20 Biii Xuan Dinli
THICH tTNG CUA NGU^Ofl VIET V 6 l NONG NGHIEP VUNG DONG BAG
BCJI X U A N DiNH
Cae cong trinh nghien ciru ve Dan tgc hgc va Van hda hge dua tren nhung chiing cu thue te de dua ra luan diem: mot trong nhung net van hda noi bat eiia ngudi Viet la tinh thich I'mg cao, truac het Id vdi moi truong song. La eu dan nong nghiep rugng nude, trude cac dang mdi truong canh quan khae nhau: dong chiem, dong miia, go ddi, ven song dat bai..., ngudi Viet luon thich irng bang mot he thong ky thuat canh tac thong qua viec bd tri eac loai cay trong, gan vdi cae loai cong cu va mot quy trinh eanh tac gan vdi cae thao tac ky thuat (Tran Tir va cae tac gia, 1984).
Tir dong bang chuyen eu len mien niii, trude cae dang mdi trudng khae nhau, ngudi Viet nhanh chong thich irng de to chirc Iai san xuat. tren eo sd hge hdi kinh nghiem ciia cac tgc ngudi thieu sd (TNTS) sd tai, viia cai tiln nhung bien phap canh tac truyen thong ciia minh de nhanh chdng tao lap cuge sing mdi, viia ket hgp cai tien cac kinh nghiem ciia cac TNTS va cua minh, tao thanh nhung dong luc mdi cho san xuat nong nghiep d miln nui.
Viec nghien ciiu tinh thich iirng ciia ngudi Viet vdi mdi trudng nong nghiep miln nui da duge mot sd tac gia ban din, chu ylu d mdi trudng thung lung chan niii viing Tay Bac (Ta Long, Ngo Thj Chinh, 2000; 2003).
Bai viet nay gidi thieu mot sd thich nghi, thich iing ve san \uk nong nghiep ciia
ngudi Viet tir tu lieu dieu tra thue dja tai mot sd dja phuong d viing Dong Bac.
1. Sy thich ung ciia ngucri Viet voi nong nghiep truyen thong vung Dong Bac
1.1. Thich irng trong trong trot
1.1.1. Thich ung vai nen nong nghiep nuang ray
Vao dau nhiJng nam 60 ciia the ky XX, Chinh phu dua ra chii truong "Van dong dong bao mien xuoi di xay dung va phat trien kinh te, van hda mien niii", nham tirng budc khae phue nhirng chenh lech ve dan cu, lao dong, trinh do phat trien kinh te giira mien niii va dong bang. Tuy nhien, do chuan bj thieu chu dao nen nhieu noi da dua ngudi Viet - cu dan von quen song bang nong nghiep rugng nude len nhung viing hoan toan khong cd hoac cd qua it rugng, buge hg cung phai lam nuong nhu cac TNTS sd tai. Khong quen vdi cac viec lam nuong, tir viec chat cay, dot, den tria hat, cham bdn, gat, nen luc dau. Ilia nuong ciia ngudi Viet cd nang suat thap hon han so vdi cua cac TNTS.
Tuy nhien, chi sau mot hai vu, ngudi Viet da diic riit ra nhOng kinh nghiem nen da lam tit hon cac TNTS sd tai; dac biet la tranh duoc nhirng that bat trong dieu kien gieo trong nuong ray cd nhieu bat Igi. Chang han, tai mot sd xa thuoc huyen Son Duong (tinh Tuyen Quang), Phii Luong (tinh Thai
Tgp chi Ddn tgc hoc sd5 - 2009 21 Nguyen), trong khi cae TNTS quen chgn
riing ed nhilu cay to dl lam nuong thi ngudi Viet (tir eac tinh Nam Djnh, Ninh Binh chuyen len) Iai chgn nhirng khu ddi ed nhilu lau lach hoac it ed cay to, nhung cay mgc deu. Ly do can ban eua viec lira chgn khae biet nay la eac canh rung ram tuy eho nhilu tro. nhung trong nam dau de lam lua tit, tham chi bj lop, do khi gap gid, nhat la gid xoay, anh hudng Idn tdi nang suat, lam mk miia; trong khi riing lau laeh eho lugng tro Vila phai, song phan bd deu, lua khong bj tac dong Idn ciia gid Idc.
Ciing vdi viec chgn dat, ngudi Viet edn cai tiln each gieo hat. Cae TNTS thuong ehgc lo gieo hat khong theo hang loi, lam eho dat de bj rira trdi mdi khi mua Idn, liia de bj do, khi lam ed rat khd khan. Trong khi do. ngudi Viet gieo theo hang va theo dudng dong mire eua dai ddi nen da han che tdi da viec rua trdi dat mau. Bdi vay, nuong liia cua ngudi Viet cd "tudi thg" lau hon so vdi nuong ciia cac TNTS. Dieu quan trgng hon, viec gieo liia theo hang thuan Igi cho viec lam cd - khau ed anh hudng rat Idn den nang suat liia, theo tong ket eiia ngudi Viet dudi dong bang "Cong cay la cong bo, cong lam CO Id cong an". Lam cd con tao dieu kien thuan Igi khi gat: dua Hem hoac hai vao eat lua duge de dang, lua khong bj cay cd chan ngang lam rung hat thde. Chinh vi vay, tren ciing mot don vj dien tieh, nhung nang suat va san lugng liia cua ngudi Viet thuong cao hon nhilu so vdi eiia cae TNTS sd tai (I kg liia gilng khi gieo tren dat tot, ba eon cac TNTS chi thu duge 100 kg, trong khi tren nuong dat xau hon ciia ngudi Viet, van dat 120 - 130 kg). Day la Idi khang djnh cua eac bac cao nien eiia ea ngudi Viet va cac TNTS d nhilu xa thuge hai huyen Son Duong va Phu Luong neu tren.
1.1.2. Khai hoang mong nude, thich I'mg vdi ky thuat lam niong nude a mien niii
Vdi ban tinh ciia cu dan rugng nude, len den mien nui, ngudi Viet da tieh cue khai hoang dat dai, bien nhung khu dat hoang, day ed dai thanh rugng cay liia, khdng chi nhung noi bang phang, de bien thanh nhung canh dong liia rgng Idn: ma ea nhung noi .xa, khd lam, "dau huou mom nai".
Sau khi cd rugng nude, d nhung noi cd dong rugng bang phang, ngudi Viet da dem ky thuat lam rugng d xuoi len, khae vdi each lam eiia cac TNTS sd tai. Vi du, d viing cong cu vdi ngudi San Chi tai cac xa thuge huyen Phu Luong, ngudi Viet ap dung bien phap gieo ma (trong khi ngudi San Chi diing bien phap xg); hoac lam ed eho liia bang cao (trong khi ngudi San Chi Iai lam bang tay);
gat liia bang liem (ngudi San Chi gat bang nhip; hoac hai nhd) v.v. Cae cong eu va bien phap ky thuat nay ciia ngudi Viet nhin ehung to ra cd hieu qua hon so vdi ciia cac TNTS, tao ra nang suat lao dong cao hon, do vay tiet kiem duge nhieu thdi gian, nhan luc.
Ngoai liia, ngudi Viet edn dua cae bien phap trong cae loai hoa mau va-chan nudi tii' dong bang len:
+ Trong khoai lang theo lulng (trong khi cac TNTS thudng trdng theo ho, nen nang suat khdng the cao bang trdng lulng tren ciing mot chat dat va vdi ciing mot loai giong).
+ Trong chan nudi (Ign, ga, vjt, trau, bd) cd ehudng trai, trong khi cac TNTS thudng tha rdng, de phat sinh va lay Ian dich benh.
Ngudi Viet thudng dam dau tu cho vat nudi, chang han, nudi Ign eho an cam, gao, ngo, san, cay khoai nude, nen Ign nhanh Idn va beo hon, trong khi cac TNTS chi cho an cay chudi la ehinh. Vdi trau bd, ngoai true tilp
22 Bid Xuan Dinh chan dat tren ddi, ngoai dong, ngudi Viet ed y
thire tru rom vao miia dong, nhiJng ngay gia ret, nhat la ngay ed suong mudi, trau bd van duge giir am trong ehudng, ed dii rom an;
trong khi trau bd ciia cae TNTS phai tha len ddi mdi ed cai an, tiep xiic vdi gia lanh, suong mudi nen de bj do nga. Khoang 10 nam nay. cac TNTS d mot so viing da hgc each tru rom cho trau bd nhu ngudi Viet.
Tuy nhien, trude mdi trudng dong rugng miln nui, ngudi Viet khdng the ap dung hoan toan cac edng cu, bien phap ky thuat lam rugng d dudi xuoi; ma phai hgc va lam theo kinh nghiem eiia cae TNTS sd tai trong mot sd khau. Dudi day la mot sd vi du dien hinh:
- Viec diing cay: Khi rdi que len mien niii, nhieu gia dinh ngudi Viet da mang theo ca nhung ehiee cay, song deu khdng sir dung duge vi cac loai cay nay cd diep rat to ban va duge eau tao "xoan", nen khi cay phai di theo ehieu thuan: phai cay dudng eat luong d giua, sau dd cay tir trai qua phai, moi ben tir 5 den 7 dudng, tao thanh dong (tire ludng cay). Kieu dang cay va each cay nay chi thich hop vdi dieu kien rugng d dudi xuoi rgng va bang phang, dat mim; trong khi rugng d nui la rugng bac thang, hep, nhilu da ngam va da nil, nen khi cay, nhat la khi cjiiay ddu dong rat khd khan; dac biet, khi bira, phai bira san lap dong cay (hay bim dd dong cay) rat vat va cho ca ngudi va trau.
Trong khi dd, cay eiia cae TNTS cd diep nhd ban, khdng cd do cong va "xoan" nen cay duge ea ehieu thuan va ehieu nghjeh (khdng phai cay cat dong hay cdt luong), trau quay dau de dang; cae dudng cay tao thanh mot mat phang cho rugng, nen khdng phai mat edng biia dd dong cay nhu d dudi xuoi.
Vi nhiJng ly do tren, ngudi Viet da diing cay cua cac TNTS sd tai. Chiec cay nay con cd nhieu diem thuan igi, hieu qua hon so vdi cay dudi xuoi nhd cac nguyen lieu ben, san cd d mien nui:
+ Than cay bang go nghien, ching duge nurt ne bdi mua nang d ngoai dong gein nhu suot vu cay cay (cac TNTS trude day deu bd cay, bira dai dau mua nang ngoai dong; khdng ai lay ciia ai; khae vdi ngudi Viet cay bira xong mdi budi phai vac ve nha, dii rugng each xa nha vai ba cay sd).
+ Thieu va ung cho cay (va bira) lam bang cay song (mot cay song che lam 4, duge 2 ddi thieu, van cho "xSn" sgi song trude khi sii' dung) chju duge mua nang suot ca vu. Trong khi dd, thieu hoac ung cay, bira cua ngudi Viet ben bang lat giang, chi sau vai Ian cay, bira bj ngam nude la bj dirt.
+ Dat rugng d dong bang mem, hSu nhu khdng cd da, nen khi cay, ngudi Viet hau nhu khdng phai (hoac it phai) diing nem (doan go phu dat giira bap cay va cd cdy).
Trong khi do, rugng d mien niii nhieu da, dat khdng deu ve do cirng - mem, nen khi cay de bj "hut" (mui cay an sau xudng 6k), de lam g3y cay hoac bap cay, gay vai, diit thieu...
Qt khae phue nhugc diem nay, cac TNTS da chem vao giu'a chdt cd cdy va bap cdy mot doan go (hoac tre due gia), goi la nem, khi cay se khdng bj "hut".
Ve chiec bica: Cac ylu to dat dai d mien niii ciing bat loi cho viec bira dat. Vi vay, dong bao cac TNTS da khSc phue bang cac each sau day:
+ Diing doan day rirng ciing, chju duoc nude de buge, giir choi bira vdi hai rang bira
Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd 5 - 2009 23 ke can, giup eho chdi bira khdng bj venh
hoac gay khi bira \kp phai da.
+ Diing doan go nhd lap ngang (song song) vdi cai bira dl rang bira khdng bj cong venh, nhat la khi bira vao cho cd da.
+ Cac chan rugng hep, thudng diing bira 7 rang de quay dau, re bira duge de dang (cae chan rugng rgng mdi diing bira 9 rang hoac 13 rang).
Nhirng bien phap tren da duge ngudi Viet d cac noi tiep thu.
Ngudi Viet tiep thu mot so bien phdp ky thuat Idm ruong nude ciia cdc TNTS sd tgi.
Dudi day la mot vai bien phap tieu bieu:
+ Thdo ne: Thue chat la bien phap dieu chinh muc nude d rugng lua trong mot sd thdi diem quan trgng, ed anh hudng den su phat trien ciia cay lua. Ngudi Viet d dong bang sau khi cay de rugng cd nude thudng xuyen, vdi cac muc do khae nhau. Bien phap nay duge hg dem theo khi len mien niii da khdng phat huy tac dung; tham chi, trong mot hoac hai vu dau, nhieu noi, liia ciia ngudi Viet bj that thu hoac giam nang suat nghiem trgng. Nguyen do chu yeu la do nude trong cac chan rugng d mien niii deu la nude nguon tir mach chay ra, rat lanh, do chua cua chat dat rat nang, hoan toan khdng cd Igi eho cay ma mdi cay xudng rugng. Vi vay, cac TNTS da khdc phue bang bien phap thdo ne hay thdo chua (ngudi Tay d huyen Son Duong ggi la khdng, ngudi San Chi d huyen Phii Luong ggi la thdu xui). Khoang 15 ngay sau khi cay, lam hit cd mgc trong rugng roi thao hit nude. Cay lua non khdng edn tilp xuc vdi nude ed do chua va do lanh nen phat triln rk nhanh; ngugc Iai nlu nude dd khdng duge thao thi Iiia de bj vang, phat triln cham. Bien phap nay cung han ehl viec
cd mgc Iai. Khoang 15 ngay sau, khi mat rugng da ne to deu (lo ne thudng rgng khoang 0,5 - I cm), mdi din nude vao, cay Ilia sau mot thdi gian cirng cap, chju han, gap nude se phat triln rat nhanh. Den khi lua chuyen sang dd dudi thi thao can nude de rugng khd, thuan loi cho viec gat.
- Cdch thu gat:
+ Ngudi Viet d dong bang khi gat xong phai ganh lua tir rugng ve nha ngay, vira vat va vira mat thdi gian, vi phai chuyen (truoc day chii yeu la ganh) mot lugng Idn liia tuoi tir rugng, tai nhirng eanh ddng gan - xa khae nhau, CO khi vai cay so. Nhieu gia dinh rugng d giiJa canh ddng, dua duge ganh lua len din dudng cai phai qua bao lay thut, bd rugng nhd be, map md; hat thde roi vai tren dudng van chuyen rat Idn.
Trong khi dd, cac TNTS gat xong, bd lua thanh lugm gae len cay ra; vai ngay sau, khi cay liia va hat liia da khd mdi ganh ve dap (hoac dap tai rugng). Dap xong, hg chi phoi qua rdi lam sach rom vun. Theo udc tinh, viec phoi khd cac lugm liia tai rugng rdi mdi ganh ve nha giam duge 60%o viec ganh lua. Ngudi Viet khi len mien nui da hgc bien phap nay cua cae TNTS.
+ Ve gdnh liia: C) ddng bang, mat bang CLia mot canh ddng tuong ddi bang phang nen khi di gat, ngudi Viet thudng diing ddi quang cap hoac quang 4 danh de ganh lua.
Ngudi Viet d Thai Binh, Ha Tay (cQ) khi len cac xa mien niii cung mang theo nhirng chiec quang nay, nhung tren thue tl khdng sir dung duge trude dja hinh rugng bac thang nhieu bac, nen phai bd lua va diing ddn can de ganh nhu cae TNTS sd tai.
+ Ve cdch dap liia: Trude day, ngudi Viet d ddng bang dap lua tuoi tai nha, bang
24 Bill Xidn Dinh
neo lua tren coi da (do cd san gach rgng).
Len din mien nui. tap quan na\ khdng edn hoac ft duge duy tri. do khong ed san rgng.
Vi vay, ho phai hoe eac bien phap dap liia cua eac TNTS. tiiv' viing. Chang han, d cae huyen Phii Luong. Dai Tir, cac TNTS (nhu San Chi. Ta_\. Niing) thudng dap liia ngay tai rupng. Cong cu dap la loong (cav go to. due rdng rudt ben trong. giong nhu mang Ign. lua khong bj ban xa ra). Loong duge dat tren mot phen vudng dan Idng ddi bang cat ciia ca\ nira ngo (loai ntra to. it bj mdi mot).
Phen \u6ng na\ c6 chirc nang nhu mot "san phoi". Hat lua da kha khd sau khi gat duge d ruong. den da\ dem phoi Iai tren phen vudng (dat tren eac ca}- gd. tre nira bang ngang de de phong mua se bj udt d dudi). Phen ed the phoi duoc 8 thimg thde (khoang 160 kg).
Dang phoi. neu trdi mua ed the cao thde vao giira phen va gap phen Iai. rdi \ky la eg che kin. trdi eo mua vai ngav" cung khdng anh huong gi den lua. Moi phen nhu tren ngudi San Chi dan het 6 cav nira to. dan trong 4 ngay (2 ngav che nira. 2 ngav dan).
Trong khi do. ngudi Ta\ d huven Son Duong, ngudi Ta\ va ngudi Niing o huven Van Lang (tinh Lang Son) Iai dan cae dem qiidn liia. ngudi Niing ggi la lem hinh vudng.
CO ki'eh thude tir 5 din 6 met mot ehilu. Liia duge rai deu tren dem va eho 4 trau qukn ciing mot ngudi cam sao tro (dao) lua cho deu. sau 3 tilng ddng h i duge 4 ta thde tren mot dem.
Tir sau khi cd san xi mang. cae loai phen nav- ft ngudi dting; song d cac xa thuge huyen Van Lang van diing phd biln.
1.2. Thich irng trong chan nudi Su thich irng eua ngudi Viet vdi nhirng kinh nghiem trong chan nudi cua cac TNTS
chii yeu d mot sd bien phap phong trir benh cho gia sue. gia cam. Chang han, kinh nghiem nudi trau cua ngudi San Chi d eac .\a thuge huyen Phii Luong 6uqc ngudi Viet van dung:
^ Trau bj "td mdi" (sung d khoeo chan): diing xac td kien den "xdng" vao cho sung nhieu Ian se khdi.
- Trau udng nude d sudi thudng bj con nac (ky sinh triing ed hinh dang nhu giun) theo \ao rudt. lam hong he tieu hoa: diing loai cav (chua-rd ten) deo vao cd trau. trau se
"ho" ra eon nac.
+ Trau bj sung vi dam phai gai: lay mot loai cav' (chua rd ten) gia. dap bgc vao cho dau. gai se bj tieu, thdi.
+ Trau due la nhdt ciing ehuong de danh nhau: lav- Idng tai eiia con ng nhet vao tai eon kia. trau se khdng danh nhau nira.
Ngoai ra. ngudi Viet edn hge eac TNTS deo md (lam bang cay mai hoac go) cho trau de xac djnh hudng di cua eon trau trong trudng hgp trau bj lae hoac di qua xa.
2. Vai tro cua nguoi Viet trong phat trien nen nong nghiep tham canh, hang hoa a mien niii
Tir nhirng nam 60 eua thi ky XX den nay. nen nong nghiep mien nui tuv cd budc phat trien chain hon so vdi d ddng bang nhung cung da qua nhieu •'cuge each mang"
ve khoa hge ky thuat (eac loai cav trdng. vat nudi ed nang suat cao. ap dung cae tien bo khoa hge ky thuat tien tiln vao san .xuat...).
tao nen nhirng tha\' ddi rat tfch cue cho viec tang vu. tang nang suat va san lugng luong thue. thue pham. Nhirng mdc quan trgng ve thav ddi cua san xuat nong nghiep miln niii la dua cac giong liia Nong nghiep 5. Nong
Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd 5 - 2009 25 nghiep 8, Bao thai liin (nhirng nam dau thap
ky 70), cac giong ngo Ddng, dau tuong Ddng, cac giong liia Iai (dau thap ky 90) v.v.
Trong chan nudi, la viec dua cac loai ca cho nang suat cao (rd phi don tinh, tre Iai...), Ign Iai, bd Iai sin, ga edng nghiep... Trong lam nghiep la dua cae loai cay bach dan. keo Iai, sd, sa... ed nang suat cao va nhanh chdng eho thu hoach vao trdng.
Trong cac dgt ap dung tien bd khoa hge ky thuat nong nghiep tren day, ngudi Viet ludn giO vai trd chii dao, the hien d mot sd mat sau:
- Ddi ngu can bd khoa hgc ky thuat phd bien cac tien bd mdi la ngudi Viet (Phdng Nong nghiep, Phdng Lam nghiep, Phmg Thiiy san huyen trude day, nay la Phdng Nong nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn);
- Ddi ngu tiep thu, tiep nhan, tap huan cae md hinh ky thuat d cap xa phan Idn la ngudi Viet;
- Cac md hinh ky thuat mdi trong trdng trot va chan nudi duge cac hg gia dinh ndng dan Viet tiep nhan nhanh hon. lam thuan thue va hieu qua hon. Trong khi dd, tai cac Idp tap huan, eac TNTS rk khd tiep thu va thudng phai hgc true tilp qua cac hg ngudi Viet trong cong ddng mdi lam cd hieu qua.
Chinh dilu nay la nhan t l gdn kit giua ngudi Viet vdi eac TNTS;
- He thing djeh vu eac ndng nghiep (phan bdn, thulc trir sau, gidng cay trong, vat nudi) d eac viing ndng thdn mien niii deu do ngudi Viet nam giu, chi phdi.
0 phan Idn cac vimg ndng thdn miln niii vimg Ddng Bac trude day, he thong chg rat ••mong", hoac khdng cd, do cac TNTS sing chii ylu bang kinh tl tu cap tu tiic va mot phan sing dua vao khai thae cac san vat
tu nhien, nen san pham ndng lam nghiep trd thanh hang hda hau nhu khdng ed.
Khi chuyen eu len mien nui, ngudi Viet da tirng budc tao ra nhung thay ddi thue trang tren bang viec tich cue trdng trgt, chan nudi, tao ra nhieu san pham de bao dam nhu cau tieu diing hang ngay va chuyen mot phan thanh hang hda, dem ban tai cac diem dan eu trung tam, hoac ven cae dudng giao thdng Idn; tir dd xuat hien cac diem trao ddi hang hda va nhieu diem da trd thanh chg, tao dieu kien thue day san xuat, tang gia trj hang hda eho nen ndng nghiep ciia dja phuong. Ngudi Viet la tac nhan chii dao trong viec lam hinh thanh hoac md rdng eac vimg ndng nghiep chuyen canh d viing Ddng Bac nhu vimg liia va ngd d cae huyen: Trang Djnh (tinh Lang Son), Hda An, Ddng Khe (tinh Cao Bang), Yen Son (tinh Tuyen Quang); viing dau tuong d cac tinh: Cao Bang, Ha Giang, Lang Son, Bac Giang; viing mfa d eac tinh: Lang Son, Tuyen Quang, Cao Bang; viing che d cac tinh: Thai Nguyen, Tuyen Quang, Ha Giang; cac vimg cay an qua nhu na d Lang Son. vai thieu d cac huyen Luc Ngan, Luc Nam thuoc tinh Bac Giang; hdng d cac huyen Cao Lgc, quanh thanh phd Lang Son (tinh Lang Son); cam quyt d tinh Ha Giang...
Vai trd nang ddng ciia ngudi Viet trong thiic day san xuat ndng nghiep d Ddng Bac the hien rd nhat trong viec dua cay che thanh cay hang hda. Trude day, cac TNTS thudng de che mgc tu nhien trong vudn, lay la dun nude udng. Khi ngudi Viet len, hg lay biip sao ehe, luc dau de udng, sau dd de ban, vdi mire do nhd le (che ban theo dng bo hay theo gdi), bj mot sd ngudi dan sd tai che la •'dan ban nggn". Mac dau vay, ngudi Viet van chju khd lam, song, khi dd, lugng che hang hda rat khiem ton.
26 Biti Xuan Dinh Budc dot pha tao ra gia trj ciia cay che
diln ra tir giiJa nhung nam 70. Tai nhieu huyen ciia tinh Thai Nguyen, mot bd phan Idn ngudi Viet d cac huyen thuge tinh Ha Tay len lap nghiep. lam ehe theo quy hoach, CO ky thuat vien hudng dan (trdng che thanh ranh. theo binh do ddi dat, khoang each tir 1 din 1,2 met; cd bao ve thue vat, hudng dan ea each thu hai). Viec lam nay da tao ra nhung viing ehe mang tinh hang hda cao, dien hinh la cae xa quanh thanh phd Thai Nguyen, da hinh thanh vimg chuyen canh che Tan Cuong noi tieng.
Cac TNTS sd tai da hge each lam ehe hang hda eiia ngudi Viet. Tuy nhien, hg khdng the tao ra nhirng nuong che ed nang suat cao nhu ngudi Viet vi nhirng ly do sau:
- Che ddi hdi ky thuat cham bdn ty' my, phai cham chiit tirng gdc cay. nggn la de ed bien phap phdng trir, trong khi phan Idn ngudi cac TNTS it ed duge dire tinh dd.
- Dau tu cho cay che nhieu hon, ddi hdi phai ed vdn: Mot sao che mdi nam phai bdn ba Ian vdi ba loai phan khae nhau (lan - 200 kg. dam - 15 kg, ka li - 10 kg; ngoai ra, edn cd thude trir sau). Tinh theo gia thj trudng thdi diem thang 3 nam 2008 thi moi sao ehe phai dau tu tir 1,5 den 2 trieu ddng moi nam.
Rat nhieu gia dinh cac TNTS khdng du vIn de dau tu hoac neu cd du cung thudng ft dam dau tu nhu vay.
- Cae loai che gidng mdi. eho nang suat cao, chat lugng tot, song luc dau, cay gilng thudng rat dat, cham sdc ddi hdi quy trinh ky thuat rat khat khe. Phan ddng eac gia dinh TNTS vira khdng dii vdn dl mua con gidng, vira cham tilp thu eac bien phap ky thuat mdi nen khdng thi triln khai gieo trdng.
hoac lam khdng thanh edng nhu phan dong eac hg ngudi Viet.
i
- Hai che (ca che gidng cii va gidng mdi) phai theo diing ky thuat, can eu vao thdi diim sinh trudng ciia cay che, lam sao de mdi ngpn che duge hai dem sao diing theo edng thiirc
"mot torn hai la" (mot biip va hai la che). Gia dinh nao cd dien tfch ehe duge hai nhieu phai
• huy ddng them nhan lire de hai eho kjp. Nlu de qua, che se "ban" (gid, turc blip se dai, phat trien thanh 3 la), khi sao len canh ehe se bj
"xin" mau, nude che de bj dd (ngudi buon che chuyen nghiep de dang phat hien duge dieu nay va ha gia che xudng). Vi the, cae gia dinh ngudi Viet thudng hgp sire vdi nhau trong thu hai che: tap trung hai eho mot nha ed ehe den ky hai rdi chuyen sang hai eho nha khae; trong khi cac TNTS khdng hinh thanh duge tap quan nay.
Viec ddi mdi ky thuat sao che ciing do ngudi Viet di tien phong. Luc dau, che duge vd bang chan tay, sao bang ehao, nang suat che thanh pham thap (vi bj gay vun nhieu), song chat lugng che rat ngon. Dau thap ky 90, thay the sao che ("kiem" ludn ca khau vd) bang ton (mot mieng ton day 8 ly, c6 be go d xung quanh dat tren bep lira), lugng che thanh pham nhieu hon, nhung chat lugng che kem (canh che mau dd va thudng bj vdn, nude che bj dd).
Nam 1993, tai viing che huyen Dai Tir.
ngudi Viet da ap dung edng nghe ton quay trong sao che. Dd la mot may quay hai ehieu: quay thuan ehieu la sao ehe, quay ngugc ehieu la lay che ra. Tir Dai Tir, edng nghe nay nhanh chdng chuyen sang cac huyen khae trong tinh Thai Nguyen, rdi sang cac tinh khae. Ngudi Viet que gdc d huyen Phii Xuyen (tinh Ha Tay cu) lam dau tien.
Den khi ed dien, ngudi Viet da diing md ta
Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd5 - 2009 27 de quay ton. diing may vd ehe, thay eho vd
bang chan tay.
Viec lam che bup tao ra sir thay ddi vl thu nhap eho ngudi ndng dan miln nui. Mot sao lua vao cuoi nam 2008 mdi nam thu duge 400 kg thde, trj gia 1,8 trieu ddng, trir eac khoan chi phi, edng ciia ngudi ndng dan chi edn khoang 800.000 ddng. Trong khi dd, mot sao ehe gidng cu 6ugc 20 kg/lira, mdi nam binh quan cho 5 liia, gia che binh quan (thdi diim thang 8 nam 2008) la 60.000 dong; quy ddi 1 sao che mot nam thu 6 trieu dong), trii- chi phf edn 4 trieu ddng. Hien nay. gidng ehe mdi (nang suat gap rirdi gidng cu) dang duge nhan rdng tai cac tinh Thai Nguyen. Tuyen Quang va Ha Giang.
Khao sat thue tl vao thang 3 nam 2008 tai xa Phii Thjnh (huyen Dai Tir) cho thay, nhd ap dung cac bien phap tong hgp tren day ma cac nuong che eiia eac hg ngudi Viet, nhat la d hai xdm Vu Thjnh I va Vu Thjnh 2 thudng cho nang suat va chat lugng cao hon, che ban duge gia hon so vdi cae gia dinh cac TNTS (trong khi che ciia ngudi Viet thudng ban 120.000 ddng/kg thi che ciia cac gia dinh cac TNTS chi dat 60.000 - 70.000 dong.
Hien nay, ngudi Viet dang di dau trong viec san lap nhung thiia rugng trung trdng liia cho nang suat thap thanh dat trdng ehe.
3. Mot vai nhan xet thay ket luan Tir ddng bang chuyen len mien nui vdi nhirng bat Igi eho edng viec trdng lua nude, ngudi Viet day manh khai hoang, md rdng dien tich canh tac, mot mat tirng budc thich nghi vdi mdi trudng san xuat mdi, bang each tilp thu nhung ylu t l hgp ly trong each lam ndng nghiep cua cae TNTS sd tai (the hien d bd ndng eu, cac thao tac ky thuat trong trdng trgt va chan nudi...), mat khae ap dung
nhirng bien phap eanh tac eua nen ndng nghiep ddng bang de tang nang suat cay trdng, vat nudi, tao ra nguon luong thue, thue pham de dn djnh cuge sdng.
Vdi su nang ddng, sang tao ciia eu dan ed nhieu kinh nghiem eanh tac rugng nude ndi rieng, lam kinh te ndi ehung, ngudi Viet dan dan phat huy duge vai trd la tgc ngudi
"chii the" trong phat trien kinh te. ndng nghiep d viing dat Ddng Bac. Vai trd do the hien d viec khdng chi tao ra nhirng viing chuyen canh (liia, cac loai cay dae san), rgng Idn, mang tinh hang hda cao; ma edn di dau trong viec dua eac tien bd khoa hoc ky thuat vao san xuat, tao ra nhung budc dot pha eiia ndng nghiep viing Ddng Bac, gdp phan quan trgng vao viec bao dam an ninh luong thue cho 16 TNTS trong viing.
Cae bien phap ky thuat ndng nghiep ma ngudi Viet tiep thu, tiep nhan cua cac TNTS viing Ddng Bac den nay dii van duge duy tri hoac da bj bd (do dieu kien san xuat va mdi trudng thay ddi) thi nhirng tu lieu tren eho thay dac diem ndi bat trong ung xir eiia ngudi Viet la: thich nghi • bien doi - phdt huy vai tro ndng dong cua minh.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Ta Long, Ngd Thj Chfnh (2000), Su bien doi nen nong nghiep chdu tho Thdi Binh d viing Dien Bien Lai Chdu, Nxb Ndng nghiep. Ha Ndi.
2. Ta Long, Ngd Thj Chinh (2003), BiSn ddi moi truong ciia he nhdn vdn d Dien Bien, Lai Chdu, Nxb Khoa hge xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
3. Tran Tir, Biii Xuan Dinh, Nguyin Quie Hiing, Vu Huy Quang (1984), 77m hieu cdnh quan dong bdng, Vien Ddng Nam A xuat ban.
