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GHieN cuu-TRflODOI
PHlTONG PHAP TUYEN DUNG TRONG CAC TO CHlTC CONG
Ths. Ngd Quynh An, PGS.TS Nguyin Nam Phuong Dgi hpc Kinh le Qudc ddn
Email: [email protected]
Bdi viit xdy dimg md hinh phdn dnh bdn chdt cua qud trinh tuyin dung Irong td chiec. Id ca sd nghiin cim cdc phieong phdp tuyin dung trong Id chiec cdng. Kit qud nghiin cim chi ra rdng khu viec cong cdn xdy dimg hinh dnh vd uy tin di cd thi thu hiit duac lao ddng chdt lupng cao' trong thai ky hdi nhgp, khong chi la nai cung cdp viec ldm dn djnh cdn co mdi truang ldm viec ndng ddng, sdng tgo, khd ndng Ihdng lien ro rdng, ihii lao ximg ddng. Ddi mat vdi xu huang gid hda ddn so, cdc to chuc cdng ciing nen cd chiin luac tiep can nhdm lao ddng tre mpt cdch lich cue ngay tgi nai hp dang duac hpc tap vd ddo tgo di trdnh nguy cd thieu hut ngudn tuyin dung.
Thay vi chi chu trpng Idi ho sa, bdng cdp, cdc Id chiec cdng nin tdng cudng sie dung ket qud thie viic, thie hdnh vi trong cdc quyit dinh tuyin chpn. Cdc hogt ddng trong qud trinh tuyen dimg nhu hogl dpng dinh hiedng, md Id cdng viic, cdc hogt dpng sau tuyin dung nhu tgo ddng liec, ddnh gid thiec Men cong viic... cdn dupc quan lain dimg miec trong tuyin dung tgi cdc td chiec cdng.
Tir khda: phuong phap tuyen dyng, td chuc cdng, gia hda, lao ddng tre.
1. Gidi thieu
Chien luge thu hut va tuyen dung nhan tai trong khu vyc cdng, dac biet la trong cac Ihib vuc cdng nghe eao va nhung nganh try cot cua nen kinh te ddng vai trd bet sire quan trgng ddi vdi viec phat trien nen kinh te tri thiic cua qudc gia. Tuyin dung bao gdm luyen md vd tuyin chpn. Id mpt qud trinh nhieu giai dogn nhdm tdi dich thu hul img viin tiim ndng vd lua chpn phii hap vdo nhimg vi Iri cdn tuyen (Barber, 1998). Qua trinh tuyen dung nay khdng chi dirng lai d cac boat ddng tuyen dung cua td chuc ma cdn lien quan td'i viec xay dyng hinh anh, uy tin va tinh chat cdng viec cua td chuc can tuyen dyng (Taylor &,1987). Vdi each tiep can rdng nhu vay, qua trinh tuyen dyng dudng nhu khdng cd diem ket thiic ma chi cd nhung chu ky tuyen dung cu the la cd thdi diem bat dau va ket thuc. Day la mdt qua trinh phirc tap, cac nghien cuu ve qua trinh tuyen dyng tren the gidi da kha phd bien ngay tir nhung nam dau thap ky 70 ciia the ky XX, tuy nhien chimg kha tap trung vao viec tim hieu mgt each rieng re cac yeu td nhu ngudn tuyen dyng, thdng bao tuyen dung,... anh hirdng tdi ket qua tuyen dung, nhung lai tuong ddi it cac tac gia tim hieu ve thuc chat toan bg qua trinh tuyen dyng mac dii nhung gi dien ra trong qua trinh nay anh hudng rat Idn tdi ket qua tuyen dung. Chang ban cdc phuang phdp luyen
dung trong khu viec cong a Viet Nam co phdi dang Id ro sie kem linh hogt vd hiiu qud Irong viic Ihu hiit vd lua chpn duac nhimg img vien cd chdt lupng vd gdn bd lau ddi vdi khu viec ndy? la mgt van de dang dugc quan tam.
De cd the hieu rd qua trinh tuyen dung va phuong phap tuyen dung trong cac td chuc, tac gia tien hanh tdng quan ly thuyet va xay dung md hinh md ta ban chat cua qua trinh tuyen dyng, trong khi dd, tdng quan cac nghien ciru thyc nghiem giup dua ra nhung danh gia ve cac phuong phap tuyen dyng. Phuang phap tuyen dyng dugc bieu la tap hap tdt cd cdc cdch thiec duac cdc td chirc sie dung de tiin kiem, ihu hut, ddnh gid vd lua chpn dupc nhimg img vien phii hap vdi vi tri cong viic cdn tuyin. De tim bieu nhirng phuong phap tuyen dung trong cac td chuc cdng, mpt khao sat' 15% can bg nhan vien mdi tuyin dung trong giai doan 2007-2011 trong mdt sd loai binh td chuc cdng dugc tien hanh, bao gdm Phdng Npi vu Huyen Nga San, Benh viin Benh Nhiet ddi Trung uang, Bdo Mini Tiin gin Viet Nam vd Cdng ty truyen tdi dien 1.
Bai vilt tuy cd ddng gdp trong viec xay dyng md hinh md ta ban chit cua qua trinh va phuang phap tuyin dyng trong cac td chdc, tuy nhien pham vi nghien ciru gidi ban trong 4 td chirc cdng khien cho
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ket qua nghien ciim chi mang tinh chit tham khao cho cac nha quan ly nhan sir d cac to chuc cd tinh chat tuong ty. Ngoai ra, viec obi cd thi tilp can dugc can bg nhan vien mdi dugc tuyin dung chir khdng phai cac umg vien tham gia qua trinh tuyin dyng tai cac to chirc cdng nay se khiln cho mdt sd sy khae bipt giira cac ung vien va mdt sd vin dl ciia qua trinh tuyin dyng da bi triet tieu nen khdng thi phat hien dugc trong nghien ciru.
2. Phiroug phap nghien curu
2.1 Nguon dif lifu vd cong cu nghien cu-u Bai viet sijr dung sd lieu khao sat 15% can bd nhan vien mdi tuyin dung trong giai doan 2007- 2011 (176 trudng hgp) trong 4 td chuc cdng. Tai mdi td chiic chpn ngau nhien 15% sd phdng ban cd tuyen dung va tiln hanh phdng van toan bd so nhan vien mdi dugc tuyen dung ?i day trong 5 nam qua Mau khao sat do vay chi tiep can va phdng vin nhirng nhan vien mdi dugc tuyen dyng tai cac dan vi tren trong giai doan gan day ma khdng dai dien cho toan bg cac umg vien tren thj trudng lao ddng.
Trong dd cd 55% la nii', 86%i la can bg cd ky thuat, chuyen mdn, 10% can bg quan ly va 5% lao dgng gian dan. Bang hdi dugc thiet ke nham tim hieu qua trinh tuyin dyng tai cac td chijrc cdng. Ddi tugng dilu tra dugc hdi vl thdng tin lien quan tdi viec tuyin dung ciia ban than tai to chirc cung nhu quan dilm cua minh ve mdt so vin de lien quan tdi
phuong phap tuyen dung.
2.2 Phuang phdp phdn tich
Phuang phap tong quan tai lieu dugc su dung de xay dung mo hinh phan anh ban chat cua qua trinh tuyin dung. Tac gia da tiln hanh theo cac budc sau day: Tnrdc hit, tong quan cac nghien cuu theo cac nhdm vin dl dugc tiln hanh, ching ban nhu nghien ciru vl myc tieu va chiln luge tuyin dung, ket qua tuyin dung, nguon tuyen dyng, ngudi tuyen dung, thdng tin tuyin dung,... dua tren ket qua ciia cac nghien ciru nay phat hien cac mdi lien he giira cac van dl. Budc tilp theo, xay dung md hinh bieu dien mdi lien he ban chat giCra cac yeu td trong qua trinh tuyen dyng. Cac phuang phap phan tich thdng ke cung dugc ap dung dl phan tich sd lieu khao sat tai 4 td chuc cdng dl phat hien nhiing van de ve tuyen dyng tai cac td chirc nay.
3. Qua trinh tuyen dung trong to chu-c Qua trinh tuyen dung trong mdt td chirc cd the md ta qua sa do I.
Ket qua tuyen dyng vira la dau ra ciia qua trinh tuyen dyng nhung cung la myc dich cudi ciing ma td chirc mong mudn dat tdi. Mdt sd trudng hgp, td chirc chi quan tam tdi ket qua true tiep cua cac boat dgng tuyen dung nhu: so luang img viin, chdt luang cua img vien, miic dp da dgng cua img viin, so img viin chdp nhdn ldi mdi ldm viic trong long so dupc mai (Williams & 1993). Trong khi dd, nhieu td chirc Sff do 1: Qua trinh tuyen dung trong mot to chifc
H^nhvi to chu-c
- X6c 16p muc tieuva chien Itroc TD: ai, khi nd(X adau, thong tin TD nao, nguon TD nao?
• Ciic hogt dong TD: ti) Tnr&c TD (hinh inh, uy tin to chuc, ngu3n TD, nguoi TD, th6ng tin TD):
(li) Trong qud trinh TD (x^thosff, kiem tra, thu-viec, ph6ng van, mo tJCV va hoat dong tfinh huijng: (iii) Sou rofdanh gia thuc hien CV, tao ddng lire,..)
• Cdc biin qud trinh: thu hut su- quan tam tua ung vien doi voi CV va to chirc, danh gia chi'nh xac nhan tli tic, ky n3ng, kien th uc. nang luc, nhu cau, ky vong ciJa ung vien; cung cap thong tin dang tin cay ve cong vi?cva to chuc, ly-achpn nhij-ngiing vien phii hop..]:
l.Thuhiitu-ng vien
2. Duy tri tham gia q u a t r l n h T D ciiau-ng vien
3. Anh hu-d-ng den quyet trjnh iM^a chpn CVcua irng vien
T h i tru-OTig Hinh vi cua img vien
- Quan tj m to-i cong viec - Duy tri tham gia qua trinh TD - Quy€t dinh lua chon CV
- Sd thidi, mong muon.T^ vong doi voi
t -
CV.
- Nang lire, trinh dS, kien thu-c, 1^^ nSng.
- Tu- danh gia bdn than phii hgp vai C V.
{ lao dong )
Qua trinh tir lira chon,
s^nglpc
Ket q Uci t u y a i dung - So lugng ung vien
• Chat lu-gng cua ungvien - Mirc do da dang ciia ungvien.
-Tysogiira ungvien chap nhan CVvoiso dugc de nghi - Chi plii lap day vj tri can tuyen
- Toe do lap day vi trf can tuyen - So vj tri dugc tuyen
- Muc do da dang ciia s5 mai dugc tuyen dung -T^y'-lgduy tri CV trong nam dau, S nam dau. Muc do phii hgpgiijananglucv^ CV
- K^tquathuchi^nCV, Mucdp thoamanvaiCV
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lai quan tam ban tdi cac ket qua sau tuyen dyng, nhirng ket qua nay cd the la ket qua ngay sau tuyen dyng nhu.' chi phi lap ddy vi tri cdn tuyin, tdc dp lap day vi tri cdn tuyin, sd vj tri dupc tuyin, miec dp da dgng cua sd mdi dupc tuyin dung (Breaugh, 1992), nhung cung cd the la nhirng ket qua dai ban ban nhu.' ty li duy tri cong viic trong ndm ddu, 5 ndm ddu; kit qud thuc hiin cdng viic cua iing viin mdi duac tuyin dung vd miec dp thda mdn vdi cong viic cita hp (Rynes, 1991).
Mdt khi muc tieu tuyen dyng da dugc xac lap, cac td chirc se phai tap trung vao viec lam the nao de cd dugc cac phuang phap va boat ddng tuyen dyng phii hgp va hieu qua de dat dugc cac muc tieu dd. Mdt qua trinh tuyen dung bao gdm cac giai doan nhu trong md ta cua Barber (1998): (i) Thu hut cac irng vien, (ii) Duy tri su tham gia qua trinh tuyen dung ciia irng vien; va (iii) Tac ddng tdi quyet djnh lua chgn cdng viec cua irng vien. Thdng qua 3 giai doan nay ma hanh vi cua td chirc se hudng tdi ket qua tuyen dyng thdng qua viec tac ddng td'i hanh vi cua cac ung vien, bat dau tir sd thich, mong mudn, ky vgng, nang luc, trinh dp, kien thuc, ky nang, va kha nang tu danh gia cua irng vien rdi tac ddng den sy quan tam tdi cdng viec, duy tri tham gia qua trinh tuyin dyng va quyet djnb lya chgn cdng viec ciia hp.
NIU thj trudng lao ddng cho phep, nhung ngudi cam thay phu hgp va dap umg vdi vi tri can tuyen se quan tam va tham gia qua trinh tuyin dyng va quyet djnb lam viec nlu dugc lua chgn, tham chi anh hudng din ca hieu suat lam viec ciia irng vien mdi, qua trinh tie lua chpn da xay ra (Rynes, 1991).
Ben canh dd, hanh vi cua td chuc vdi viec ap dung cac phuang phap tuyen dyng kbac nhau se anh hudng tryc tiep den ket qua tuyen dyng thdng qua cac giai doan thu hut-ddnh gid-lua chpn irng vien.
Xdc lap muc tieu vd chiin luac tuyin dung la khau dau tien trong qua trinh tuyen dyng ciia mdt td chirc.
C) khau nay cac nha tuyen dyng phai tra ldi hang loat cau hdi: cSn thu hut nhirng loai ung vien nao (nang luc, kiln thuc, ky nang, trinh do, kinh nghiem...), tir nguon nao (trudng dai hgc, hay tir nhirng td chirc kbac, hay ung vien tu do..), tuyen dung d dau (qua internet hay hpi trg viec lam hay tai chd...), vao thdi gian nab (thdi dilm sinh vien tdt nghiep hay thdi dilm giira ky hoc...), thdng tin nao can truyen dat tdi cac umg vien tiem nang? Da cd mgt nghien ciru cho thay neu td chirc cd myc tieu tuyen dung don gian se thu hut sd lugng Idn cac ung vien (Wanous, 1992).
Tilp theo, viec lya chgn boat dgng tuyen dyng
nao can dua tren nhirng hilu bilt vl each thuc ma cac boat ddng nay dan den cac ket qua tuyen dyng nhat djnb. Cdc hogt dpng tuyin dung cd the dugc chia lam 3 nhdm: (i) Trudc tuyin dung (ngudn tuyen dyng, ngudi tuyen dung, thdng tin tuyen dung, hinh anh va uy tin cua td chuc); (ii) Trong qud trinh tuyen dung (xet hd sa, kiem tra, thu viec, phdng van, md ta cdng viec, boat ddng dinh hudng;
(iii)Sau tuyen dung (danh gia thuc bien cdng viec, tao ddng luc,...). Cac hoat ddng nay dugc thiet ke nham hudng tdi mdt sd dau ra, thudng dugc the hien qua cac biin qud trinh nhu sau: thu but irng vien, danh gia chinh xac nhan thiic, ky nang, kien thirc, nang luc, nhu cau, ky vpng cua u-ng vien; cung cap thdng tin dang tin cay ve cdng viec va td chirc, tao su quan tam cua irng vien ddi vdi cdng viec va td chire, lya chpn chinh xac ung vien...);
Ngudn tuyin diing: Ngudn tuyen dyng kbac nhau cd the anh hudng den ket qua tuyen dung, cho tdi nay dugc giai thich bdi 2 ly thuyet chinh (Barber 1998), dd la ly thuyet ve sie phii hap giira ky vpng vd thuc te cong viic va ly thuyet sie khde biet cd nhdn. Theo ly thuyet thir nhat (Rynes, 1991), cac irng vien tir cac ngudn tuyen dyng kbac nhau se dugc cung cap thdng tin ve cdng viec va td chirc d nhiing mirc do kbac nhau. Chang ban, neu tir ngudn
"gidi thieu", ngudi gidi thieu, nhieu trudng hgp hien la nhan vien ciia td chirc se cung cap kha day dil thdng tin ve cdng viec va td chirc vdi ung vien, va nhirng irng vien nay se cd nhieu tiem nang dugc tuyen dung ban nhirng irng vien tir ngudn kbac vi hg da quyet dinh theo dudi cdng viec vdi day du thdng tin (Breaugh, 1992). Nguge lai, ung vien tir cac ngudn khae (trudng bpc, van phdng gidi thieu viec lam, quang cao tren bao) cd the thieu cac thdng tin ve cdng viec thuc te, nen khdng the tu danh gia dugc su phil hgp cQa ban than vdi yeu cau cdng viec nen se it tham gia tuyen dung, hoac neu cd dugc tuyen dung, ky vgng cdng viec ciia hp cd the khae xa thyc te, khdng hai Idng vdi cdng viec la nguyen nhan chinh khien cac irng vien nay cudi cimg cung rdi bd sdm cdng viec (Williams &, 1993). Ly thuyet thit bai cho rang, nhirng ung vien tir cac ngudn kbac nhau se cd nang luc trinh dp va ddng ca kbac nhau doi vdi ca hdi tuyen dyng va vi vay se anh hudng din kit qua tuyin dyng (Rynes, 1991). Nhirng cdng viec cin trinh do chuyen mdn cy the, neu dugc tuyin tir cac trudng chuyen dao tao ve chuyen mdn dd se hieu qua ban (Rynes &, 1986), hoac neu cdng viec cin hgc hdi nhirng ky nang kien thuc mdi thi sinh vien mdi tot nghiep dugc danh gia phii hgp hon, trong khi nhirng cdng viec can kinh nghiem
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NGHI6N cuu TRRO D ^ m
chuyen mdn vung thi nhirng nhan vien cu giau kinh nghipm dugc danh gia cao ban (Rynes &, 1997).
Ngudn tuyen dung tir su gidi thieu ciing dugc cho rang dang tin cay vi da cd su sang Ipc trudc cac irng vien cua ngudi gidi thieu dl dam bao uy tin ciia ngudi gidi thieu (Ullman, 1966). Tuy nhien, din nay cac nghien ciru thuc nghiem dk kilm djnh 2 gia thuyet nay cd nhung kit qua khdng thdng nhat khiln cac nha nghien ciru nghi ngd vl tinh phu hgp ciia chiing. Thi nhung, nhung khilm khuylt trong phuang phap nghien ciru cung cd the la nguyen nhan ciia su khdng thdng nbSt nay. Khiem khuyet dau tien chinh la phan Idn cac nghien cuu khdng the tiep Can cac irng vien, ma chi cd the tiep can dugc cac nhan vien mdi dugc tuyin dyng, su kbac biet do nguon tuyin dung vi vay da bj triet tieu. Khilm khuyet thir hai lien quan den viec khdng do ludng dugc chinh xac cac bien phan anh nang luc va ddng luc theo dudi cdng viec ciia ung vien, hoac sir dyng cac bien nhan khau hgc thay the (tudi, gidi tinh), hoac sir dung cac bien ddi hdi thdi gian do ludng kha dai (sy bai long vdi cdng viec, hieu suat lam viec sau nam dau tien) (Griffeth &, 1997), hoac su dung cac bien phy thugc vao danh gia cbii quan cua irng vien (Saks, 1994) nhu mirc do chinh xac ddi vdi ky vgng cdng viec ciia ban than sau 1 nam lam viec.
Nhd tuyin dung: cac nghien ciru ly thuyet cung giai thich nha tuyen dyng anh hudng tdi ket qua tuyen dyng nhu the nao. Trudc het la kha nang cuiig cap thdng tin cua nha tuyen dyng, vdi gia thuyet rang neu dugc cung cap thdng tin day du ve cdng viec va td chirc, ca mat tdt va mat xau se giup irng vien trong qua trinh ty sang Igc, hinh thanh mdi quan tam tdi cdng viec va td chu'c (Powell, 1991).
Uy tin va cac pham chat, binh thuc va dac biet la kha nang giao tiep hieu qua cua nha tuyen dyng anh hudng nhieu tdi viec thu hiit sy quan tam tdi cdng viec va to chirc ciia irng vien, cung nhu anh hudng tdi viec thuc hien cdng viec cua irng vien sau nay neu nhu dugc lua chgn, vi nha tuyen dyng dugc coi nhu la sy phan anh hinh anh va thudc tinh khd lugng hda vl td chuc va cdng viec cin tuyen nhu tinh hap din, thu vi... (Rynes, 1991). Vdi cac ca sd ly luan tren day, cac nghien cuu thuc nghiem ciing quan tam tdi viec kiem dinh gia thuyet lieu nha tuyen dung chuyen nghiep hay ngudi lanh dao duang nhiem se true tiep quan ly irng vien sau nay se tdt han trong qua trinh tuyen dyng (Breaugh, 1992, Coleman &, 1997). Cac kit qua cung cho thay rang, nha tuyin dung chuyen nghiep se phat huy vai trd trong giai doan thu hiit irng vien, nhung ngudi lanh dao duang nhiem lai dugc cho la dang tin cay ban
khi tuang tac tdt vdi ung vien trong giai doan danh gia va lua chgn cudi cimg cua tuyen dyng.
Thdng tin tuyin dung: Nghien ciru cho thay rang, ngoai tinh de hieu, ngdn ngir chinh xac, cac thudc tinh sau day cua thdng tin tuyen dyng se thu hut su chu y ciia cac irng vien tiem nang, (a) thdng tin song dgng (chang ban cd bao gom hinh anh) va cu thi (Tybout&, 1994) (b) thdng tin truyin tai thdng diep bit ngd (Kulik &, 1993), (c) thdng tin cung cap nhung thdng tin ca nhan cd lien quan nhu yeu cau nang luc cung nhu Igi ich dugc hudng (Chaiken
&,1987), (d) thdng tin dugc truyen dat trong cac cudc ddi thoai true tiep (Tybout&,1994). Hinh thire, phuong tien truyen tai thdng tin nay cung ddng vai trd nhat dinh. Neu thdng tin dugc truyin dat bing van ban se cd Igi the khi cd the dpc di dgc lai nhilu lan (Stiff, 1994), thi khi dugc truyen dat bing Idi ndi thdng tin trd nen phong phu va hap dan ban vdi giai dieu cua gipng ndi va cac tin hieu phi ngdn ngu (Lengel&, 1988).
Qua trinh tuyen dyng khdng ket thuc d giai doan thu but irng vien ma cdn can phai duy tri su tham gia tuyen dyng va cudi cung la tac dpng tdi quyet dinh lya chpn cdng viec neu dugc tuyen ciia irng vien, ddng thdi lam sao td chirc cd the danh gia chinh xac va lua chgn dugc ung vien phu hgp vdi cdng viec can tuyen. Luc nay, de tac ddng tdi hanh vi ung vien, cd le quan trgng ban ca dd la hinh anh va uy tin cua td chirc va boat ddng md ta cdng viec hoac boat dgng dinh hudng ciia td chirc ddi vdi cac ung vien tiem nang. Xay dung binh anh va uy tin ddi vdi mdt td chirc tren tbi trudng lao dpng la qua trinh lau dai bao gdm nhieu khia canh kbac nhau tir truyen thdng, tdi tirng hanh vi quan tri nhan sy cy the deu phai mang tinh chuyen nghiep, trong dd, hien nay viec xay dyng trang web cung cap nhirng thdng tin ca ban ve td chiic nhu sir menh, nhiem vy, Ijch su va phuang hudng phat trien, ca cau td chire, md ta cdng viec ddi vdi cac vi tri ca ban...ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viec quang ba binh anh va thdng tin ve td chirc cung nhu cdng viec can tuyen. Ngoai ra, mdi trudng lam viec, trien vpng thang tien...
cung la nhu'ng van de ma cac irng vien quan tam trudc khi lua chgn cdng viec tai mgt td chirc. Tuy nhien, khi'a canh dugc nhieu nghien ciru de cap tdi dd la hoat dgng mo td cong viec hoac rdng ban la hogt dpng dinh hudng ddi vdi cac irng vien vdi muc dinh cung cap day dii thdng tin ve yeu cau cdng viec, van hda to chirc, quyen Igi va nghTa vy ciia nhan vien... Hoat dgng nay giiip cac ung vien cd du thdng tin de tu danh gia ban than va tu sang Igc
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^ < 'GHIGN cuu TRflO DOI
trong qua trinh tuyen dung, hinh thanh ky vgng phii hgp ddi vdi cdng viec, vi vay se anh hudng tdi muc do gan bd vdi cdng viec, thai do va hieu suat lam viec sau nay (Breaugh, 1992; Wanous, 1992). Chinh vi vay ma md ta cdng viec dugc coi la mdt phuang phap tuyen dung quan trgng. Cac nha nghien ciru thudng sir dung phuang phap ddi chirng, so sanh kit qua tuyen dung cua cac nhdm kbac nhau (Wanous, 1992): ban md ta cdng viec chi tiet, truyin dat tryc tiep bang Idi ndi trong qua trinh phdng vin, chilu doan phim md ta cdng viec, tham quan nai lam viec, hdi thao djnh hudng... de danh gia hieu qua cQa cac . ky thuat dinh hudng kbac nhau.
De cd the danh gia va lua chpn dugc urng vien phil hgp, hang loat cac phuang phap da dugc ap dyng. Levy Leboyer (1990) da khao sat va tien hanh phan loai cac phuang phap tuyen chpn theo mpt sd tieu thirc tai cac cdng ty Idn d Chau Au, kit qua dugc tdm tat trong bang I.
Gid tri la tieu thirc phan anh kha nang danh gia mdt each chinh xac va dang tin cay ve irng vien cua phuang phap tuyen chgn, khdng lien quan tdi nhiing yeu td mang tinh ca nhan nhu gia dinh, tham nien...
ma lien quan tdi nhCrng tieu chuan nhu nang luc, tinh each. Tieu thirc nay la ca sd thiet yeu cho cac quyet dinh tuyen chgn cua td chirc. Mgt phuang phap tuyen chgn cd gia trj phai dua tren kha nang thuc hipn cdng viec (gia tri ve ngi dung), du bao trudc nhirng hanh vi trong cdng viec (gia tri tieu chuan), phai dua ra dugc nhirng nhan xet chinh xac ve nang lyc lam viec cung nhu dy doan dugc hanh vi, bieu hien trong tuang lai cua iing vien. Trong khi dd Khd ndng duac dp dung the hien mirc dg dugc thira nhan, dugc tin tudng va ap dyng trong thuc te cua cac nha quan ly ddi vdi phuang phap tuyen chgn. Tuy cd cac tieu thirc danh'gia nhu tren nhung khong phai cac phuang phap tuyen chpn cur cd gia
tri cao hay chi phi thap thi dugc ap dyng nhieu. Bd ba phuang phap thudng dugc sir dyng trong tuyin chpn cho tdi nay bao gdm: xet duyet ho sa, phdng vdn vd xem xet su gidi thiiu cua cdc nhd chuyen mon CO uy tin.
Tat ca nhirng binh luan tren day chi hoan toan dung khi thi trudng canh tranh hoan hao va cd diy du thdng tin, khdng cd nhirng thieu hyt vl cung hay cau lao dgng. Trong trudng hgp thieu hut ve clu lap dpng hay thieu viec lam, thj trudng lao ddng khdng cho phep qua trinh lu lua chpn ciia ngudi lao dpng cd the xay ra, vi can viec lam ngudi lap dpng bupc phai chap nhan cdng viec cho dii tu danh gia la khdng phil hgp sd thich va nang lyc ciia ban than.
Nguge lai, neu cd su thieu hyt ve cung lao ddng, thi trudng budc cac td chiic phai chu trgng ban vao viec lua chgn phuang phap de cd the canh tranh vdi cac td chirc kbac, thu hut va tuyen chgn dugc nhirng iing vien phil hgp nhat cd the vdi nhCrng vj tri can tuyen.
4. Phmmg phap tuyen dung trong cac to chuc cong Td chiec cdng la cac td chirc thuc hien cac hoat ddng tao ra cac san pham, djch vy phyc vu nhu cau cua xa hdi do nha nudc true tiep dau tu, quan ly.
Chju su quan ly cua nha nudc nen cac to chiic cdng phai ap dung quy trinh tuyen dyng dung vdi quy djnh ca ve thdng bao tuyen dung, hinh thirc, phuong phap, npi dung tuyen chgn. Luat Can bg, Cdng chii'C, Luat Vien chirc va dudi do la cac Nghj dinh deu de cap tdi npi dung luyen dyng. Dugc xac dinh la mdt trong cac ndi dung cd anh hudng rat quan trgng den chat lugng thuc thi, thira hanh cdng vu va nhiem vy, do vay cac luat quy djnh ve tuyin dyng kha cu the. Luat Can bd, Cdng chiirc nam 2008 sd 22/2008/QH12 dugc Qudc hgi nudc Cdng hda xa hdi chQ nghTa Viet Nam khda XII, ky hgp thii 4 thdng qua ngay 13 thang 11 nam 2008 va cd hieu Bang 1: Tieu thuc gia tri, chi phi va kha nSng dupe ap dung ciia cac phuong phap tuySn chpn
Phuong phap Thu viec Kiem tra n5ng luc Qua tmng tam danh gia Kilm tra nhan thuc Phdng van Kiem tra tinh each Tu danh gia Xem tudng Ly lich Ngudi gidi thieu
Gia tri Cao Cao Cao Cao Thap Thap Thap Khdng g\& tri
Trung binh Thap
Chi phi Cao Thap
Cao Thap Trung binh
Thip Thap Tmng binh Tmng binh
Thap
Kha nang dupc ap dung Rat tot
Tdt Rat tot
T6t Rat tot
Thap Thap Tot Tot Rit tot
Ngudn: Trich ddn lu "Chris Brewster, Ariane legewisch, Price, Walerhouse, Policy and practice in European human resource management (1994) : The price Walerhouse Cranjield survey", trang 81.
Sd 184 thdng 10,2012 60
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lyc thi hanh tCr ngay 01 thang 01 nam 2010 thay thi cho cac van ban Phdp linh cdn bp, cdng chiec ngay 26 thang 02 nam 1998, Phdp linh sita ddi bd sung mpt so dieu cua Phdp linh cdn bp, cong chiec ngay 28 thang 4 nam 2000, Phdp linh sira ddi, bo sung mpt so diiu cua Phdp linh cdn bp, cdng chiec ngay 29 thang 4 nam 2003. Lu?t nay cd Chuomg IV, muc 2 quy djnh ve tuyin dung cdng chirc. Ngay 15-11- 2010, ia\ ky hpp thur 8, Quoc hgi nudc Cgng hda xa hdi chu nghTa Viet Nam khda XII da thdng qua Luat Vien chiic so 58/20I0/QHI2. Lu^t Vien chirc cd Chuang III, myc 1 quy djnh rd rang vl tuyin dyng vien chiirc trong dem vj su nghiep cdng lap. Luat Vien chiirc bat diu cd hieu luc tir ngay 01-01-2012.
Nhin chung ngi dung quy djnh bao gdm: Ngudi du tuyen phai qua mpt trong hai hinh thirc: thi tuyen hoac xet tuyen. Ddi vdi hinh thirc thi tuyen: ngudi dy thi tuyen cong chiirc, vien chirc phai thuc hien cac bai thi kien thirc chung va thi chuyen mdn, nghiep vu chuyen nganh. Viec thi tin hpc van phdng va ngoai ngii thuc hipn theo tieu chuan chiirc danh nghe nghiep va yeu cau vj tri viec lam. Ddi vdi hinh thiic xet tuyen dya tren 2 ndi dung: xet ket qua hgc tap bao gdm diem hgc tap va diem tdt nghiep ciia ngudi dy tuyen; kiem tra, sat bach thdng qua phdng van hoac thyc hanh ve nang lyc, trinh dp chuyen mdn, nghiep vu ciia ngudi du tuyen.
4.1 Hogt dpng trudc tuyen dung vd phuang phdp tuyen mp igi cdc to chu'c cong
Dirng trudc xu hudng gia hda dan sd va su thay ddi quan nipm xa hpi ve vipe lam trong va ngoai khu vyc nha nudc, thach thii'c Idn nhat ddi vdi cac td chirc cdng la lam the nao cd the hap dan dugc nhan luc tre cd trinh do cao dan thay the nhan luc sap het tudi lao dgng nham dap iing nhu cau cai each manh me trong khu vyc nay. Ket qua khao sat cho thay,
"tinh chat cdng viec on djnh" van la nguyen nhan anh hudng nhieu nhat tdi quyet djnh du tuyen cua cac irng vien (Mean=1.81) trong khi "mdi trudng lam vipe" va "kha nang thang tien" lai cd rat it anh hudng (Mean= 2.5 va 2.3 tuang urng) (Bang 2).
Dieu nay chirng td, cho tdi nay cac td chirc cdng van chil yeu thu hut ngudi lao dgng mong mudn cd viec lam dn djnh chur khdng vi uy tin ciia to chirc, ban than cong vifc cd mdi trudng tdt hay kha nang thang tien cao, va ivi vay se khd thu hut irng vien gidi, dong thdi ciing khdng tao ddng luc phan dau cho ngudi lao dgng trong cac td chirc cdng khi da dugc tuyin dyng. Tuy nhien, tiiy thudc vao tinh chat cua cac to chirc cdng, nguyen nhan thuc day ngudi lao dgng tham gia tuyen dung cung khae nhau. Trong
khi chi cd d Phdng Ngi vy Huyen Nga San, nguyen nhan "Kha nang thang tien" tac dgng nhieu nhat tdi quyet djnh tham gia tuyen dyng ciia ngudi lao ddng, thi ddi vdi Cdng ty truyen tai dien I lai la nguyen nhan jien quan den "Chinh sach luang, thudng, dai ngd", ddi vdi Bpnh vien Nhiet ddi Trung uang lai la do "Chinh sach dao tao" ciing vdi "Uy tin ciia td chuc" "Tinh chat cdng viec dn djnh" la nguyen nhan quan trgng nhat thiic diy hg irng tuyin vao Bao hiem tiln giri Viet Nam.
NhCrng nhan vien mdi dugc tuyen dyng tai cac td chirc cdng dugc khao sat chii yeu den tir 2 ngudn la qua "gidi thieu" va "phuang tien thdng tin dai chiing" vdi ty le ap dao lln lugt 58.5% va 22.7%, trir trudng hgp cua Phdng Ngi vy Huyen Nga San, ngoai "sy gidi thieu" thi "thdng bao ndi bd" va " cap tren chi dao, bd nhipm" la cac ngudn tuyen dyng chinh vdi cac ty le 46.5%, 20.9% va 30.2% tuang urng. Cac ket qua nay da mgt lan nira chung minh cho gia thuyet cho rang ngudn tuyen dyng thdng qua
"gidi thipu" (cap tren bd nhipm hay chi dao cung cd the coi la mdt hinh thirc gidi thieu chinh thirc) la mpt ngudn kha tin cay vi cac u'ng vien tir ngudn nay da dugc cung cap du hem thdng tin ve td chiic va vj tri can tuyen nen qua trinh ty sang Ipc va quyet djnh tham gia qua trinh tuyen dyng chinh xac hon, ben canh do, de giii uy tin cua ban than, ngudi gidi thieu da cd xu hudng sang Ipc trudc cac urng vien ma minh gidi thieu. CCing chua the loai trir anh hudng ciia su than quen tdi ket qua tuyen dung tai cac td chirc cdng vi khao sat khdng cung cap dugc thdng tin lam rd gia thuyet nay. Chua thay trudng hgp iing vien nao dugc cac td chiic cdng tuyen dyng tai trudng, la nai dugc danh gia la ngudn cung cap ung vien phong phii va cd ca hdi tuyen dugc irng vien chat lugng tir cac sinh vien xuat sac.
Theo danh gia cua cac nhan vien mdi dugc tuyen dung, miic dp de tiep can, cung cap du thdng tin va mure dp hap dan cua cac thdng bao tuyen dyng tai cac td chiic cdng deu d miic cao tren trung binh (mean cd gia trj ttr 3.1 den 3.5 vdi thang do l=thap nhat va 5=cao nhat). Tuy nhien nhCrng danh gia nay khdng phan anh quan diem cua toan bd cac ung vien tiem nang tren thj trudng lao ddng ma chi la cua mgt bg phan irng vien da dugc tuyen dyng.
Cung theo quan diem cua cac nhan vien mdi dugc tuyen dyng tai cac td chirc cdng, viec iing tuyen vao cac td chiic nay kha canh tranh, gan 31%
sd hg cho rang mirc do canh tranh manh ban so vdi cac td chirc tu, gan 38% cho rang mure do canh tranh phu thudc vao vj tri can tuyen. Dac biet, d Bao hiem
Sd 184 thdng 10/2012 61
^ < GHI6N cuu TRRO DOI
Bang 2: Miic do anh huo'ng ciia mot so nguyen lilian to'i quylt dinh tham gia tuyin dung tai cac to chuc cong (Gia trj trung binh vdi thang do: 1= co anh huong Idn nhit, 3 =it anh hudng nhit)
Benh vien Nhiet ddi TW Cong ty truyen tai dien I Phong Npi vu Huyen Nga Son Bao hiem Tien gfiri VN TONG SO
Uy tin cCia t l chiic
1.66 2.00 1.90 2.00 1.87
Chinh sach luong, thudng,
dar ngp 2.04
1.68 1.90 1.87 1.83
Tinh chat cong viec on
dinh 2.33 1.83 2.27 1.17 1.81
Chinh sach dao tao
1.62 1.83 2.04 2.40 1.87
Moi truong lam viec
2.48 2.68 2.18 2.56 2.48
Kha nang thang tiln 2.47 2.29 1.70 2.38 2.25 tien giri, 58% sd nhan vien mdi cho rang ling tuyen
d day mang tinh canh tranh ban so vdi cac td chirc tu. d khia canh nay cho thay, siic hut tir khu vyc cdng cdn kha manh me ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng.
4.2 Phuffng phdp tuyen chpn tgi cdc to chuc cong Khao sat cho thay cac phuang phap tuyen chgn dugc sir dung phd bien nhat tai cac td chirc cdng bao gdm Kiim tra sdt hgch, Phong vdn cd nhdn va Thie viic. Viec chii trgng tdi phuang phap tuyen chgn nao tiiy thudc vao dac diem ciia tirng td chirc, chang ban cac td chirc cung cap dich vu cdng nhu Benh vien chu yeu sir dung "Thu viec" de tuyen chgn, phdng Ndi vy khdng thudng xuyen sii dyng phuang phap "Phdng van" de tuyen chpn u'ng vien.
Cho dil cac nhan vien mdi da thuc su trai qua cac phuong phap tuyen chpn dugc ap dyng phd bien d cac td chirc cdng nhu tren, nhung theo quan diem cua hg, tieu thuc dugc chu trgng nhat trong qua trinh tuyen chgn tai td chirc cdng lai la khau "xet duyet hd sa, bdng cdp" (mean=I .77, Bang 3). Ngoai ra, ket qua kiem tra sat bach trinh dp, ket qua phdng van cung dugc cho la tieu thirc dugc chu trgng trong tuyen chpn tai cac td chiirc cdng (mean=l .86 va 1.85 tuemg irng). Ddi vdi ket qua thur viec, cac nhan vien mdi danh gia mirc dp chu trpng trong tuyen chgn tai cac to chirc cdng kha thap (mean=2.23), cd le giai doan thir viec hay tap su la giai doan bat bupc tai cac td chirc cdng, nhung la mang tinh hinh thirc, iing vien luc nay da coi nhu dugc tuyen chgn. Ket qua nay cho thay hd sa va bing cap ciia irng vien van ddng vai trd het sire quan trgng trong tuyen chgn tai cac td chirc cdng. Ngoai viec bang cap, hd sa la tin hieu phan anh chat lugng urng vien thudng dugc tin diing tir trudc tdi nay, chi phi lai thap han cac phuong phap danh gia tuyen chgn kbac, thi cdn do quy dinh cua Nha nudc hoac cua ban than td chirc vl tieu chuan trinh dp ky nang ddi vdi cac ung vien khi tham gia tuyen dung tai cac td chiic cdng.
Cung theo quan diem cua cac nhan vien mdi dugc tuyen dung tai cac td chiic cdng, hp chi danh
gia miic do phan anh dung nang lyc lam viec cua cac phuong phap tuyen chgn dang dugc ap dung tai day d muc trung binh (mean trong khoang 3), trir hinh thirc "thii viec" dugc danh gia kha cao (mean=3.8), the nhung ket qua "thir viec" lai khdng phai la tieu thirc dugc chu trgng trong tuyen chgn hoac nd khdng cung cap nhieu thdng tin eho cac quyet djnh tuyen chgn.
4.3 Ket qud tuyen dung tgi cdc to chiec cong 4.3.1 Ddc diim nhdn khdu hpc ciia nhdn vien mdi tuyin dung:
Tiiy vao tinh chat cua cac td chuc cdng ma tudi ddi cac nhan vien mdi dugc tuyen dyng cd sy khae biet, trong khoang tir 29 den 38 tudi, trong dd, tudi trung binh cua cac iing vien dugc tuyen dung cao nhat d co quan hanh chinh Nha nude (Phdng Ndi vu huyen Nga Son), 38 tudi, cdng ty san xuat (Cdng ty Truyen tai Dien I) cd dpi ngu nhan vien mdi tre nhat, trung binh la 29 tudi, d hai td chirc cdn lai la 30 tudi. Su chenh lech nay la do cac vi tri tuyen dyng tai ca quan quan ly nha nudc thudng ddi hdi cac irng vien cd kinh nghiem trong khi cac doanh nghiep san xuat lai cbii trgng den lao dgng tre. Viec tuyen dung lao ddng tre se khien td chiic ddi mat vdi dac diem tan suat chuyen ddi cdng viec kha cao cua ngudn nhan luc nay.
Xu hudng cho thay ntt dugc tuyin dung trong cac td chirc cdng nhieu hem so vdi nam gidi (chiem 55%), dac biet d nbCi-ng td chirc sii dyng nhieu lao dpng nir nhu Benh vien (chiem tdi 60%) hay Bao hilm tiln giri (75%). Day cung cd thi la kit qua cila viec khu vuc cdng dang thu hut nhirng lao ddng mong muon cd cdng viec dn djnh, thudng la tam ly phd biln ddi vdi lao ddng nu-.
4.3.2 Trinh dp vd tinh trgng viic ldm trudc tuyin dung cua vien mai:
Gan 83%> sd dugc tuyin dyng vao cac td chirc cdng diu cd trinh do cur nhan trd len, ke ca ddi vdi nhdm Lao ddng gian dom, ty le nay la thap nhat cung len tdi 25%, cao nhit la d nhdm Can bd quan ly
sd 184 thdng 10 2012 62 KiiibtPiFliaUm
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Bang 3: IVIirc dp chu trpng cic tieu thirc trong qua trinh tuyin chon tai cac t l chuc c5ng (Gia tri truHj, binh vdi thang do: 1= chu trpng nhit, 3 = it chu trpng nhat)
Benh vien Nhiet ddi TW Cong ty tmyIn tai dien I Phdng Npi vu Huyen Nga Son Bao hiem Tiln guri Viet Nam TONG SO
Kit qua kiem tra sat
hach 1.70 2.10 1.43 2.19 1.86
Ket qua phong vin
canhan 1.88 1.82 2.11 1.77 1.85
Ket qua phong van
nhom 200 2.40 2.36 2.35
Kit qua xet duyet ho so, bang cap
1.69 1.86 1.57 2.05 1.77
Sir gidi thieu cua ngudi than
2.05 1.90 2.00 3.00 2.00
Kit qua thir ky nang,
hanh vi 2.62
2.4 2.25 2.46
Kit qua thir viec 2.14 2.11 2.71 1.96 2.23 93%, nhdm can bd chuyen mdn la 85%. Nhu vay, ve
phia bang cap trinh do dao tao, chit lugng nhan vien tuyen dung tai cac to chirc cdng la kha cao, trong nhieu trudng hgp cd su lang phi khi cir nhan dugc tuyen dung vao lam nhirng cdng viec gian dem.
Ngudn can bd quan ly tai cac td chirc cdng diu dugc tuyen dyng tir cac td chuc kbac hoac la nhan vien trong ciing td chirc dugc thuyen chuyen, d l bat.
chuc cdng d nhung vj tri khdng lien quan den chuyen mdn dugc dao tao. Tinh trang nay dien ra phd bien nhat d nhdm Lao ddng gian don (25%), sau dd den nhdm Can bd quan ly (13%) va thap nhat d nhdm Can bg ky thuat (3%).
Nhin chung nhan vien mdi dugc tuyen dyng tai cac td chuc cdng kha hai Idng va danh gia kha cao tinh khach quan trong tuyen chgn cua td chirc (mean Bang 4: Su phii hpp giu'a chuyen mon du'p'c dao tao va vj tri du tuyen ciia nhan vien moi tai cac to chuc cong (%) Muc dp lien quan den chuyen mdn
duac dao tao Dung
C6 lien quan Khong lien quan Tong so
Can bp quan ly 40.00 46.67 13.33 100.00
Chuyen vien, can bp co ky thuat, chuyen mon
76.00 20.67 3.33 100.00
Lao dpng giiin don 62.50 12.50 25.00 100.00
Tong so 72.25 22.54 5.20 100.00 day cung la nhCrng ngudn nhan lyc dang tin cay va
cd kinh nghiem cdng tac. Viec cd tdi 47% can bd quan ly va 32% can bd ky thuat mdi dugc tuyen dung la thu hut tii' cac td chirc kbac cho thay cac td chiic cdng van dang cd sire hut manh ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng cd trinh dp quan ly va chuyen mdn. Sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep cung chiem tdi 37% sd nhan vien mdi dugc tuyen tai cac td chirc cdng, chu yeu la d vi tri can bg chuyen mdn, ky thuat, tuy vay, mdt sd phai chap nhan lam cdng viec gian dem.
4.3.3 Miec dp phu hpp trong tuyin dung tgi cdc to chiec cdng:
Van cdn ban 5% sd dugc tuyen dyng vao cac td
d muc tren 3 den 4). Trong dd, nhdm Can bd quan ly the hien miic do hai long cao nhat (mean=4.5), trong khi nhdm Lao ddng gian don danh gia tinh khach quan d muc do thap nhat (mean=2.5).
S. Ket luan
Khu vyc cdng van 1» nai thu hut nhung lao ddng vdi mong mudn cd vi 'am dn djnh ma dai dien la nhdm lao ddng nir. F- .i anh nay cua khu vyc cdng can dugc thay ddi d. i the thu hiit dugc nhCrng lao ddng cd chat lugng cao. Vdi miic luong thap, kha nang thang tien khdng i u rang, mdi trudng lam viec tri tre khien cho khu vyc nay mat dan vai trd thu hut nhan lyc tren thj trudng lao ddng.
5 00 7
4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 - 0.00 1
H i n h 1 : Mirc d$ h^i I6ng vli khach quan trong tuySn ch^n (gii tn trung binh vai 1 = thSp nhat, 5=cao nhal)
• 1 , £ * . . . fi7n
11
JH^^ai ^'"^m
H i i long Khach quan
j o Can b$ quan ly aChuySn vien, c&n b^ co ky thuat. chuyen mon D Lao dong gian d yn D Tong s6
So 184 Ihdng 10,2012
63
^ ( 'GHIGN cuu TRflO DOI
Tuyen dyng nhdm lao ddngtre, mac dii giup cac la khdng dua tren kit q u i thuc hien cdng viec va to chirc cdng tuyin nhan luc d i dang, nhung se khd khdng dy bao dugc hanh vi trong tuong lai ciia iing duy tri vi dac dilm hay thay ddi viec lam cua hp vien. Thay vi chi chii trong tdi hd sa, bing d p , cac trong giai doan thu nghiem nghe nghiep nay. Ben jd chitc cdng nen tang cudng sir dung kit qua thu c^nh dd, vdi xu hudng gia hda dan sd, viec tiep can ^ig^^ j ^ u hanh vi trong cac quylt dinh tuyin chon.
nhdm lao ddng tre mdt each thu ddng nhu I)ien nay
se din tdi tinh trang thilu hut ngudn tuyin dung. ^^^ ^°^^ ^^"S ^ ^ " g ^"^ trinh tuyen dyng nhu Cac td chirc cdng nen cd chiln luge tilp can nhdm ^oat dpng dmh hudng, md ta cdng viec, cac hoat lao ddng tre mdt each tich cue ngay tai nai hp dang "^dng sau tuyen dyng nhu tao ddng luc, danh gia dugc hgc tap va dao tao d l cd thi cd ca hgi tuyin thvc hien cdng viec... chua dugc quan tam dung chgn nhan lyc cd chit lugng cao. miic trong tuyen dung tai cac td chirc cdng. Cac boat
Cac phuang phap hien dang ap dung phd biln va ^Png nay khdng chi gdp phin giiip cac td chiic cdng dugc chii trgng trong tuyin chgn d cac td chirc cdng tuyin dugc lao ddng phii hgp ma cdn giup duy tri sy nhu kilm tra, phdng vin, xet duypt ho sa bing d p gin kit lau dai cua ngudi lao ddng dugc tuyin vdi deu cd gia trj ngi dung va tieu chuan thap, cd nghTa td c h u r c d
Chii thich:
Khao sit duac nhom sinh vien thuc tap chuyen ngJnh QTNL khoa Kinh t l va Quan ly nguon nhSn lire thuc hien trong giai doan thuc tap tir 1/2012 din 5/2012. Nhom SV nghiSn ciiu khoa hocpc K50: "Danh gii phuang phap tuyen dung trong cac t l chirc cong", de tai tham gia nghien curu khoa hpc khoa Kinh tl va Quan ly ngudn nhan luc, 5/2012.
Tai lifu t h a m k h a o :
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5. Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., Fink, L. S., & Cohen, D. J. 1997. Comparative tests of multivariate models of recruiting source effects. Journal of Management, 23: 19-36.
6. Kulik, C. T., & Ambrose, M. L. 1993. Category-based and feature-based processes in performance appraisal:
Integrating visual and computerized sources of performance data. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78; 821-830.
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9. Rynes, S. L. 1991. Recruitment, job choice, and post-hire consequences. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd. ed.): 399-444. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
10. Rynes, S. L., & Boudreau, J. W. 1986. College recruiting in large organizations: Practice, evaluation, and research implications. Personnel Psychology, 39: 729-757.
11. Rynes, S. L., Orlitsky, M. O., & Bretz, R. D. 1997. Experienced hiring versus college recruiting: Practices and emerging trends. Personnel Psychology, 50: 309-339.
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15 Tybout, A. M., & Artz, N. 1994. Consumer psychology. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology. 45: 131-169. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc.
16 Ullman, J. C. 1966. Employee referrals: A prime tool for recruiting workers. Personnel, 43: 30-35.
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18 Williams C. R., Labig, C. E., & Stone, T. H. 1993. Recruitment sources and post-hire outcomes for job appli- cants and new hires: A test of two hypotheses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78: 163-172.
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