Quan tri quoc gia trong b6i canh cuoc Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0
Nguyen Chien Thang', Ly Hoang Mai^, Nguyen Thu Ukng^
'' ^ Vien Kinh ti Viet Nam, Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hpc xa hfii Viet^Nam.
Email: [email protected]
^ Trudng Dai hpc Thuy lgi.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngdy 13 thdng 8 nam 2019. Chip nhan dang ngdy 10 thdng 9 nam 2019.
Tom tat: Cupc Cach mang cong nghiep lin thu tu (CMCN 4.0) dang cd nhirng tac dong manh me den sir thay d6i cua quan tri qu6c gia tren the gicri noi chung va quan tri qu6c gia Viet Nam noi rieng. Hien nay, quan tri quoc gia Viet Nam dang gap phai nhiing thach thuc trong viec diy manh irng dung nhung thanh tiru cong nghe mai vac viec nang cao hieu qua hoat dong ciia cac ca quan hanh chinh nha nuac, nang cao nang luc cua doi ngu cong chuc, giai quyet cac vdn de xa hgi ciia nen hanh chinh, thay doi de thich ung vdi sir phat triln ciia xa hgi. Dieu nay doi hdi hoat dgng quan tri quoc gia ciia Viet Nam phai khong ngimg cai each de vugt qua cac thach thiic va don bit ca hgi thanh cong.
Tir khoa: Cach mang cong nghiep 4.0, quan trj quoc gia, Viet Nam.
Phan loai Dganh: Kinh ti hoc
Abstract: The Fourth Industrial Revolution has been exerting a strong impact on the changes in national governance in the world in general and in Vietnam in particular. The country's national governance is now facing challenges in promoting the application of new technological achievements in improving the efficiency of state administrative agencies, enhancing the capacity of civil servants, solving social issues ofthe administration, and making changes to adapt to the development of the society. That requires constant reforms in Vietnam's national governance activities to overcome challenges and seize opportunities for success.
Keywords: Fourth Industrial Revolution, national governance, Vietnam.
Subject classification: Economics
Khoa hpc xa hoi VietNam, so 10 - 2019 1. Mff dau
Hoat dong quan tri da xuat hien tir rat lau ciing vai su phat trien cua xa hoi Ioai ngucri. Tuy vay, tir cu6i the ky XIX, dau the ky XX, quan niem quan tri quoc gia mod duac quan tam va thao luan nhieu tren the gioi. Dieu do phan anh sir thay doi lan trong nhan thiic va each thuc thuc thi quyen luc chinh tri a cac quoc gia. Bai viet nay de cap sir ra doi cua hpc thuyet quan tri va cac quan diem ve quan tri quoc gia; phan tich sir thay doi cua quan tri quoc gia;
nhung thach thuc va khuyen nghi quan tri quoc gia cua Viet Nam trong boi canh cuoc CMCN 4.0.
2. Su ra 361 cua hgc thuyet quan trj va cac quan diem ve quan tri quoc gia 2.1. Su ra dai eua hgc thuyet qudn trj Hoat dong quan tri da xuat hien tir rat lau cung voi sir phat trien cua xa hpi Ioai ngucri, chang han nhu 5.000 nam tmac Cong Nguyen (TCN) nguai Sumerian (vimg Iraq hien nay) da hoan thien mot he thong phiic tap nhiimg quy trinh thirang mai vcri he thong can dong. Nguai Ai Cap thanh lap nha nuac 8.000 nam TCN va nhUng kim tu thap la dau tich ve trinh do ke hoach, to chiic va kiem scat mpt cong trinh phiic tap.
Nguai Trung Hoa ciing co nhimg dinh che chinh quyen chat che, the hien mpt trinh dp to chiic cao, dieu nay dugc the hien trong tu tuang cua Khong Tii va Han Phi Tir.
Ci Chau Au, ky thuat va phuang phap quan trj bdt dau duac ap dung trong kinh doanh tir thS ky XVI, khi hoat dpng thuang
mai da phat tvihn manh. Truac do, Iy thuyet quan tri chua phat triln trong kinli doanh vi cong viec san xu4t kinh doanh chi gicri han trong pham vi gia dinh. DSn thh ky XVIII, cupc CMCN da chuyin san xuit tir pham vi gia dinh sang nha may. Quy mo va dp phiic tap gia tang, viec nghien ciiu quan tri bat dau tra nen cap bach, song cung chi tap trung vao ky thuat san xuit hon la npi dung cua hoat dpng quan tri. Buac sang the ky XIX, tir su quan tam ciia nhimg nguai true tiep quan tri (cac c a sa san xuat kinh doanh va ca nhiing nha khoa hpc) den cac hoat dpng quan tri moi da co buoc phat trien han so vai giai doan truac. Su quan tam van tap trung nhieu vao khia canh ky thuat cua san xuat, nhung nguoi ta cung bat dau chii y den khia canh lao dpng trong quan tri (nhu Robert Owen da tim each cai thien dihu kien lam viec va dieu kien song cua cong nhan). Xet ve phuang dien quan hi, Owen da dat nen mong cho cac cong trinh nghien ciiu quan tri, nhit la cac nghien ciiu ve m6i quan he giiia diSu kien lao dpng vdi k8t qua cua doanh nghiep. Tir cu6i thh ky XIX, nhieu nghien cim va nhung ly thuySt quan tri da duac gicri thieu. Diu thh ky XX, Frederick W.Taylor la nguoi dat nhn mong cho quan tri hien dai va tir do d8n nay cac ly t h u y a quan tri da duac phat triln nhanh chong, dong gop tich cuccho su phat triln cua xa hpi Ioai nguoi a thh ky XXI 2.2. Cdc guan diim vi qudn tri qudc gia Khai niem quan tri qu6c gia moi chi dupc quan tam dac biet va thao luan nhihu tren the giai tir culi thi ky XX diu thi ky XXI va din dupc dimg din thay thi cho thuat ngii "cai tri" [4]. Viec chuyin tu viSc sir 30
Nguyen Chiln Thing, Ly Hoang Mai, Nguyln Thu Hdng dung thuat ngii "cai tri" sang "quan tri"
trong quan Iy nha nuac duac nhieu hpc gia phan tich, trong do hau het cho rang, day la xu huang cua the ky XXI va phan anh su thay doi 1cm trong nhan thiic va each thiic thuc thi quyen lire chinh tri o cac quoc gia [5]. Su chuyen doi nay cho thay vai tro ciia nha nuoc trong the ky XXI dang va se thay doi, vi tri dpc ton cua bp may nha nuac dang bi thach thiic bdi nhung thiet chl va chu the dan chu mdi [11]. Nhung thiet che dan chu mdi nay dang lam thay doi moi quan he giiia cac chu the tham gia vao cac he thong chinh tri, the hien qua su dieu chinh cac quyen, nghia vu, trach nhiem giiia cac ben lien quan. Hinh thiic quan tri mdi nay xet ve ban chat chinh la viec tai phan bo quyen luc tir gidi tinh hoa chinh tri dang lam chu cac ca quan trong bp may nha nuoc sang ngudi dan, thong qua su hinh thanh, phat trien va hoat dpng cua cac phong trao va to chiic xa hpi. Cung nhu su phan cap, phan quyen tir chinh quyen trung uang xuong chinh quyen dia phuong.
Den nay da co nhieu quan diem ve quan tri quoc gia. Theo Daniel Kaufmaim, Aart Kraay, Massimo Mastruzzi, quan tri quoc gia la "cac truyen thong va the che ma dua vao do de thuc hien quyen luc d mot quoc gia" [9]; Kaufinann cho rang, quan tri nha nuoc la cac truyen thong va the che thuc thi quyen luc d mpt quoc gia, bao gom: (1) Chon ngudi lanh dao dat nudc nhu the nao, giam sat hp ra sao va khi can thay the hp ra sao; (2) Nang Iuc cua chinh phu trong viec xay dung va thuc hien cac chinh sach co co so va cung cap dich vu cong; (3) Sir ton trpng Clia ngudi dan va nha nudc doi vdi cac the chl dilu tilt tuang tac kinh te [3].
gia la "... each thiic ma quyen luc duac thuc thi thong qua cac thi chl chmh tri, kinh tl - xa hpi ciia mpt quic gia" [13];
Chuong trmh Phat triln Lien Hpp Quic (UNDP), dinh nghTa quan tri quic gia la
"viec thuc thi quyin luc chinh tri, hanh chinh, kinh te de quan ly cac vin dl cua quoc gia d moi cap dp. No bao gIm cac co che, quy trinh va thilt chl ma thong qua do, cac cong dan va cac nhom bilu thi su quan tam va thuc hien cac quyen hop phap va nghia vu cua minh, ciing nhu cho thiy su khac biet ciia ho" [8]; Ngan hang Phat triln Chau A (ADB) cho rang, quan tri quoc gia la "each thiic ma nhd do quyen lyc duoc thuc hien de quan ly cac nguIn lire kinh tl - xa hpi cho su phat trien cua mpt quoc gia.
No de cap den chat luong hoat dpng ciia cac the che co nhiem vu xay dung, thyc hien va bao dam thuc thi cac chinh sach tot dua tren each thiic hieu lyc, hieu qua, eong bang va toan dien" [1]. Theo nghia rpng, "quan tri noi den moi tnidng the che ma d do cac cong dan tuong tac vdi nhau va vdi cac co.
quan, quan chiic nha nudc" [12]. Huther va Shah cho rang, quan tri nha nudc la cac khia canh thuc hanh quyen lyc qua the che chinh thiic hoac phi chinh thirc nham quan tri mpi nguIn tai nguyen da giao cho nha nudc [2].
To chiic Hpp tac va Phat trien kinh te (OECD) cho ring, quan tri nha nudc la thyc thi quyin lyc nhim thiic day dan chii va nhan quyin, thiic diy thinh vuong kinh te, In dinh va gin kit xa hpi, giam ngheo, bao ve moi trudng, su dung cac nguon t^
nguyen, tang nilm tm vao cac thiet che chinli phu va hanh chinh [10].
Tir nhiing quan dilm neu hen, co the
Khoa hgc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2019 qua trinh ra quylt dinh va tl chiic thuc hien quyet dinh de quan Iy quoc gia, giai quyet cac van de chinh tri, kinh te - xa hpi d mpt quoc gia.
3. Sir thay doi cua quan tri quoc gia Khi toan the gidi dugc ket noi thong tin va viec xit ly thong tin chu yeu do tri tue nhan tao (AI) dam nhiem, tM nhung co quan trung gian cua nha nudc se trd nen thira thai. Quan tri quoc gia khong the tiep tuc van hanh theo loi cu. Nen tang san xuat cita xa hpi thay doi keo theo su thay doi ve kit cau xa hpi, trong do, khoang each giiia nong dan va cong nhan co xu hudng ngay cang thu hep khi nong nghiep dugc cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa (cong nhan trong ITnh vyc nong nghiep). Su lien ket giiia nha khoa hpc, nha san xuat, nha cung cap dich vu va ngudi tieu dung se trd nen chat che hon; ca nhan con ngudi co them cac dieu kien de co the tham gia nhieu quan he xa hpi va da dang hoa tu each cua minh. Trong boi canh cupc CMCN 4.0, nha nudc (vdi tu each la mpt to chuc dac biet ciia xa hpi mang quyen lyc cong, do xa hpi thiet lap nen, dai dien cho xa hpi va phuc vu xa hpi) se thay doi quan tri ciia minh, dac biet la sy thay doi ve nhiem vu va chiic nang cua nha nudc.
3.1. Su thay doi nhiim vu ciia nhd nu&c Sy xuit hien ciia cuoc CMCN 4.0, ben canh nhfing nhiem vu truyen thong, da va dang xuit hien nhfing nhiem vu mdi cita nha nudc.
Mgt Id, Nha nudc phai giai quyet xung dot gifia cac each thiic san xuit, kinh doanh va cac van dl xa hpi kem theo do tac dpng Clia cupc CMCN 4.0 da, dang Iam xuit hien them nhieu each thiic san xuit kinh doanh thong qua moi trudng mang hoac iing dung nhiing thanh tyu khoa hpc va cong nghe mdi (cong nghe gen, te bao, vi sinh, enzym - protein, tin sinh hpc, nano sinh hpc; cong nghe vat lieu mdi, hien dai, nhu: vat lieu dien tir va quang tir, vat lieu nano, vat lieu y - sinh...). Dieu nay dan den khong it su xung dot giua each thtic san xuat, kinh doanh hien co (hieu qua thap, tham chi cii, lac hau) vdi each thiic san xuat kinh doanh dya tren iing dung thanh tuu ciia khoa hpc va cong nghe vdi hieu qua cao hon. Ben canh do, cupc CMCN 4.0 khong chi tac dpng den san xuat, kinh doanh ma con lam nay sinh van de xa hpi phat sinh, nhu: su chuyen dich lao dpng xa hpi khi co sy chuyin dli nganh/nghe; su xuit hien nhirng nganh/nghe mdi va su suy giam/mit di cua mpt so nganh/nghe; su thay doi cac vin de lien quan den quyin con ngudi, quyin cong dan (chuyen doi gidi tinh, kit hon ding tinh, chpn lpc gidi tinh khi sinh, mang thai hp...); su thay dli vl I6i sing khi con ngudi, ban canh thi gidi thyc, con co the
•gidi thuc dupc s6 hoa (ao). Dilu nay din din nhung thay dli, xung dot trong quan niem, phong tuc, tap quan, thoi quen phong each sing cua ca nhan, xa hpi.
Hai la, nha nudc phai thich iing vdi su xuit hien hinh thuc giao tilp dien tii. Ngay nay, con ngudi co thi giao tilp qua email, mang xa hpi, intemet... ben canh hinh thuc giao tiep truyin thing (bing van ban giiy hyc tiep). Vi vay, Nha nudc cung cin phai thay dli, thich ling va chip nhan nhung 32
Nguyen Chiln Thing, Ly Hoang Mai, Nguyen Thu Hdng hinh thiic giao tiep mdi trong moi quan he
vdi xa hpi, cong dan (viec cung cap mot so dich vu cong qua mang, kinh doanh qua mang xa hpi, hinh thiic hgp dong dien tu...).
Ba Id, nha nudc phai quan ly, chia se, minh bach thong tin. Thong tin la mot tai nguyen can dugc quan ly, khai thac mpt each hieu qua nhat, phuc vu cho sy phat trien cua xa hpi. Neu nhu trudc kia, nha nudc la mpt chii the nam gifi mpt dung luong ldn ve thong tin, viec chia se thong tin cho xa hpi phu thupc nhieu vao y chi chii quan cua nha nudc, thi hien nay, xa hpi doi hoi nha nudc phai chu dpng chia se, minh bach thong tin.
Bon la, nha nudc phai quan ly cac quan he xa hpi trong moi trudng ao. Cac hinh thiic quan he xa hpi ngay phong phii, phiic tap han (ben canh mo hinh thuc - thuc) thi nhieu quan he xa hpi dang tuang tac vdi nhau theo nhfing hinh thiic tren co sd iing dung cong nghe thong tin (nhu hinh thiic thuc - ao - thyc; ao - thyc - ao...). Dieu nay dan den viec nha nudc can co bien phap quan ly phii hgp nhu thu thue doi vdi nhirng kinh doanh qua mang xa hpi, xir ly cac don thu khieu nai, to cao, phan anh, kien nghi dupc glii qua email, tin nhan, mang xa hpi...
3.2. Su thay doi chirc ndng cua nhd nudc Cupc CMCN 4.0 tac dpng den chiic nang quan ly cita nha nudc, neu nhu trudc day nha nudc phai dam nliiem true tiep cac hoat dgng quan Iy va cung cap eac dich vu cong voi lgi thi khach quan vin co cua minh thi gia day nha nudc se chuyen sang chiic nang dinh hudng, din dit sy phat trien ciia xa hpi va kiem soat sy van dpng ciia xa hpi nhu la bao dam tien quylt cho sir phat trien cua xa
hpi phii hpp vdi nhung quy luat khach quan. Chiic nang nlia nudc chuyin dli tu
"ngudi cheo thuyin", "ngudi lai thuyin"
sang "ngudi hoa tieu".
Thu nhdt, a chuc nang dinh hudng va din dat, nha nudc co bin phan phan tich, danh gia va nhan thuc mpt each diing din, day dli, chinh xac, kip thdi quy luat van dpng cua ddi song kinh tl, chinh tri, van hoa, xa hpi.
Tren ca sd do, dinh hudng, dan dat su phat trien cua xa hpi phu hpp vdi cac quy luat khach quan bang viec dua ra cac chien luge, chinh sach, quy hoach, ke hoach hoac cung cap thong tin co tinh dinh hudng cho xa hpi de tu lua chpn va quyet djnh. Co the thay trach nhiem cua nha nudc trong viec
"vupt trudc" so vdi ton tai xa hpi, trd thanh ngudi din dit cho xa hpi. Dong thdi, khi nang Iuc cua cac to chiic, ca nhan trong xa hpi ldn manh, nha nudc can manh dan han nua trong viec chuyen giao cac cong viec nha nudc cho xa hgi (thong qua phan cap, phan quyen, uy quyen).
Thu hai, d chiic nang kiem soat sy van dpng cua xa hpi nhu la bao dam tien quyet cho su phat triln cua xa hpi phii hgp vdi quy luat khach quan, nha nudc phai kiem soat dl loai tru nhiing nguyen nhan, dieu kien phat sinh sai lech trong qua trinh van dpng cung nhu xir ly nhung sai lech.
Kilm soat tnrdc hit la thong qua phap luat. Nha nudc co trach nhiem tao ra mot khong gian phap ly ma trong do, cac quan he xa hpi van dpng mot each an toan, thong thoang chii khong chi dimg d viec dua ra cac chl tai dh xir ly vi pham phap luat cfing nhu cac hoat dpng bao ve phap luat do cac ca quan, tl chtic, ca nhan co tham quyen tiln hanh. Phap luat phai la mot trong
Khoa hgc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10-2019 nhihig diem tya tien quyet de con ngudi tu gay dung dugc cupc song hanh phuc cho chinh minh cung nhu dong gop nhieu nhat CO the vao su phat trien chung cua xa hpi.
Cac gia trj con ngudi phai dupc the hien trong phap luat mot each diy du nhat va cao quy nhat. Tuan thu hien phap de hudng den cong ly phai trd thanh mot trong gia tri, chuan muc nen tang cua xa hpi va hien huu sinh dpng trong nhan thuc, hanh vi cua moi mpt ca nhan, to chuc. Dya tren van hoa phap ly de tin tai la mpt co sd ben vfing cho viec kiem soat. Kiem soat con the hien qua su guong mau, trudc het ciia chinh nha nudc (the hien cu the qua to chuc, hoat dpng Clia cac ca quan, to chiic cua nha nudc, can bp, cong chiic, vien chuc nha nudc).
4. Nhung thach thirc cua quan tri quoc gia Viet Nam trong boi canh each mang cong nghiep 4.0
Mgt Id, thach thiic trong viec day manh iing dung nhiing thanh tuu cong nghe mdi vao viec nang cao hieu qua hoat dpng ciia cac ca quan hanh chinh nha nudc. Neu cac nha quan ly khong c6 nhiing dinh hudng, giai phap phu hop trong viec day manh ung dung cong nghe hien dai vao hoat dpng cua ca quan hanh chinh nha nudc thi hoat dpng cua nin hanh chinh se trd nen tri tre va kem hieu qua. Chang han, cot loi cua cupc CMCN 4.0 la su phat trien cua cong nghe thong tin (CNTT), do vay viec diy manh ling dung CNTT nhim xay dung chinh phu dien tu d tit ca cac cap chinh quyen van la nhiem vu trpng tam. Hien nay, Viet Nam dang triln khai thuc hien Nghi quylt
36a/NQ-CP vl xay dyng chinh phu dien tu, budc dau da dat dupc nhiing ket qua nhat dinh, nhung cung gap khong it nhfing kho khan, thach thiic dl dat duoc muc tieu cai each toan dien ba nhom chi so dich vu cong tryc tuyin (OSI), ha ting vien thong va nguIn nhan Iuc (HCI). Hien tai, muc dp cung ling dich vu cong true tuyen cua cac CO quan hanh chinh chu yeu van d miic dp thip (hong ting sl 104.000 dich vu cong dupc cung ling true tuyen, co den 96.500 dich vu dugc cung iing d cap dp 1 va 2; chi CO 6.600 dich vy d cap dp 3; 900 djch vu cip dp 4) [7].
Hai Id, thach thiic trong viec xay dyng, nang cao trinh dp, nang lyc ciia dpi ngu cong chiic cua nen hanh chinh. Cupc CMCN 4.0 tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho viec day manh iing dung nhieu thanh tuu cong nghe hien dai vao hoat dpng quan Iy, dac biet la CNTT va robit, khi do nhilu loai cong viec trong cac ca quan hanh chinh nha nudc CO the dugc thyc hien bdi may tinh va roblt. De dam bao cho nin hanh chinh hoat dpng hieu qua, can phai xay dyng dugc dpi ngu cong chuc co tinh chuyen nghiep cao, dac biet phai nang cao trinh dp, nang luc dl dam bao su dung tit cac cong nghe hien dai khi giai quylt cac cong viec. Tuy nhien, chat lugng nguIn nhan luc Viet Nam chua dap ling dugc yeu ciu ciia cupc CMCN 4.0.
Culi nam 20J7 co din 40% lao dpng cua Viet Nam vin la lao dpng nong nghiep, nguIn nhan lyc chua qua dao tao chilm mpt ty le kha cao (78,3%). Cupc CMCN 4.0 la cupc each mang sl nhung nhan Iuc chat lugng cao trong cac nganh CNTT, k^^ thuat may tinh, tu dpng hoa... cua Viet Nam dang qua it. Theo tinh toan ciia cac'chuyen gia, nhu ciu nhan lyc CNTT tang thera
34
Nguyen Chien Thing, Ly Hoang Mai, Nguyln Thu Hdng 47%/nam, trong khi do so sinh vien nganh
CNTT ra trudng lai chi tang 8%/nam. Ben canh do c6 tdi 72% so sinh vien nganh CNTT khong co kinh nghiem thuc hanh, 42% s l sinh vien thieu ky nang Iam viec nhom... [6].
Ba Id, thach thiic trong viec giai quyet cac vin de xa hpi cua nen hanh chinh. Vdi nin tang tich hgp nhieu cong nghe hien dai, cupc CMCN 4.0 se tac dpng vao hau het cac ITnh vyc cua ddi song xa hpi, dac biet trong ITnh vyc san xuat, kinh doanh se mang lai nang suat, hieu qua cao hon. Tuy nhien, no ciing tiem an nguy co pha va sy can bang cua thj trudng lao dpng. Khi robot va tu dpng hoa len ngoi, so lugng lao dpng du thua tang len, tinh trang that nghiep trong xa hpi tang len dang ke, dac biet la doi vdi nhfing ngudi lao dpng co tririh dp th^p. Mat khac, khoang each giau ngheo se gia tang gifia nhiing doi tugng cung cap von tai chinh, von tri thiic (cac nha sang che, co dong va nha dau tu) va nhung doi tugng phu thupc vao sue lao dpng (ngudi lao dpng). Ciing vdi do la thach thuc gia tang cua cac van de ve te nan xa hpi, an ninh trat ty xa hpi... Do do, doi hoi cac nha quan ly, hoach dinh chinh sach can phai nghien cuu, CO chinh sach phti hop ve dao tao phat trien nguon nhan luc, ve giai quyet viec lam, an sinh xa hpi va bao dam trat tu xa hpi.
Bdn la, thach thuc trong viec thay doi de thich ling vdi su phat trien cua xS hpi. Cupc CMCN 4.0 tao ra mpt sy thay d l i rit ldn cac ITnh vuc cua ddi song xa hgi. Theo nhan dinh cua nhieu chuyen gia, cuoc CMCN 4.0 dang phat triln theo ham so mfi chii khong phai la t i c dp tuyin tinh. Giao su Klaus Schwab, Chu tich D i l n dan Kinh t l T h i gidi Davos, ngudi dua ra khai niem cupc
CMCN 4.0 da khing dinh: chiing ta dang tien tdi mpt cupc each mang cong nghe, cong nghiep lam thay d l i ca ban Ioi sing, phong each lam viec va each thuc giao tilp.
Xet ve pham vi, mirc dp va tinh phiic tap, su djch chuyen nay khong giong vdi bit ky dieu gi ma con ngudi timg trai qua. Trudc su thay doi manh me ciia xa hpi do tac dpng cua cupc CMCN 4.0, kha nang thich iing vdi su thay doi, phat trien cua xa hpi cfing la mpt trong nhirng yeu cau quan trpng cua nen hanh chinh hien dai.
5. Mpt so khuyen nghi cho Viet Nam De vugt qua nhiing thach thiic dat ra doi vdi quan tri nha nudc trong cupc CMCN 4.0, quan tri nha nudc phai co nhfing cai each can ban va toan dien theo hudng hien dai hoa, chuyen nghiep, thong minh. Nang lyc quan tri nha nudc can dugc thay doi theo cac hudng sau:
Thii- nhdt, diy manh viee xay dyng chinh phu s l tao nin mong cho quan tri s l va hudng tdi mo hinh quan tri thong minh.
Theo do, cin phai: (1) D i u tu nguIn lyc, ap dung manh me chinh phii so d tat ca cac ITnh vuc ma Viet Nam co kha nang, dong thdi p h i biln tren dien rpng va phat huy tinh hieu qua cua mo hinh nay d cac ca quan nha nudc d l hien dai hoa thu tuc hanh chinh, han chl tham nhfing, tang cudng tinh minh bach; (2) Xay dung cac iing dung va cung cip cac djch vu cong tryc tuyen de giam ganh nang cho chinh quyin, thoa man nhu ciu dich vu ngay cang cao va da dang cua ngudi dan; (3) Thilt lap cac ca che true tuyin tilp thu y kiln phan hoi ciia ngudi dan v l chit lugng dich vu cong de cai thien
Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2019 chat lugng cac dich vu nay, tang muc dp hai long cua ngudi su dung; (4) Nang cap ha ting ky thuat trong cac co quan nha nudc, nhit la cac co quan cung cap dich vu cong phuc vu ngudi dan va doanh nghiep.
Thic hai, phat triln nguon nhan lyc chat lugng cao cho cupc CMCN 4.0. Nha nudc cin tao lap thi chl d l bao dam muc tieu phat trien nguon nhan luc cho cac nganh cong nghiep, tap trung vao cac van de sau:
(1) Tang lugng sinh vien tot nghiep dai hpc chuyen nganh ky thuat, ky su len it nhat tuong duong vdi cac nudc nhu Malaysia va Thai Lan; (2) Chuyin giao din (80%-90%) cac vi tri quan Iy cap cao d cac doanh nghiep co v6n d i u tu nudc ngoai cho ngudi Viet Nam dam nhiem tren mgi Iinh vyc, bao gIm quan tri, quan ly san xuat, ban hang va thu mua; (3) Xay dung he thong quic gia v l lao dpng ky thuat cao trong san xuit vdi cac co so dao tao, co che dp cu di hpc d nudc ngoai, thiet lap cac tieu chi kilm tra, he t h i n g bang cip phu hgp de hing nam co t h i dao tao dupc so lugng ky su CO ky nang cao trong ITnh vuc dien tli va CO khi. Cac ky su nay phai tham gia san xuit true t i l p tai cac doanh nghiep va chiu trach nhiem dao tao tiep tuc cac the he ke can.
Thir ba, chuin bj t i t cac nen tang xa hoi cho viec hinh thanh xa hpi dien tu. Trudc tien, Chinh phu va chinh quyen cac dia phuang cin lam t i t cong tac truyen thong v l tim quan trpng cua viec iing dung cong nghe hong quan ly hanh chinh, cung cip dich vu cong.
c i n phai thilt lap dugc nhan thuc chung v l nhfing thdi ca va thach thuc cua cupc CMCN 4.0 d l i vdi su phat triln cua quic
gia. M6i nganh, moi ITnh vuc, moi dia phucmg can phai nhan dien dupc nhijng thdi CO va thach thiic dang dat ra doi vdt minh de c6 nhirng hanh dpng phii hpp.
Cupc CMCN 4.0 khong phai la dilu qua xa xoi ma no dang di vao timg nganh, timg ITnh vyc; do la nen cong nghiep thong minh nai ma cac quyet dinh san xuat dya tren he thong du lieu day du va cap nhat ve thj trudng; qua trinh san xuat nong nghiep thong minh vdi su toi uu hoa ve giong cay tring, vat nuoi, ve dinh dudng, ve quy trinh canh tac, chan nuoi...; nen y te vdi viec so hoa thong tin tinh trang benh nhan de ho trg chin doan, khic phuc cac su co y hpc; la he thing giao thong kit noi thong minh. Moi nganh, ITnh vyc cin co chuang trinh hanh dpng cy the va phii hgp trong cupc CMCN 4.0 nay. Dac biet quan tam phat trien CNTT nham tao phuang thuc phat trien mdi, nang cao toan dien nang luc canh tranh quoc gia, toan xa hpi.
Xay dung chinh phu dien tu, tang cudng tinh minh bach, tao thuan lpi hon cho ngudi dan trong giao dich vdi ca quan nha nudc va tilp can dich vu cong, xay dung chinh phu liem chinh, kiln tao, phat triln va vi ngudi dan.
Can dao tao ky nang va tao thoi quen d l can bg hanh chinh va ngudi dan tilp can va su dung cong nghe thudng xuyen (nhu truy cap cac trang web djch vu cong; su dung cac ling dung tren dien thoai thong minh...).
Trong quan ly xa hoi, cin tao dung ca che doi thoai lien tuc nhu cac trang thong tin dien tu tuong tac, cac cong cu web 2.0 (blog, mang xa hpi) chinh thiic cua Chinh phu de ngudi dan co t h i tham gia vao qua
36
Nguyen Chien Thang, Ly Hoang Mai, Nguyen Thu HSng trinh hoach dinh va phan bien chinh sach
nhSm giam sat nin hanh chinh cong va qua trinh thiic thi chinh sach. Vice tao dvmg co ch5 doi thoai chinh quySn - nhan dan cung la mgt each dj nguoi dan bao ve loi ich ciia minh, dam bao cac quyet sach cua chinh quySn Idiong di ngugc lai vcri loi ich cpng dong. Dac biet, cung voi qua trinh nay can b6 sung, hoan thien cac quy dinh vi quan ly thong tin va an ninh thong tin.
Cuoc CMCN 4.0 tao ra cac nen tang cong nghe cho phep t6 chiic, cong dan co them cac co hoi dS giam sat, tang cucmg tijng noi. Cac chu thS quan tri nha nucrc can phai sin sang d6i thoai, ISng nghe va co nhimg thong tin phan hoi kip thcri doi voi to chiic, cong dan. Quiin tri nha nuoc can phai CO kha nang th6 chS hoa nhung sang kien, nhung y tadng tu t6 chiic, cong dan thanh nhiing thS che tao ra thanh cong chung cho quoc gia.
U'ng dvmg CNTT trong viec cung cap thong tin, thu tuc hanh chinh. Can nghien ciiu ap dung tri tue nhan tao trong viec cung cjp thong tin v6 thu tuc hanh chinh, tao ra kha nang cung cip thong tin 24/7 nl«m dap ling yeu chi vk thong tin ciia to chiic, cong dan. D6ng thai, cin diy manh cac trong tam vl xay dvmg chinh phii dien tii, chinh quyen dien tvr phii hop voi nhu cau tiep can cac dich vu cong true tuySn cua to ehirc va cong dan.
Thic lu, nang edp nSn tang cong nghe quflc gia, tan dung eo hpi truoc nhung dot pha nhanh chong ve eong nghe tren the girii ma eupc CMCN 4.0 mang lai, dac biet la nhung dot pha trong CNTT va tmyen thong.
Kinli nghiem the gioi cho thay, nang luc quan tri quoe gia gan lien vai nang luc cong ngbe quoc gia. Can truyen tai y tuong chien luoc nay vao dinh huang phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, cai each the ehe va xay dvmg mpt ehinh sacb eong nghiep phu hpp; tao dieu kien toi da eho viee tiep can vcri nhiing eong nghe moi va nang eao nang lire ling dung cong nghe.
Thuc hien ca ehi, chinh sach khuyen khich manh me eac ehu the trong nen kinh ti nghien ciiu, ling dvmg va phat trien khoa hpc - cong nghe, nhat la cong nghe cao vao qua trinh san xu4t kinh doanh va eac linh vuc khac trong dai song xa hpi de bat kip vai cupe CMCN 4.0. Khoa hpe - cong nghe la doi hoi eip bach cua canh tranh thi tnrong; yiu ti gin voi "sinh menh" cua doanh nghiep. Vi vay, Nha nuoc co co che khuyin khich va tao diiu kien thuan lpi de cae doanh nghiep, cae tfl chiic xa hpi tich cue su dvmg khoa hpc - cflng nghe tien tien, tbam gia hoat dpng khoa hpc - cong nghe, tiip can thong tin va cae nguon lue khac eua khoa hoc - cong nghe quflc gia.
Xay dirng thi chi di khoa hpc -_cong nghe tro thanh Ivrc lupng san xuit dan dat qua trinh co ciu lai nin kinh ti. Chii trpng diy manh cac boat dpng nghien ciiu ling dung va triin khai; coi doanh nghiep va cac don vi dich vu cflng la trung tam eua dfli mai ling dung va chuyin giao cflng nghe, la ngufln ciu quan trpng ciia thi trudng khoa hpe - cong nghe. Quan tam dung miic din nghien ciiu ca ban, tiep tbu va lam ehii cflng nghe tien tiin tren the gioi phii hpp vai diiu kien eiia Viet Nam, bat kip nhanh voi cupe CMCN 4.0. Thuc
Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10-2019
hien chinli sach khuyin khich ca nhan dau Tai lieu tham khao tu nghien ciiu khoa hpc - cong nghe, dia
phuong va Nha nudc tao dieu kien de nhiing cong trinh nghien cuu dugc dua vao ling dung thyc tien.
6. Ket luan
Cupc CMCN 4.0 dat ra ca nhiing thach thuc va CO hpi cho nen quan trj quoc gia, doi hoi Viet Nam can phai co nhirng chuyen doi de vupt qua thach thiic va don bat co hpi thanh cong. Tren thuc te, nhimg no Iuc thiet lap mpt nen quan trj tot van gap nhieu rao can, trong do CO su han che ve kha nang cong nghe. Song, sy bung no cua CNTT va truyen thong da khac phuc dugc nhirng rao can do, md ra co hpi cai thien chat lugng quan trj quoc gia. Neu Viet Nam xay dung dirge mpt nen quan tri quoc gia hieu qua, thi muc tieu "Den nam 2030, Viet Nam hoan thanh muc tieu cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, c a ban trd thanh nudc cong nghiep theo hudng hien dai" nhu Nghj quyet so 23/2018/NQ - TW se " v l dich" nhanh hon.
Chu thich
^ Nghien ciiu nay la san pham cua De tai khoa hoc cip Nha nuoc "Nghien ciiu tong ket ly lu3n cua chu nghta Mac - Lenin v l moi quan he giua lire lirgng san xudt vai quan he san xuat va de xuat bo sung, phat trian vao thuc tien Viet Nam trong b l i canh moi", Mas6KX.02.13/16-20.
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