C H U Y £ N M[JC
T R I E T H O C - C H l N H TR! HOC - XA HQI HOC
PHLPaNG PHAP TUYEN TRUYlfeN BANG THO C O A H O CHi MINH
N G U Y E N TH! NHAN"
Chu tich Ho Chl Minh khong nhCfng la nha tif twang lan ma con la bac thay trong tuy§n tivydn, v$n d^ng vi to chwc quan chung each mang. Phwang phap tuy&n truydn being tha cua Ho Chi Minh the hien st/ sang tao va dpc dao, phu hap v&i hoan cinh, diiu ki$n Vi$t Nam lie bay gia. Phwang phap ay da gop phan rat li/n trong vi$c (50 ra si,r thinh c6ng cho cich mang Vi$t Nam. Bii viet tap trung khii quit qui trinh tuyen truyen bang tha cita Ho Chi Minh qua cac thai ky each m^ng, qua dd di thay dwgc sw sing tao vi doc dio cua phwang phap tuyen truyen nay.
TCr khda: phu'ong phip, tuyen truyen, tho, each mgng, Chij tjch Ho Chi Minh, tuyen truyin bang tho
Nhin bii ngiy: 30/9/2019; dwa vao bien tap: 10/10/2019: phin bien: 19/10/2019;
duyet ding: 15/3/2020
1. D A N N H A P 3en mpt goc dp rat dac biet 66 la Chu tjcti H 6 Chl Minh, nha chinh tn, Phu-ong phap tuyen truyen bang tho n h i t u tu'ong loi Igo, dong thdi la n h i ciJa Ho Chi Minh.
van, n h i tho c i c h mgng v d i phong Phu'O'ng phap tuyen truyen cua H 6 c i c h van tho mdi, mang dgm triet ly Chi Minh la s y long hpp nhu'ng cich h i n h dpng. NhO'ng ddng gdp cua Ho thu-c, bien phap tuyen truyen; la khoa Chl Minh doi vdi nen van hpc c i c h hpc va nghe thuat tuyen truyen ma mgng Vi$t Nam la rat Idn. Tuy nhien, Ngu'di da t i i p thu, ke thCfa, van dung trong bai viet nay, ngudi viet khong dS mpt each s i n g tgo hpe thuyet M i c - c i p den t o i n bp s y nghiep v i n Lgnin, tinh hoa van hda cijg d i n tde chuong eOa H 6 Chl Minh ma ehi b i n ^^ „han Ipgi, d4 giac ngp, giai thieh,
CO vu va dpng vien mpi t i n g Idp nhan 'Trifdng Bgi hpc Quy Nhon. dan tham gia, Qng hp s y nghiep c i c h
mgng. Ngudi khing dinh; "Tuyen truyen la dem mpt vipc gi ndi cho din hiiu, dan nhd, dan theo, din lam' (Ho Chi Minh, 2011; 776).
Trong s u nghipp each mgng, Chij tjch Ho Chf Minh l i mpt n h i tuyen tmyen g i i u kinh nghidm, Ngudi d i van dung mpt s6 phuong p h i p tuyen truyen (tuyen truyen thdng qua sO dyng hp thdng thong tin dgi chung, sich bao, tranh anh; tuyen truyen thdng qua cac hogt dpng v i n hda, v i n nghp, the thao, t6 chuc le hdi truyin thong, b i o cao d i l n hlnh, hpc t i p guong ngudi t i t , vi0e tot...) mdt cich sang tgo v i hipu q u i , phgc vg thiet thyc cho s y nghipp cieh mgng. Mpt trpng nhOng phuong phip tuy§n truyin ma Ngudi ke thifg trong truyin thong hang nghin nam Ijeh s u eua d i n tpc l i loi tuyen truyen mi$ng thdng qua nhOng cau ve, ca dao d l tCr dd hinh thanh ndn mpt phuong p h i p tuyen truyen sing tap v i ddc d i o ; tuyen truyen b i n g tho.
Bay l i phuong p h i p tuyen truyin phii hpp vdi mpt nydc An Nam thdi thuc d i n Phip thdng trj vdi 95% ngudi dan khdng biet chy; ddng thdi cung thich hop vdi ddi song van hda tinh t h i n t h i m dam i m hydng ca dao, d i n ca cua ngydi Vipt Nam. Phuong p h i p tuyen truyin n i y the hien tam nhin bao q u i t va sau s i c cua Ho Chi Minh v l thyc tien each mang Viet Nam.
Sinh thdi, Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh khdng khi n i o nhgn minh la " n h i tho" hogc ed ehing cung chT l i " n h i tho b i t d i e d f . NhOng bai tho cua Ngydi ludn dupe s i n g t i e trong nhOng dieu kien.
hoan canh r i t d i e biet v i thudng g i n liln vdi nhung s y kien trgng dgi cua c i c h mgng Viet Nam. T i p tho Nguc trung nh$t kf^ l i mdt vi dg dien hinh.
Cd t h i ndi, phuong phip tuyen truyin b i n g tho dupe Chu tich H i Chi Mmh lya chon tif r i t sdm v i phuong phap i y duoc Ngydi s u dgng xuyen suot trong t i i n trinh cich mgng Vipt Ngm.
2. THCTI KY T R l / d C NAM 1930 xa hpi Vi$t Nam cuoi t h i ky XIX, d i u the ky XX dirng trudc s y khung hoang, be t i e t r i m trpng v l dydng loi edu nude. Tim loi ra khoi cupc khiing hoang i y l i yeu c i u bifc thilt ciia c i c h mgng Vi§t Nam. GiCfa luc dd, anh thanh nien Nguyen T i t Thanh budc len vu dai chinh trj. Nhim d i p U'ng edng t i c tuydn truyin myc tieu, nhiem vg c i c h mang, chi ra eon dudng cicu nude, giai phdng d i n tpc, NguySn Ai Qudc da djch Bin yeu sich cua nhan din An Nam ra tiing Vipt theo t h i tho lue b i t de tuyen truyin eho dong b i o trong nude d y d i nhan de Viet Nam yiu cau ca. Tif mpt Bin yeu sach b i n g tieng Phap, Nguyin Ai Qucc da the hien s u tai tinh khi ehuyen tai toan bd npi dung thinh 56 cau tho theo the Ige b i t truyin thong.
Tif t i e p h i m nay, ngudi dan trong nudc va ea the gidi l i n d i u tien b i i t den eai ten Nguyen Ai Quoe - mdt ngudi Vipt Nam yeu nudc dung c i m , mdt ehiin sT c i c h mgng kien cudng.
"... Mot xin tha ke dong bao, Vi chwng chinh tri mic vio tu giam.
Hai xin phep luit sua sang, Ngwai Tiy ngudi Viet hai phwang
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 5 (261) 2020
Cling ding.
NhO'ng tda die biet bat eong, Giim xin bd dift rpng dung dan lanh.
Ba xin rdng phip hpc hanh,
Mdt mang kp ngh$, lip thinh cdng thwang.
Bon xin dw(?e phip hgi hing, Nim xin nghT ngai ndi bin tw do.
Siu xin dime phip lieh du,
Bon phwang mic si>c, nim ehiu mac tinh
Bay xin hiin phip ban hanh, Trim diu phai ed than linh phip quyin
Tim xin dwgc cCf nghi vien.
Qua Tiy thay mitgiwquyin tho din...".
(Hd Chl Minh, 2011; 612).
Ngiy 11/11/1924, Nguyen Ai Quoc tif Lien Xd ve tdi Q u i n g Chau (Trung Quoc) vdi t u each l i dai bieu cua Quoe t l Cpng s i n de n i m tinh hinh, gay dyng pheng trao va thinh lap chi bp Dang Cpng san Ddng Duong.
T h i n g 6/1925, Ngydi thanh lap Hpi Vipt Nam C i c h mgng Thanh nien t i i n than cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam. Ciing thdi gian dd, Ngudi xuat ban m$t so t i e pham l)i Iugn quan trpng nhu San in chi dg thi/c dan Phip; Bwimg cich mgnh, v i tryc tiep djeh ban Qudc ti ca ra dgng thd luc b i t de tuydn truyin v l eich mgng vd san. Dieu dd da minh chirng Nguyen Ai Quoc ludn quan tam v i sir dijng phyong p h i p tuyen truyen b i n g thd d mpi luc, mpi noi.
Chinh phyong p h i p tuyen truyen d i e bipt n i y da l i m eho npi dung eiia Ban yeu sich, Quic ti ca... nhanh chdng
den dyp'c vdi nhan dan An Nam.
Nhii'ng cau tho d l h i i u , gian dj, dung dj, g i n gui ddi vdi t i t ca moi ngudi gdp p h i n giiip nhan dan y thuc v l eae q u y i n t y do, cae q u y i n dan chu t l i thieu, b i i t d i n con dydng eich mgng vd san.
3. THOI K Y I 9 3 0 - 1 9 4 5
Sau khi Dang Cdng san Viet Nam dupc thinh lap (3/2/1930), each mgng Viet Nam b y d c sang giai dogn mdi;
giai dogn d i u tranh dudi sy linh dgo eua Dang. Nguyin Ai Quoc cd mdt d y djnh r i t tap bao l i viet mpt t i e p h i m v i n hpe d l gidi thieu nudc Nga Xd v i l t vdi nhan dan Viet Nam va yeu e i u eac ddng chi d Quoc te Cpng san giup do t u lieu. Ban d i u , t i e pham n i y cd tieu d l la Nhu-ng ky niem vi cugc du lich eua tdi. Nhung cuoi cung tieu d l t i c p h i m dupc Ngudi si>a lai l i Nhat ky chim tau^^K
Dieu d i e biet trong t i c p h i m n i y l i moi chuong trong tat ca 24 chuong deu cd tif 2 d i n 4 eau tho Igc b i t k h i i q u i t y chinh. Mpt sd eau tho tieu bieu trong Nhit ky chim tau the hien t u duy s i n g tgo trong phyong phip tuydn truyin eOa Ngudi nhu;
'Nwac Nga cd chuyen la dai.
Biin ngwbi nd le thinh ngwoi tw do".
(Ho Chi Minh, 2011; 843).
T i c pham Nhat ky chim tau do Nguyin Ai QUPC viet da tryc tiep truyen li>g chp cao t r i o Xd v i l t Nghp Tinh. Thdi diem dd, cae dong chi dang vien da bi mat chuyin eho nhau dpc Nhat ky chim tiu, xem dd nhy la
t i i lipu tham khao chinh (Trin Minh Sieu, 2011). Qua t i c p h i m nay, Nguyin Ai Quoc keu gpi n h i n dan Viet Nam, trong dd ed nhan dan Nghe An va H i Tinh not guong nude Nga Xd viet dijng len chien d i u , khdng ngai hi sinh, gian kho d l giinh Igi nen dpc l i p , x i y dyng cude song t u do, i m no, hgnh phuc dudi s u lanh dgo ciia D i n g Cpng s i n Vipt Ngm. Thanh cdng v i sCrc lan tda eua t i e p h i m chinh mpt p h i n l i d phuong phip tuydn truyen b i n g tho rat d i e s i c ciia Chu tjch Hd Chl Minh.
Ngay khi trd ve nudc sau 30 n i m bdn ba hai ngoai (28/1/1941), Ho Chi Minh b i t tay ngay v i o vipc chi dgc, lanh dgo cich mgng Vipt Nam. V i n la phuong phap tuyen truyin b i n g tho binh dj, hipu qua v i phgc vg cho so ddng, Ngudi da sing t i c r i t nhieu b i i tho de dpng vien, cc vu, giac ngp, van dpng mpi thinh p h i n , moi doi tupng tham gia, ung ho Viet Minh vdi ngdn tif de hiiu, d l nhd va di s i u v i o moi doi tupng, tgo sire mgnh tuyen truyen.
D i l n hinh nhy c i c b i i ; Dan eay; Phu nw; Keu ggi thiiu nhi; Cdng nhin; Bai ca linh; Mwai chinh sich ciia Viet Mmh... Dang chii y, d b i i Mwai chinh sich cita Viet Minh (1941), Ho Chi Minh da kheo leo chuyin the 10 chinh s i c h ldn cua Viet Minh b i n g 46 cau tho Igc b i t . B i i tho dupc Ngudi k i t Igi nhu mpt t u tudng chi dgo trong phuong c h i m hogt dpng cua Mat tran Vipt Minh;
'Khuyen ai nen nha chw dong, Dong tinh, ddng swc, ding Idng, ddng
min/)"(Ho Chi Minh, 2011; 712).
NhO'ng d i l u neu trong b i i tho Muin chinh sich cua Viit Mtnh d i gdp pdan tuyen truyen cho n h i n dan thiy rd sifc mgnh cua s y d o i n k i t thong nhit. T y dd n h i n dan t y nguyen nghe, tin, theo to chifc hop thanh sifc mgnh vd djch l i m nen thing Ipi to Idn trong Cach mang thing T i m 1945.
Nam 1942, tinh hlnh cich mang cd nhiiu ehuyen bien mdi. Ho Chi Minh tiep tge chgyen tai dudng ldi chg truong cga Dang, ehinh sieh cua Mat tran qga c i c h tuyen truyen bing tho r i t d i e s i e cua minh, Ngudi lien tgc cho ra ddi nhifng v i n tho g i n gui, trong sang v i cd sifc lan tda sau rdng trong phong trao q u i n chung n h i n d i n nhy; Mi>ng xuan 1942; Uch sw nwac ta; Ca sgi chl; Hdn di; Con cao vi to ong; Nhdm lira; Chai giang; Tre chan trau; Bii ca du kieh... Dac biet, trong b i i Uch sir nwac ta (2/1942), Ho Chi Minh da t i i tinh tdm t i t ljch sir hon bon nghin n i m dyng nude va giCf nydc cua dan tpc b i n g 128 eau tho Igc bit. D i t nudc da ed r i t nhieu bp ljch sCf vdi nhO'ng nha sir hpc cd uy tin nhu Le Van Huu, Ngd ST Lien, T r i n Trpng Kim, Dang Xuan Bang... nhung vi sao Ngudi Igi phai viit Uch sir nwac ta? Dd la d l van ddng nhan dan tham gia Vipt Minh, tuyen truyin tinh t h i n yeu nudc b i n g c i c h de nhd cho ddng dao q u i n chimg nhan dan liic dd da so l i mil chu'. Vdi the tho luc bat, t i t ca nhung s y kien, thdi dai, nhan vat trong lich sCf Viet Nam tir thdi Hong B i n g den nam 1941 dupc
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 5 (261) 2020
Ngydi viet d i y du, chi tilt. D i l u dd da lam cho hieu qua tuyen truyen ciia t i c p h i m dupe nhan len g i p bdi. D i e bipt, p h i n euoi eiia Uch sir nwac ta, d i l m Igi c i c mdc son Ijch sii' cua d i n tpc, Ho Chi Minh dua ra mpt d y d o i n chinh xae; "1945 - Viet Nam dpc lap"
(Ho Chi Minh, 2011; 712).
Cuoi n i m 1942, vdi t y c i c h l i dgi b i l u eua Ddng minh. Ho Chi Minh len dydng sang Trung Quoe thi bj ehinh quyen Tydng Gidi Thgch vd ed b i t gigm. Chinh trong d i l u kien bj giam c i m , ngydi chiln sT each mgng - n h i van hda Ho Chi Minh d i cho ra ddi tgp tho Nguc trung nhitk-} vdl 134 b i i tho b i n g chir Han, nhiiu bai tho trong dd cd the s i n h ngang vdi tho Dudng, tho Tong. Vdl iVguc trung nhit ky, Ho Chi Minh da len i n c h l dp nha til ha khic cua ehinh quyen Tudng Gidl Thgch v i the hien tinh t h i n chju dyng gian kho, k h i c phgc khd khan, tinh t h i n Igc quan c i c h mgng va tinh cam n h i n dgo edng san chii nghTa cao dep.
Dd la mpt t i c pham van hpe Idn eua mdt chien sT cdng san vT dai. G i i tri tuyen truyin v l y chi kien cudng, lac quan ciJa ngudi til c i e h mang trong tap tho Nhgt ky trong tii den nay v i n cdn nguyen ven.
4. THOI KY 1 9 4 5 - 1 9 6 9
Tu' nam 1944 trd v l sau, mgc dti p h i l t i p trung cao dp v i o viec trye t l l p ehi dgp, l i n h dap c i c h mgng Viet Nam trpng d i u tranh gianh chinh q u y i n eung nhy thuc hien deng thdi hai nhiem vg ehien lupc; khang chiin vi kiin quoc, nhyng Chii tjch Hd Chl
Minh v i n tranh thu viet mdt so b i i tho m i l khi ed djp hoae khi tet den, xuan v l d i tuyen truyin, eo vu, ddng vien q u i n chung nhan dan tich eye, hang h i i tham gia v i o s y nghiep c i c h mgng. Nhung b i i tho tieu bilu cua Ngudi theo tirng nam eg t h i nhu sgu;
Chuc nim mai, Canh khuya. Ting cic eij du kich, Khen ting hai chau lien lac trong bd dgi chiin khu II (1947); Tha ehiic tit Miu Ty (1948); Chuc tit 1949, Di thuyin tren sdng Diy (1949); S i u mwai tuoi, Khuyen thanh nien (1950);
Tha chitc tit Tan Mao (1951); Tha chuc Tit Nhim Thin (1952); Tha mCrng tit Quy Ty, Girl eie chiu nhi dong nhin dip tit Trung thu 1953 (1953); Tha chitc Tet Giap Ngg, Quin ta toin thing a Bien Bien P/iu (1954);
Ma mang thiiy tai (1958); Tang cdng an nhin din vu trang, Trong eay (1959); Tha mimg nam mai. Ding ta (1960); Tham lai hang Pic Bd (1961);
Chile mimg nim mai (1964); Miing xuin 1967 (1967); Mirng xuan 1968, Khen 11 chau din quin gai thanh pho Hui, Nhj vit - Hai cha (1968); MCrng xuin 1969 (.^969).
Nhu'ng b i i tho trong giai doan n i y vdi nhu'ng Idi le mpc mac, gian di, vira mang m i u s i c dan gian vira mang m i u s i e hien dai, d i e biet la nhu'ng bai tho chuc t i t hang nam cua Hd Chl Minh ed sifC truyin earn vd cimg Idn lao va mang y nghTa truyen lira cho cdng cude c i c h mgng ciJa dan too.
Dang chu y trong giai doan n i y l i b i i tho Khuyen thanh nien dype Ngudi tang mpt don vj thanh nien xung
