CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 02-2009
QUAN HE QUOC TE
OUAN HE CUA CUBA V6l LUt LU^ONC CANH TA 6 MY LATINH HIEN NAY
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a mdt qudc dao n i m d vinh Caribbean cd nhieu diem tUdng ddng vdi khu vUc My Latinh, nen Cuba dUde coi la ddng minh tii nhien cua cac chinh phu canh ta d My Latinh hien nay. N^a the ky qua, hdn dao anh himg nay v l n hien ngang ndi"dau sdng ngon gid", cimg vdi cac liic lUdng canh ta d My Latinh tren hanh trinh di tdi nhflng muc tieu cao ca, vi hoa binh, doe lap dan tdc, dan chu, hdp tac va phat trien. Quan he gifla Cuba va phong trao canh ta d My Latinh hien nay cd the khai quat d mot so' noi dung sau:
Tha nhdt, Cuba tru vUng triidc dp liic ciia My chinh la chd diia, niem tin, nguon cd vd ddng vien tinh thdn cung nhiC vat chdt cho phong trao cdnh td d My Latinh.
Sau Chien t r a n h Lanh, My va cac the liic thu dich da xiet chat bao vay cam van chd'ng Cuba. Trong gan hai thap ky qua, Cach mang Cuba v i n tiep tue phat trien trong dieu kien vd cung khd khan.
Ngay nay, ddng dao ban be qudc te, ban be truyen thd'ng d My Latinh va c i khdng it the liic thu dich deu that sii kham phuc ban linh va tiem nang sang tao cua Dang, Nha nUdc va nhan dan Cuba. Mac dii phai doi mat vdi nhieu khd khan, thif thach, Cuba v i n la diem sang ve tang trudng kinh te trong toan khu vUc My Latinh vdi td'e
TS. Thai Van Long Vien Quan he Qudc te
do binh quan hang nam la 3,5%, rieng nam 2005 la 11,8%; 2006: 12% va 2007: 11,5%. Tren linh vile xa hdi, Cuba tiep tue duy tri vi tri hang dau trong khdi cac nUde dang phat trien, tham ehi mdt sd' chi tieu edn vUdt ca cac nUde cdng nghiep phat trien, 100%
dan eU phd cap tieu hdc, 98,8% phd cap ca'p hai; dat nUde 11 trieu dan nhUng cd tdi 700 nghin ngUdi td't nghiep dai hoc, 310 nghin giao vien, 70 nghin bac si. Cuba la nUdc dflng dau the gidi ve ty le giao vien va bac sy tinh theo dau ngUdi. Tudi tho trung binh tang tif 60 len 76 trong thdi ky
1959-2002...'
Hdn the nfla, xa hdi Cuba edn duy tri td't nhieu gia tri nhU giao due, y te, the thao, boat ddng nghe thuat... d che do bao cap mien phi cho ngUdi dan. Cuba la da't nUde cua du lich nhUng khdng ed sdng bac, xa hdi hau nhu khdng cd ma tuy, ngUdi lang thang cd nhd va ra't it tdi pham; hang nam nha nUde danh hdn 17%) ngan sach cho viec dam bao an sinh xa hdi".
Day la nhflng thanh tiiu ra't dang tii hao cua nhan dan Cuba, thanh tich nay con cd y nghia hdn khi nd dUdc dUa ra so sanh va lam bai hoe cho cac Chinh phu canh ta My Latinh hien nay. Trong thap nien 90 cua the ky XX, eac nude My Latinh dudi sii lanh dao cua cac chinh phu canh hUu deu budc vao cai each kinh te - xa hdi theo
s o 02-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
md hinh chu nghia tU do mdi. Cang cai each, nhieu nUde My Latinh cang lam vao nghich ly eua sii tang trUdng phan phat trien. Mae du kinh te ed tang trUdng, nhUng cang tang trudng, eang lam tram trong them nhflng ba't cdng xa hoi, phan hoa giau ngheo, tha't nghiep, van hoa xud'ng ca'p, mdi trUdng sinh thai hi huy hoai, an ninh xa hoi ngay eang tdi te... Trong bdi canh a'y, Cuba ndi len nhu mot
"trUdng hdp thii vi" (interesting case):
tang trudng trong cdng bing, xif ly cimg mdt liic nhflng van de kinh te va nhUng va'n de xa hoi; tao ra md hinh phat trien toan dien. Trong bao cao nam 2005 eua Uy ban Kinh te - Xa hdi My Latinh cua Lien hdp qud'e (CEPAL) ed neu; "ddng gdp cua Cuba ed gia tri Idn khdng ehi ddi vdi sii phat trien san xua't ma con ea vdi tien bd va cdng b i n g xa hoi"^.
ThiC hai, Cdch mang Cuba vd phong trdo cdnh td My Latinh Id
"ddng minh tii nhien" cua nhau vdi tinh dodn ket hHu nghi ddc biet.
Khu viic My Latinh cd tdng dien tich tren 20,5 trieu km'^ vdi dan so' tren 500 trieu ngudi, ed 33 qudc gia doe lap va 14 vimg lanh thd. Rieng ngudi Brazil ndi tieng Bd Dao Nha, edn lai ta't ea ngUdi dan d cac nUde va vimg lanh thd khac d My Latinh deu ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha va hau nhu trong thdi thiic dan, cac nUdc dd deu la thudc dia cua nUdc thiic dan nay. Net dac thu nay dUde coi nhu mdt
"cha't xue tac" tao nen mdi quan he ddng minh tii nhien gifla Cuba vdi cac nUdc My Latinh, ddng thdi ciing ra't thuan ldi cho viec lan tda rong rai trong khu viic khuynh hUdng canh ta hien nay.
Su toa sang eua liic lUdng canh ta ca'p tien va sii tUdng ddng-ve y thifc he, lap trUdng chd'ng de qud'e, doan ket My Latinh eiia cac chinh phu thuoc nhdm nUde nay la "cha't keo dac biet" gin ket Cuba vdi Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador
va Nicaragua trong quan he ddng minh chien lUdc diia tren ldi ich eiia mdi nUde va cua phong trao. Viec Cuba tang eUdng quan he vdi My Latinh va cac liic lUdng canh ta ca'p tien tren ta't ca cac linh vUe kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa, giao due... da giiip nUdc nay pha dUdc the bao vay ca'm van cua My, cd them dieu kien thuan ldi va ngudn liic can thiet de day manh cdng cuoc bao ve va xay diing da't nUde, dUa nen kinh te tang trudng d mflc cao trong nhflng nam gan day, cho phep Cuba thoat khdi khimg hoang kinh te va thdi ky dac biet. Venezuela va cac nUdc canh ta My Latinh khac diia vao Cuba, nha't la ve mat tinh than, kinh nghiem va chuyen gia de cimg cd' lUc lUdng ben trong, dn dinh tinh hinh, giai quye't mot sd'va'n de xa hoi cap bach.
ThUc te, dodn ket, ung hd Cuba luon la hoat ddng quan trong cua cdc chinh phu cdnh td My Latinh.
TrUdc he't, cac nUdc canh ta My Latinh the hien tinh than doan ket, ling ho Cuba thdng qua cac hoat ddng da'u tranh phan ddi chinh sach ca'm van cua My ddi vdi qud'e dao nay. Cac chinh phii canh ta My Latinh deu danh gia cao vai trd cua Cuba ddi vdi sii nghiep each mang ciia khu viic, deu thiet lap quan he ngoai giao day du va ngay cang t h a t chat mdi quan he hflu nghi nhieu mat vdi Cuba.
Thdng qua dien dan Lien hdp qudc, eac nude My Latinh img ho Cuba va ehd'ng chinh sach bao vay cam van cua My. Ke tir nam 1992 den nay, Dai hoi ddng Lien hdp qud'e da 16 l i n bd phieu thdng qua Nghi quye't yeu eau My bai bd chinh sach bao vay, ca'm van chd'ng Cuba. So' nUdc tan thanh nam sau ludn cao hdn nam trUdc va dat ky luc vao cac nam: 2007 la 184 phieu/192 nUdc t h a n h vien va 2008 la 185 phie'u/192 nUdc t h a n h vien.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY s o 02-2009
Tai cac dien dan khu viic, cac thu linh canh ta ca'p tien deu khang dinh lap trUdng doan ket, ung ho Cuba. Tai cuoc mit tinh ky niem 1 nam ngay Cuba va cac nUdc ky cac Hiep dinh thiic hien sang kien: "Su lUa chon Bdliva cho chau My" (ALBA) diln ra tai Quang trUdng each mang d Thu dd La Habana (Cuba) vao tdi ngay 29/4/2006, Tdng thd'ng Venezuela - Hugo Chavez va Tong thd'ng Bolivia - Evo Morales deu da khang dinh quyet tam eua chinh phu va nhan dan Venezuela cung nhU Bolivia n h i m tang eUdng khdi lien minh, hdp tac va doan ket vdi Cuba cung vdi cac dan tdc khu viic My Latinh de ddi phd vdi cac am mUu can thiep, xam lUde eua My.
Trong chUdng trinh "Aid, tdng thd'ng"
ngay 14 thang 10 nam 2007, nhan dip ky niem 40 nam ngay ngUdi anh hung Che Guevara by sinh tai chien trUdng Bolivia, Tdng thd'ng Venezuela da ca ngdi Chu tich Fidel Castro, ddng thdi khang dinh Cuba dang gifl vai trd tien phong trong phong trao each mang hien nay d My Latinh.
Tren nhieu linh viic viec hdp tac gifla Cuba vdi cae nUde My Latinh da cd nhflng budc phat trien manh me.
Cuba ed ngudn nhan lUc trinh do cao, Venezuela cd ngudn dau md ddi dao ddng vai trd hat nhan va hd trd cac nude canh ta ca'p tien khac cung pha'n dau xay diing "CNXH the ky XXI".
Trong khudn khd ALBA, mdi quan he hdp tac gifla Cuba vdi cac nUde canh ta cap tien eang them t h i t chat. Theo dii an Barrio Adento, 15.000 bac si Cuba da den vdi ngUdi dan ngheo d Caracas (Venezuela). Trong ehUdng trinh "PhSu t h u a t ky dieu" dUdc thiie hien thang 6 nam 2004, ehfla benh ve m i t cho ngUdi dan d 25 nUdc trong khu viic, cac bac si Cuba da thiie hien 30.000 ca p h l u t h u a t m i t mien phi cho ngUdi dan va nhan 5.000 benh
nhan ngheo Bolivia sang Cuba dieu tri mi§n phi". Con ve phan minh, Venezuela cam ket dam bao ngudn cung ca'p dau md theo thdi gia dn dinh cho cac nUdc My Latinh (rieng vdi Cuba, Venezuela hien cung cap mdi ngay khoang 80-90 nghin thung d i u vdi gia re chi b i n g 1/2 gia the gidi)*.
Ngoai ra, de pha the ddc quyen thdng tin cua cac hang thdng tan, truyen hinh My va phUdng Tay, tU thang 2/2004 theo sang kien eua Tong thd'ng Venezuela H. Chavez, cac nUde My Latinh da thanh lap kenh truyen hinh cd phan TELESUR, trong dd Argentina gifl 20% cd phan; Cuba 19%; Uruguay 10%, Venezuela 31%, Brazil 20%. Tru sd TELESUR dUde dat tai Caracas vdi eac chi nhanh d Thu dd cac nUdc thanh vien va ea d Lds Angeles (My)^
Thd ba, Cuba vd cdc chinh phu cdnh td My Latinh phdi hdp vdi nhau chat che tren cdc dien ddn da phiidng ciia khu vUc vd the gidi ddu tranh chd'ng chinh sdch ciidng quyen cua My, trao ddi kinh nghiem, hoc hdi Idn nhau trong xay diChg xd hdi mdi.
Ngay tfl d i u thap nien 90 eua the ky XX: Dang Cdng san Cuba da phdi hdp vdi cac dang; Dang Lao ddng Brazil, dang Cach mang dan ehii Mexico va Mat tran rong rai Uruguay thanh lap Diln dan Sao Paulo - vdi tu each mdt diln dan thudng nien eua cac dang, phong trao canh ta My Latinh va cac khu vUc khac tren the gidi cung chung lap trUdng chd'ng de qud'e, chd'ng chu nghia tii do mdi, vi mot xa hoi td't dep hdn. Chu de Trung tam eua Diln dan Sao Paulo la phe phan md hinh chu nghia tu do mdi va tim tdi giai phap thay the, n h i m bao dam sii phat trien ben vflng eua cac qud'e gia, hdi nhap qud'e te va tang cUdng doan ket gifla cac lUe lUdng canh ta, tien bd... Tinh den nam 2007,
s o 02-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY
Dien dan Sao Paulo da tien hanh dUde 13 phien hop vdi sii tham gia cua tren 50 dang, td chflc va phong trao xa hoi.
Cude gap l i n thii 13 dUdc tien hanh vao thang 1/2007 tai San Salvador (El Salvador) vdi sii tham gia cua 58 dang, td chflc phong trao^.
Tfl nam 1999 den nay, Cuba da dflng ra td chflc Hdi nghi qud'e te thudng nien vdi chu de: "Toan c i u hoa va cac va'n de phat trien". Day la mot dien dan thudng nien phdi hdp hoat ddng giUa cae hoc gia, chinh khach cua Cuba vdi cac hoc gia, chinh khach cua eac nUde canh ta My Latinh cung ed quan diem tien bd va dai dien cua cae td chflc qud'e te va khu viic, eac cd quan chuyen trach thudc Lien hdp qud'e. Den nay, da ed 11 cude hdi thao dUde td chflc tai La Habana (Cuba), mdi cuoc hdi thao deu ed tren 1000 dai bieu tham dii®. Bam sat chil de; "Toan eau hoa va cac va'n de phat trien" cac cuoc hdi thao da di sau phan tich cae khia canh cua toan ciu hoa va nhUng tac ddng cua nd ddi vdi cac nUde dang phat trien. Cae dai bieu edn cung nhau trao ddi kinh nghiem hdi nhap qud'e te, trao ddi va phdi hdp vdi nhau trong cuoc da'u tranh chung chd'ng cac tac ddng tieu ciic do mat trai eua toan eau hoa dem lai.
Ngay 15-9-2006, Cuba tiep tue.
dang cai td chflc Hdi nghi ca'p cao lan thfl 14 (lan '1 vao nam 1979), ddng thdi lam chu tich Phong trao khdng lien ket (Non-Aligned Movement - NAM) nhiem k:y 2006-2009. Tai dien dan hdi nghi, Cuba va cac nUdc My Latinh v i n k h i n g dinh can thuc day manh me hdn nfla tinh doan ket khu viic vdi tinh doan ket giUa eac nUde thanh vien Phong trao khdng lien ket.
cac nUde nay cung .de, cao nhflng ddng gdp tich ciic eua cac chinh phu canh ta My Latinh trong viec lam thay ddi "bo mat" eua khu viic theo hudng tien bo.
Tai Hoi nghi Khdi thUdng mai Caribbean (CARICOM) diln ra d Santiago de Cuba (cd 16 qudc gia) ngay 8/12/2008 viia qua da td chflc mot budi le dac biet n h i m vinh danh lanh t u Cach mang Cuba - Fidel Castro.' Tdng ThU ky CARICOM k h i n g dinh; "Lanh t u Fidel Castro da CO ddng gdp to Idn ddi vdi phong trao each mang giai phdng dan toe d khu viie"^ (ihu tich Cuba - Raul Castro tuyen bd': "Trong sud't 50 nam qua da't nUde dng da phai da'u t r a n h vdi sii bao vay ca'm van kinh te eua My va trong trUdng hdp c i n thiet Cuba san sang dUdng dau vdi Chinh quyen Washington them 50 nam"^°.
Tdm lai, Cach mang Cuba cd mdi quan he ddng minh tii nhien, truyen thd'ng vdi phong trao each mang canh ta d My Latinh Men nay^ Cuba va cae chinh phii canh ta d My Latinh ngay cang doan ket, gan bd, hd trd lan nhau trong xay diing da't nUde tUdi dep va cung phdi hdp chat che, hieu qua hdn tren eac dien dan da phUdng khu viic cflng nhU qud'e te, chd'ng lai sii ap dat cudng quyen eua My, ehd'ng lai nhflng tac ddng tieu ciic tfl cuoc khiing hoang tai chinh hien nay va tfl mat trai toan cau hoa dem lai •
Chu thich:
1) Din theo: NguySn Viet Thao; "Cuba hien ngang nOi dau song", Website DCS. 4/7/2008.
2) Din theo: Nguyin Viet Thao: "Phong each kien dinh va dung khi sang tao cua Cuba", Chuyen san Ho sd sU kien, Tap chi Cong san so 3 (25-4-2008), tr.28.
3) Dan theo: Bao cao tong quan ket qua nghien cilu de tai nhanh 3 "Chu nghia Mac - Lenin v6i van menh va tuong lai cua CNXH", Ha Noi, 2008, Vu Quan ly Khoa hoc. Hoc vien CTQGHCM, tr.201.
4) Din theo: Thuy Chung: Tong thong Bolivia: "CNTB chi lam ton thuOng den My Latinh", trang Website http//che-vietnam.com cap nhat ngay 19/7/2007.
5) Nguyin Manh Hung: "Trao luu canh ta My Latinh va cong cuoc xay diing CNXH the ky XXI d Venezuela", Tap chi Ly luan chinh tri, thang 9-2007, tr.76.
6); 7) Nhu 5, tr.76; tr.71
8) Din theo Nguyen Manh Hung, Trao luu canh ta My La tinh... Sdd, tr.72.
