96 TAP CHi KHOA H y c fH
THtJ TUC XAC LAP RANH GIC>I NGOAl THfeM LUC DIA M 6 R O N G CtTA VlfT NAM: T R 6 NGAI VA GlAl PHAP
Ttr GOC DO P H A P L Y Q U 6 C T ^ T R A N HtTU DUY MINH Khoa Luat Qudc te. Hoc \i^n Ngo|i giao Faculty of International Law, Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam Email tran.hd.nunhlggmail.com Torn tat
Theo Quy tdc thtt tyc aia Oy ban Ranh gioi thim luc dja, cdc di tnnh Uin quan din mOt tranh chdp cht duac xem xet khi cd sU ddng y eda tdt cd cdc bin tranh chdp. Do Tmng Qudc va Philippines - hai bin trong tranh chdp bi^n DOng - lehdng ding y, hai di tnnh ciia Viit Nam Uin quan din ranh gidi ngoai ciia tMm life dia md r^ng d bUn Ddng da bi hodn xem xet. Bai viit phdn tich trd ng^i thii tuc niu trin va di xudt mdt sdgidi phdp.
Ttt k h o a : thhn luc dia md rdng, thii tuc xde l4p ranh gidi thim he dia md rdng, tranh chdp biin Ddng
Abstract
According to the Rules of Procedure ofthe Commission on the Limits ofthe Continental Shelf, a submission involving a dispute shall only he examined if all parties to ihat dispute consent. Due to tlie non-consent ofthe Philippines and China - two parties to the East Sea disputes, two submissions made by Vietnam on the outer liniils of its extended continental shelf in the East Sea were deferred. This article discusses on that procedural hurdle and proposes a number of possible solutions.
K e y w o r d s : extended continental shelf, procedure to establish the outer limit ofthe extended continental shelf, East Sea disputes
Ngay nhan bai: 13/12/2020 Ngay duyfit dang: 25/2/2020 1. Thfem luc dia met rdng theo quy dinh eda Cdng udc Luat Bifen n a m 1982
Difeu 76 Cong udc Luat Bifen n^m 1982 (gpi t^t la "C6ng iidc") quy dinh thfem. luc dia cua mdt quoc gia ven bifen se cd chifeu rdng td'i thi^u 200 hai h tfnh til diidng co sd va cd thfe md rdng vUdt qua 200 hai ly nfeu thoa man cac difeu kien quy dinh tai difeu nay. Nhil viy, khdng phai tat ca cac qud'c gia ven bien dfeu cd them luc dia viiot qua 200 hai ly tinh tCi ditdng cd sd (con goi la
"thfem luc dia md rdng" hay "thfem luc dia ngoai") ma chi cd mdt sd cac qudc gia thda man cac difeu ki^n thUc chat cua Difeu 76. Vi^c cho phep cac qudc gia ven bifen cd diem luc dia md rdng la mdt trong nhflng van dfe dam phan khd khan va phiic tap nhat tgi Hdi n ^ Lien Hdp Qudc vfe Luat Bifen Tan thU ba (1973 - 1982). Mdt sd qudc gia y^u cau phai cd thfem luc dia phap ly theo diing thfem luc dia tu nhien cua minh, trong khi cac qudc gia khac cho ring difem luc dia chi duoc phep dfe'n 200 hai ly dfe tranh thu hep vung day bifen qudc tfe - ndi daoc difeu chinh theo quy che di san chung cua nhan loai. Cudi cung, cac qudc gia tham gia Hdi nghi da didng nhat sU dida diuan cho vin dfe nay: mdc nnt, cic qud'c gia ven bifen se co dife cd thfem luc dia md rdng vupt qua 200 hai 1'
nfeu thda man cac difeu kidn thttc cha't tai Difeu 76; mdt khde, cic qudc gia nay se phai chia se mot p h ^ b i ich theo r ^ i i a vu dong gdp quy dinh tai Difeu 82.^
Difeu 76(1) Cdng udc quy dinh "thim kc dia etta mdt qudcgia ven biin bao gdm ddy biin vd long ddt dudi ddy biin bin ngodi ldnh hdi theo su keo ddi tu nhiin ctta ldnh thd ddt lien cho din bb ngodi ctta ria lue dia, hode din khodng cdch 200 hdi ly ti'nh tu dudng co sd dung ditinh chiiu rdng ldnh hdi khi bb ngodi ctta ria kc dja khdng md rdng dd'n khodng each dd". Theo dd, tiCt ca cac qudc gia ven bifen se cd mgt difem luc dia rdng tdi diifeu 200 hai ly (cd the khdng dfen mdc dd nfe'u chdng Hn trong vimg bifen hep hdn 400 hai ly). Nfeu "siJ keo dai tiJ nhidn cua lanh thd (Mt Hfen cho dfen bd ngoai cua ria luc dia" cua mdt qudc gia ven bifen vKdt qua 200 hai ly thi qudc gia ven bifen dd se cd thfem luc dja md rdng tadng i2ng. Dieu 76(5) dat ra gidi ban tdi da ciia them luc dia md rdng la hoic 350 hai ly tinh tCi dadng cd sd, hoac 100 hai ly tinh til dudng dang sau 2500 met.
Ve CO ban, do thfem lye dia cila mdt qudc gia la didng nhS^t va ddn nha't,^
ddi vdi thfem luc dia md rdng, qudc gia ven bifen cd quyfen chii quyfen va quyfen tai phan tUdng tu nhil quyfen ddi vdi thfem lye dia r ^ trong pham vi 200 hai ly. Trong cac quyfen nay cd quyen chii quyfen dd'i vdi d ^ m dd, khai thac tai nguydn thifen nhidn dieo Difeu 77, quyfen tai phan trong Iinh vuc lap djt cap va dng n ^ m dieo Difeu 79, quyfen ddc quyfen ddi vdi hoat ddng khoan vao day bifen theo Difeu 81, quyfen tai phan trong linh vUc nghidn cilu khoa hoc bifen theo Difeu 246.
Ben canh cac quyfen nhu trdn, nfeng ddi vdi thfem luc dia md rdng, qudc gia ven bifen cd nghia vu d d r ^ gdp mdt phan san pham khai thac tai nguyfen phi sinh v^t tti khu vac ngoai 200 hai ly theo Difeu 82 nhu mot p h ^ eda sij thda thuan dat dadc tai Hdi nghi Lu4t Bifen hn thii ba nfeu d trfen. Theo dd, cac qudc gia ven bifen se bit c&u ddng gdp tti nam khai thac thil sau vdi t^ lfe 1%, mdi nam tang 1% cho dfe'n nam thii 12 dat 7% va se c6 dinh nha thfe tti nam thii 13 trd di.^ Nghia vu ddng gdp nay se khdng ap dung vdi loai khoang san ma cac qudc gia dang phat trifen khai thac til thfem luc dia ciia minh ma vin phai nh^p khau rong loai khoang san dd."^ Cac khoan ddng gdp se dUOc ndp qua C o quan Quyfen liic day bifen qud'c tfe {International Seabed Authority - ISA) ' SN Nandan and S Rosenne (chu bien), United Nations Convention on the Law ofthe Sea 1982:
A Commenlary, Vol. II, Martinus NijhofF Publishers, 1993, p 932; R R Churchill and AV Lowe, 77je Lau; o/(te Seo, 3"* e d j u n s Pubhshing, 1999, p. 157; A Chircop, "Article 82" in ttong A Proelss (chd bifin), United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: A Commentary, Bloomsburry Collections, 2018, p 641.
^ Vi.1 phdn dink viing d^c quy^n kinh tiva thim Ivc diagiUa Barbados va Trinidad and Tobago. Phdn quydt trong ^ i nam 2006, 208 - 209, do?n 213, Vii tranh chdp phdn djnh ranh gidi bie'n giaa Bangladesh va Myanmar trong Vinh Bengal, Phan quye't ciia Toa an Qudc t6 vS Lujt Bi^n (ITLOS) nJm 2012, tr. 108, doan 361 - 362; Vuphdn dinh biin trong Vjnh Bengal giaa Bangladesh va An Bd, Phan quy^t cua Toa trgng tai theo Phy luc VII Cflng Udc nam 2014, tr. 21, do^n 77; Vi^ tranh chdp phdn dfnh ranh gidi biin giaa Ghana va Cdte D'lvoire trin Doi Tdy Duong, Phan quydt eda Vi§ii d^c biet eda Toa ITLOS nam 2017, tr 137, doan 489.
^ Cdng Udc, Ditu 82(2).
•• Cflng Udc, DiSu82{3).
9 8 TAP CHI KHOA H Q C PHAF LY VitTi INAJ^X jv> i,..^^-^ . dfe Cd quan nay phan phdi cho cac qud'c gja dianh vifen Cdng ttdc' Ngoai nghia vy ddng gdp, mdt quy dinh khac bifet ap dung rifeng cho difem luc dia md rdng la qudc gia ven bifen bi ban chfe hon ttong vifec chahi dilt giay phep thi/c hifen nghidn cUu khoa hgc bifen trdn thfem luc dia md rdng ciia minh.
Nhil vJy, vfe CO ban, quy chfe phap ly ciia thfem luc dia md rdng ^ ^^
tMOng ta difem luc dia ttong ph^m vi 200 hai ly. Dife'm khac bifet ldn nha't la nghia vu ddng gdp theo Difeu 82. Day la nghia vu die bifet ap dung chi ri^ng cho thfem luc dia md rdng, khdng cd quy dtah tuong ta dd'i vdi cac vting bifen thudc chii quyen qudc gia (ndi thiiy, lanh hai) va thudc quyfen chii quyen (vting d§c quyfen ldnh tfe va them luc dia trong pham vi 200 hai ly).
2. Thii tyc xac lap ranh gidi ngoai cua thfem Itic dia m d rdng Difeu 76 ciia Cdng ildc quy dinh qudc gia ven bifen se cd thfem Iyc dia md rdng vaot qua 200 hai ly nfeu bd ngoai cua ria luc dia keo dai vUdt qua khoang each nay. Cac quy dinh vfe difeu kidn thuc cha't ciia Dieu 76 de xac dinh bd ngoai ciia lia luc dia (ciing chinh la ranh gidi ngoai) ra't philc tap do la kfet qua ciia vi^c sii dung cac thuat ngQ klioa hoc tii nhifen vao ttong mdt difeu khoan phap ly (vi dy nha ria luc dia, dd day ttam ti'ch, dudng ddng sau, doc liic dia, dja hinh nhd cao, thfem, ghfenh, sdng nOi, bai hoac mdm dadi bien). Ap dung cac difeu kidn thuc cha't, cac qudc gia se xac dinh dadc ranh gidi ngoai cua them lye dia md rong ci^ia minh.
Ben canh cac difeu kidn thiic cha't, dfe bao dam cac qudc gia xac dinh dling va khdng md rdng qua mile thfem luc dia cua minh ma x i m pham vao vimg day bifen qudc tfe, Difeu 76(8) quy dinh mdt difeu kifen mang tinh thii tiic cho cac qudc gia cd thfem lye dia md rdng. Difeu khoan nay quy dinh i ^ g mdt qudc gia ven bifen cd y dinh xac lap ranh gidi ngoai ciia them luc dia md r d i ^ se phai nop thdng tin ldn Oy ban Ranh gidi them lye dia {Commission on the Umits ofthe Continental Shelf- ggi tat la "Oy ban CLCS"). Difeu kidn thii tuc de xac lap ranh gidi ngoai ciia diem luc dia md rdng la mdt quy dinh dac diu, khdng tdn tai dd'i vdi ranh gidi ngoai ciia cac vtmg bifen khac nha lanh hai, viing tifep giap lanh hai va vtmg dac quyen kinh tfe.
Theo quy dinh tai Pbu luc II ciia Cdng Udc, Oy ban CLCS bao gdm 21 dianh vien la "cac chuyen gia ttoi^ linh vUc dia chit, dia vat ly hoac diiiy van", do cac qudc gia dianh vign Cdng Udc bau.' Theo dd, dianh vien ciia Oy ban k h d i ^ c ^ dnfet phai cd chuydn mdn phap ly.^ Oy ban cd hai chae nang ' C6ng udc, Difeu 82(4).
^ CdngUdc, Dieu 246(6).
' Cdng Udc, Phu luc II, Difeu 2
^ Trong sd 59 dianh vien til khi thanh IJp cho den hi^n nay, chi co m6t thiinh vien ^.s w.
c^p vfe luat (6ng De Landro-Clarke Wanda-Lee cua Tnmdad va Tobago) Theo tM ?"^
Tda Nelson, vice thi^u ving difeu ki^n vfe chuyen mfin phap ly la co | 4 Oy ban kh^ ^ '^
chdc nang tai phan nhu tda Sn, LDM Nelson, "The Continental Shelf. Interplav of 1 . ' ' ^ ''°.
Science" in N Ando, E McWhmney andRWolfrum (chii bita), Liber AniicoL, hdt^i. ^^'^
Oda, Vol. II, KluwerLaw International, 2002, p. 1238. "Se^higen,
cd bdn: (1) xem xet thdng tin, da lifeu nm qudc gia ven bifen dd trinh va daa ra khuyen r ^ h i vfe ranh gidi ngoai ciia thfem lye dia md rdng cho qudc gia dd va (2) cung cap cac hd trg, trd giiip vfe mJt khoa hoc va ky thuAt cho cac qudc gja khi cd yfeu cau.^
Theo Difeu 76(8), Oy ban CLCS se xem xet t h d i ^ tin ma qud'c gia ven bifen dfe trinh va dua ra khuyfen nghi vfe cac vin dfe lifen quan dfen viec xac lap ranh gidi ngoai. R a n h gidi ngoai diigc xac lap dya ttfen khuyfen nghi ciia CLCS sa cd gia tri chung thim va rang budc. Q u y dinh ttfen thiet kip mot thii tyc ba b a d e ap dung cho cac qudc gia co thfem luc dia md rdng:
Bude 1: Q u d c gia ven bifen dfe trinh len O y ban CLCS cac thdng tin, da lifeu vfe vi tn ranh gidi ngoai theo cac difeu kidn thyc chat ciia Difeu 76;
Bttdc 2: O y ban CLCS xem xet vi tri ranh gidi ma qudc gia ven bifen de trinh cd dadc xac dinh diing vdi cac difeu kidn ndu ttfen khdng dfe daa ra khuyfen n g ^ cho qudc gia ven bifen; va
Bttdc 3: Q u d c gia ven bifen se xac lap ranh gidi ngoai ttfen cO sd ciia khuyfe'n nghi ciia O y ban.
Khi ranh gidi ngoai dUdc xac lap theo thii tuc ba bade neu ttdn, ranh gidi do la chung tham, khdng the bi thay ddi, ke ca khi sa phat trifen khoa hgc - cdng nghfe ttong ttidng lai xac dinh mdt ranh gidi khac hdn ranh gidi da xac lap.^** Difeu nay la nlmm bao dam tmh chat 6n dinh ciia ranh gidi thfem lye dia cung ddng thdi h. ranh gidi cua vtmg day bifen qudc tfe'. R a n h gidi dd cung cd tihh cha!t rang budc, ma theo da sd hgc gia se cd hifeu lac rang budc vdi mgi qud'c gia thanh vifen ciia Cdng a d c . " Mdt sd hgc gia lai cho i ^ g hidu lye rang budc chi vdi qudc gia ven bifen, cdn cac qudc gia khac co quyfen c d r ^ nhan
C6ng udc, Phy luc II, DiSu 3.
Thomas A Chngan, Jr., "Dispute Settlement among Non-Parties to the LOS Convention with Respect to the Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf' in trong Thomas A Clingan, Jr, (chii bien). The Law ofthe Sea: What lies ahead?, Hawaii, The Law ofthe Sea Insritute, Wdliam S. Richardson School of Law, Univenity of Hawaii, 1988, p. 497; Alex G, Oude Elferink,
""Openness" and Artide 76 ofthe law ofthe Sea Convention. The Process Does Not Need to Be Adjusted", Ocean Development and Intemational Law, sd 40 (1), 2009, tr. 44 Division for Ocean Affaire and the Law ofthe Sea, The Law ofthe Sea: Definition ofthe Continental Shelf, United Nations, New York, 1993, tr. 29, do?n 86; Intemarional Law Association, Berlin Conference (2004)- Legal Issues ofthe Outer Continental Shelf, pp. 22-24, https.//ila.vettore web.
com/Storage/Down]oad.aspx?DbStorageId=1221&StorageFileGuid=7534392b-da08-4477- 3ebc-646cb0167531, truy d p ngay 22/02/2019; International Law Association, Toronto Conference (2006): Second report on Legal Issues of the Ouler Continental Shelf pp 15-16, https;//
da.vettoreweb.com/Storage/Download.aspx=DbStorageId=1218&ScorageFileGuid=c26 fdl24-6c2c-440b-b717-34a7c960&d2, truy cip ngay 22/02/2019; R Wolfrum, "The Role of International Dispute Setdement Institutions in the Delimitation ofthe Outer Continental Shelf' in trong R Lagoni and D Vignes (chii bien). Maritime Delimitation, Maranus Nijhoff PubHshers, Leiden, 2006, p. 24, JE Noyes, "Judicial and Arbitral Proceedings and the Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf', Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, sd 42, 2009, pp.
1244 - 1245; LDM Nelson, "The Setdement of Disputes Arising from Conflicting Outer :ntal Shelf Claims", International Marine and Coastal Law, sd 24, 2013. p 419;
100 TAP c m KHOA HQC PHAP LV as^mvmivn^ "^ y--~' hay phan ddi ranh gidi dd. '^ Mdt sd hoc gia khac cho iing ranh gidi rang bufec vdi tat ca cac qudc gia, trtt cac qudc gia cd vtmg bifen thfem luc dia chdng lan c ^ phan dinh bifen.'-*
Do ranh gidi ngoai se cd gja tri chung th&n va rang budc, dfe tach bi^t voi vail de phan dinh bifen, Difeu 76(10) quy dinh mdt bao dam phap ly r ^ g ^^^
ap dyng Difeu 76 se khdng anh hudng den van dfe phan dinh bifen. Difeu 9 Phu luc II ciia Cdng udc cung quy dinh them ring viec thyc hifen cac chiic nang ciia O y ban CLCS se khdng anh hudng dfen van dfe phan dinh bien. Nham cu dife hda cac quy dinh d Difeu 76(10) va Difeu 9 nfeu tten, Oy baa CLCS da quy dinh mdt quy trinh rifeng dfe xil If cic dd ttinh lien quan dfen tranh chap giOa cac qudc gia, bao gdm ca tranli ch^p phan dinh bifen va cac tranh chap lanh did va bien khac. Phy lye I ciia Bd quy tic thu die c^a Oy ban quy dinh 6 Difeu 5(a) rang ttong tradng hop mdt d^ trinli cd U^n quan dfen ttanh chap, O y ban se chi xem xet va dUa ra khuyfen nghi nfeu cd sy ddng y ciia tat ca cac ben tranh chap. Day chinh la quy dinh tao ra ted ng?i vfe mat thil tuc cho viSc xem xet cac dfe ttinh ciia mdt loat cac qudc gia, ttong dd cd Vi^t Nam.
Cho dfen hidn nay, ttong s6 89 dfe trinh cua cac qudc gia nop \&n Uy ban CLCS, 62 de trinh lidn quan dfen mdt hay nhifeu dang tranh chap giOa qudc gia ndp dd trinh va cac qud'c gia khac.'"* Cy the, 44 de trinh lien quan dfen tranh chap phan dinh bifen, 02 dd trinh lidn quan dfen tranh chap lanh tho, 09 dfe trinh vifa Hfen quan de'n tranh chap phan dinh bifen vtia lien quan dfen tranh chip larJi did, va 07 dd trinh lidn quan dfen cac dang tranh chap khac. Trong sd 62 d& trinh ttdn, chi cd 36 dfe trinh ma qudc gia lidn quan diit dUdc sU ddng y ciia tat ca cac bdn tranh chap dfe Oy ban CLCS tifen l^nh xem xet va dUa ra khuyfen nglii, 04 dd trinh chi dagc xem xet mdt phan va mdt ph^i bi loai trti do lien quan dfe'n khu \'ac tranh cha'p, 03 dd trinh ma Oy ban da quyfet dinh hoan xem xet hoac tifep tuc xem xet nhang do cac bdn ttanh chap thay ddi quan difem nen nhifeu kha nang Oy ban se dao ngaoc quyfet dinh tnidc dd ciia minh. Cd dfe'n 18 dfe trinh bi hoan xem xet do qudc gia ndp de trinh khdng the cd sy ddng y cua tat ca cac ben tranh chap, bao gdm de trinh ciia Myanmar, Yemen, Anh - khu vtic Hatton-Rockall; Ireland - khu vyc Hatton-Rockall- Fiji, Malaysia va Vifet Nam - de trinh chung cho khu vUc phfa Nam bifen Ddng; Vidt Nam - khu vac pb'a Bic (VNM-N); Palau, Anh ~ khu vitc dao Falkaland, South Georgia va Soudi Sandwich; Maldives, Dan Mach - khu vUc thfem Faroe-RockaU; Gabon, Trung Qudc - khu vyc bifen Hoa Ddng- Han '- TL McDonnan, "The Role ofthe Commission on the Linuts ofthe Continental Shelf A Tech 1
Body m a Political World", InternationalJournal of Marine and Coaslal Law, sd 17(31 900? 111;
'^ AG Oude Elferink & C Johnson, "Outer Limits ofthe Conventional Shelf'and "D' t H Areas"' State Practice concermng Anicle 76(10) ofthe LOS Convention", Inlcmaliona^hlrLl for Manne and Coaslal Law, sd 21. 2006, p. 464. "uonai journal
Xem thong tin chi ti^^t cac de trinh tai website eda Oy ban CLCS, https //www un ore/
Depts/los/cks_new/COmmission_submissions.htm, truy cgp ngay 05/03/2019 '
Qudc, Nicaragua - khu vyc tay nam bifen Caribe; Angola, Canada - khu vac Dai Tay D u d i ^ ; Phap - khu vuc dao Saint Pierre va Miquelon.
Mdt sd hgc gia cho r ^ g Difeu 5(a) Phu lye I a i a Quy tic thii mc ciia O y ban CLCS khdng phu hop vdi quy dinh cua Difeu 76 C d i ^ tide. Difeu 76 quy dinh ra't rd timg mdt nghia vy bat budc i ^ g O y ban "phai daa ra khuyfen i ^ " , khdng cho phep O y ban hoan xem xet nha Difeu 5(a) ndu ttfen.'^ Tuy nhifen, cd ve Difeu 5(a) la quy dinh ma cac qu6c gia thanh vidn Cdng udc mong mud'n. Trade khi Phu lye I vdi Difeu 5(a) dagc dua vao Quy tac diii tac, U y ban CLCS da de tiinh dri thao Ifen Hdi nghi qudc gia thanh vidn Cdng Udc dfe cho y kifen.
Trong bai phat bifeu tnidc Hdi nghi, Chu tich cua Oy ban luc do cdn nhan mgnh va dfe nghi Hdi nghj cho y kifen cu thfe vfe Phu luc I."^ Khdng mdt qudc gia nao phan dd'i quy dinh ttfen. Thuc tfe lidn quan dfen 18 d^ trinh bi hoan xem xet, cac qudc gia dfe ninh khdng phan ddi quy dinh 6 Difeu 5(a) ma chi cho i ^ g cac ben tranh chap khac khdng cd quyfen vidn d ^ , hoac ap dur^
sai Difeu 5(a). C o die thay cac qudc gia thanh vifen Cdi:^ udc cd ve chap nhan quy dinh ydu cau sy ddng y cua tat ca cac bdn ttanh chap dfe O y ban CLCS cd dife xem xet va dtia ra khuyfen nghi. Su ch^p nhan nay cd thfe dugc xem hodt: la sy d d r ^ y tao ra quy dinh mdi siia ddi, bd sung quy dinh cria Cdng adc, hoac cau tl:nnh mdt thda thuan, thuc tifen sau nay giai thich quy dinh cria Cdng adc.
3. D e trinh ciia Viet N a m va phan iing ciia cac nu6c
N a m 2008, Vidt Nam ndp hai de trinh vfe ranh gidi ngoai cua thfem luc dia md rdng d bien D d r ^ : mdt dfe ttinh rifeng cho khu vyc phia Bac bifen Ddng va mdt dd trinh chung vdi Malaysia cho khu vUc phia Nam bifen Ddng.
Vide ndp hai dd trinh cho thay quan difem cria Viet Nam rang thfem luc dia cria Vifet N a m khdng chi gidi han ttong pham vi 200 hai ly tirih tti dridng cd sd ma con md rdng xa hdn ve phia Ddng bifen Ddng. Vfe hien ttang tham dd, khai thac 6 khu vac ngoai 200 hai ly, cac thdng tin cdng khai khdng cho th^y cd nhifeu boat ddng tham dd va khai thac. O khu vUc phia Nam, noi cd thfe cd mot sd boat ddng tham do,^^ Tap doan DUu khi Vidt Nam - cdng ty nha nadc daoc Nha nudc giao quyen tham do, khai thac dau khi ttdn toan bd lanh th6, vung bifen, vting dac quyen kinh tfe cria Viet Nam'" - da tifen hanh phan Id, vdi bdn Id nhifeu kha nang n ^ vat ngang dUdng ranh 200 hai ly (Id '= Andrew Serdy, "The Commission on the Limits ofthe Continental Shelf and its Disturbing Propensity to Legislate", International Journal of Manne and Coastal Law, sd 26, 2011, tr. 366.
" Report ofthe Eight Meeting of States Parties (ngay 04/06/1998) SPLOS/31, tr 11-12.
" Theo thflng tm ttt Tap doan Repsol, m<tt sd mo dau khf ma Tap doan nay co ho?t dOng tai Vi^c Nam bao gbm cac Id n^m vit ngang gidi han 200 hai ly, hftps;//www.repsol.com/en/repsol- woridwide/asia/vietnam/index.cshtml, truy cap n ^ y 05/03/2019. Do khflng cd tiifing tin v5 vi tri chinh xac nfin khOng thd chic chiln vJ nd cac mo cd nW ngoai 200 hai ly hay khOng.
'^ DiSu 9, DiSu 1$ td chiJc va hogt ddng eda T^p doan D^u khi Vi^t Nam, ban hanh kem theo Ngh] dinh sd 149/2013/ND-CP n ^ y 31/10/2013.
1 0 2 TAP CHi KHOA HQii. fiJaJr^
136/3,157,158, va 159) va mdt Id n ^ ^ nha hoan toan d khu viic th&m lye dia md rdng (Id 160).'^
Hai dd tiinh cua Viet Nam neu ttdn da h\ hoan xem xet, do cd phan ddi tti Trung Qudc va Philippines.-" Theo Difeu 5(a) Phu luc I cua Quy ^c thii tyc, Sri phan dd'i cria bat ky ben tranh chap nao cring se khife'n dfe trinh ciia Viet Nam hi hoan xem xet. Ca hai nudc Philippmes va Tnmg Qudc dfeu phan ddi dua ttfen chu yfeu cac ly do lifen quan dfen flnh trang tranh chap chung gicra nam nadc, sau bfen tai bifen Ddng.
Vdi dfe tiinh chung cria Vidt Nam va Malaysia, Philippines cho rang
"Malaysia vd Viit Nam yiu sdch cdc khu vuc dang tranh chdp khdng chi do cdc khu vuc ndy chdng ldn vdi imng bUn ctta Philippines md cbn bdi vi ok bdt ddng phdt sinh ttt cdc yiu sdch lanh thd vdi mdt sd cdc ddo trong khu vuc ndy bao gdm khu uuebdeaao Bomea... Philippines budc phdi yiu c^u tJy ban khdng xem xet di tnnh diung niu trin ctta Malaysia vd Viit Nam, trU khi vd cho din khi cdc bin dd thdo ludn vagidi quyit cdc tranh chdp'.^'^ Vdi dd trinh ridng cria Vifet Nam d khu vyc phia Bac bi^nDdng, Philippmes phan ddi do khu vUc ma Vidt Nam yfeu sach chdng lan vdi vting bifen cria Philippines, va cung cd yfeu cau ttidng ty nhu vdi dd trinh chung giria Vidt Nam va Malaysia.^ Nhu vay, cd thfe thay, Philippines neu ly do phan ddi rat rd rang cho tUng dd trinh cua Vidt Nam: tranh chap lanh dife va phan dinh bifen ddi vdi dfe trinh chung cho khu vyc phi'a Nam bife'n Ddng va tranh cha'p phan dinh bifen ddi vdi dfe trinh rieng cho khu vuc phia Bic bi^n Ddng. Vifet Nam khang dinh cd vung bifen chdng lari vdi Philippines c^n phai phan dinh, va tuydn bd i^ng vide xem xet dfe trinh se khdr^ anh hudng dfen van dfe phan dinh bifen cung nhri quan difem cria cac qudc gia ve tranh chap lanh thd hay bifen.^ Mac dti co bao dam khdng anh hadng dfen viec giai quyfet ttanh chap tti Vidt Nam, Philippines chua rdt phan dd'i cria minh.
Ly do phan ddi cria Trung Qudc mo hb hon, tuong tu nhu chirih sach md hd chung cria nudc nay 6 bifen Ddng. Tmng Qudc gid hai cdng Mm cho riing dd tiinh nhring ndi dung g ^ nhri gidi^ nhau. Trung Qudc khang djnh
" Tr^n Hau Duy Minh, "Th6m luc dja md rgng vi!i;St qua 200 hai 1^; Xet neng m^t sd lo dSu khi ciia Vift Nam d phfa Nam bi^n D6ng", n^y 03/8/2017, https;//iuscoeens-vie org/2017/08/03/27/, truy cJp n ^ y 05/03/2019
^^ Xem cac cOng ham trao ddi qua l?i giiia Vi$t Nam va cac nudc vdi d^ trinh chur^ vdi Malaysia t^ https://www.un.org/depts/los/cks_new/submissions_ffles/submis;ion_mysvnm_33_2009 hrm, vdi df trinh rieng d khu vyc phia bSc Bi&i DOng tai https://www un.org/depts/los/
clcs__new/subm]ssions_files/subniiss!on_vnm_37_2009 htm, tmy cJp n^y 05/03/2019
^' C6ng ham sd 819 eda Phihppines, ngay 04/08/2009, littps^//wvnv,un,org/depts/los/clcs new/submi5sions_files/mysvnm33_09/clcs_33_2009_los_ph!.pdf. truy c^p nray 05/03/2019"
^^ Cdng ham sd 818 ciia Phihppines gdi Tdng thu ky Li^n H0p Qudc ngay 04/08/2009 httusV/
www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/vnm37_09/cks 37 2009 los'uhl,i,lf truy c3p ngay 05/03/2019. " ^ "^-'os-pf^ pdt, - COngham sd 240/HC-2009 eda Viet Nam tra l6i COng ham sd 818 va 819 eda Philippines n^v
18/08/2009. https://wwwun.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33 0^/
vnm_re^phl_2009re_mys_vnm_e.pdf, truy cJp n ^ y 05/03/2019. °iysvnmi^_uy/
rang: "Trung Qude cd chtt quy'in khdng thi tranh edi ddi vdi cdc ddo d bidn Ddng va vttng nude ldn edn, vd ed quy'in chtt quyin vd quy'in tdi phdn vdi vttng nUdc liin quan ettng nhu ddi vdi ddy biin vd ldng ddt dudi ddy bOn ... [cdc di tnnh ctta Viit Nam]
dd xdm phq.m nghiim trong chtt quy^n, quyin chtt quyin vd quyin tdi phdn ctta Trung Qudc d biin Ddng. Theo Dfiu 5(a) Phu kc I ctta Quy tdc thtt tuc ... Trung Qude nghiim tttc yiu t^u Oy ban khdng xem xet [cdc di tnnh eda Viit Namf\-^ Trong hai cdng ham rny, Ian da.u tien Trung Qud'c cdng bd vdi thfe gidi ban dd yeu sach dadng chin dosin 6 bifen Ddng. Vifet Nam kien quyfet bac bd hoan toan yeu sach khdng cd cd sd phap ly cua Tmng Qudc d bien Ddng.^^
Vdi hai phan ddi cria Philippines va Trung Qudc, Oy ban CLCS da quyfet dinh hoan xem xet hai dfe trinh cria Viet Nam.^^ Trong triOng lai, khi hai dd tiinh nay dfen luot xem xet Iai, nfeu Philippines va Trung Qudc khdng nit phan ddi dii hai dfe trinh nay se tifep tuc bi hoan xem xet. Mdt diem Itiu y quan ttgng la O y ban CLCS khdng xem xet Ufeu ttanh chap ma cac bfen nfeu ra cd thyc sy tdn tai hay khdng, cring khdng xem xet lieu yfeu sach cria tting bdn cd phti hdp vdi b a t phap qudc tfe hay khdng n n Oy ban CLCS chi quan tam dfe'n viec cd phan ddi drigc ndu Ifen bdi mdt quoc gia khac hay klidng.
Vifec khdng xem xet ndi dung cria cac ti^nh cha^p dan dfen vide niOt qudc gia Igm dyng Dieu 5 (a) neu Ifen mdt ti^nh cha'p khdng cd can cri bang each dria ra ydu sach phi phap cung khifen cho nidt dd trinh b | hoan xem xet. Cd dife cd y kien cho rang O y ban CLCS nen xem xet can ttgng hon ndi dung tiranh chap.
Tuy nhifen, y kifen nha thfe khd kha thi do Oy ban CLCS bao gdm 21 thanh vidn la chuydn gia ttong linh vyc dia chat, dia vat ly hay thriy van va khdng cd chuyen mdn phap ly de dri kha nang danh gia thyc chat cac riranh chap.-^
H o n nria, vifec xem xet va danh gia cac Dranh chap cung cd kha nSng vi pham nguydn tac cria luat phap qudc tfe mng cac qudc gia cd toan quyfen quyfet dinh each thric giai quyfet ttaiih cha'p vdi nhau. Vdi each rifep can nha hifen nay, kha nang hai de trinh cria Vidt Nam drigc xem xet la rat diap.
4. Dfe xu^t g i ^ phap khac phyc
Cac phan ri'ch d tten cho thay ttd ngai diri tuc cria Vifet Nam tai O y ban CLCS xuat phat rii viec Philippines va Trung Qudc cd phan ddi. Do dd, giai phap tiiet dfe nha't de "diao gd ttd ngai ttfen la (1) hai nridc nay rut phan ddi,
^^ C6ng ham sd CML/17/2009 ciia Trung Qudc, ngay 07/05/2009, httpsV/www.un org/
depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_09/chn_2009re_mys_vnm_e-pdf, vaCang ham sd CML/18/2009 eda Trung Qudc, n ^ y 07/05/2009, hctps://www un.org/depts/los/
clcs_new/submissions_files/vnm37J9/chn_2009re_vnm.pdf, tmy c3p ngay 12/03/2019.
Cdng ham sd 86/HC-2009 eda Vi^t Nam, ngay 08/05/2009, https;//www.un.org/depts/
los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_^09/vnm_chn_2009re_mys_vnm_e,pdf, truy cip ngay 12/03/2009. , ^, „ , r
^ Statement by the Chairman ofthe Commission on the Limits ofthe ContmeiUal Shelf on the progress oJ work in the Commission (n^y 01/10/2009) CLCS/64, tr 19-20, doan 92, va tr. 22, do^n 106.
=' C6ng tide, Phu luc n, Di'eu 2(1).
1 0 4 TAP CHi KHOA H Q C PHAP I T T ^ I K J iNauvx J O »^ y^-, hoac (2) cd dife giai quyfe't xong tranh cha'p vdi hai nttdc. Day la hai giai phap tti gdc dd phap ly, cdn tirih kha dii lai phy diudc vao y chi chinh tii cua cac qudc gia lidn quan. Ngoai ra, vdi vide hai dd tiinh khdng dagc xem xet, Viet Nam se khdng nhan dugc khuyfen nghi cria Oy ban CLCS va do dd, khdng thfe xac lap ranh gidi ngoai cria them luc dia md rdng mdt each chung diam cring nhu rang huge. H e qua la vifec tham dd, khai thac khu vUc difem luc ma md rdng cd rrii ro phap ly cho Viet Nam va cac nha c^u tri, do klidng xac dinh drigc chirih xac lidu khu vyc lidn quan nam bdn ttong hay bfin ngoai ranh gidi chung th&i va rang budc se dridc xac lap ttong triOng lai. Giai phap diri (3) va cd dife la kha dii nha't h giam diifeu rrii ro phap ly bang viec bao dam tiiih chmh xac cao nhat cria ranh gidi ngoai ma Vidt Nam dfe trinh.
4.1. Khd ndng Philippines vd Tnmg (^dc rtit phdn ddi
Kha nang dfe Philippines rut phan ddi la cd dife nfeu Vidt Nam va Malaysia cd cam kfet hoac tdt nha't la thda thuan phap ly khing dinh chae chan rang vide xem xet tie trinh va khuyd'n nghi cria Oy ban CLCS se khdng anh hudng dtn vari dfe phan dinh bifen hay quan difem cria cac bdn dd'i vdi ttanh chap lanh thd d bifen Ddng. Mdt cam kfet phap ly nhu thfe se bao dam tach bifet gitia tife'n trinh xac lap ranh gidi ngoai cria thfem lye dia md rdng va rifen trinh giai quyfet tranh chap. Cam kfet cd the bao gdm ca difeu khoan cd di cd lai quy dinh Viet Nam va Malaysia se khdng phan dd'i cac dfe trinh cria Philippines se nop ttong tuong lai. Thuc te' day la each thric ma cac qudc gia Hdn quan da thao gd ttd nggi thu tyc dfe 36 ttong 62 dfe trinh lidn quan dfe'n tranh chap dUdc O y ban CLCS xem xet. Cho dferi nay cac qudc gia dd trinh da ky 09 thda thuan khdng phan ddi Mn nhau.-^ Mdt sd dfe trinh hi phan ddi Iric dau nhring sau do dridc chap nhan do qudc gia ndp de trinli cdng nhan sri tdn tai cria tranh chap va cam ke't rang tifen trinh xem xet cua Oy ban se khdng anh hudng den tifen trinh giai quyfet tiianh chap.^^ Thyc cha't, mdt cam kfe't nhri thfe k h d r ^ can diifet vi Dieu 76(10) da cd bao dam taong tiJ, nhttng se cd tac dung cring cd' long tin tU phia Philippines.
Kha nang Tmng Qudc nit phan ddi la rat khd do quan difem cria cac bdn ttanh chip la khdng thfe hoa giai ttong giai doan hifen nay. Vide Trung Qudc yeu sach ddi vdi bifen Ddng theo dudng chin doan la khdng thfe chap nhan vdi cac qudc gia khae va cOng khdng phti hop vdi luat phap qudc tfe nhu da khang
=» Cac thda d i u a n gifla N g a va D a n M a c h (2014); D a n M g c h , N a U y va Iceland 1 QU3J ddn k h u v u c Banana H o l e phia B k D a i T a y D u o n g (2006); D a n M a c h , N a U y a Icela d h e n q u a n d^n k h u yi}c ^ g . r Basm (2006); K e n y a va S o m a h a (2009); T a n z a n i a va ScucheUes (khOng ro n a m ) ; D a n M j c h va Canada (2012); D a n M a c h va Iceland h e n q u a n den K,..
r (2013) va thoa t h u a n gifla B e n m , COte D ' l v o i r e , Ghana 3 (2009) Vl d u n h u O m a n n i t p h a n ddi khi Pakistan cd cOng h a m k h J n g djnh v d i O m n a n g t d n tai c h d n g Kn v t m g bi^n, nhSn m a n h v.^c p h a n djnh b i ^ n se thttc hiijn b i n g dlm'ph'-'^
song p h u o n g t r o n g tUOng lai, h t t p s - / / w w w u n . o r g / D e p t s / l o s / c l c s _ n e w / s u b m i s s i o n s ^l^/
s u b m i s s i o n _ p a k _ 2 9 _ 2 0 0 9 . h t m , t n i y cSp ngay 2 5 / 0 3 / 2 0 1 9 . ~" ^
dinh ttong phan quyfet n ^ y 12/07/2016 cria Toa ttgng tai ttong Vu kiin biin Ddng.^'^ Mae dti vay, cd kha nang cac bdn hen quan cd thfe d^t dugc thda thuan khdng phan ddi lan nhau t$i O y ban CLCS vdi cam ket lii:^ rife'n trinh xem xet va khuyfen nghi cria CLCS khdng anh hridng dfe'n tifen trinh giai quyd't tranh chap. Cam kfet nhu thfe ndn d dang sric ri'ch, chung chung va khdng di vao chi tie't dfe tranh mgi difen giai rang cac bfen cdng nhan yfeu sach cria nhau.
Tuy nhifen, kha nang nay ra^t nlid dfen mric cd thfe ndi la khdng thfe tdn tai.
4.2. Khd ndng gidi quydt tranh chdp vdi Philippines vd Trung Qudc tntdc khi di tiinh dupc xem xet
Nfe'u cac bfen lifen quan cd thfe giai quyfet xong tranh chap thi O y ban CLCS se hoan toan cd quyfen xem xet dfe ttinh cria cac bfen lifen quan. Tuy nhidn, trdn thUc te kha nSng rny khdng dfe thyc hidn. Vi dy nhu tradng hop cria Myanmar va Bangladesh. Hai nridc nay da ndp dfe trinh va cung da phan ddi O y ban CLCS xem xet dfe trinh cua nhau do cd Hdn quan dfe'n cac tranh chaip ma ttgng tam la tranh chaip phan dinh bifen ttong Vtnh Bengal. Nam 2009, hai nridc ddng y mang tranh chap phan dinh bifen ra giai quyfet d Tda an Luat Bifen qudc te (ITLOS). N a m 2012, Toa ITXOS ra phan quyfet giai quyfet, ttong dd, Tda cd nhan dinh ham y i ^ g vide giai quyfet tranh chap nay tai Tda se girip thao gd ttd ngai thri tyc tai O y ban CLCS.-*' Tuy nhien, sau phan quyet, hai nridc vin tifep tyc phan ddi O y ban CLCS xem xet dfe trinh cria nhau vi cac ly do khac nhau. Cd thfe thay, vifec giai quye't ttanh chaip trudc can drigc tifen hanh mdt each thien chi thi mdi cd kha nang cho phfep Oy ban CLCS tife'n hanh xem xet mdt dd trinh nhat dinh.
TrUcing hgp tiranh chaip d bifen Ddng, vide giai quyfet ttanh ch^p la difeu khd cd thfe ttd ihanh bifen thyc ttong tridng lai ^ . Bride tifen ldn nhait giOa cac bdn Hfen quan la nd Iric didng qua mdt bd quy tic uiig xri ttdn bifen D d r ^ nham 6n dinh va quan ly hifen tiding ttanh cha'p, chri khdng phai giai quyfet ti^nh chap. Do dd, kha nang giai quyfet tiranh cha'p tioldc khi dfen lugt Oy ban CLCS xem xet dfe trinh chi tdn tai vfe mat ly thuyet, ma khd kha khi tten thyc tfe.
4.3. Gidi phdp tam thifi digidm thiiu rtii to phdp If
Txong bdi canh kha nang xac lap ranh gidi ngoai cria thfem lye dia mdt each chung thim va rang budc la difeu kho cd the thanh hifen diy c ttong triOng lai ^ , vifec tie'n hanh cac ho?t ddng ttdn khu vric ngoai 200 hai ly se cd mdt sd rrii ro phap ly cho Vidt Nam va cac nha dau tri. Rrii ro phap ly d day bao gdm rrii ro i ^ g khu vric Hfen quan se n ^ ngoai ranh gidi ngoai khi rife'n tiinh tai O y ban CLCS dridc phep difen ra. Khi dd, khu vric nay se diudc vung day
™ Vu kiin bidn Ddng (Philippines v. Tmng Quic), Phan quydt cua Toa trong tai theo Phu luc VII COng Udc nam 2016, tr. 117, doan 278.
^' Vu phdn dinh biin d Vinh Bengal (Bangladesh/ Myanmar), Phan quydt eda Tda ITLOS nam 2012, tr. 102, doan 390-392.
106 TAP c m KHOA HQC PHAP LY VigT NAM ^^J »J V ^ : ^ — _ bifen qudc tfe ma vide diam dd, khai thac tai nguydn phi sinh v^t chi diuO vfe Cd quan Quyfen lye day dai dydng. Mdt nii ro khac la khu vric Hdn quan se nam ttong vting chdng lari vdi difem luc dia md rdng cua qud'c gia khac, do 6 bifen Ddng mdi chi cd Vifet Nam va Malaysia cd dfe tiinh con Bmnei, Phihppines va Trung Qude dri chUa cd. Trong bdi canh dd, mdt sd giai pfep sau day cd die bao dam cac boat ddng cria Vidt N a m ttfen khu vric ngoai 2U
hai ly cd it rrii ro phap ly nha't la: , Thtt nhdt, Vidt Nam can bao dam cac thdng tin lam cd sd dfe xac djiih
ranh gidi hoan toan phti hdp vdi cac difeu kifen thyc ch& d Dieu 76, qua dd, bao dam iing khu vric ttong ranh gidi ma Vidt N a m dfe xuat thugc ve thfem lye dia md rdng cua Vidt Nam mdt each chan chan nh^t. Quyfen chu quyfen cria qudc gia ven bifen ddi vdi them lye dia la quyfen dridng nhidn tdn tai khdng can thiet phai xac lap ranh gidi,^^ ndn nfe'u Vifet Nam cd thfe bao dam d mric dd kha ti'n cao nha't rang khu vric Hfen quan thudc difem lye dia cria Vidt N a m thi nii ro phap ly rang sau nay khu vric dd la viing day bifen qudc tfe se giam thifeu. Duong nhidn, nhifeu kha nang la bfen ttong bifen Ddng khdng thfe cd vimg day bifen qudc tfe do bi nhieu qudc gia bao quanli.
D u vay, vfe ly thuyfet, kha nang ttfen vdn cd thfe cd cho den klu nao tat ca eac qudc gia xung quanh bifen Ddng xac lap ranh gidi ngoai cria difem lye dia md rdng cria hg.
Thtt hai, khi da bao dam ch£c chan khu vyc Hfen quan diudc thfem lye dia md rdng cria Viet Nam, Viet Nam c'an du kifen pham vi chdng 1 ^ vdi vting bifen cria cac qudc gia xung quanh, vi du nhri Brunei, Philippines va T m n g Qud'c. Vl dy, d khu vUc phia Nam bien Ddng neu ttong dd trinh chung giUa Vidt Nam va Malaysia, cd thfe day la vting chdng lari giria hai nadc va ca Brunei. Do la vting bifen chbng lari ndn cac bdn Hdn quan dfeu cd quyfen nha nhau va cd nghia vy theo Difeu 83(3). Difeu 83(3) quy dinh cac bfen cd nghia vu no lye dat dygc cac dan xep tam thdi cd tinh chat thyc tfe va khdng lam tdn h^i dfen vide phan dinh cudi cting. Trong viing chbng lari, cd nhring boat ddng dagc phep don phuong thyc hifen, nhung cung cd nhflng boat ddng chi cd die thuc hidn khi cd thda thuan giria cac ben Hdn quan.'"*
Tdm lai, ttong bdi canh sy phan ddi cria Phihppines v'a Trung Qudc tao ra ttd ngai thri tuc cho vifec Oy ban CLCS xem xet, cho khuyfen nghi vfe
" NliU trCn, tr 120, doan 409; Vu tranh chifp phdn dinh ranh gidi biin giCia Ghana i/a C6te D'lvoire iren Da' Tdy Duong, Phan quydt cua Vi$n djc biet eda T o a I T L O S n S m 2 0 1 7 , tr. I 3 8 - I 3 9 dogn 4 9 1 - 4 9 6 . Y kien ciia cO q u a n tai phan q u d c te' t r o n g hai v u vi^c trfin da bac bd qnm d i ^ m cua Tullio Treves khi 6 n g nay c h o r^ng k h i q u d c gia v e n bii^n chUa xSc l(ip rauh gidi thfem lijc dia md r ^ n g th\ k h u vUc ngoai 200 hai ly n e n d u q c x e m la thuOc vS b i e n ca va vtine day bi^n q u d c te', T Treves, •"Coastal States" R i g h t s in che M a n n m e Areas u n d e r C o n g u d c "
Revista de Direilo intemacional - Brazilian Journal of International Law, sd 12(1), n a m 2015, tr 45'
" Tr'an Hflu D u y M i n h , " N g h i a vy ciia cac q u d c gia t r o n g v i m g b i ^ n c h b n g lan ChSni'luc dii va d^c q u y ^ n k i n h td cheo C 6 n g u d c Lien hOp q u d c vi L u j t B i ^ n 1 9 8 2 " . Ta:p chi Nlia m.A •
Phdp liidt, so S. nim 20-[b. """"'
ranh gidi ngoai thfem lye dia m d rdng cria Vidt N a m tten bie'n Ddng, Vidt N a m c'an ed sy can ttgng thieh dang khi quyfet dinh tien hanh cac boat ddng tham dd, khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien ttong khu vyc ngoai 200 hai ly.
Vifet N a m can bao dam tinh chinh xac nhat cd thfe cria ranh gidi dugc dfe xuat ttong hai de trinh va tt'nh toan pham vi ehbng lain vdi vting bifen cria cac qudc gia xung quanh dfe xac dinh dung quy chfe phap ly cria khu vyc dy kifen tham dd, khai thac. Cd nhri vay, cac rrii ro phap ly sau nky se drigc giam thieu tdi da. D u o n g nhien, do rinh binh ttanh chap d bifen Ddng, viec quyfet dinh tife'n hanh tham do, khai thac khdng chi phu thudc vao cac danh gia phap ly nfeu tten ma cbn can phai xem xet dfe'n cac yfeu td khac nhu yfeu td chinh tri, ngoai giao. •
Tai li^u thatn khao
[I] Statement by the Chairman ofthe Commission on the Dmils ofthe Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission (01/10/2009) CLCS/64
[2] Report ofthe Eight Meeting of States ParUes ( n ^ y 04/06/1998) SPLOS/31 [3] R R Churchill and AV Lowe. The Law ofthe Sea, 3"" ed.. Juris Publishing, 1999
[4] Thonias A. Clmgan, Jr. (chd bien). The Law of the Sea- Wiiat lies ahead^, Hawaii, The Law of the Sea Institute, William S Richardson School of Law, University of Hawau, 1988
[5] Division for Ocean Affidrs and che Law ofthe Sea, The Law of the Sea: D^nitton of ihe Continental Shelf, United Narions, New Yoric, 1993
[6] Alex G. Oude Elferink, ""Openness" and Article 76 ofthe law ofthe Sea Convention: The Process Does Noc Need to Be Adjusted", Ocean Development and International Law, sd 40 (1). 2009 [7] AG Oude Elfennk & C Johnson, "Outer Limits of che Conventional Shelf and "Disputed Areas".
State Practice concerning Article 76(10) ofthe LOS Convention", International Journal for Manne and Coastal Law. s6 21, 2006
[8] IntemaUonal Law Association, Berlin Conference (2004). Legal Issues of the Outer Continental Shelf, https- //ila. vettore web. coni/Scorage/Do wnload aspx'DbStorageId= 1221 ScScoiageFileGuid= 75343 9 2b-da08-4477-aebc-646cb0167531, accessed on 22/02/2019
[9] Intemational Law AssociaUon, Toronto Conference (2006): Second report on Legal Issues ofthe Outer Continental Shelf https7/ila.vettoreweb.coin/Storage/Download.aspx?DbStorageId=1218&Storag eHeGuid=c26fdl24-6c2c-^0b-b717-34a7c960fid2, accessed on 22/02/2019
[10] R Lagon] and D Vignes (chd bifin), Maritime Delimitation, Martuius Nijhoff Publishers. Leiden, 2006 [II] TL McDonnan, "The Role of die Commission on die Lurats ofthe Continental SheK A Technical
Body in a Political Worid", InternationalJournal of Manne and Coastal Law, sd 17(3), 2002 [12] SN Nandan and S Rosenne (chd bifin), United Nations Convention on the Law ofthe Sea 1982: A
Commentary, Vol. II, Martmus Nijhoff Pubhsheis, 1993
[13] LDM Nelson, "The ConUnental Shelf: hiterplay of Law and Science" in N Ando, E McWhmney and R Wolfinim (chd bien), Uber Amicomm Judge Shigem Oda, Vol. II, Kluwer Law IntemaUonal, 2002
[14] LDM Nelson, "The Setdement of Disputes Arising &om Conflicting Outer Connnental Shelf Claims", Intemational Marine and Coastal Law, sd 24, 2013
[15] JE Noyes, "Judicial and Arbitral Proceedm^ and die Outer LinuK of die Continental Shelf', Vandeihiltjoumal ofTransnattonal Law, sd 42, 2009
[16] A Proelss (chd biCn), United Nations Coni^ntion on ihe Law ofthe Sea: A Commentary, Bloomsburry Collections, 2018
[17] Andrew Serdy, "The Commission on die Limits of che Continental Shelf and its Disturbing Propensity to Le^slace", InternationalJournal of Manne and Coastal Law, sd 26, 2011 [18] T Treves, "'Coastal States" PJghis m the Maritmie /ireas under Cdng ddc", Revista de Direito
intemaaonal - Brazilianjoumal of Intemational Law, sd 12(1), nam 2015
