dy an thiiy dien, phong dipn - Du ljch sinh thai
Nghien cuu An Dp vd Chau A. Sd 6 - 2020, U.9-19
Dang Thu Thiiy. Phdt triin hogt dgng ngdn hdng xanhjgijj}_£^
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7 .\gdii hdng Chinh sdch xd hgi
S HD Bank .Vgdn hang Phdi 1 then I'u'l "^am 10 j Tien Phang
- Kinh doanh san pham c6 cong ngh? san xuat than thi?n moi mrcri^___
- Cho vay ngan sach nhdm thyc hipn Chian luge Qu6c gij - Cho vay du an phat trien ngdnh lam nghipp
Cho \ a y du an bao vp vd phdt triSn nhihig vung ddt nggp n'ti''^ ^'^" '"®"
miL'n Nam \'iei Nam
- Tdi try von dau W may moc, thiat bj da xu iy rac thai - Chuang trinh net kiem nfing lugng vd phat trien nSng lugng ldi tgo - Han miic tin dune chone bien doi khi hau
- Du an xii Iv chat thai Ngudn: Ngdn hdng Nha nude Vi^t Nam, 2017
3.3. Hogt dgng ngdn hdng xanh tgi .-in Dp vd Vift Nam: so sdnh vd ddnh gid
Hogt dpng ngdn hang xanh tgi An E)d va Viet Nam cd nhieu net tuong ddng. Tuy nhien. chinh tihiJng diem khde biet sg giup chiing ta cd cdi nhin da chieu, chinh xdc de cd nhung danh gia hpp ly, cy the:
3.3,1. He thong qudn ly rui ro mdi trudng vd xa hgi trong hogl dgng cdp tin dung Ve mo hinh td chuc quan ly nil ro mdi tnrdng vd xd hgi:
Tai hdu hdt cdc ngan hang An Dp vd Viet Nam deu ehua cd bd phan chuyen Uaeh ve quan ly riii ro mdi trucmg va xd hpi, ngoai trir ngan hang Sacombank (Vi?t Nam), ngan hang Yes Bank (An Dp) cd nhdm chuyen trdch trong viec xay dyng va tu vdn ve he thdng quan ly mdi tmdng va xa hpi. Tuy nhien, cac ngan hang deu nhan thuc dupc rdng nen thanh lap bp phdn chuyen trach nay de tap tmng quan Iy ddnh gia nii ro mdi trucmg vd xa hpi, vd cho rang bp phan nay nen tryc thudc Khdi/dcm vj quan ly riii ro hoac KJidi/don vi khdch hang doanh nghiep.
Ve xdy dimg quy trinh qudn ly riii ro mdi tnrdng va xd hgi:
Cac ngan hang/td chirc tai chinh tgi An Dp (SBI, IREDA, Yes Bank, hidus Bank, IDFC) dd xay dyng vd trien khai quy trinh quan ly nii ro mdi trucmg vd xa hpi trong hoat ddng cap tin dyng; trong dd bao gdm cac ngdn hang dupc cdp phep hoal ddng dudi hinh thuc ngan hdng 100% vdn sd hihi nude ngoai (nhu HSBC. Standard Chartered tai An Dp va Vi^t Nam). Ddi vdi nhirng ngan hdng 100% vdn nude ngoai, do cd ngan hang me tham gia nguyen tdc xich dao nen cd he thdng quan ly riii ro mdi tmcmg xa hdi, thyc hien theo quy trinh, lieu chuan mdi trudng va xa hdi do ngan hang me xdy dyng vd dua vao trien khai tgi cd An Dp vd Viet Nam. Ddi vdi cdc NHTM cd phdn tgi Viet Nam, hien ehi c6 mdt sd ngan hang nhu Sacombank, Techcombank, Vietinbank da xay dyng vd ban hanh quy Irinh quan ly nii ro mdi trudng vd xa hpi bdng van ban.
Vi cong cu ddnh gid nii ro moi tnrdng:
Cdng cu danh gia nii re mdi tmcmg va xa hdi Uong hoat ddng cap tin dyng la khae nhau theo hJng ngan hang Igi moi qude gia va An Dp, Viet Nam khdng phdi la ngogi 1?. Danh gia tac dpng mdi tmdng la edng cy duac sir dyng thucmg xuyen nhat, ngodi ra, cdn mdt sd cdng cu khae nhu: Danh myc phdn logi dy an nii ro vd mdi Uudng - xa hpi; Danh sach logi Uir cdc dy an khdng dupc cdp vdn; Bang cdu hdi khao sat khach hdng: Bdo edo tai danh gid mdi tnrdng vd xa hpi ddi vdi khach hdng; Bao cao H? thdng
Nghien ciiu .\n Dp vd Chau A. Sd 6 - 2020. u.9-19 ,4
pang Thu Thiiy. Phdt trien hoat dgng ngdn hdng .xanh tgi An Dg...
quan ly Mdi trudng va xa hpi; Bang phan tich nii ro mdi tmdng vd xa hdi (ESRA); Quan ly nii ro an lodn doanh nghi?p (ESRM). Hien nay, sd lupng cac ngan hang/td chuc tai chinh xay dyng quy trinh thdm djnh tin dyng cho cac dy an xanh khdng nhieu, nhu: Sacombank, BIDV, Vietinbank, Vietcombank, Agribank, SHE, ACB, Viet A, Phuang Ddng, Kien Long, Dai Chiing, HSBC (\'iet Nam); IREDA, IFCI, SIDBI, SBI, Yes Bank, Indus Bank, India hifradebt, Djch vu tai chinh PTC An Dp. Ngan hang Cdng dodn An Dp, Bank of Baroda (An Dp). Trong sd ngan hang/td chuc tai chinh duoc xem la cd quan tdm den cdc dy an xanh (Vietcombank, Sacombank, BIDV, ACB, Agribank, Vietinbank), chi cd ngan hang Sacombank (Vi?t Nam) va Yes Bank (An Dd) dS trien khai quy trinh tham dinh tac dpng mdi tmdng va xd hpi thdng qua chinh sdch mdi tnrdng va xa hpi ket hpp vdi He thdng quan Iy mdi tmdng va xa hpi (ESMS). Cdc ngan hdng cdn lgi vdn dang timg budc thyc hien quy trinh ndy.
Trong qua trinh cdp tin dyng ciia minh, cac ngan hdng ihudng tham khao hudng dan cdch thyc hi?n ddnh gid tdc dpng mdi trudng va dSng ky cam ket bao ve mdi trudng theo Lugt/Quy djnh Bao v?
mdi tmdng cua An Dp va Vi?t Nam. Theo dd, ngan hdng yeu cau khach hang vay np nop hai van bdn hodc (i) Quyet dinh ciia co quan nha nude cd thdm quyen phe duyet danh gia lac dpng mdi tmcmg hoac (ii) D5ng ky cam ket bao ve mdi tmdng lam bang chirng cho thay Dy an cd quan tam den van de mdi tmdng va man thii quy djnh, hudng dan ciia Nha nude. Tuy nhien, tren thyc te, cac ngan hang cung chua chu trpng nhieu den viec kiem tra trcng va sau khi eho vay xem lieu khdch hang cd man thu nhiing quy djnh vk dieu kipn ddt ra trong cdc van bdn do. Dieu ndy cd the dan tdi nii ro neu khdch hdng vi phgm va dy an bj dinh chi thi cdng. Cac ngan hang/td chirc tai chinh tai An Dp va Vi?t Nam dd ca bdn nhgn thire dupc tam quan trpng cua viec danh gia nii ro mdi trudng vd xd hpi h-ong hogt dpng tin dyng; tuy nhi6n khd nhiSu ngan hang lo ngai viec dp dyng cac yeu cau khdt khe v6 mdi tmdng vd xa hpi s6 Idm mil khach hang do khach hang se lya chpn cac ngan hdng khae khdng dp dyng cdc yeu cau ndy. Vi vdy, cdc quy dinh hoac hudng dan ve mdi tmdng vd xd hdi can dupe ban hanh va thyc Ihi ddng bp trong toan nganh de ddm bdo canh tranh cdng bdng.
3.3.2. Huy dgng nguon von xanh
Vi^c huy dpng ngudn vdn xanh tgi An Dp va Viet Nam khd khde nhau, cac ngudn vdn xanh hd trp cho cac hogt ddng/dy an xanh nliieu dgc trung phu thudc vao dieu kien, hodn cdnh ciia tung qudc gia.
3.3.2.1. TgiAnDg
Theo ADBI (2018b), huy ddng vdn xanh tgi An Dp tir mdt sd hoat ddng: (i) Quy ndng lupng &
mdi trudng sach qudc gia, (ii) cho vay nganh uu tien, (iii) cac khoan vay mem (soft loan') tir IREDA, (iv) ngan hang xanh, (v) trdi phieu xanh, (vi) quy np ca sd ha tdng, va (vii) gpi vdn cdng ddng.
(0 Qtiy ndng lugng vd moi trudng sgch qudc gia (NCEEF): Id mdt ca che tdi chinh hieu qua cho h? diong nang Iupng tai tgo tgi An Dp. Quy nay dupc thanh lap de hd trp cac dy an kinh doanh. Quy nay hogt dpng ke tu nam 2011-2012 va chu yeu nhdm huy ddng cac ngudn lyc bd sung de hd Up phdt
' Khoan vay mem la khoan vay khong tinh Iai hoac iai sudt thap hon thi truong. Khoan vay mem co cdc diau khoan uu dai, nhu thoi gian an hgn keo ddi ma chi phai trd ISi hoac phi djch vu dao han, hodc cd nhiing thdi ky duge mien ldi.
Nghiencim AnDp va Chau A. Sd 6-2020, U.9-19 15
Ddng Thu Thuy. Phdt trien hogt dgng ngdn hdng .uinhjaf -j!!_—1_
trien ndng tupng sgch. Mdt phan cua quy NCEEF dupc IREDA cho cac ngdn hang \a> \di ldi ^i'-' - de cho cac dy an nang lupng tai tao khde vay lai vdi ldi sudt im d5i khdng vupt qua 5°o- Tuv n icn, theo nghien cOm danh gia NCEEF thi thay cdc quy dd chuyen hudng sang cae dy an khdng phat a nang lupng tai lao (CSE, 2017) do thieu cache giam sat phii hpp vdi myc lieu.
(ii) Cho vay cdc ngdnh mi tien: xem xet tAm quan trpng ciia nganh \a nhu cau huy dpng \on cua khu vye m nhan, RBI da phdn logi nganh ndng lupng tdi tgo la nganh cho vay uu tien vao thang 4/2015. Myc dich ciia \iec phan logi lade xa\ dyng ha ldng c a s d \ a ldng cudng kha nang cgnh tranh cua nen kinh tc. Cdc hudng dan ciia RBI cho rang 40% tin dyng rdng eua ngan hang dupc cho vay vao cdc ITnh vyc im lien vdi hgn mirc Iran eho vay Id 2.3 tri^u USD/ngudi nhu cae dy an nang lupng tai igo: mdy phdt di?n nang Iupng mat trdi, may phat di?n, nha mdy gid. he thdng chieu sang dudng pho vadi?n khi hda idng tir xa (RBI, 2015).
(iii) Cdc khodn vay mim (soft loan) lir IREDA: IREDA md rpng cac khodn vay cho cde nha phai tri^n dy an ndng Iupng tai tao \di lai sudt thap. Khodn tdi trp dirpc phdn chia theo nhicu md hinh nhu cho vay tryc ti^p va cho vay thdng qua cdc tmng gian tdi chinh khde nhau thdng qua vi?c hd trp cdc ddng von tin dung tdi cdng ty ldi chinh phi ngan hang (NBFC) va bao ianh np... IREDA sii dyng NCEEF dc cung c3p khoan np dupc trp cdp vdi lai sudt 5% dd cac dy an nang lupng tai tao thdng qua cac ngdn hang dupc chi dinh. IREDA thucmg lay ngudn vdn tir cdc Id chirc qudc te va cac ngdn hang dk hd trp cdc du dn xanh. Uy ban Cam ket Cdng ddng An Dp (CoPU) cho rang cdc dy an chdm tre s5 bi phgl nhung v!?c xir phat cae du dn chgm tre ciing dang bi tri hoan qua khoang 66 ngdy Iheo quy djnh chuan la 90 ngay (CoPU, 2017).
(iv) Ngdn hang xanh: Ngdn hang xanh ndi len nhu mpt cdng cy sdng tgo de gia tSng ngudn tdi chinh cho ndng lupng saeh lodn cau. Cdc td chirc tai chinh dac Ihii dupc xem la mdt ca che thanh cdng de tan dyng ngudn tai chinh cdng han che, ddng thdi huy ddng ngudn vdn tu nhan can thiet vdo ITnh vyc nay. Nhimg no lyc ddu tien dupc bdt ngudn tir ke hoach trd thanh ngan hang xanh dau tien Igi An Dp ciia Ca quan Phdt trien Nang lugng Tai tao An Dp. Vi ngudn quy cdng cho hoat ddng nang luong saeh han che nen Chinh phii An Dp da huy ddng cdc quy tu nhan de ddp img cac mye tieu nang lupng sach tren todn An Dp. Bd Nang lupng mdi va Nang lugng tdi tao An Dp (MNRE), IREDA vd cdc ben lien quan dd thdo lugn hai nam ve viec trien khai hogt ddng ngan hang xanh mpt each hipu qud nhat.
Mpt sd NHTM khde a An Dp ciing da cd nhiing sang kien hudng tdi viec chuyen ddi sang ngan hang xanh. SBI cung cap cdc khodn vay ddi han vdi lai suat uu dai cho cdc dy an ndng lupng ldi tao. Cdc ngan hang xanh cd kha nang gidm ldi sudt cho \ay vd cung cap cdc khodn tdi ehinh linh hoat phu hpp
\di nhu cau tdi ehinh ndng lupng lai tao. He Ihdng ngdn hdng xanh d An Dp cd the giai quyfit cdc thaeh ihuc lien quan den tai chinh nhu giam thieu nii ro ngogi hdi, thiel lap mdt ca sd ky quy, cung cdp lin dyng hdn hpp... Nhu cdu ddi vdi ngdn hang xanh dupc the hien rdt rd lai An dp nen viec RBI cd nhung ea chd didu chinh hop ly la hoan loan cdn thiet. Muc tieu id cac ngan hdng xanh huy ddng cac khoan Idi chinh cdn thiet vdi mirc gid re han nhung dd chua thuc sy thdnh cdng a An Dp.
(V) Trdi phiiu xanh: Trdi phi^u xanh la cdng cu tdi chinh cd Ihu nhap cd djnh dd gdy quy cho cac dy an \ i mdi Uudng (GIZ. 2015). Trdi phidu xanh cung dupc xdp hang tin dyng de thu hin cdc to chirc
NchiencimAnDpvaChauA So 6 - 2020, u.9-19 16
Ddng Thu Thiiy. Phdt trien hogt dong ngdn hdng xanh tgi An DQ...
tai chinh. Mac dii kinh nghi?m cua An Dp ddi vdi cdng cu tai chinh ndy cdn kha non ue nhimg Iai dang su dyng rpng rdi. An Dp da phat hanh mdt loai trai phieu xanh ddc dao do IREDA phdt hanh dudi ten gpi la trai phieu Masala xanh. Tinh den thang 4/2017, An Dp da phdt hanh sd lupng trdi phieu xanh loan cdu udc dgt 3,2 ty USD. Trong long sd phieu phdt hanh giai doan 2015-2017, gdn 70% sd tien thu dupc danli cho ndng lupng tai tao tai An Dp (Climate Bond, 2017). Trdi phieu xanh tai An Dp dupc giai ngan cho dy an ndng luang tai tao dudi dang cdc khodn vay. Mac dii he thdng ngan hang An Dp dd tgo ra cdc quy dinh cdn thiel de thiic day thi irudng trdi phieu xanh nhung su thdnh cdng ciia Ihi Imdng nay chii yeu phy thupc vao vi?c ddnh gid nii ro cua cac nhd dau m ddi vdi cac cdng cu do.
Ivi) Quy ng ca s& hg tdng: Day ciing dupc xem Id cdng cu tai chinh hd Up ndng lupng tai tao tai An Dp. Nhimg quy ndy cd the hd Up ciing nhu gia hgn cac dy dn ca sd ha tang. Che dp quy dinh hien hanh Igi An Dp cho phep cac khoan tien nhu vay dupc cho vay ddi vdi ede dy an htpp tac edng tu (PPP). Cdc quy np ca sd ha Iang cd the bat ddu ddu m vao cac dy an sau mdt nam hogt dpng. Cdc quy phdi trien cd sa hg lang (IDF) ciia An Dp hien chii yeu dupc sir dung de tai tai Up np cho cac cdng ty co sd hg lang nham huy dpng ldi 10% tdng sd du np eiia hp Ihdng qua trdi phieu chiem hiru ngdn hgn vd gidy Id thuong mgi (Centrum va FICCl, 2016).
(vii) Ggi von cgng dong: Gpi vdn edng ddng dupc xem nhu mdt ngudn tdi chinh xanh d cac qudc gia nhu Bdc My vd Tay Au vdi muc dich huy ddng vdn tir sd lupng ldn cac nha dau hr lu nhdn nhd de dgt dupc quy md ngudn vdn mong mudn. Do do, vice keu gpi vdn nay la mpt ca che tai trp phi tap tmng nhieu hon de thu thap vdn cho cac dy an nang lupng tdi Igo. Gpi vdn cdng ddng ciing dang dupc sir dyng rpng rai Igi An Dp trong dien khi hda ndng thdn.
3 3 2.2 Tgi ViC't Nam
Theo Ngdn hang Nhd nude Viet Nam (2017), cdc NHTM Viet Nam cd the tiep can cdc ngudn vdn sau dc thiic day hogt dpng lin dung xanh, ngan hang xanh:
(/) Quy bdo ve inoi ti-ir&ng Viet Nam (VEPF) thugc Bo Tdi nguyen vd Moi nirdng: VEPF cd chirc ndng cho vay ldi suai uu dai, tdi trp, hd trp lai sudt cho cac chuang trinh, dy an. cac hoat ddng, nhiem vy bao vi; mdi tnrdng va ung phd vdi bien ddi khi hgu. Thdi hgn cho vay tdi da khdng qua 10 ndm; lai sudt cho vay theo limg nhdm ddi mong uong timg thdi ky, mirc lai suat cho vay tdi da khdng vupt qua 50% mue iai sudt cho vay thuang mai, hien nay muc lai suat cho \a\ dang dp dung (ndm 2015) la 3,6"o/ndm. Sau 13 nam hoat dpng (2002-2015), VEPF da cho vay 192 dy an ddu tu bao ve mdi tmdng vdi tdng sd tien hem 1.200 ty ddng tren ed nude. Cdc dy dn cho vay chii yeu d khu vyc mien Tmng vd mien Nam. duac ddu tu trong ITnh vye xdy dyng nhd mdy xir ly nude thai.
(li) Nguon van iru dai, ho trg ve von, ddt dai doi v&i cdc to chirc. cd nhdn tham gia cung irng dich vu mdi tnr&ng theo Quyijt dinh sd 249'QD-TTg ngdy 10/2/2010 cua Thii tudng Chinh phu ve viec phe du\ct De dn Phdt trien dich vu mdi tnrdng den nam 2020. Theo dd, cdc td chirc, ca nhdn tham gia cung ling djch vu mdi imdng dupc hudng cdc chinh sdch hd trp ve dai dai, vdn: uu dai ve tin dyng d muc cao nhat iheo quy dinh cua phdp luat.
(iii) ,\giidn von ini dai ddu tir ciia .\hd mr&c doi vdi cdc du dn ndng lirgng sgch, co khd ndng ldi
Nghien cim An Dp va Chau A Sd 6 - 2020. U.9-19 17
Djing Thu Thiiy. Phdt tnin hogl dgng ngdn hdng .xanh fyUj^^^l^^z:.
tgo Iheo Nghi dinh sd 32 2017 XD-CP ngay 31 3 2017 cua Chinh phii v^ tin dyng dim m cua Nha nude (cd hi?u lyc tir 15/5/2017). iha\ tha Nghi dinh so 75/2011/ND-CP ngay 30 S 2011: cac dy an dau lu xdy dyng cdng trinh \ u ly nude thdi. rdc thai cac khu do thi. khu cdng nghi?p, khu kinh le. khu che xuat. khu cdng nghe cao, benh vi?n vd c^c cym cdng nghi?p lang nghe (dy an nhdm A. B): dy an ndng lupng sgch \a cac tai nguyen ndng lupng cd khd ndng tai tao thupc ddi mong dirpc va\ ^on lin dyng dau tu ciia Nhd nude. Cac hoat dpng liet kiem nude dupc hd trp vay theo chinh sach tin dyng dau tu ciia Nha nude iheo Nghi djnh sd 54 2015 XD-CP \ e uu ddi ddi vdi hogt dpng sir dyng nude tiet ki?m, hi?u qua gdm: ddu tti san xuat sdn phdm. thiet bi. cdng ngh? su dyng nude tict ki?m. hieu qua (hogl dpng thu gom nude mua. khir mudi tir nude lp. nude mjn thdnh nude ngpt, dp dyng cdng ngh?, ky thual. bi?n phdp mdi xik ki?m nude trong san xuat ndng nghi?p).
(iv) Quy uy ihdc tin dung xanh (GCTF) danh cho cac dy dn tiSt ki?m nang lupng, nang lupng tai tgo va cdng ngh? sach: GCTF duge thanh lgp tgi Vi?t Nam tir nam 2007 vdi myc tieu giiip cdc doanh nghi?p tidp cgn cdc ngudn Idi chinh khi khdng dii khd nang ky quy de vay vdn thdng qua vi?c bao ldnh lin dyng, hd trp mpt phan vdn ddu m de doanh nghiep lap d§t, van hdnh cdng ngh? sgch hem va gidm thidu tdc dpng tieu cue den mdi tmdng. GCTF dupc van hanh vdi sy tham gia ciia cac NHTM: ACB, VIB, Techcombank, Trung Iam San xudt sach han Viet Nam (VNCPC), Tmng tam tham van lai Thyy ST va Cyc Kmh te Lien bang Thyy ST.
(v^ Nguon von xanh huy dgng thong qua \gdn hdng Nhd nu&c: bao gdm cac ngudn vdn ho trp tir cdc td chuc qudc te (nhu Ngan hang Tdi thiet Due KfW, Quy Khi hdu xanh GCF...).
(Vl) Nguon von xanh do bdn thdn cdc NHTM huy dgng: Theo ddnh gia, du dja va nhu cau ve von cho cdc dy dn xanh d Vi?t Nam kha ldn, dae biet tai cac dja phuang cd lpi the ve phdt trien du lich.
Tuy nhien, vi?c huy dpng vdn tir ben ngoai dau m phue vu myc tieu tdng trudng xanh cdn nhieu hgn che. Trong bdi canh nay, viec phat trien trai phieu xanh la mpt kenh thu hiit vdn mdi va hieu qua tgi nhieu qudc gia. Theo dd, trai phieu xanh dupc huy dpng de phyc vy cho cdc dy an - cdng trinh "xanh"
nhu cdc dy an thuy lpi, bdo \ ? mdi ttudng; mdt sd doanh nghiep cung phat hanh trai phieu doanh nghi?p de phyc vy cho cdc dy dn xanh.
Ket luan
Dae thil hoat dpng ngan hang Id hoat ddng then chdt cua nen kinh te. Thdng qua hoat dpng ngan hang cd the lac dpng tdi hau het cdc thdnh phdn vd ITnh vyc ciia nen kinh te. Viec so sdnh danh gid hoat dpng ngdn hang xanh cita hai qudc gia An Dp va Viet Nam de hieu hem ve hoat dpng san xudt vd kinh doanh cd Uaeh nhi?m vdi cdng ddng vd mdi tmcmg la dieu kien lien quyet ddm bdo thanh cdng cua phdt trien kinh le vd xd hdi bdn vimg. Triet ly sdng cd trach nhiem duy tri mdi trudng sdng an todn vd ldnh mgnh Id tdt yeu khdch quan, khdng the cudng lai vd tri hoan ddi vdi tdt cd chiing la, dSc bi?t trong bdi canh hpi nhgp kinh te qudc le ngay eang sdu rpng.
T^i lieu tham khao
I Bhattacharyya, P., and Maheswari. S (2010), "Private Equity Financing for Cleantech
Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau .A S6 6 - 2020. u.9-19 Ig
Ddng Tbu Thuy. Phdt trien hoat dong ngdn hang xanh tgi An Dg...
Infrastructure", India Infrasintctiire Report, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp.77-86.
2. Centrum and FICCl (2016), Infrastructure Financing: Emerging Options in India. Report by Centtum and FICCl.
3.CFA (2018), Coal vs Renewables: Fmancial Analysis, New Delhi: Centre for Financial Accountability.
4. Climate Bonds (2017), Bonds and Climate Change. Climate Bonds.
hIIps://www.cIimatebonds.net/files/files/CB-HSBC-2017-lndia.pdf, ngdy uuy cap S'3/2020.
5. CoPU (2017), Financing of renewable energy projects by Indian Renewable Energy Development Agenc\' Limited, 22nd Report of Committee on Public Undertakings 2017-18.
6. CPI (2012), Meeting India's Renewable Energy Targets: The Financing Challenge, Climate Policy Initiative (CPI).
7. CSE (2017), Using the National Clean Energy Funds lo Clean Coal Power Plants. Policy Brief, Ccnue for Science and Environment, http://wwvk'.cseindia.org/ userfiles/NCEF.pdf, ngdy tmy cap 8/3/2020.
8. GIZ (2015), The Role ofthe Private Sector to Scale up Climate Finance in India. Germany; GI, https://\vww.giz.de/de/downloads/giz2015-en-nama-!ndia-private-financial-institutions-elimate-finance- final-repon.pdf, ngdy tmy cgp 8/3/2020.
9. Green Bank network (2018), Green banks around the Globe: 2018 year in Review. Prepared for the 6th Annua! Green Bank Congress hanghai, November 29.
10. Hirth, L., and Steekel.J.C. (2016), The Role of Capital Costs in Decarbonising Electricity Sector, Environmental Research Letters 11: 1-8, DOI: 10.I088/1748-9326/1I/11/114010.
11. Indian Banks Association (2014), Green banking innovations; Indian bank association.
hltp://www.theindianbanker.co.in/hUnl, ngdy tmy cap 8/3/2020.
12. Ngdn hdng Nhd nude Vi?t Nam (2017), De dn Quy tdi chinh - tin dung xanh thugc Ngdn hdng Nhd nu&c Vi$t Nam, Dy thao lan 2.
13. Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC, 2016), Greening India's financial market:
Opportunities for a green bank in India.
14. RBI (2015), Master Ctirulars - Priority Sector Lending Targets and Classification, Reserve Bank of India.
15. Yoshino, N., and Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2015), Analysis of Credit Risk for Small and Mediiim- Sted Enterprises: Evidence from Asia. Asian Development Review, 32 (2), pp. 18-37.
Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A. Sd 6 - 2020, U.9-19
