CHINH TRi - LUAT
•no-A .1-CHINH SflCH CHONG PHO BIEN Va KHI HUY DIET HANG L06T CUfI CHINH QUYEN G. W. BUSH
•^ • . :
^ ^ ^ r o n g linh vUe quan sU, vd khi I I buy diet hang loat (Weapons of
^ b J ^ M a s s Destruction - WMD) bao gdm ba loai ehfnh: vu khf hat nhan, vii khf hda hoc va vu khf sinh hoc.
Trong ma'y thap ky qua, viee dd'i phd vdi WMD la mot trong nhdng va'n de ndi bat trong quan be qud'c te noi chung va trong chfnh sach doi ngoai cua cae chinh quyen My ndi rieng.
Trong hai nhiem ky eua Td'ng thdng George Walker Bush (2001-2008), van de WMD tie'p tue ed nhUng dien bie'n phdc tap va anh hudng den an ninh cua nUde My. Do do, ehinh saeh chd'ng phd. bien WMD la mot trong nhdng ehfnh sach dd'i ngoai quan trong cua Chinh quyen My.
1. Q u a n d i e m va c h i n h s a c h Tie'p tuc chinh sach dd'i ngoai cua chinh quyen tien nhiem, Chinh quyen G. W. Bush coi viec chd'ng lai sii phd bie'n WMD la mdt trong nhdng Uu tien trong ehUdng trinh nghi sii cua chinh sach ddi ngoai. Dac biet sau sii kien nUde My bi ta'n edng khung bd' ngay 11-9-2001 va sau dd bi ta'n edng bdng loai vi khudn gay benh than, Chfnh quyen My cang chu trong tdi van de chd'ng phd bien WMD ndi chung va ngan ehan kha nang cac lUc lUdng khung bd' qud'c te sd hUu WMD ndi rieng de chd'ng lai My. Quan diem
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eua Chinh quyen G. W. Bush ve nguy ed cua eae loai vu khi buy diet hang loat trifdc he't the hien rd trong bai phat bieu cua Tdng thd'ng G. W. Bush tai Hoe vien Quan sii West Point ngay 1-6-2002. Theo dng Bush, "Nguy ed nghiem trong nha't dd'i vdi tii do ehinh la md'i lien be day hiem hoa gida ehii nghia ca'p tie'n va cdng righe. Khi vu khi hat nhan, hda hoc va sinh hoe cung vdi cdng nghe ten' lUa dan dao dUdc phd bien thi ngay ea nhdng qud'c gia yeu kem va cac nhdm nhd cung cd the ed dUde sdc manh ghe gdm de tan cdng eae nUde ldn. Ke thu eua chung ta (My) da tuyen bd' y dd nay va dang kiem tim nhdng loai vu ^khi nguy hiem dd. Chung mud'n ed sdc manh de ham doa chung ta, lam hai ehung ta hoae ban be chung ta - va ehung ta se dd'i phd vdi ehung bdng ta't ea sdg manh eua minh".'
Vdi nhan thdc nhU vay, Chfnh quyen G. W.'Bush da chfnh thdc dUa ra chfnh saeh chd'ng phd bie'n WMD, dUde edng bd' trong ban Chie'n lUdc an ninh qud'c gia thang 9-2002. Trong van kien nay, ehien lUdc tdng the eua Chinh quyen My, chd'ng WMD gdm ba noi dung chinh: 1) "Thiic hien cac nd liic chu ddng chd'ng phd bie'n WMD; 2) Tang cUdng eae nd lUe chd'ng phd bie'n WMD nham ngan ehan cac qud'c gia thu dich va nhdng ke khung bd' tie'p
can vdi ngudn nguyen lieu, cdng nghe va ky thuat san xua't WMD can thie't de san xua't eae loai vu khi nay; 3) Xd ly hau qua mot each ed hieu qua nham dd'i phd vdi nhiing anh hUdng cua viee sd dung WMD eua liic lUdng khung bd' va cac qud'c gia thu dich".^
Vdi noi dung thd nha't, tinh "ehu dong" ed nghia la Chinh quyen G. W.
Bush se thiie hien cai goi la "danh ddn phu dau" de ngan ehan trUde nhUng am mUu ta'n cdng My va eae ddng minh cua My bdng WMD. Vdi noi dung thd hai, Chinh quyen My se thUc hien eae bien phap kiem soat eae hinh thdc phd bie'n WMD bao gdm xua't khau WMD, nguyen lieu va edng nghe che tao WMD, ddng thdi thanh lap cae lien minh de thiic hien cac bien phap kiem soat WMD. Trong noi dung thd ba, Chinh quyen G. W. Bush tim each giam thieu hau qua cua cuoc ta'n cdng bdng WMD nhdm vao My va eae ddng minh trong trUdng hdp cuoc tan cdng xay ra.
Sau khi cdng bd' Chie'n lUde an ninh qud'c gia, thang 12-2002, Chinh quyen G. W. Bush dUa ra mot ban ehien lUde rieng eho viec dd'i phd vdi WMD. Van kien nay ed ten goi "Chie'n lUde qud'c gia chd'ng vu khi buy diet hang loat".
Ban chie'n lUdc khdng dinh WMD la md'i de doa vd cung nguy hiem ne'u eae loai vu khf nay rdi vao tay nhUng ke thd dich vdi My. Ddng thdi, ban chie'n lUdc the hien quye't tam ciia Chinh quyen G. W. Bush trong viec sU dung moi kha nang ed the cua My de danh tra bat ky cuoc ta'n cdng nao bdng WMD nhdm vao My va cac ddng minh eua My. Chie'n lUdc chd'ng WMD gdm ba tru cot ehinh: 1) Chd'ng viee sU dung WMD; 2) Cung cd ed che khdng phd bie'n WMD; 3) Sdn sang dd'i phd vdi hau qua cua mot cuoc ta'n edng bdng WMD. Theo quan diem cua
Chinh quyen G. W. Bush, ba tru cdt nay hdp t h a n h mot chien lUdc tdng the chd'ng lai viec sii dung WMD cua cac liic lUdng t h u dich vdi My. Day dUde coi la "mot trong nhiing md'i de doa nguy hiem nha't" ma nUde My dang phai dd'i mat.'^ Sau do, trong mot bai phat bieu tai Dai hoc Qud'c phdng d Washington D.C. ngay 11-4-2004, Tdng thd'ng G. W. Bush neu bay de xua't mdi nhdm tang eUdng nhUng nd liic eua the gidi cha'm ddt sii phd bie'n WMD. NhUng de xua't nay bao gdm: 1) Md rong viec thiie hien Sang kien An ninh chd'ng phd bie'n vu khi buy diet hang loat cua My; 2) Keu goi ta't ea cac qud'c gia tang cUdng luat phap va kiem soat qud'c te ve va'n de chd'ng phd bie'n WMD; 3) Md rong nd lUc ngan ehan vu khf tii thdi Chie'n tranh Lanh va cac nguyen lieu nguy hiem khae khdng rdi vao tay ke xa'u; 4) Khde phue "ke hd" cua Hiep Udc Khdng phd bie'n vu khi h a t nhan (NPT) bi mot sd nudc ldi dung de phat trien vu khi hat nhan; 5) Chi eho phep nhUng nUde da ky Nghi dinh t h u Bd sung eua Hiep Udc NPT dUde phep nhap khau thie't bi cho cac chUdng trinh hat nhan dan Sli cua ho; 6) Thanh lap mot uy ban dac biet thuoc Ban Giam dd'c Cd quan Nang lUdng Nguyen tii Qud'c te (IAEA) va se ehuyen ve cac bien phap bad dam va t h a n h sat; 7) Dinh chi viee tham gia Ban Giam ddc IAEA dd'i vdi cac nudc hi dieu tra vi vi pham cac nghia vu khdng phd bie'n hat nhan."
Nhu vay, bay bien phap nay vda cu the viia hdp t h a n h mot ed che kha tdng the nhdm kiem soat viec phd bien WMD. Ngoai ra, nhUng bien phap nay cdn nhdm thu hut nhieu nude tham gia Sang kien An ninh cho'ng phd bie'n vu khi buy diet hang loat eua My, ddng thdi tranh thu sii ung ho cua eae cd che da phUdng nhU
IAEA, Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hiep qud'c va nhdm G-8 dd'i vdi viec ngan ehan phd bie'n WMD.
Trong nhiem ky hai cua Tdng thd'ng G. W. Bush, tinh Mnh qud'c te cd lien quan de'n WMD van diin bie'n phdc tap. Cac liic lUdng khiing bd qude te tie'p tuc tim each sd hUu WMD. My sa Idy trong hai eudc khung hoang hat nhan vdi Iran va Cong hda Dan ehu Nhan dan Trieu Tien. Tren the gidi, viec kiem soat sii phd bie'n cae loai nguyen lieu va cdng nghe che tao WMD chua triet de. Trong hoan canh do, Chfnh quyen G. W. Bush tie'p tue de cao chfnh sach chd'ng phd bie'n WMD, dUdc the hien ro trong ban Chien lUdc an ninh qud'c gia, cdng bd thang 3-2006. Trong van kien nay, chinh saeh cho'ng phd bie'n WMD bao gdm nhUng noi dung ehfnh la: 1) Ngan ehan cac nUde ldi dung "ke hd"
cua Hiep Udc NPT de cd dUdc cac nguyen lieu va che tao vu khi hat nhan; 2) Thdng qua viec thiic hien cac ehUdng trinh "Sang kien giam thieu md'i de doa toan cdu" va "Sang kien An ninh chd'ng phd bie'n vu khi buy diet hang loat" eua My de ngan ehan cac qud'c gia "ba't tri" va nhdng liic lUdng khung bd' sd hUu nguyen lieu ehe tao vu khf hat nhan; 3) Nang eao kha nang phat hien va dng phd vdi cae cuoc ta'n cdng bdng vu khi sinh hoc, phd'i hdp vdi cac nUde va cac cd ehe da phUdng de cung ed' kha nang canh bao vdi hiem hoa cua vu khi sinh hoe tren pham vi toan cau; 4) Xae dinh v^ ngan ehan cac mang ludi khung bd' tim each sd hutu vu khi hda hoc, ddng thdi nang cao kha nang cua quan ddi My va cac liic lUdng phan ling nhanh eua My dd'i phd vdi cac cude tan edng bdng vu khi hda hoc; 5) Thiie hien eae bien phap tien edng va phdng thii dd'i vdi nhflng qud'c gia va
cac lUe lUdng phi qud'c gia cd y dd thiic hien cac cuoc tan edng bang WMD.' Nhu vay, nhflng noi dung ehinh sach chd'ng phd bie'n WMD cua Chinh quyen G. W. Bush td ra cdng ran, dac biet quye't tam ngan ehan cac qud'c gia khdng than thien vdi My va nhflng liie lUdng khung bd' qud'c te sd hflu nhflng loai vu khi nguy hiem nay. Quyet tam cua Chinh quyen G. W. Bush khdng nhflng dUde the hien trong mot loat eae van ban^ ma cdn the hien qua viec thiie hien cac chUdng trinh va nhUng bien phap cu the chd'ng phd bien WMD d eae ca'p do khae nhau.
2. Viec t h i i c t h i c h i n h s a c h
Trong tam eua chinh sach chd'ng phd bien WMD cua Chinh quyen G.
W. Bush la chd'ng phd bie'n vu khi hat nhan, loai vfl khi phd bie'n nha't thuoc nhdm WMD, thdng qua viec tang cUdng cd ehe giam sat eua Hiep udc NPT. Theo quan diem eua Tong thd'ng G. W. Bush, Hiep udc NPT da dUa ra nhiing cd sd phap ly de ngan ehan sii phd bie'n cua vu khi hat nhan, gdp phan dam bao an ninh eua the gidi. Vi vay. My cam ke't thiie hien nhflng bdn phan theo tinh than eua Hiep Udc NPT thdng qua viee thiic hien cac hiep Udc cdt giam vu khi hat nhan vdi Nga.^ Ddng thdi. My yeu eau cac nUde thanh vien khae eflng tuan thu Hiep Udc NPT. Tdng thd'ng G. W. Bush eflng canh bao cac nUde khdng dUde ldi dung "ke hd" cua Hiep udc NPT la eho phep phat trien eae ehUdng trinh hat nhan dan sii^ de bf mat ehe tae vfl khf hat nhan. Ong Bush cung keu goi IAEA tang cfldng hoat dong giam sat, dac biet la viee thiie hien cac dieu khoan cua Nghi dinh thu bd sung eua Hiep udc NPT.« Cung ehung quan diem vdi Tong thd'ng G. W. Bush, Jakie Woleott Sanders, Dai dien cua
My tai Hdi nghi ve giai trfl vfl khi d Geneva va Dai dien dac biet cua Tdng thd'ng ve van de chd'ng phd bien vu khi hat nhan, da de ra cac bien phap de tang cUdng hieu qua eua Hiep Udc NPT. Cae bien phap nay bao gdm: 1) Chap thuan cac ehinh saeh phe phan viec khdng tuan thu Hiep Udc NPT trong tUdng lai bad gdm ca viee bai be hdp tac ve hat nhan; 2) Kiem seat mdt each cd hieu qua viec tuan thu Hiep Udc NPT, ngan ehan cac boat dong phd bie'n hat nhan ba't hdp phap; 3) ThUc hien Nghi quye't 1540 cua Hdi ddng Bao an Lien -hiep qud'c (dUde thdng qua thang 4-2004) ve ngan ehan sii phd bie'n eua WMD; 4) Tang cUdng kiem seat cac cdilg nghe che bie'n va lam giau nguyen lieu hat nhan; 5) Nghiem ca'm viee ehuyen giao nguyen lieu va thie't bi hat nhan ba't hdp phap; 6) Cha'p hanh ddy du nhflng quy dinh cua Hiep Udc NPT va Nghi dinh thU bd sung eua van kien nay; 7) Day manh sii hdp tac sU dung nang lUdng hat nhan vi mue dich hda binh tren cd sd cua Hiep Udc NPT.^
Nhu vay, Chinh quyen G. W. Bush de cao vai trd cua Hiep udc NPT. trong viec ngan ehan phd bien vfl khi hat nhan, coi dd la mot edng eu phap ly quan trong de ngan ehan eae qud'c gia
"ba't tri" va cae liie lUdng khung bd' sd hflu vfl khi hat nhan.
Ket hdp vdi viee sU dung cd sd phap ly eua Hiep Ude NPT, ve mat quan sii, Chinh quyen Bush chu trUdng xay dung mot he thd'ng phdng thu ten lUa (missile defense - MD). Muc tieu ciia MD la bao ve eae liic lUdng quan sii va lanh thd cua My va eua cae ddng minh ciia My trUde cac cuoc ta'n cdng hat nhan bdng ten lua dan dao.'° Giai thich ve MD, trong mot phat bieu tai Dai hoe Qud'c phdng ngay 1-5-2001 Tdng thd'ng G. W. Bush ndi: "Phdng
thu trong nUde va phdng t h u ten liia la mot bo phan eua nen an ninh vflng manh hdn va day la nhflng Uu tien can ban cua Hoa Ky"." Tren thiic te, cac chUdng trinh ve MD da dUdc cac chinh quyen My trien khai tfl may thap ky trUdc d nhflng ca'p dd kbac nhau. Trong nhiem ky eua Tdng thd'ng G. W. Bush, do nhflng bie'n chuyen ldn trong tinh hinh qude te va do nhflng n h a n thfle mdi ve md'i de doa eua cac eudc ta'n edng bdng vfl khi hat nhan, dac biet la cac cuoc ta'n edng tfl eae Iflc lUdng khiing bd' qud'c te, Chfnh quyen G. W. Bush cang de cao viec trien khai he thd'ng MD.
Quye't dinh quan trqng dau tien la ngay 15-12-2001 Chinh quyen Bush ddn phUdng rut khdi Hiep Udc chd'ng ten lua dan dao (ABM).'^ Quye't dinh nay dUde dUa ra sau khi nUde My bi ta'n edng khiing bd' ngay 11-9-2001, tao dieu kien cho My md rdng he thd'ng MD. Trong he thdng MD, Chinh quyen My xay diing tram rada va lap dat eae ten Ida danh ehan b bang Alaska va California tren lanh thd My. Ngoai ra, eae ten liia danh ehan cdn dUdc phdng di tfl cac tau chie'n cua hai quan va may bay Boeing YAL-1 eua My. Kinh phi ehi cho he thd'ng MD nam 2003 la 8 ty USD, nam 2004 tang len 9 ty USD va tdng ehi phi de'n nam 2010 dfl tinh 50 ty USD. Tuy nhien, theo tinh toan eua eae chuyen gia de he thd'ng MD dUde trien khai day du va di vao boat ddng d giai doan dau vao nam 2020, Chinh phu My phai chi tdi 200 ty U S D . ' '
Mot dieu dang luu y la viec Chinh quyen G. W. Bush rut khdi Hiep Udc ABM tao dieu kien cho My xay diing mot he tho'ng MD cd the bao ve nhieu muc tieu ca d trong va ngoai nUde My.
Hdn nfla, Chinh quyen G. W. Bush trien khai he thd'ng MD trong hoan
canh My can dii vao eudc khung hoang hat nhan vdi CHDCND Trieu Tien tfl nam 1993 va vdi Iran tfl nam 2002. Do dd, ngoai viec trien khai he thd'ng MD trong nUde My, Chfnh quyen G. W. Bush cdn trien khai he thd'ng MD d nude ngoai. Ngay 17-12- 2002, My de nghi Anh va Dan Maeh eho phep sU dung cae can cfl d Fylingdales, Thule va Greenland d hai nude nay de ldp dat cae thiet bi nbU la mot phan eua he thd'ng MD. Cdng thdi gian nay. My bdt dau de nghi mot sd nude chau Au khae tham gia be thd'ng MD. Nam 2007, My chinh thfle dam pban vdi Ba Lan va Cong hda See ve viee lap dat mot tram rada va eae ten Ida danh ehan thudc be thd'ng MD d hai nude nay, nham muc tieu bao ve My va eae nUdc ddng minh chau Au tfl cac cuoc ta'n edng bdng ten lUa dan dao tfl Trung Ddng. Ket qua la tbang 7 va 8-2008, Cbinh pbu Sec va Ba Lan da ky thda thuan cho phep My trien khai mot phdn eua he thd'ng MD d hai nUde nay, bat chap sii pban dd'i cua nhan dan See va Ba Lan va sU phan dd'i manh me eua Nga.
Theo quan diem eua Nga, sU trien khai he tbdng MD cua My d Sec va Ba Lan se lam hai den an ninh cua Nga va thue day chay dua vfl trang d chau Au.'' Nga da ed mot loat nhflng phan flng quye't liet ddi vdi hanh ddng cua My d Sec va Ba Lan. Mot trong nhflng phan flng dd la ngay 13-7-2007 Nga chinh thfle rut khdi Hiep Udc ve cac lUc lifdng vfl trang thdng thudng tai chau Au va cac hiep Udc qud'c te lien quan tdi van kien nay. Nga cung de doa se chia ten Ida ve cac muc tieu d chau Au neu My cfl tie'p tuc ke hoaeh MD. Nhflng ba't ddng gifla My va Nga ve he thd'ng MD d chau Au khien quan he hai nfldc di de'n mflc cang thdng nha't ke tfl sau Chie'n tranh
Lanh. Nhflng pban dd'i sfl trien khai he thd'ng MD cdn xua't hien ea d My, trdng do cd sfl tham gia cua nhieu luat sU, ehuyen gia phan tich chie'n lUdc, cac chuyen gia ve hoach dinh ehinh sach, cac hoe gia va cac nhdm da'u tranh vi hda binh. Sii phan dd'i eua ngUdi dan My diia tren ba cd sd:
1) Cdng nghe sfl dung trong he thd'ng MD cdn ehUa hoan chfnh, the hien qua nhflng vu thii nghiem that bai; 2) Ngay ca khi he tho'ng MD dfldc hoan thien, nd cung khdng giup dUdc nUde My bi tan cdng ngay tfl ben trong lanh thd My nhu kieu vu ngay 11-9-2001;
3) Chinb quyen My can tinh den sii phan flng tieu cflc cua eae nUde tren the gidi khi My la qud'c gia vfla cd kho vu khi hat nhan vfla cd be thd'ng ehdng lai eae cuoc ta'n edng hat nhan bdng ten lUa dan dao.''' Nhu vay, sU phan dd'i eua ngUdi My vdi he thd'ng MD la cd ed sd vi tren thiic te muc tieu eua Chinh quyen My trong viee xay dung he thd'ng MD nhdm tao Uu the eho My ve WMD ndi chung va vd khi hat nhan ndi rieng.
Mot nd liic khae eua Chinh quyen G. W. Bush trong mue tieu chd'ng phd bien WMD la viec khdi xUdng chUdng trinh Sang kien An ninh chd'ng phd bien vfl khi buy diet hang loat (Proliferation Security Initiative - PSI) bat ddu tfl ngay 31-5-2003. Muc tieu lau dai cua PSI nhdm "xay dflng mot mang ludi eae dd'i tae chd'ng phd bie'n WMD va ky thuat ten Ida". Cac nudc tham gia PSI dUde yeu cdu thiic hien cae nhiem vu: 1) Thiet lap cd sd phap ly eua qud'c gia minh trong viee ngan ehan WMD; 2) Kiem soat cac tau mang cd eua nUdc minh bi ngbi ngd van ehuyen ba't hdp phap WMD;
3) Pho'i hdp vdi cae nUde thanh vien PSI trong boat dong kiem soat WMD;
4) Tham gia cac cude dien tap chd'ng
phd bie'n WMD.'' Khi mdi ra ddi, PSI c6 11 nude thanh vien (Australia, Phap, Dfle, Italy, Nhat Ban, Ha Lan, Ba Lan, Bd Dao Nha, Tay Ban Nha, Anh va My). Tinh de'n thang 2-2008 ed 86 nudc tham gia va de'n thang 5- 2009, so' thanh vien PSI la 9 5 . ' ' Sfl tham gia ddng dao ciia cac nUdc vao chUdng trinh PSI cua My cho thay mflc do quan tam Idn ciia nhieu nUdc dd'i vdi va'n de chd'ng phd bie'n WMD.'®
Phat bieu ve chUdng trinh PSI, Tong thu ky Lien hiep qud'c Ban Ki Moon thfla nhan tam quan trong cua PSI va coi dd la mot bien phap de "lap khoang trd'ng ve phdng thii" ciia cong ddng qud'c te.'^ Vao dip ky niem 5 nam thiic hien chUdng trinh PSI thang 5- 2008 tai Washington D.C, 88 nUdc thanh vien PSI da dUa ra mot tuyen bd' chung khang dinh quye't tam hdp tac ngan ehan moi hinh thfle phd bie'n WMD, dac biet khdng de cho WMD rdi vao tay "nhflng ke nguy hiem".^° Cho de'n thdi diem nay, chfldng trinh PSI da td chflc hdn 30 cuoc dien tap chd'ng pho bien WMD vdi sfl tham gia cua hdn 70 nfldc trong cac cuoc diin tap.
Danh gia hoat ddng ciia chfldng trinh PSI trong 5 nam qua, Tong thd'ng G.
W. Bush cho rdng "PSI la mot cdng cu ngay cang ed hieu qua trong viee ngan cam cac boat dong cd lien quan den WMD, tfl viec ddng cvfa cac cdng ty cho de'n ngan ehan cac mang Ifldi tai chfnh, truy to' nhflng ke phd bie'n WMD va ngan ehan viec van chuyen cac nguyen lieu nhay cam den cac dia diem chuyen chd".^' Tuy nhien, cung tai le ky niem 5 nam ngay thfle hien chfldng trinh PSI, mot so' nfldc la quan sat vien ciia PSI trong dd cd Trung Qud'c, An Do va Pakistan cho rdng PSI khdng cd du cd sd phap ly dd'i vdi viec kiem scat cac tau thuyen bi nghi ngd chuyen chd WMD hoae
nguyen lieu che tao WMD, vi the viec kiem soat nay de vi p h a m luat phap quoc te.
Ddng thdi vdi viec thfle hien chfldng trinh PSI, Chinh quyen G . ' w . Bush de xfldng va thfle hien mot so' chfldng trinh khae. Dang chu y trong so' nay la chfldng trinh "Hdp tac giam thieu md'i de doa" (Cooperative Threat Reduction - CTR) dfldc de xfldng va thfle hien bdi cac chinh quyen tien nhiem tfl t h a n g 12-1991, do Bo Qud'c phdng My dam nhiem. Muc tieu ciia CTR nhdm dd'i phd vdi moi de doa cua WMD tfl cac nfldc thuoc Lien Xo trflde day, chii ye'u la Nga, Ukraine, Belarus va Kazakhstan. Day la nhflng nfldc thfla ke kho WMD cua Lien Xo. Tfl khi cd hieu Iflc, CTR dfldc phan bd ngan sach hdn 9 ty USD cho cac dfl an dam bao an toan va pha hiiy WMD, ddng thdi ngan ehan sfl phd bie'n nguyen lieu, edng nghe va cd sd che tao WMD tfl cac nfldc nay. Trong nam tai chinh 2005 va 2006, Chfnh quyen G. W. Bush de nghi bd sung cho ngan saeh cua chfldng trinh CTR mdi nam them 1 ty USD. Nam 2008, CTR da dfldc md rong de ap dung vdi nhflng nfldc khae ngoai p h a m vi Xo Viet trflde day. Thang 5-2004, Cd quan An ninh qud'c gia ve h a t n h a n ciia My thanh lap chfldng trinh Sang kien giam thieu md'i de dqa toan cau (Global Threat Reduction Initiative - GTRI) va giao cho Bo Nang Ifldng My trfle tie'p dam nhiem. Mue tieu cua GTRI n h a m xae dinh va loai bd nguy cd de doa ciia cac loai nguyen lieu hat nhan va chat phdng xa tren toan eau dfldc cho la "de doa tdi an ninh cua My va cong ddng qud'c te*'. Dd'i tac hdp tac chinh cua chfldng trinh GTRI la nflde Nga. Theo bao cao cua Chfnh quyen My, tinh de'n cud'i nam 2008, chfldng t r i n h GTRI da thu dfldc
nhflng ke't qua kha quan: 1) Leaf trfl dfldc khd'i Ifldng chat uranium dfldc lam giau cd the che tao hdn 40 bom hat nhan; 2) Dam bao an toan eho hdn 750 ed sd hat nhan tren toan the gidi vdi khoang 20 trieu curi chat phdng xa cd the ehe tao hang nghin bom ban;
3) Chuyen ddi hang chue Id phan flng hat nhan cua nhieu nUde tfl sd dung chat uranium cd ham lUdng cao sang sfl dung uranium ed ham lUdng tha'p;
4) Ddng eiia mot sd Id phan flng hat nhan nghien eflu cha't uranium cd ham lUdng eao (d Dfle, Phap, Trung Qud'c); 5) Kiem soat viec ehuyen chd cac nguyen lieu phdng xa mdi va nguyen lieu da qua sd dung tfl mot sd nude chau Au den Nga.^^ Nhu vay thdng qua ehUdng trinh GTRI, Chinh quyen G. W. Bush d mflc do nha't dinh da thfle bien viec kiem soat dd'i vdi nguyen lieu hat nhan va cha't phdng xa d cap do toan edu.
Nhflng cbUdng trinh cbdng phd bie'n WMD do My de xUdng difdc Lien hiep quo'c ung ho. Thang 4-2004, Hdi ddng Bao an Lien hiep qude tbdng qua Nghi quyet 1540 vdi ndi dung kha tUdng tu nbu chiidng trinh PSI cua My. Nghi quyet 1540 yeu eau eae nUde kiem ehe trong viee dng hd cac liic lUdng phi qud'c gia tim each phat trien, sd hUu, cbe tao. ehuyen giao eae loai WMD va nhUng phUdng tien sU dung cac loai vu khi nky. Ban nghi quyet eung yeu can eae nUde thiet lap cac cd sd phap ly va bien phap cd hieu qua d nifdc minh de kiem soat sii phd bien eua WMD."' Nhdm G8 eung tfch ciie hdp tac vdi My chd'ng phd bie'n WMD. Thang 6-2002, tai Hoi nghi thUdng dinh G8 d Kananaskis (Canada), cac nUde nhdm G8 nha't tri tham gia chUdng trinh Ddi tac Toan eau chd'ng phd' bie'n WMD va nguyen lieu de che tao WMD. Ban dau,
chUdng trinh Dd'i tac Toan eau tap trung vao khu viic cae nUde thuoc Lien Xd trUdc day. Thang 2-2004, theo de nghi eua Tdng thd'ng G. W. Bush, ehUdng trinh nay md rong ra toan the gidi va ed them 13 nUde kbac tham gia. ChUdng trinh Dd'i tac Toan edu lap mot ngan quy tri gia 20 ty USD trong dd My ddng gdp 10 ty USD. Cac boat ddng chfnh eua ehUdng trinh Dd'i tae Toan cau bao gdm: 1) Pha buy eae loai vu khi hda hoc va phUdng tien sU dung loai vfl khi nay; 2) Giam thieu va loai bd nguy ed that thoat cae nguyen lieu cd the che tao vfl khf hat nhan; 3) Dam bao an toan dd'i vdi cac loai hda cha't chfla vi khuan gay benh;
4) Phat trien cac chfldng trinh thay the de sii dung cac nha khoa hoc trong linh vflc che tao WMD.^" Tai cae-hoi nghi thfldng dinh eua G8 trong nhflng nam tie'p theo, cac nUde G8 tid'p tue cam ke't thiie hien ebUdng trinh Dd'i tac Toan eau, khu viic dia ly trong tam van la nUde Nga va cac nUdc thuoc Lien Xd trUdc day. Theo bao eao cua Hoi nghi thUdng dinh G8 d Hokkaido (Nhat Ban) thang 7-2008, cae nude G8 dat dUde mot so' tien bo trong viec thiie hien chUdng trinh nay, dae biet da tieu huy mot khd'i lUdng ldn (40.000 ta'n) vu khi hda hoc eua Nga. Mae dfl vdn cdn nhflng diem bat ddng nhung ve ed ban My va cac nude G8 tiep tuc cam ke't thiic hien chUdng trinh Ddi tac Toan cau va da cd nhUng ket qua ra't dang khfch le.^''
Dieu dang luu y la trong khi Chinh quyen G. W. Bush tich ciic chd'ng sU phd bie'n WMD, ehinh quyen nay cd nhflng viec lam td ra mau thudn vdi nhflng chinh saeh va chfldng trinh chdng phd bie'n WMD. Thd nhd't, My vdn chfla phe ehuan Hiep Udc Ca'm thd vfl khi hat nhan toan dien (CTBT). Theo quan diem eua cac
ehuyen gia My, viec Chinh quyen My khdng phe chuan Hiep Ude CTBT cd nhflng tae dong tieu ciic dd'i vdi va'n de chd'ng phd bie'n WMD. Nhflng tae dong nay bao gdm: 1) Khdng khuye'n khich cae nude kbac tich ciic tham gia Hiep Udc CTBT; 2) Khdng ngan can dUdc cac vu thii hat nhan mdi; 3) Vi My khdng tham gia Hiep Udc CTBT nen khdng phai ddng gdp vao quy thie't lap mang ludi giam sat va kiem tra cua Hiep Udc CTBT. Dieu nay se gay khd khan cho viec thanh lap mot mang lUdi nhu vay trong khi mang ludi nay lai ra't quan trong do'i vdi My. Chfnh vi vay cac chuy§n gia khuye'n nghi Chinh quyen My sdm phe chuan Hiep Ude CTBT.^' Thd hai, tai Hoi ngM ve xem xet lai Hiep Udc NPT nam 2005, Chinh quyen G. W. Bush tfl ehd'i thao luan ve nhflng va'n de lien quan de'n giai trfl vfl khi hat nhan ma nhieu nUde mud'n neu ra vdi My. Trong khi dd. My nha't miic ddi ban ve viee khdng tuan thu Hiep Ude NPT cua mot vai nude nhU trUdng hdp eua Iran. Theo danh gia cua cac chuyen gia My, chinh thai do eflng rdn cua Cbinh quyen Bush tai hoi nghi nay da lam cho hoi nghi khdng dat dUde bien phap mdi nao de tang cUdng tfnh hieu liic cua Hiep Udc NPT."
Nhin chung, chinh saeh chd'ng phd bie'n WMD eua Chinh quyen G. W.
Bush da thu dUde nhflng ke't qua nha't dinh. Tuy nhien, nhflng danh gia cua cae ehuyen gia My eho thay sU khong nha't quan trong ehinh sach chd'ng phd bie'n WMD eua Chinh quyen G. W.
Bush. Trong khi ehinh saeh nay nhdm mue tieu ngan ehan sii phd bien WMD d cae nudc tren the gidi thi My vdn la sieu CUdng sd mot trong linh viic sd hflu va kha nang ehe tao WMD. Thfle te nay se ban ehe tinh hieu qua cua chinh saeh chd'ng phd bie'n WMD •
Chit thich:
l ) W e a p o n s of M a s s Destruction: A New Strategic F r a m e w o r k , e J o u r n a l USA, July
2002, t a i dia chi:
usinfo.state,gov/journals/itps/0702/ijpe/ijpe07 02,htm
2)The N a t i o n a l Security S t r a t e g y of the United S t a t e s of America, The White House, March
2006, t a i dia chi:
www, whitehouse,gov/nsc/nssintro.html
3)The N a t i o n a l S t r a t e g y to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, The White House, 11 December 2002, tai dia chi:
www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/12/
WMDStrategy.pdf
4)President A n n o u n c e s New M e a s u r e s to Counter t h e T h r e a t of WMD, Fort Lesley J, McNair - N a t i o n a l Defense University, W a s h m g t o n , D.C. F e b r u a r y 11, 2004.
5)The N a t i o n a l Security S t r a t e g y of the United S t a t e s of America, The White House, March
2006, tai dia chi:
www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nssintro.htm
6)Ngoai cac b a n chie'n luoc cho'ng WMD, chinh q u y i n G. W. B u s h con b a n h a n h nhiJng van kien rieng neu ro muc tieu va bien phap cho'ng cac loai vii khi buy diet h a n g loat khae n h a u , c h a n g h a n van kien "Biodefense for the 21st Century", T h a m k h a o United States Comhiating Weapons of M a s s Destruction, tai dia chi: www,america,gov/st/washfile- english/2005/January/200501131903201CJsa mohTO.4230005,html
7)Hiep Udc START-I duoc ky ngay 31-7-1991 va bet b a n ngay 5-12-2009, Hiep u6c SORT dtldc ky ngay 24-5-2002 va het h a n ngav 31-12- 2012,
8)George W, Bush, U,S. Firmly Committed to NPT, e J o u r n a l USA, M a r c h 2005, tai dia chi:
usinfo,state.gov/journals/itps/0305/ijpe/ijpe03 05,htm
9)Jackie Woleott S a n d e r s , How to Strengthen t h e NPT, e J o u r n a l USA, M a r c h 2005, tai dia ehi:
usinfo,state,gov/journals/itps/0305/ijpe/ijpe03 05,htm
10)Weapons of M a s s Destruction: The New Strategic F r a m e w o r k , tldd
l l ) W e a p o n s of M a s s Destruction: The New Strategic F r a m e w o r k , tldd.
12)My Hiep Ucic ABM ky voi Lien Xo n a m 1972, cho phep moi nudc chi dUdc xay dung mot he thong chong t e n Itia d a n dao de bao ve mot muc tieu duy n h a t t r e n l a n h tho moi nUdc, Hiep U6c ABM van con hieu luc sau khi Nga t h a y t h e Lien Xo t r o n g viec tie'p tuc thUc bien hiep u6c nay.
13)Steven W, Hook, U,S. Foreign Policy: The Paradox of World Power, CQ Press, A Division of Congressional Quarterly Inc., Washington, D.C. 2005, tr. 316.
14)Nga len an My, cat dOft quan he vdi NATO,
tai dia chi:
vietnamnet.vn/thegioi/2008/08/799850 15)U.S, Foreign Policy: The Paradox of World
Power, sdd, tr, 316,
16)Mary Beth Nikitin, CRS Report for Congress: Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), Order Code RL34327, WMD Nonproliferation, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division, US Congress, Updated February 4, 2008,
17)Hien nay co 95 nifdc t b a n h vien PSI la:
Afghanistan, Albania, Andorra, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The B a h a m a s , Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, El Salvador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, J a p a n , J o r d a n , Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Latvia, Liberia , Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, P a n a m a , P a p u a New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, San Marino, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, T u r k m e n i s t a n , Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, va Yemen, Dan theo Deidra Avendasora, Global Initiative for Halting Weapons Shipments Gains New Member, tai dia chi:
www.america,gov/st/peacesec-
english/2009/May/20090527160355DDarosad nevAO,3227503,html
18)TrUdng hdp t h a m gia PSI ciia H a n Quoc kha dac biet. Ntldc nay la mot dofig minh ciia My nbUng chi mdi t h a m gia PSI ngay sau khi CHDCND Trieu Tien thii ten lUa ngay 25 va 26-5-2009. Theo quan diem cua Han Quo'c, khi chUa t h a m gia PSI vi H a n Quo'c khong muo'n kich dong van de b a t n h a n doi vdi CHDCND Trieu Tien, Han Quoc t b a m gia PSI the hien tinh t h a n kien quyet cho'ng WMD vi coi h a n h dong thii ten liia ciia Trieu Tien la "moi de
doa t n i c tie'p n h a m vao hoa binh va on dinh trong khu vUc ciing n b u toan the gidi", Ngoai triidng H a n Quoc Yu Myung-hwan n h a n manh, viec nUdc nay trd t h a n h t h a n h vien day dii cua PSI la dieu khong t r a n h khoi n h i m giup kiem soat hoat dong p h a t trien cac loai thie't bi nguy hiem cua Trieu Tien, NbU vay, van de via khi h a t n h a n cua Trieu Tien va sii t h a m gia PSI ciia H a n Qud'c day hai nUdc vao tinb t r a n g tie'p tuc do'i dau cang thang, Tham khao The gidi len an Trieu Tien tbu h a t nhan,
tai dia chi:
www,vietnamnet,vn/thegioi/2009/05/849548 Trieu Tien doa t r a diia H a n Quo'c, tai dia chi:
www,vietnamnet.vn/thegioi/2009/05/849969 19) United States Initiatives to Prevent
Proliferation, D e p a r t m e n t of State Publication Number 11254 • Released by the Bureaus of Nonproliferation and Public Affairs, United States D e p a r t m e n t of State.
Printed in Washington DC, A/RPS/MMS • 2005-02760 [electronic distribution).
20)Jacquelyn S, Forth, Nations Endorse Strengthened Effort on Containing Weapons'
Spread, tai dia chi:
www.america.gov/st/peacesec-
enghsb/2008/May/20080529150623sjhtrop0,5 417292,html
21)David McKeeby, Weapons P a r t n e r s h i p Has Solid Record of Success, Says Bush, tai dia chi: www, america.gov/st/peacesec- engUsh/2008/May/20080528160013idybeekcm 0,4490167,html
22)GTRI: Reducing Nuclear T h r e a t s , tai dia chi:
www.nnsa.energy,gov/news/2330.htm
23)United States Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction, tai dia chi:
www,america.gov/st/washfile-
enghsb/2005/January/20050113190320lCJsa mohT0,4230005.html
24)United States Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction, tldd.
25)Stephen Bunnell, G-8 Nonprohferation Effort to Shift Focus, tai dia chi: ;, . www,armscontrol,org/act/2008_09/G8
26)Correcting the Record: Arms Experts Respond to Secretary Rice's Claims about Bush Administration Nuclear Control Accomplishments, tai dia cbi:
www.armscontrol,org/node/3346
27)Correcting the Record: Arms Experts Respond to Secretary Rice's Claims about Bush Administration Nuclear Control Accomplishments, tldd.
