SREPOK N

Hpi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thii Nguyen NHCTNG M A U THUAN XUYEN BIEN GlOfI TRONG SIJ^ DUNG NU^CfC MAT

LUtJ VI/C SE SAN - SREPOK

Ngd Thj Thiiy Duong', Le Dinh Thinh^ Nguyen Lgp Dan' Abstract

The trans-boundary conflicts m surface water use in Sesan-Srepok river basin

The objectives of National Water resources Strategy of Vietnam to 2020 show that the water resources management must be implemented by the integrated and united approach basing on the river basin, sustainable development, equality and integration of water uses. For the international rivers, water uses should be based on the principles of assurance of the sovereignty and profits of the country. In recent years.

the exploitation and use of surface water resources in the Se San - Srepok river basin have got very good results, specially m hydropower and irrigation on the upstream part (Vietnam). These have created good opportunities for social and economical development of Central Highland areas. However, the impacts from hydro powers and irrigation systems have made increases in water using conflicts of the basin. In this shidy, the current water uses and conflicts have been analyzed and assessed with the aime of proposing die

'.sfor mitigation.

I. TTEM NANG T A I NGUYEN NU^C MAT VA KHAI THAC SlT DUNG 1.1. Lmi vuc s6ng Se San - SrSpok va Tai nguygn nirdc m | t

Sdng Sg San l i mdt trong nhung nhanh chinh ciia sdng Mg Kdng. Tong dign tich luu vuc sdng Se San la 18.570 km^ vdi khoing 40% (6.960 km^) nim tren i£a phgn Campuchia v i 60%

(11.450 km') nim d dia phan Viet Nam. Chilu dii sdng chmh la 462 km, sdng Se San nhgp vdi sdng Srepok d cuoi tinh Stung Treng, trudc khi do vao ddng chinh Me Cdng, nhgn them sdng Se Cdng tir dja phan Lio chay vl tao ngn vung dong bing rpng Idn.

Tiim nang nude mgt luu vyc sdng Se San Ii kha phpng phii v i dii dip ung cho cac nhu cau sii dung nude tren luu vuc. Md duyn ddng chiy trung binh nhilu nam tren luu vyc sdng Se San thay doi khi Idn giua eic sdng nhinh, tu 40 l/s/Ikm^ d phan thupng luu den 25 - 35 I/s/lkm' 6 phan hg du, nhung theo ddng ehinh thay doi khdng ding ke. Vi dy, tren ddng chinh tai tuyen Kon Tum (Vigt Nam) cd MO - 32,0 l/skm^ tai Sg San 3 cd MO = 35,1 I/skm^ v i tgi tuyin Veun Sai (Campuchia) MO = 34,5 I/skm'. Cic dgc tnmg ddng chiy trung binh nam tai cac tuyen khic nhau tren ddng chinh Se San (bang 1).

Bdng 1 • Ddng chdy trung binh nhiiu ndm luu vuc Si San TT

1 2 3 t

Tuy&

Yaly SeSan3 HgSeSan3 Vuen Sai

Khu vuc Viet Nam

-

Campuchia

-

F (km')

7455 7795 15400 16300

QO (m'/s) 259,0 274,0 538.0 562,0

MO (l/s/lkm")

34,7 35,1 34,9 34,5

WO (109in')

8,160 8,631 16,969 17,700 Phan bp ddng chay trong nim cd

lupng nude chiem tdi 80% e i nam. Thing IV (bing 2).

Ngudn: Cdng tyPEEC I 6 hai mua gom miia lii tii thing VII den thing XII vdi tong ling cd ddng chiy ldn nhat la thing IX va nhd nhit l i thing

1 Viin Qudn lp Gido due 2 Tnrdng Dgi hgc Thiiy l(n

3 Vijn Dja Lp. Vijn Hdn Ldm Khoa hgc vd Cong nghj Viet Nam

Kyyeu Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia Iptodn qude ldn tha 7

HQI Dia ly Viet N a m D a i hoc T h a i Nguyen Bdng 2- Luu litong ddng chdy trung binh nhieu nam luu vuc Se San (m /s)

Tuyen KonTum SeSan4 Venn Sai

I 130,4 163,1 350,5

11 94,5 118,2 255,6

m

74.2 92,8 190,5

IV 73,9 92,5 186,9

V 112.4 140,6 263,4

VI 207,2 259,1 291,7

VII 301.4 377,0 537,9

V I I I 498,1 623,1 815,0

IX 570,4 713,6 1179

X 471.9 590,3 920,9

X I 375.4 469,7 1129

xn

221,6 277,2 623.1

. N a m 261,0 326,4 562,0 Ngudn: Cong tyPEEC 1 Nhiing nam gin day (2001-2008) che dd ddng chiy trong nam d vimg ha luu Se San cd thay doi dang ke do cic hogt dpng dieu tilt phat dien ciia cac tiniy dien thupng luu Trong dd su dao dpng ddng chay theo ngay trong miia khd l i kha ro ret, dieu nay thay qua qua trinh myc nude diln hinh thing I trong cic nam 2001 - 2003 tai tuyen Andong Meas gin phia Viet Nam.

Sdng Srgpok cd tong dien tich ty nhien luu vuc tinh den cira ra (nhgp vdi Se San) la 30.900 km^, phan dign tich thudc Viet Nam l i 18 264 km^ vdi hai nhanh chinh Ii Krong Kno va Krdng Ana. Nhinh Krdng Knd bit nguon tir nhung day mii cao tren 2000 m vdi dien tich toan luu vyc Krdng Kno la 4.620 km^, ddng chinh dii 56 km, dd ddc binh quan luu vyc la 17,6% dp cao binh quan luu vyc 917 m v a mat dd ludi sdng la 0,86 km/km^. Nhinh Krdng Ana la hpp luu chu yeu ciia 3 song sdng Krdng Buk, Krdng Pach va Krdng Bdng, tong dign tich luu vyc l i 3.200 kra', chieu dai dong chinh la 215 km, dd doc ciia nhiing sdng nhinh Idn thupng nguon tir 4 den 5%0, doan sdng phiahaluu khoang 0,25%0.

Tii nguygn nude mgt luu vyc sdng Srepok khi phong phii, vdi md duyn ddng chiy trung binh nhieu nam tren luu vuc tiiay doi ding ke tir 30 - 35 I/s/Ikm^ d phan thuang luu phia nam luu vyc xuong 23 - 27 l/s/lkm^ d phan trung va hg luu Vi du, tai Diic Xuyen MO = 35,01/s/Ikm^ din Bin Ddn MO - 25,3 I/s/Ikm^. Phan luu vyc thudc Campuchia, md duyn ddng chay tgi tuyen Lumphat trung binh nhilu nim M0 = 24,l I/s/Ikm^.

Trong nam, ddng ehiy tren lmi vyc sdng Srepok cd miia 10 thay doi theo tung nhinh sdng, tren nhinh Krong Ana mua lii tii thing IX den XII, tren nhanh Krong Nd tir thing VIII den XI, cdn Igi khu vyc tir Can 14 xuong hg luu mua lu tir thing VIII din XH. Nude trong raiia miia Iii chilm khoing trgn dudi 70% Iupng nude ca nam (bing 3).

Bdng 3: Ddng chdy trung binh nhieu ndm luu vuc Srepok

Tl F

(km')

QO (m'/s)

MO (l/s/lkm^)

WO (109m^

Due Xuyen Vigt Nam Son Giang

Can 14

Lumphat Can^chia 16070 667,0

Phan phoi ddng chay trong nam tren luu vyc sdng Srepok Idn nhat vio thing X hoac XI vi nh6 nhat vao thing IV (bing 4; hinh 1).

Bang 4: Ddc trung ddng chdy trung binh nhiiu ndm sdng Sripok fm^/s) I n n ,

Giang Son B4c Xuyen CJnl4

I 52,7 54.9 121,8

a. ._

27,8 36.3 76,4

m

18,2 28,9 56,5

IY 17.4 29.6 55,7

y 28,8 46,1 92,4

VI 43,6 83,5 192,7

vn

45,7 106,3 214,0

vra

58,5 184,2 292,8

IX 84,5 208,0 388,7

x

158,2 244,2 487,6

XI 188,0 159,9 381,3

xn

164,3 107,0 266,8

^Pyiu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn tha 7

Hdi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguygn

Hinh 1. Phdn bd ddng chdy trung binh nhiiu nam (a)- song Se San; (b)- song Srepok 1.2 Khai thac sir dung tdi nguyen

a) Phat triin thuy dien: Theo bao cao mcri day cua Ban Chi dgo Tay Nguyen, tmh den thang 7-2011, khu virc Tay Nguyen c6 34 dv dn thuy dien Ion va vda, 88 thuy dien nho da hoan Ihanh hoac dang xay dimg (tSng cong suat 4.523 MW) va hang chuc dii an dang nghien ciiu dau tu (bang 5; hinh 2).

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16.

17 18 19- 20 21

Bdng 5 : Cdc cdng trinh thuy di$

Thiiy dign ThuangKonTum Plei Krong Yaly SgSanS Sg San 3A SgSan4 SeSan4A SgSanl Hg se San 3 HgSgSan2 HaSeSan2A Hg Srepok 2 Precliang 1 PrecUang 2 Diic Xuyen -BuonlouSiah—

BuonKuop Dray Linh Srgpok 3 Srepok 4 Srgpok 4A

Song SeSan

-

SeSan

- - . - - - - -

Siepok PrecUang

-

Siepok

, .._. . - -

Siepok

- -

Dien tich luu virc (km') 350 3216 7455 7788 8084 9326 11070 15400 49200 18550 30620 595 883 1100 -2930. -

7980 8880 9410 10700 9560

n tren luu vuc Si T6ng dung linh(106ni')

14,50 1.048,7 1 037.00 92.00 80.60 893,30 13.10 136.50 2296.50

170,80 46.80 1749,78 848,56 36,82 2,28 206,63 204,00

San - Sripok Cong suat ldp nidy(MW) 260 100 720 260 96 360 63 90 180 420 204 180 60 64 58 85 173 28 137 33 64

Hien tigng DangXD D a CO

- - -

Quy hogch

-

XD2014 Quy hogch

- -

Sdco

- - - - -

DangXD NguSn: PEECl. 2im

m ¹

Kyyiu Hdi ngh 1 Khoa HQC Dial il todn qudc ldn tml'

H6i Dia ly ViSt Nam Dgi hoc Thai Nguygn - Khu vyc thuong luu thudc Vigt nam : Theo quy hoach phit trien thiiy dien tren luu vuc Se San - Srepok vimg thupng luu thudc Viet Nam da dupe phe duyet vdi cac cdng trinh thuy dien tinh tit thupng luu xuong tdi bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuchia nhu sau- (i)- Tren luu vuc Se San cd cac c6ng trinh thuy dien Thupng Kon Tum, Pleikrong, Yaly, Se San 3, Se San 3A, Se San 4 va ho dieu hoa Se San 4A nam gin bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuchia; (ii)- Tren luu vyc song Srepok cd he thong cac cdng trinh thuy dign gom Diic Xuyen, BuonTou Srah, Budn Kuop, Dray Linh, Srepok 3, Srepok 4 vi Srepok 4A.

- Khu vyc ha luu thupc Campuchia' Nghien cim quy hoach gan day ve phat trien thuy dien khu vyc ha du luu vyc Sg San- Srepok thudc Campuchia cho thiy co cic thuy dign. Se San I, Ha Se San 2, Ha se San 2A, Hg Se San 3, Hg Srepok 2 va 02 thiiy dien tren sdng nhanh PrecUang (bing 5).

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Hinh 2: Quy hogch thuy diin hg luu Si San - Sripok (Sa dd 2. PECCl) b) Phdt tnin thuy lai tudi: __

- Phia lanh tho Vigt Nam: Do dilu kign ty nhien vl khi hau, dat dai va dja hinh thuan Ipi cho cac logi cay ndng nghi|p v i cdng nghigp ngn den nay tren hai luu vyc Sg San v i Sreppk da xay t^inig dupc 984 cdng trinh eic Iogi gom 507 ho chita, 455 ^ p ding va 22 tram bom eic Iogi vdi tong ning lyc thiet ke tudi cho 93.321 ha, tuy nhien higu qui tudi trung binh mdi dat 62% so vdi , n ^ lyc thiet ke (bing 6).

Luu vyc Se San cd £eu kign dja hinh, dat dai ban chi cho cay trong ndng nghigp va cdng J ^ g p nen dign tich canh tie chi khoing gan 30% so vdi luu vyc Srepok. Tuy nhien hieu qua tudi i^^w^bbih ciia cic cdng tiinh thuy lpi tren luu vuc Se San dgt tdi 73%, cao hem so vdi cac cdng - Myiu Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thd 7 ~'

Hpi Dia ly Viet Nam Dgi hpc Thii Nguy^

trinh d luu vyc Srepok (58%). So ligu thdng kg d bing 5 cho thay tren luu vye Se San cic trinh thuy loi chii yeu l i dap (83%), trong khi tren luu vyc Srepok cdng trinh thiiy Ipi chii yeu li|

chira (82,4%). Qua khao sat, dinh gia thyc t l ve cdng tic thiiy Ipi d cic dja phuang cho thiy vi^

quan iy, duy tu doi vdi cac d ^ la dan gian v i higu qua hon, do viy cic cdng trinh dap thudng phm vy tudi hieu qua ban. Cung qua khao sit thuc tl, hiu hit cic cdng trinh ho chura thuy lpi nh6 hin' lira vuc Srepok (Dae Lac v i Dae Ndng) diu xuong cap c i dau moi v i hg thong kenh din, nhi^

cong trinh hiu nhu khdng cdn kha nang trii nude mi cdn cd nguy co hu hdng trong mua mua lu (bang 6).

Bdng 6: Tdng hgp cong trinh thuy lgi luu vyc sdng Si San - Sripok TT

I 1 2 3 H 1 2 3 4

Luuviic/Kfau Luu v ^ Se San Kiong P6 K6 Ddk Big Hg luu Se San Luu vuc Srepok Kiong Kno KiongAna Ha lim Srepok E a L o p - E a H l e o Tong cong

T.s6 C T 455 229 131 95 529 34 323 111 54 984

So cfing trinh Ho 71 10 15 46 436 23 261 89 49 507

Dap 376 219 108 49 79 11 41 22 5 455

T B 8 0 8 0 14 0 21 0 0 22

I t . k e (ha) 24029 7329 7232 9468 69292 2248 41350 19706 5988 93321

Fthuctirfri (ha) Tong

17591 4304 5249 8038 40202 1241 26674 9251 3026 57793

Liia 8108 2837 3563 1708 10454 347 6926 1611 1570 18562

ayCN 9483 1467 1686 6330 29748 894 19748 7640 1456 39231 Nguon. Sd ndng nghi4p vit Phdt triin Ndng thdn 5 tinh TdyNgit^

- Phia ha luu Camphuchia; Khu viic ha luu Se San - Si^Spok thupc Campuchia c6 tiem ning dat dai rat Icm, tuy nhien dien tich dugc tucri la rat hgn che. Rieng tinh Rataiiakiri chi c6 khoiig hon 60 dap, ho thuy Itji nho voi tong dung tich 20,07 tri$u m' va tudi cho 1.338 ha Hull Stungtreng 6 ha lim vuc vdi dien tich dugc tudi la 2.300 ha

c) Cdp nude phuc vu sinh hogt vd cong nghiip:

Hien nay cap nude cho cac do thi thugc luu vffc song Se San (Kon Tum, Plei Ku, Diic Tn, Kon Ray ..) vdi tong luong khoang 40.000mVngay dem. Nguon cap chi yeu tir nuoc song va lii hi Bien Ho (cho thdnh pho Pleiku khoing 20.000mVngay dem). Tren luu v\tc Srepok nude sinhW cho cdc khu do thi tap trung chii yeu khai thac nugc ngam vdi tdng cong suat khai thac khoinj 60.000mVngay dem, trong do rieng cho thdnh pho Buon Ma Thupt la khodng 49.000m'/ngiy ftl Ngodi IB con khai thac nude ngam phuc vu cho cong nghiep che bi^n, vi dy cong nghiep CM VeS&i Dae Lac bat dau phat trien nhu che bien cao su, ca phe, mia ducmg va san xuat giay...v.v. TlKt thong ke tren dia ban cac tinh thupc Iini w c cd trgn 10 gieng khcan sau tii 100-150 m cap nude dx cong nghiep che biSn vdi tong luu lugng khai thac dgt 2.000 - 3.000 m'/ngay dem.

Phia Campuchia, theo so lieu thong ke nam 2008, ba tmh Modulkiri, Ratanakiii i Stungtreng thugc hg luu Se San - Srepok la mgt trong nhihig khu wrc kem phdt trifa ci Camimchia vdi"Bng dan so la 322.542 ngudi, rieng Ratanakiri eg 150.000 ngudi. Do vgy khaili sii dung nude cho sinh hoat, cong nghiep phia ha lim thupc Campuchia hien nay la khong ddng B mdi chi tgp trung dhai thi xa Ban Lung va Stung Treng, nguon cap nude cho cac nhu c a u n ^ * yeu la nude mat tii ha luu hai song Se San va Srepok.

^ Nhu vay thuc te cho thay nude si dung mang tmh tieu hao hen luu vuc Se San - Srepok l*

yen la cho tudi nong nghiep thupc phia thupng luu Viet Nam, cdn lugng nude diing chp sinh hoi vd egng nghiep la khong dang ke.

K:i>yiu Hdi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly todn qudc ldn ^

Hfii Dia ly Vi^t Nam Dai hgc Thai Nguyen 2, MAU THUAN XUYEN BIEN GICJl TRONG SLT DUNG NLTOC MAT

2.1 Nhihig nguygn nhin chinh gay mau thuan xuygn bign gi<H trong sir dung niro'c mat Qua nghien cuu, khio sat thuc te ve cac dieu kign ty nhien, kinh te, xa hdi v i quan ly tai nguygn nude tren lim vyc Se San - Srepok cho thay nhiing nguyen nhan gay mau thuan trong su dung tai nguyen nude xuyen bien gidi chCi yeu la:

a) Diiu kiin tu nhiin khde nhau ddng ke giita thucmg luu (Viet Nam) vd hg luu (Campuchia):

- Khu vuc thupng luu cd tiem nang thuy dign Idn do dieu kien dja hinh dia hinh Idng sdng, liing song rat thuan lgi cho xay dyng cic cdng trinh thiiy dign ldn Trong khi dd khu vyc hg luu

^lu kign khd khan ban. Day la nguyen nhan ty nhien gay xung dot mdi trudng trong su dyng tii nguyen nude cho ITnh vyc nang luong.

- Ci khu vuc thugmg v i ha luu diu cd tiem nang dat dai cho phat triln ndng nghigp, tuy nhien khu vyc thugng luu cd cac cao nguyen rat phu hgp cho phit tnen eay ndng nghigp niu xiy dyng duge cic hg thong cdng trinh thiiy Igi tudi tigu higu qua.

- Phan bo tii nguyen sinh hpc, vl rimg va cic sin pham rimg cho den nay tren luu vyc da va dang bj khai tiiic qua miic, dae biet la khu vyc tiiugng luu phia Viet Nam. Nhihig rimg gii, chat lugng tot cdn lai chu yiu d phin dien tich phia Campuchia. Hien nay cd mgt so khu bio ton thign nhign d Vigt Nam nhu Ngpc Linh, Chu Yang Sm, Ti Dung va Nam Ka. Khu vuc hg luu phia Campuchia ed cic khu bio ton dpng vat hoang Lumphat (LWS), Vudn qudc gia Virachey (VNP) tai tinh Rattanakiri; Khu bio tdn ddng v^t hoang Pluiom Prich (PPWS) va Khu bio ton da dang sinh hpc Seima (SBCA) t^ tinh Mondulkiri Rieng vl nguon ei sdng phan bo chu yeu d hg luu phia Campuchia do cac loii c i tir sdng Me Cdng vao Sg San v i Srepok can dugc n^ign ciiu sau han.

b) Diiu kiin kinh ti. xd hpi quyit dinh su khde nhau trong phdt tnin ca sd hg tdng giaa hai khu vuc thugng vd hg luu:

- Dan so d khu vyc thugng luu Vigt Nam (Kon Tum, Gia Lai v i Dik Lak) la khoing 3,936 trigu ngudi vdi mat dd tnmg binh 76 ngudi/km^, trong khi dan so ba tinh hg luu thugc Campuchia chi cd 0,323 trigu ngudi vdi mat dp 9 ngudi/km^, tiic Ii thugng luu nhilu hon 12 Ian vl so lugng va 8,4 lan ve mat dp dan so, Ve chat lugng dan so va cac dieu kign xa hdi khae nhu giio dye, y tl, tmyen thdng d khu vuc thugng luu ciing tot hon so vdi khu vye ha luu.

- Ve tong quan tii nguyen thien nhien Ii ngang nhau nhung vdi sy chenh lenh nhu vgy ngn sy phat triln co sd hg ting khu vuc thugng luu cao ban nhilu so vdi hg luu. Vi du vl thiiy dign, trong khi thugng luu cd hg thong cdng trinh thiiy dien Idn tren ca hai sdng, nhung tai khu vyc hg luu chi cd mdt thuy dign nhd 6chum tgi thj xa Ban Lung vdi cdng suat IMW, v i nay dang triln khai xay dung thuy dign Hg Se San 2 cdng suit lip miy 420 MW; hay ve thiiy I<;n tudi c i tinh Ratanakiri chi cd 60 cong trinh dap nhd tudi ban 1.300 ha, trong khi chi rigng luu vuc Se San thupc Vigt Named 455 cdng trinh thiiy Igi vi thyc tudi Ien tdi 17.591 ha, trong do tudi Iiia ehiem 46%.

- Nhgn thiie v i kien thiic cua egng dong tren toin luu vuc ve su dyng tii nguyen nude deu con tbqi, nang lyc cua dpi ngii nhihig ngudi lira cdng tie tu quy hoach den vgn hanh khai thic cic c6ng trinh thiiy Igi, thiiy dign khong dugc cap nhat thudng xuyen, dgc bigt la cic kiln thuc ve quan - ly Inng hgpJaLnguyin.nude viJaio^vgjnoi trudng nude theo luu vyc sdng. Trinh do dan tri giua

^ khu vyc thugng luu v i hg luu cdn chenh Igch ldn, khu vyc thugng luu duoc tiep cgn vdi khoa npc ky thugt tot hon do dugc dau tu nhilu ban ve giio dye, dao tgo. Trong khi khu vyc hg luu cdn liiieu hgn ehl do thieu nguon day tu cho giao dye, khoa hgc ky thugt.

c) Qudn lp tdi nguyin nude trin luu vuc chua ddng bp vd thdng nhdt: Mgc du khu vyc thugng luu da cd "quy hogch thuy lgi" va "quy hoach thiiy dien" nhung moi quy hogch chi t^

t ^ g vio myc dich ciia nganh minh ma chua cd tinh quin ly tong hgp tiieo luu vuc sdng. Quan Iy

^ Bguyen nude tren luu vyc van theo dja gidi hinh chinh v i theo nginh nen gay ra rat nhilu khd Kpy^ Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thu 7 — — —

Hoi Dia ly Viet Nara Dai hoc Thai Nguygn khan, vi du ngay khu vuc tiiugng luu vin chua gin quy hogch thuy Igi vira va nhd vdi quy hogch thuy dign din den xung dot mdi trudng trong su dyng nude,.. hay vigc cap phep khai thac su dimg tai nguygn nude nude van chua lira ddng bp, thong nhit giua cic nganh, cic nguon nude tren lmi vuc Do dd dan din viec khai thac sii dung nude mang tinh ty phit, thieu ke hoach, khai thac qua miic, tgo ra nhieu mau thuan trong sii dung, quan Iy Iam giam hieu qua sii dyng tai nguygn nude va gay hau qua ve mdi trudng tren lim vuc.

2.2. Nhirng miu thuan cu ban xuygn bien gidi trong su dung nu'dc mat

Cic kit qua nghien ciiu va dinh gia cho thay nhung mau thuan xuyen bign gidi tiong sii dung nude tren luu vuc gdm:

a) Mdu ihudn trong phdt triin thiiy diin: Do dieu kien ty nhien v i nhu eiu phit trien kinh t^

xa hdi nen d khu vuc thugng luu (Vigt Nam) da phat trien nhilu cdng trinh thuy dign vdi tong egng suit Ien den 2374 MW, trong khi dd khu vyc ha luu chua cd mgt cdng trinh thuy dign ding kl nao (chi cd Hg Se San 2 cdng suit 420 MW se khdi cdng vio 2014). Cac thiiy dign thugng luu da lam tiiay doi ding ke che dp thiiy van, thiiy lyc trong sdng khu vyc ha luu tir do gay inh hudng den nhilu yiu td khic nhu khai thic cat sdi, dinh bit nudi trong thiiy sin, khai thac cic vung bai ven sdng,..,

b) Mdu thudn trong sa dung nude cho phdt triin ndng nghiip vd cdp nude: Khu vuc thuang luu hign cd tdi 984 cdng trinh thuy lai gom 507 ho chiia, 455 dip dang, 22 tram bom vdi nang Ii;c tudi theo thiet kl tdi 93.321 ha, thyc tl tudi duac 57 800 ha dat canh tic vdi nang suat cao, trong do ed tdi 1/3 l i liia, cdn lai l i tudi cay cdng nghigp nhu c i phe, hd tigu. Trong khi dd khu vuc ha luu thugc Carapuchia cic edng trinh tudi cdn rat hgn che ve so luong, quy md va chat lugng, vi dii rieng tinh Ratanakiri chi cd khoing 60 hg thing thiiy loi nhd vdi tong dign tich tudi khoang 2.300 ha vdi nang suat cay trdng thap,

e) Mdu thudn giira tru nude vd xd nuac ciia cdc hd chda thuy diin: Ho chiia thiiy dien IUOE boat dgng theo ca che dieu tilt theo nhu cau phy tii dign nang hang ngiy, tiic tru nude vao ho khi nhu ciu dien giim thap va x i nude khdi ho qua nha may phit dien khi nhu cau dign tang cao. Do viy vigc trii nude vio ho de tang them cpt nude eho phat dien se lam giim muc nude d ddng chlnh va cic nhanh sdng d ha du, dgc bigt trong miia kho. Ngugc Igi niu xa nude tu ho qui nhilu va qua nhanh se tgo nen sy dang cao muc nude ha luu, tiigm chi gay thigt hgi trong miia Iii Idn khi d hg lmi da cd 111 cao, ngoai ra trong miia khd niu xa nude qua nhilu sg lira giim dang ke cdng suat phfit dign ve sau do cdt nude phit dign giam, khi do lai tao ra sy thilu nude cho ha luu.

d) Mdu thudn trong bdo ve moi trudng, sinh thdi: Cic hoat dgng cua cic cdng trinh thuy dign, thiiy Igi thugng lira da Iam thay dli, tieu hao nude va tic ddng xuong ha luu va eiing lim t3ng cic nguy co d nhiera nude, dan din gia tang thich tiuic trong bio ve mdi trudng. Hign nay mSu thuan nay chua gay git vi cac nhu cau nude hg luu cdn rit thip so vdi nguon nude din tii tiiuqng luu, nhung trong tuong lai khi sin xuat ndng nghigp, kinh te xa hpi, cong nghigp khu vyc hg luu phit trien se la nhirng thich thiic ldn trong su dyng va quan Iy tai nguyen nude.

Nhihig miu thuan nay dan den m0t so hgu qui bat lgi cho khu vyc hg luu nhu giam n5ng suat cay trdng, dgc bigt nhung nam ban hin cdn gay mat mua, thilu luong thyc; gay d nhiem moi trudng dgc sdng hg luu,... Su dyng nude mat qua miic dan den ddng chiy sdng suoi bj cgn ki?t, tang CO hgi-khai thac cat, sdi ty do khdng cd to chiic hudng dan v i quy djnh dan din gay xdi Id bd, che dp ddng chiy tren sdng bi thay doi.

3. DE XUAT HUdNG G L 4 I QUYET M A U THUAN XUYEN BIEN GlOl TRONG Stf DUNGNUOC

3.1. Tang cuimg quin ly tdng hgp tii nguygn nude trgn toan luu vuc sdng a) Lap quy hoach phit triln cic nginh mpt cich dong bp, thong nhit tren quan dilm su d^ng nude tong hgp, c ^ giiy phep khai thic sii dung nude Can phoi hgp giua thugng v i ha luu ^'k^

Nam v i Campuchia) de kiem ke, danh gii tii nguygn nude, nhu cau nude va x i nude thii. Tir d6 rii s o a ^ o sung cic quy hoach nginh tiieo hudng su dyng nude tong hgp dl phit triln bin vfeiB

Kpyiu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ^ ' ' ^

Hoi Dia ly ViSt Nam Dgi hoc Thai Nguygn nganh, dae bigt la cic nginh su dung nude Idn nhu tiiuy Igi (tudi ndng nghiep, phong chdng lu, h^,, ); thuy dien tao nang lugng cho khu vyc, va cap nude sinh hoat, cong nghiep, bao ve mdi mrdng Yen ciu bit huge la phai quy hoach tren quan diera tiep can tong hgp, trinh chong cheo va bd trong nhimg vin de lien quan trong quan Iy tai nguyen nude Dong thdi xay dung he thong cap giay phep khai thic, sir dyng nude v i giay phep x i nude thii vio nguon nude theo quy dinh ciia ph£^ lugt ciia timg quoc gia.

b) Qudn lp khai thdc cong trinh thuy diin, thuy lai tren quan diem tong hap da muc tiiu, hieu qud cao- L ^ quy trinh vgn hanh he thdng cac cdng trinh thuy dien bac thang tren luu vuc sdng Se San ~ Srepok theo nhiem vy da myc tieu, trong dd dat muc tieu uu tien la giam thieu tic dong bat Igd cho viing ha luu Doi vdi cic cdng trinh thuy lai can phii die biet chii y tdi an toan ciing va hieu qui cap nude, chii y tdi viee bo sung, tiiay doi myc dich khai thic, su dung theo hudng sti dyng tong hgp nguon nude nhim nang cao Ipi ich kinh tl- xa hdi v i mdi tiudng. Giii quyit tot nhit mau thuan giiia phit dien v i phdng Iii, cap nude, dgc biet trong mua khd doi vdi cac nhu cau su dyng nude va bio vg mdi trudng ha luu.

c) Klin todn hi thong 16 chac qudn ly tdi nguyen nude cde cdp cua luu vuc song: Vdi timg quoc gia phii thanh Igp cic co quan quan Iy tai nguyen nude vdi mot he thong xuyen suot tir tren xuong dudi cung vdi nguon luc du manh de dam bao thyc hign quin ly tong hap mdt each hieu qui. Dong thdi phii cd hg thong chinh sach day dii, thong nhat, ding bg va du mgnh vl quin Iy tong hgp tai nguygn nude theo luu vuc.

d) Phd biin phdp ludt vi tdi nguyin nude: Cic lugt phap, ehinh sich vl quin ly tong hgp tai nguyen nude phii dugc pho bien, hpc t ^ din cac cip v i cdng dong dan cu bang cic phuang tien khic nhau. Dao tao lai v i boi dudng nang cao trinh dd cho dpi ngii can bp quin Iy v i cdng chiic ciia nganh bang nhieu hinh thire d trong nude va ngoii nude ve quin Iy tai nguygn nude.

3.2. Tang cirdng hgp tic trong su dyng nirdc giua thirong liru v i ha du

a) Thuc hiin ddng bp mpt so gidi phdp trin todn bp lieu vue song: Dau tu xay dyng phat triln hg tang eg sd cho khu vyc hg luu, trong dd cd phit tnin thiiy dign ik dip ung nhu eiu nang lugng, phit triln thiiy Igi phyc vu tudi tieu va cac nhu cau nude khac. Thyc te hign nay cdng trinh thuy dign Hg Se San 2 da dugc Chinh phu Hoing gia Campuchia phe duyet thing 11/2012 vi se khdi cdng xay dyng via 2014. Lau dai can xay dyng quy trinh dieu hinh he thong ho chiia gom c i khu vyc tiiugng luu v i hg luu.

Dau tu phit trien co sd ha tang giao thdng cho khu vyc ha luu, den nay dudng giao thdng tii bien gidi Vigt Nam - Campuchia tdi thj xa Ban Lung da dugc xay dyng, ducmg tir ban Lung den Stung Treng dang dugc xay dyng va hoan thign, mang ludi dudng bd lien huygn cua khu vyc ha luu cung dang duge chuin bj xay dyng.

b) Phdt tnin hop tdc todn diin giiia khu vuc thuang lieu vd ha luu. Nhily bien phap giai quyet mau thuin trong khai thac su dyng nude giiia thugng luu (Viet Nam) va hg luu (Campuchia) da va dang dugc thyc hign tren c i hai sdng Se San va Srepok, tuy nhien muc dp higu qua tuy thupc vio nhilu yeu to v i khi nang triln khai thyc hign. Vi dy Chuang trinh 5 giii p h ^ dilu hinh ho Yaly da dugc hai phia Vigt Nam - Campuchia thong nhat v i thanh lap cac to cdng tic cua hai nude de thyc hign cac giii phip niy rat hieu qui vdi cie ndi dung chinh:

Tiidng bao van hinh ho chiia, dae bigt trong dhlu kign binh thudng va khan cip can phii dugc thdng bao trudc gtri den cac Fen lieii quan, trong dd cd gui cho tinh Ratanakiri - Vuong quoc Campuchia.

Vigc x i nude tii ho chita SesanI (thudc Campuchia) xuong hg luu cin tien hanh tir tir de ngudi dan song dgc sdng Se San cd the nhgn biet dugc sy thay doi myc nude de de phdng.

Trong tnrdng hgp bmh thuimg, thong bio trudc trong khoing 15 ngiy qua eic Uy ban Me Cong quoc gia, Chmh quyin cac tinh cd lien quan d Viet Nam v i Campuchia v i Ban Thu ky Me Cong (MRCS).

Kpyhi Hpi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp todn qudc ldn thu 7

Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguygi Trong trudng hgp klian cip v i tinh hinh lu ldn, viec cinh bao phii dugc chuyen tryc ti^p den cac cap thich dang.

Trong qua trinh thyc hien van hanh ludn ludn diic nit kinh nghigm nhim tim ra nhiing bi^n phap glim tiiilu tic dgng mdi trudng cd hieu qua cao

Thuc tl sau mdt sd nam thuc hign 5 giii phap nay cho thiy cic su co da khdng cdn xay la, dem lai niim tin cho ca hai phia Vigt Nam va Campuchia vl co sd khoa hgc ciing nhu thuc tien cho van hanh khai thae cac thiiy dien khac tren toin luu vuc.

e) Tdng cudng hop tdc todn diin giiia cdc linh dia phuang eua hai nude thupc liru vuc sdng Si San - Sripok thong qua cdc hogt dpng kinh ti, doi ngogi Die biet giira cic tinh cua hai nude eo ciing chung bien gidi; Kon Tum v i Gia Lai vdi Ratanakiri va Dak Lak vdi Mondulkiri. Hign nay dg ed bang loat cic hogt dgng hgp tie giua hai nude va giiia cac tinh ciia Vigt Nam va Campuchia dugc ky kit v i trien khai, vi du doan dudng bd so 78 tir bien gidi den thj xa Ban Lung di dupc ning cip bing sy hd trg ciia phia Viet Nam, hay sy tham gia diu tu cua Tap doan ning lugng Viet Nara vao dy an thiiy dien Ha Se San 2 ciia Campuchia.

KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI

Tai nguyen nude luu vuc sdng Se San - Srepok cd tiim nang Idn, nhu ciu su dyng cao va da dgng, tuy nhien hign nay vigc quin Iy cdn nhigu tdn tai ngay tir khau quy hoach phit trien din khai thic su dung va dang gay ra nhieu mau thuan khiln hieu qui khai thac giam siit, giy cgn kiet va xudng cap til nguyen nude.

Se San - Srepok la luu vuc sdng lien quoc gia, cd khu vyc ha du thugc Campuchia vdi cae dieu kign tu nhien v i kinh te, xa hpi khic nhau nen cing can phii ning cao su thdng nhat nhgn thuc ve boat ddng va higu qua trong quan Iy va khai thie tii nguyen nude, die biet Ii phai lim giim miic dp cic miu thuan trong khai thac, sii dyng tii nguyen nude tren luu vuc. De giii quyet cac mau thuan nay, hien nay da cd rapt so giii phip dem lgi higu qui budc dau. Tuy vgy cin tiep tyc trien khai nhiing bign phip cong trinh nhu phit tnen co sd hg tang nhu thuy dien, thiiy Igi, giao thdng,. . v i cic giai phip tong hgp nhu "quin Iy tong hgp tai nguyen nude", hay "xay dyng quy trinh vgn hinh cic hg thong ho chiia thiiy dien bac thang". Dong thdi tilp tyc phit trien moi quan hg hop tic giua Viet Nam va Campuchia d mgi cap tii Tiung uong din dja phuang nhim trg giiip lan nhau v i dim bio khai thic tai nguyen nude mot cich bin viing.

Ky yiu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp loan qudc ldn ihir 7

Hoi Dia ly Viet Nam Dai hoc Thai Nguyen

TAI L I E U THAM K H A O

1 Cdng ty quin ly va khai thac cdng trinh thiiy Igi Kon Tum (2008), Cdc cdng trinh thiiy loi xdy dung trin cde song thupe tinh Kon Tum.

2 Cdng ty co phan xay dyng dien 4 (2008), Ddnh gid tdc dpng moi trudng du an thuy diin Sripok 4A.

3 Cdng ty thiiy dign Yaly (2007), Cdc kit qud chdt luong nude song Se San ndm 2006, 2007.

4. Cdng ty thiiy dien Yaly (2007), Cdc bdo cdo lien quan den van hdnh diiu tiit hd chua Yaly ndm 2006, 2007.

5. Cue tiiong ke Kon Tum (2007), Niin gidm thdng ki cdc ndm 2005-2007 6. DHI (2006), Hydrodynamic Modeling of Se San river.

7. Institute of Technology of Cambodia (2010), Catchment profile of the Sekong, Sesan and Srepok (3S) Rivers (m Cambodia).

8. Nga Prom (2010), 3S River Basin - Provincial Sector Development Bnefing Note - Ratanakiri Province.

9. PEEC 1 (2008), Ddnh gid tdc ddng moi trudng dudn thiiy diin Hg -Si San 2, Ndm 2008 10. Royal Kingdom of Cambodia, Country Environment Profile, 2012.

11. SWECO (2006), Ddnh gid ldc ddng moi trudng eho doan sdng Si San tren lanh thd Campuchia do phdt triin Ihiiy dien d Viet Nam.

12. Sd Ndng nghiep & PTNT Gia Lai (2007), Cdc cong trinh thuy lgi thupc tinh Gia Lai din 13. Sd Ndng nghiep & PTNT Gia Lai (2007), Cdc cdng trinh thity diin nhd trin luu vuc Se San din ndm.

14. Tmng tam Thdy van iing dyng va Ky thugt mdi trudng (2008), Ddnh gid tdc dpng mdi trudng du dn thiy diin Hg Si San I.

15. Trung tam TVUD&KTMT (2005), Bdo eao nghiin euu ddnh gid mdi truang do cdc thuy diin bpc thang trin song Si San vd Sripok din hg luu, 2004-2005.

16. UBND tinh Kon Tum (2006), Diiu chinh quy hogch sa dung ddt tinh Kon Tum, quy hogch phdt triin thup 10 tmh Gia Lai.

17. UNDP/CASERE (2000), Ratanakin Provoncial Development Plan for 1999-2000.

Kpyiu Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia lp tadn quoe ldn thd 7