XAY DUNG CAC QUY DINH PHAP LUAT VE SAN XUAT SACH HON 6 VIET NAM
va Thj Duyen Thuy
S
an xudt saeh ban la khai niC-m duge Chuang trinh Mdi Inrcrng cim Lien hiep qudc (UNHP) de xudt nam 1990 nhdm dap irng nhu cau can phai co mgt each liep can loan cdu ddi \(Vi \an de mdi trudng. Den nay, khai niem nay da duirc phii bien lai nhidu qudc gia. Theo dd, san xuat saeh ban la "vice dp dung liin luc chien luge phdng ngira tdng hgp ve mdi tru&ng vdo cdc qua trinh san xudt. san phdm vd dich vu nhdm ndng cao hiiu sudt, giam thieu rui ro cho con ngirdi vd mdi irit&ng Cu the, ddi vdi qua trinh san xuat, san xuat saeh han bao gdm viee tiet kiem nguyen vat lieu, nang lugng; loai bo eac nguyen vat lieu dpe hai.giam ve lugng va doe tinh eua chat thai trude khi chung ra khdi guy trinh san xuat.
Ddi vdi san pham, san xuat saeh ban la giam tac dpng tieu cue ciia san pham len con ngudi va mdi trudng trong loan bd vdng ddi ciia san pham, tir khai thac tai nguyen den thai bd sau khi sir dung. Cdn ddi vdi dich vu, san xuat saeh hom ddi hoi su can nhac eae yeu td mdi trudng trong sudt qua trinh thiet ke va phat trien dich vu. Vi vay, san xuat saeh hom khdng chi mang lai lgi ich kinh te, ma cdn giai quyet cac van de mdi trudng trong qua trinh san xuat. No la mdt giai phap quan trpng cho muc tieu phat trien ben vung ciia nhan loai.
Cho den nay, san xuat saeh han da dugc trien khai a hau khap cac qudc gia tren the gidi. De khuyen khich va dam bao sir rang budc phap ly can thiet cho boat ddng nay, mdt so qudc gia da ban hanh dao luat rieng vd san xuat saeh born ma Trung Qudc la qudc gia di tien phong trong ITnh vuc nay d khu vuc chau A. Lual thuc day sdn xudt sgch han ciia Trung Qudc dugc ban hanh vao thang 6 nam
TS., Dai hoc Luat H^ Ngi.
2002 da gdp phdn khdng nhd trong vifc khuydn khich cac ccr scr cdng nghiep cua qudc gia nay thuc hi(3n tidt ki?m nguyen lieu, nang lugng, giam thieu chat thai...
() Vict Nam, san xuat saeh born con la van de kha mdi me vd phuomg dien phap ly.
Viee xay dung cac quy dinh phap luat ve san xudt saeh ban hien dang la mdt ddi hdi hue thidt de dap img muc lieu phat tridn bdn viing ndi chung \ii bao \c mdi trudng noi rieng. Cac ly do ca ban ly giai cho nhu cau nay la:
1. Loi ich kinh te va moi trudng cua san xuat saeh hom
San xudt saeh born la mpt trong nhung phuang thuc tot nhat de thuc hien phong ngira, ngan chan \ a giam thieu d nhiem moi trudng trong qua trinh san xuat va tieu dimg, hucrng tdi phat trien ben virng. Ap dung san xudt saeh ban, cac boat ddng giam thieu chit thai tai ngudn se dugc thuc hien chu ddng va thudng xuyen. Theo dd, qua trinh san xuat ludn dugc trien kliai trong dieu kien tdi mive tieu hao nguyen \'at lieu, nang lugng, san xuat \ ii phat thai. Ciing vdi dd, viec thay the ngu) en lieu theo hircimg chuyen sang su dung cac nguy CMI \ iii lieu cd chat lugng cao hon, mang lai hieu qua san xuat tdt hom va cac nguyen \iil lieu than thien ban vcri moi Uudng. tac dgng it hom den mdi trudng ciing dugc thuc hien. Viec cai tien thiet bi (tdi iru boa kich thude, cai tien each nhiet, cai tien thidt kd ciia thidt bi...) hoac lip dat thidt bi mdi tien tien hem va hieu qua hem trong san xuat saeh ciing se dam bao giam tieu hao, that thoat nguyen vat lieu, thdng qua do gia®
thieu chat thai trong qua trinh san xuat.
Ciing vdi viec giam thidu chdt thai tai ngudn, vide tai che, tai su dung chat th^
ciing dem lai bieu qua kha cao khi doanh
XA Y DUNG cAc QUY DINH ...
nghiep ap dung san xuat saeh hom. Chat thai CO the dugc su dung tai cho. Chiing dugc thu gom lai va sir dung cho mdt muc dfch khac trong ciing day truyen san xuat hoac mot day truyen khac trong chfnh ca sd san xuat do.
Chdt thai ciing eo the dugc sir dung de san xudt thanh san pham mdi va ban cho cac ca sd cdng nghiep khac.
Khdng chi hieu qua trong giam thieu chat thai tai ngudn va tai che, tai sii' dung chat thai, san xuat saeh ban eon day nhanh qua trinh cai tien san pham. Theo do, ea sd ap dung san xuat saeh ban co the thue hien cac hoat ddng cai tien chat lupmg san phiim hoac thay the sang san pham ciing loai eo chat lugng cao hcni nham giam d nhiem va doc tinh ciia san pham. Ben canh do, de thuc hien san xuat saeh hem, doanh nghiep cfing se cai tien ddng gdi san pham sao cho gpn nhe hon, than thien bom vdi mdi trudng ma van dam bao bao \ e dugc san pham.
Nhu vay, san xuat saeh bom dem lai nhieu lgi leb ve kinh te, mdi trudng cho eac CO sd san xuat va cho cgng ddng. Cac lgi feh kinh te va mdi trudng ma san xuat saeh hom CO the dem lai la lam giam cbi phf san xuat, tiet kiem tai nguyen va giam thieu d nhiem mdi trudng. San xuat saeh ban giiip giam nguyen lieu dau vao bang viec thu hdi, sir [dung lai nguyen vat lieu hoac sir dung tiet I kiem nguyen lieu dau vao, thdng qua do ban
che bdt nhu cau khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien lam nguyen lieu san xuat. San xuat saeh hom cdn lam giam cac chi phf phat sinh cho viec xu ly chdt thai bj thai bd trong qua tririh san xudt, qua do Iam giam chi phf san xuat, tang kha nang canh tranh ciia san ,pham. Dieu do cho thay hai lgi feh rd rang I nhat cua san xuat saeh ban la giam cbi phi
^san^xuat va giam phat thai cac chat gay d 'nhiem vao mdi trudng' Lgi feh nay ciing da 'dugc kidm nghiem tren thuc td d Viet Nam.
'Chdng han, Cdng ty gidy Viet Tri ddu tu 245 'trieu ddng cho day truyen san xuat saeh ban,
da tiet kiem duge 2.226 trieu ddng/nam, tang san lugng 2%, giam 6% lugng bpt giay, 29%
boa chat lay, 330 tan khf nha kinhJnam...
Danh gia tai mpt sd ea sd edng nghiep khac dp dung san xuat saeh ban cho thay lupmg chat thai nguy hai trong san xuat da giam tir 50 ddn 100%^
2. Su ghi nhan dinh huomg thuc hien san xuat saeh hom trong mot so van ban phap luat
Tai Viet Nam, nhan thire dugc nhirng Igi feh lo ldn va nhu cau cap thiet ciia san xuat saeh ban vi muc lieu bdo ve mdi trudng va phat trien ben virng, dinh hudng trien khai san xuat saeh da dugc xac djnh lir khoang gan ehuc nam trd lai day. Dieu do duge the hien kha rd trong nhieu van ban ciia ca quan nha nudc co tham quyen. Co the ke den mpt sd van ban quan trpng sau:
Ngay 6 thang 5 nam 2002, Bp Khoa hpc Cdng nghe va Mdi truomg da xay dimg Ke hoach qudc gia ve san xuat saeh ma giai doan mpt cua Ke hoaeh nay tap trung ehii yeu vao cac ca sd cdng nghiep. Tiep do, tai Quyet dinh sd 256/2003/QD-TTg ngay 02/12/2003 eiia Thu tudng Chfnh phii phe duyet Chien luge Bao ve mdi trudng qudc gia den nam 2010 va dinh hucyng ddn nam 2020, san xuat saeh ban dugc ghi nhan la mpt trong nhiing npi dung quan trpng ciia Chien luge nay.
Trong do, Chucmg trinh uu tien sd 28 ve Ap dung cdng nghe saeh va than thien mdi trudng da dugc de cap va giao cho Bd Cdng nghiep (nay la Bp Cdng Thuang) chii tri xay dung va trien khai thuc hien.
Nam 2004, tai Quydt djuh sd 153/2004/QD-TTg ngay 17/8/2004 cua Thu tudng Chfnh phu ve viec ban banh dinh hudng Chidn luge phat trien ben viing d Viet Nam (Chuang trinh Nghi sir 21 cua Viet Nam), san xudt saeh born ciing dugc xac djnb la mdt trong nhiing hoat ddng uu tien phat
Nguyen Dinh Huong (chu bien) (2007), Gido trinh
\Kinh tichdt thdi, Nxb. Giao due, Ha Noi, tr.99-100.
" Bo Tai nguyen va Moi trucmg (2002), Ky yiu hoi nghi bdn Iron qudc gia ve sdn xudt saeh han. Ha Noi, tr.54.
NHA NUdc vA PHAP LUAT sii 11/2011
tridn dd thay ddi mo hinh san xuat lieu dimg hien dai, hudng ldi mpt nen "ciing nghiep saeh" Sau do, vao nam 2005, Quyel dinh sd 328/2005/QD-TTg. ngiiy 12/12/2005 ciia Thii ludng Chfnh phu ve viee phe duyel Ke hoach qudc gia kicMU soiil d nhiem mdi tnrdng ddn nam 2010: Quyel dinh sd 34/2005/QD-rTg ngay 22/02/2005 ciia Thii tudng Chinh phii ban hanh Chuang trinh hanh dpng eua Chinh phii thue hiC-n Nghi quyel sd 41-NQ/TW ngay 15/11/2004 cua Bp Chinh tri \ e bao \ e mdi trucmg trong thai ky day manh edng nghiep hoa, hien diii hoa diit nircVe cung xiic dinh vo san xuat saeh han duge xem la n-\o\ hudng nghien ciiu uu lien
\ il la giai phap de bao ve mcii trucmg.
Trong san xuat cdng nghiep, ngay 07/9/2009, Thii ludng Chinh phii da ky ban hanh Quydt djnh sd 1419/2009/QD-TTg phe duyet Chien luge san xuat saeh ban trong edng nghiep den nam 2020. Theo dd, muc tieu can d^t dugc den nam 2015 la: 50% ca sd san xuat cdng nghiep nhan thirc dugc Igi feh ciia viec ap dung san xuat saeh hom trong cdng nghiep; 25% co sd san xudt cdng nghiep ap dung san xuat saeh ban; cac ca sd san xuat cdng nghiep ap dung san xudt saeh han liet kiem dugc 5-8% mire tieu thu nang lupmg, nguyen lieu, nhien lieu, \iil lieu tren dan vi san pham.
Nhu vay, san xuat saeh ban la giai phap quan trpng cdn sdm dugc uu lien tridn khai nham bao ve mdi trudng \ a phat tridn bdn viing dat nudc. Didu dd da duge dinh hudng va thd hien cam kdt manh me ciia Vxcx Nam trong viec trien khai san xudt saeh ban tren pham vi ca nude. Tuy nhien, dk di vao thuc tien san xudt, cac cam kdt nay rdt cdn dugc cu the boa bdng cac quy pham phap luat.
3. Viec thuc hien san xuat saeh hon d Viet Nam hien nay
San xuat saeh ban dugc dua vao Viet Nam tir khoang 10 nam trd lai day vdi su ho trg ban ddu ciia Lien hiep qudc. Hien tai, Viet Nam da co Trung tam san xudt saeh hom dat tai trudng Dai bgc Bach Khoa Ha
N()i. Trung tam nay tridn khai nhung hoat dgng nhu dao tao cac giang vien tiern nSng, tidn hanh thi diem trinh dien tai mdt sd coso san xuat, dao tao nang cao trinh dp ve san xuat .saeh cho cac can bp ky thuat... Din nam 2005, d nudc la da cd tren 170 doanh nghidp cdng nghiep lai 34 tinh, thanh tham gia vao cac hoat ddng danh gia, trinh dien san xuat saeh han, tap trung chu yeu tai cac thanh phd nhu: Tp. Hd Chi Minh, Nam Djnh, Phil Thg, Thai Nguyen, Ha Ndi, Binh Diranp... Tp. Hd Chi Minh la dia phuang diui dau vc sd lugng cac du an san xuat saeh ban. K(3l qua ciia cac du an trinh dien cho thay, bau het cac doanh nghiep tham gia da dat dugc Igi ich \e kinh te \a mdi tmim lh(")ng qua vice giam tir 20-30% lugng ch^
thai. Dac biet cd nhirng doanh nghiep nhu Cdng ty Giay Viet Tri, sau khi ap dung san xuat saeh da giam dugc 50% lugng nuoc thai, Cdng ly Nhudm Nhat Tri giam dugc 63% lugng boa chat dau vao.
Ket qua danh gia san xuat saeh hon da dugc tien hanh trong khudn khd cac dir an trinh dien cung cho thay: cac doanh nghiep/ca sd san xuat cdng nghiep ciia Viet Nam CO liem nang ldn trong \ iec giam tieu hao nang lugng, nguyen \ at lieu, hoa chat cung nhu giam lupmg chat thai phat sinh. Tai nhieu ca sd, \ iec dau tu cho san xuat saeh ban cd the hoan vdn trong vdng mdt den hai nam. Phan Icim cac dan \ i thuc bien san xuat saeh hem co the giam lugng tieu hao nguyai nhien lieu tieu thu tir 10-15%. Ngoai ra, mpt danh gia ca hdi va tiem nang ap dung san xuat saeh bom tai Viet Nam ddi vdi 8 nganh cong nghiep dugc tidn hanh nam 2004 va 2005 Cling cho thay: nganh det may la nganh c6 co hdi va tiem nang ap dung san xuat saeh hon cao nhat, tiep den la cac nganh boa chdt, khai thac khoang san, ca khi dien tir, luyen kim, rugu bia, giay^ Ve phuomg dien mdi tnroi^
day la cac nganh cdng nghiep cd nguy ca gay
B6 Cong nghiep (2007), Bao cao tinh hinh third san xudt saeh han, Ha Noi.
XAY DUNG CAC QUY DINH 6 nhilm mdi tru'dng Idia ldn. Ndu ap dung
thanh (:dng san xudt saeh ban, bai loan vd phat trien ben viimg cae nganh edng nghiep neu tren se ca ban dugc thao ga.
4. Giai phap xay dung va hoan thien phap luat ve san xuat saeh hon 6- Viet Nam Ve phuang dien phap ly, ngay 22 thang 9 nam 1999, Viet Nam da ky cam ket thuc hien Tuyen ngdn qudc te \e san xuiil saeh hon. Tuy nhien, Viet Nam mdi ehi ban hanh dugc cac quy dinh ehung mang tinh nguyen tac cho viec trien khai san xuat saeh ban ma chua cd nhiimg c}iiy dinh cu the dieu chinh true tiep ve van de niiy.
Cho den nay, Viet Nam nidi chi ban hanli dugc mdt sd van ban phap luat mang tinh nguyen tac \'e san xuat saeh ban (nliu da neu 6 tren). Luat Bao ve mdi trudng nam 2005 dao luat dieu chinh chung ve bao \c mdi trudng d nudc ta hien nay ciing klidng co dieu luat nao quy dinh true tiep ve san xuat saeh han. Cl day cbi cd the tim thdy mpt vai quy dinh cd lien quan den san xuat saeh hom.
Dieu 5 khoan 3 Luat nay quy djnb ve chinh saeh cua Nha nudc trong bao ve mdi trudng ma sir dung hgp ly, tidt kiem tai nguyen thien nhien, phat trien nang lugng saeh, nang lupmg tai tao; ddy manh tai ehd, tai sii dung va giam thieu chat thai la mdt trong nhiing chinh saeh do. Vdi nhiing lgi feh ldn ve kinh te va mdi trudng, san xuat saeh hon la giai phap quan trgng va hieu qua thuc hien chinh saeh nay.
Quy dinh ve cac hanh vi dugc khuyen khfch trong bao ve mdi trudng, Didu 6 Luat Bao ve mdi trudng cd khuyen khfch hai hanh vi lien quan den san xudt saeh hom. Dd la hanh vi giam thieu, thu gom, tai che, tai sir dung chat thai va hanh vi phat trien, su dung nang lugng saeh, nang lupmg tai tao; giam thieu khi thai gay hieu ung nha kfnh, pha huy tang dzdn. Thuc hien san xuat saeh ban la thuc hien giam thieu va tai che, tai sir dung chat thai. Ben canh do, viec sir dung nang lugng saeh, nang lupmg tai tao ciing la mpt trong nhiing each thiic thuc bien san
xuat saeh han da va dang duge trien khai d mpt sd nu'cVc tren the gicVi.
De khuyen khfch eae lc") chu'c, ca nhan thue hien eae hanh vi neu tren, Dieu 33 va Dieu 117 Lual Bao ve mdi trudng nam 2005 quy dinh: 1 o chirc, eii nhan dau lu phat trien, sir dung nang lugng saeh, nang lugng tai tao, san xuat cac san pham than thien vdi mdi trudng dirge Nha nude uu dai ve thud, ho trg vein, dat dai de xay dung ea sd san xuat.
Chinh saeh hd trg nay hien dugc quy dinh chi tidt tai Nghi dinh sd 04/2009/ND-CP ngay 14/01/2009 ciia Chinh phii vd uu dai, hd trc7 cho bao ve mdi trudng va Thdng tu 230/2009/ TT-BTC ngay 08/12/2009 hudng dan uu dai ve thue ddi vdi hoat dpng bao ve mdi tru'dng. Mac dii khdng quy dinh true tiep, nhung thdng qua muc dfch giam thieu, tai ehe, tai sii' dung chat thai, sir dung nang lugng saeh... san xuat saeh ban co the dugc hudng cae chfnh saeh uu dai eiia Nha nudc quy dinh tai cae van ban phap luat nay nhu:
uu dai ve thue, phf; u^u dai ve dat dai va ea sd ha tang; trg gia cho san pham tir chat thai dugc tai che...
Nhu vay eo the thay, san xuat saeh ban la giai phap hieu qua ve kinh te va mdi trudng, song Viet Nam hau nhu chua co quy dinh phap luat cu the lam ca sd phap ly cho viee trien khai mpt each thdng nhat tren thuc te. Vi vay, de dam bao mpt hanh lang phap ly thuan lgi cho san xuat saeh hom, viec xay dimg cae quy pham phap luat dieu chinh trong ITnh vuc nay la can thiet. Trong dieu kien hien tai, de giai quyet svr thieu hut nay, can sdm xay dung va ban hanh he thdng quy pham phap luat dieu chinh cae van de ea ban sau day:
Xac dinh rd muc tieu ciia san xuat saeh ban. Do la nang cao bieu qua sir dung tai nguyen, hieu qua san xuat; giam phat thai, gop phan bao ve mdi trudng.
- Quy dinh cu the ve chinh saeh va ca che ciia Nha nudc ve khuyen khich san xuat saeh ban. Van de nay can dugc xay dung
w
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NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT SO 11/2011
CO thai hiin hoat ddng kinh doanh. Ngoai ra, cae bien phap khdc phuc hau qiui ed the dii'c;c iip dung bao gdm: lieu luiy hang boa cci yeu Id xam pham, bupe liii xuiil hang hda co yeu Id xam pham.
Bi^n phdp kiem sodt hien gi&i
Bien phap kidm soiil bien gie'ri lii mpt trong nhfrng bicMi phap hanh chfnh dugc ap dung khi ea quan I kii quan lam dimg thii lue hai quan hoac kiem tra/ giam sat hai quan de phat hi^n ddu hieu xam pham quyen SI TT'T (theo quy djnh ciia Luat Hai quan. Liiiil SHTT) lien c(r ser
VCMI cau eiia chii the quyen SI WW 3.3. Bien phdp hinh su'
Cae \u vice HCMI quan den hanh vi xam pham quyCMi Sl ITT da hi xir ly hinh sir trong
\ai nam gan day bat dau lir \u an hinh sir xam pham quyen ddi \cVi kieu dang edng nghiep xe may WAVE - Alpha. Tiep theo.
cac vu an hinh su lien quan ddn cac san phim sang tao cung da xuat hien nhung khdng ph6 bidn. Bg luat I Tmh su (sira ddi nam 2009) da quy djnh cac binh phat tien va phat tii tang cirdng tfnh ran de so vdi che tai cu.
Ket luan
•
Quyen dugc hudng thu thanh qua sang tao ciia cong chung vii quy en dugc hudng loi ich tinh than va vat chat tu kha nang sang tao tri tue ciia cac ca nhan ludn gan lien voi nhau. Kbi quyen Igi ciia cac nha sang tao tri tue dugc dam bao. hg sd cd ddng lire de dau tu trf lue. cdng bien cho cdng chiing va xa bgi nhfrng thanh qua khoa bgc cdng ngheva van hgc nghe thuat nham thoa man nhu cau thu hudng ciia cdng chimg. Chinh vi le do, eac qudc gia deu thuc hien chinh saeh dam bao quyen SHTT thda dang \i muc lieu phat trien chung ciia loan xa hgi.
r
(Tiep theo trang 63 - Xdy dung cdc quy djnh ...) theo hudng khuyen khich cac ca sd san xuat
cdng nghiep thugc mpi thanh phan kinh te ap dung san xuat saeh ban; khuyen khich eae boat ddng nghien cim khoa hpc. phat trien edng nghe va hgp tac qudc le de phat trien san xuat saeh hom; td chiic thdng tin tuyen truydn de nang cao nhan thirc \ e san xuat saeh ban cho cdng ddng va doanh nghiep. Ciing \cVi eae chinh saeh do, ea che khuyen khfch tai chinh, khuyen khfch ve khoa hgc cdng nghe... cung can dugc xae lap cu the.
Quy djnh quyen va nghTa \\.\ trong thue hien cac bien phap san xiuii saeh hem ciia eae to chirc, ca nhan. Dd la cac quy djnh chi tidt ve quyen hudng cac chinh saeh uu dai, ho trg cua Nha nudc; quyen dugc cung cdp cac thdng tin mdi trudng phuc vu cho san xudt saeh hom; nghTa vu trong sir dung nguyen lieu, nang lugng; nghTa vu trong cai tidn cdng nghe; bao bi va ddng gdi san phdim... cua cac td chiic, ca nhan trong sudt qua trinh tidn hanh cac hoat dgng san xudt, kinh doanh.
Quy djnh \ e traeh nhiem quan ly nha nircrc trong san xuat saeh ban. Vdi ndi dung nay. can xac djnh cu the cac boat ddng quanly va quy dinh rd chirc nang. nhiem vu ciia he thdng ccr quan quan ly nha nudc \e san xuat saeh ban cr trung ucmg \ a dia phuang. Trong diCMi kien bien tai ve quan ly mdi trudng d Viet Nam, Of tning iromg, chuc nang nay nen duoc quy djnh eho ca quan dau mdi chuyen mon la Bg Cdng Thuong tren ca sd phdi hgp hoat^
dgng \ eVi mdt sd Bd, nganh chu yeu khac nhir Bd Tai nguyen \ a Mdi trudng, Bd Khoa hoc Cdng nghe...
Tdm lai, san xuat saeh hom la mpt trong'*
nhumg boat ddng quan trgng cua bao ve moi trudng ndi chung va phat tridn ben vung no' rieng. De dam bao hieu qua ciia cdng tac nay viec thuc hien cac giai phap cdn thidt de xa) dimg va hoan thien phap luat vd san xuat sacli ban la yeu cau tdt yeu nhdm tao mdt hanh lang phap ly thuan Igi va phu hgp cho cac ca quae nha nudc ciing nhu cac td chiic, ca nhan hoai ddng trong ITnh vuc nay.
