Thac trqng nguon nhan lire kinh te the due the thao
N G U Y E N T R O N G XUAN D A N G VAN D U N G
^i4X ^ nghiep cong nghiep hda, hien dgi hoa ddt nUdc dang ddt ra yeu cdu bdc thiet ddi vdi
^9^ viec ndng cao chdt lUOng vd s6' litdng ngudn nhdn lite. Tren thitc te, nhiing gidi phdp phdt trien ngudn nhdn lite cua moi quoc gia co theco nhiing diem khde nhau. Song, vdn de cd bdn nhdt md hdu nhU tdt cd cdc nUdc deu ddnh sit quan tdm dgc biet trong chinh sdch phdt trien nguon nhdn lite Id phdt trien gido due, ddo tgo vd kinh te. Bdi viet ndy di cap den thitc trgng nguon nhdn lUc kinh te'thi due the thao ldm cd sd de ra nhitng gidi phdp phdt trien kinh te thi due the thao d Viet Nam trong thdi ky hgi nhdp qud'c te.
1. P h a n l o a i n g u d n n h a n Itfc k i n h t e thd' d u e t h e t h a o
Ngudn n h a n lUc kinh td' thd due the thao (TDTT) la mdt bg phan quan trgng ca'u t h a n h nen kinh te TDTT. Qua viee danh gia, phan tich ve tinh hinh phat trien ngudn nhan lUc eho TDTT, chung ta se ed dude eai nhin cu the hdn vd thiic trang va tiem nang phat tridn eua linh vuc kinh t d v i n cdn kha mdi me nay.
TrUdc het, ngudn n h a n lUe kinh td' TDTT d day e i n phai dUdc hieu theo nghia rdng la tdng sd ngudi cd k h a nang lao ddng, tflc la co cac n h a n to' thd cha't, tri thflc, kinh nghidm, ky t h u a t , quan 1^,... de ed the thue day hoat HINH 1: M o h i n h n g u d n
ddng cua linh vUe TDTT theo hUdng hieu qua vd m a t kinh te. Theo each hieu do, nhan liic cho kinh td TDTT bao gdm nhieu lUc lUdng lao dgng da dang va phong phu, khae nhau ve loai hinh, chuyen mdn va trinh dd dao tao nhU: lao ddng ehuydn n g a n h (van ddng vien, hua'n luydn vidn, hudng d i n vidn thd thao, trgng tai...), lao ddng quan ly (can bd quan ly ca'p t r u n g Udng, dia phUdng), lao ddng dfl hdu (ky t h u a t vidn, t h u ky...), lao dong kinh doanh dieh vu va lao ddng san xuSt h a n g hda TDTT.
Tren thUe te, ngudn n h a n Iflc cho kinh td TDTT 6 Viet N a m dUdc ca'u t h a n h b6i cac loai n h u sau (hinh 1).
n h a n Itfc k i n h t ^ T D T T
van dong vtfln chuydn nghifp ]
Hift»ng dSn vi6n Gido vien TDTT Trong UI t.h4 thao
Cfin b^ biio chl, tuySn truyflnl Cin b6 nghEfin cifu khoa h9c]
CAn b9 kinh doanh W thao 1
Nguyin Trong Xuan, PGSJJ Vien IGd, tiViCl Nam; Dang Van Dung, PGS.TS., Vien Khoa hoc vJ cOng nghe M due the Ihao, Tru&ng dai hpc The due the thao Bac Ninh. B B- . 1 0
Thdc trang ngudn nhan iuc
- Luc lugng lao ddng chuyen radn, bao gdm cac v a n ddng vidn ehuyen nghidp, hua'n luydn vidn, hudng d i n vidn, trgng tai t h e thao, giao vidn TDTT. Trong khudn kho nghidn cflu ve ngudn n h a n lUc k i n h t e TDTT, t a khong xet ddn cac v a n ddng vidn khdng chuydn h a y ngudi chdi t h e thao thdng thudng ( q u i n ehung chdi thd thao) ma chi t a p t r u n g tim hieu ddi tUdng eac v^in ddng vien chuyen nghidp, tflc la nhflng ngUdi m a doi vdi hg t h e thao la mgt nghe de kid'm sdng, chang h a n cac c i u t h u bdng da, vd si quydn anh, v a n dgng vidn q u i n vgt chuydn nghidp,... Ndi each khae, liic lUdng chuydn mon 3 day la nhflng ngudi lao dong ed hdp dong va dUdc t r a t h u lao (tidn lUdng) eho hoat dgng TDTT cua minh.
- Luc lugng lao ddng hd trd cho hoat dgng
"chdi" va "xem" t h e thao, bao gdm toan bd nhflng lao dgng hoat ddng trong cac n g a n h nghe phue vu eho vide chdi/thi da'u va xem chdi/ thi da'u TDTT: can bd quan ly TDTT;
can bd y sinh hgc TDTT; can bd trong nganh bao chi, t r u y e n thdng, td chflc sfl kien t h e thao (ngfldi td chflc sU kidn, phat t h a n h vien, binh luan vien, n h a bao t h e thao, can bd tuydn truyen, cgng tac vidn TDTT,...); can bd nghien eflu khoa hgc ve TDTT; can bd, n h a n vien trong cac doanh nghidp kinh doanh
h a n g hda va dich vu TDTT, kinh doanh b a n quyen t h e thao, du hch thd thao...).
2. S o ltfdng v a c h a t Itfdng n g u d n n h a n Itfc k i n h t e t h e d u e , the' t h a o 2.1. Ve so lupng ngudn nhdn lUc Trong khudn khd nghidn ciiu, dd tai da tien h a n h dieu t r a tai cac tinh, t h a n h phd': 1) khu vUc mien Bdc gdm: Ha Ndi, Hai Phdng, Hai DUdng, Quang Ninh, Thai Nguydn; 2) khu viic mien Trung - Tay Nguyen gdm: Da N i n g , Gia Lai, Hud', Nghd An, Quang Ngai; 3) Khu vUc midn Nam cd 5 tinh, t h a n h phd' gdm: Ba Ria, Binh DUdng, Can Thd, Ddng Thap, TP. Hd Chi Minh. Ket qua dieu t r a duge the hidn d bang 1.
Kd't qua h bang 1 cho th&y, tdng sd' Ifldng n h a n lfle TDTT tai cac tinh khao sat da gia t a n g qua eae giai doan (2010 -2013: chi tinh 3 nam). Trong giai doan 1995 — 1995 mdi chi cd 9356 ngudi, dd'n giai doan 2005 - 2010 da dat tdi 83.536 ngudi, tflc la trong vdng 2 n a m t a n g khoang 8,9 l i n .
Xdt vd mat cd ca'u eua ngudn n h a n Iflc TDTT, theo sd dd n h u hinh 1, trong vdng 20 n a m qua, ty Id lao ddng b khoi hd trd h a y phat trien theo ddi ngu t h u i n tuy lam chuyen mon TDTT chie'm ty le tUdng ddi tha'p, chUa den 10%. So' heu nay p h a n nao phan a n h chinh xac ve lidn kd't, phat tridn a n theo linh vUe TDTT cdn h a n chd.
BANG 1: T h o n g k e s o Itftfng n h a n Itfc k i n h td' T D T T Ngu6n nhdn luc
Van d6ng vien thi thao Huah luyen vien TDTT HuAig din vien TDTT Giao vien TDTT Trong tai thi thao O n bO quan IJ TDTT can bey sinh hpc TDTT can b6 truyin thflng thi thao can bfl nghien clhi khoa hpc can bfl kinh doanh thi thao
Tong sd
1990- 1995
355 60 7854 1
204 531 12 316 24 9356
1995- 2000
240 589 112 11818 268 1304 12 316 20 24 14703
2000- 2005 510 972 140 19672 344 2818 12 296 40 24804
2005- 2010 55096 1200 80 23217 316 3087 44 456 40 83536
2010- 2013 21508 1430 60 14150 308 3306 87 1154 40 42043
Tong CO caiu (%) 24,16
3,31 0,44
"""61,02 "' 1,30 7,49 0,10 2,00 0,09 0,08 100 Nguon: Sff li$u dieu tra cua de tiii KXOl.05/11-15.
NghtSn dm Kinh tSs6438. Thing 11/2014
11
ThUc trang ngudn nhan iuc
Trong bang 1, xet trong tflng giai doan, sd ngudi lam ve truyen thdng va kinh doanh thd thao (nhflng linh vile nhfl tai nhieu qud'e gia la de kinh doanh, tao r a tai trd, b a n quyen truyen hinh,... ) chid'm ty Id khong dang ke.
Day cuug la ly do dd giai thieh cho vide huy dgng cac ngudn tai trd ddng gdp ngudn t h u cua hoat ddng TDTT v i n cdn thSp.
BANG 2: T h o n g kd n g u d n h u y
N h a m raue dich d a n h gia sau hdn ve thUc t r a n g so lUdng va chat lUdng ngudn n h a n lUc TDTT b Viet Nara hidn nay; cflng tai cac dia phUdng tren, ddi tUdng dieu t r a la cac quan chflc, can bg quan ly n g a n h thd due t h e thao va cac v a n dgng vien, hua'n luyen vidn, trgng tai thd thao. Kd't qua dfldc t h e hidn trong eae b a n g 2 , 3, 4 v a 5 .
d o n g n h a n Itfc t h e t h a o (ns43S2)
N6i dung phong vin 1. Trucmg Iflp chinh quy 2. Qua cae phong trio TDTT 3. Nhap kh^u (mua ban,
chuyin nhuong)
Tong 3863 3713 2995
Tyle
%
88,16 84,73 68,35
Mirc dp ini tiin Uu tien 1
n 357 279 45
%
51,97 51,96 7,94
Uu tien 2 n 312 210 30
%
45,41 39,11 5,29
Uu tiin 3 n 18 48 492
%
2,62 8,94 86,77 Nguon: Sdlieu dieu tra
Ket qua b bang 2 trdn cho thay, ngudn n h a n liic eho eae boat dgng the thao duge huy dgng chu yd'u tfl hai ngudn chinh la: dao tao qua cac trUdng ldp chinh quy vdi ty Id danh gia d rafle Uu tien 1 la 51,97%; va qua eae phong trao TDTT vdi mfle Uu tidn 1 chidra 51,96%. Ngudn huy ddng n h a n lUe thong qua chuydn nhugng, m u a b a n dUde danh gia b mfle rSit tha'p vdi ty Id chi ed 7,94% sd ngfldi ngfldi dfldc dieu t r a xem day la Uu tien hang d i u . Dieu n a y ehflng td rang thi tnidng mua b a n chuyen nhUdng b Vidt Nara hidn nay edn kera p h a t tridn va chfla dUdc chu trgng d i u t u nhidu. M u a ban, chuyen nhUdng v a n dgng vien la radt dac diem ta't yeu eua the thao chuyen nghidp. Hinh thfle nay giup khai thac toi da khia canh kinh td' cua boat ddng quan ly va p h a t trien ngudn n h a n liic, ddng thdi eiing tao didu kidn t a n g cudng vide rdn luydn ky n a n g nghd nghidp va hidu qua t h i dau eua cac van ddng vien thong qua cac hdp ddng d a m bao quyen ldi cho nhiing tai nang thd thao.
Trong thdi gian qua, vide m u a ban, chuyen nhugng van dgng vidn t h e thao b Viet Nam hidn nay chu yd'u didn r a sdi dong trong bg mdn bdng da, cu the la linh vUe ehuyen
cua de tai KXOl.05/11-15.
nhfldng c i u t h u bdng da. Tfl nhflng nam 2003-2004 (mua giai thfl 4 v6 dieh qudc gia), t h i trUdng chuyen nhUdng trong nUde da cd nhflng chuyen bidn tieh ciic va dd'n nhiing m u a giai 2008-2009 va 2009-2010 t h i trd ndn eUc ky sdi ddng. Sd lUdng c i u t h u ehuyen nhUdng gifla cac cau lac bg gia t a n g (104 van ddng vidn trong m u a giai thfl 10) cung vdi gia tri ehuyen nhUdng dat xa'p xi 41 ty ddng.
Trdn thi trudng ehuyen nhUdng c i u t h u nUdc ngoai thi cung vdi sfl p h a t trien eua bdng da chuyen nghidp, cac cau lac bd ngay cang c6 kinh nghidm trong vide t u y e n ehgn va ky hdp dong vdi eac e i u t h u nfldc ngoai co chSit Ifldng va dat hidu qua ve chi phi. Cac c i u t h u ngoai nay - ehu ye'u den tfl C h a u Au va Nam My - vdi phong each va loi chdi da dang, khdng chi lam t a n g hidu suS^t chuydn mdn cua cac tran da'u (tfl 2,56 b a n thang/trELn len den 3,01 ban thdng/tran, dac biet cl mfla giai 2014 ddn hdt lUdt t r a n thfl 13 la 3,59 b a n thdng/tran (Pham Nggc Vidn, 2013), ma con giup nang cao t n n h do cho cac v a n dgng vidn trong nUdc.
Vide chu trgng p h a t t r i e n ngudn n h a n Iflc bang each d i u t u vao eac t a i n a n g bdng da, t a n g cudng bd s u n g ngudn lUe chdt lUdng cao thong qua t h i t n i d n g n h a p k h i u (chuydn
1 2 Nghidn ciSu Kinh tds6 438- ThAng 11/2014
Thuc trang nguon nhan iUc
nhUdng, m u a ban) t h a y vi chi t a p t r u n g vao cac ngudn dao tao ehinh quy h a y phong trao TDTT n h u trUdc day da chuydn nghiep hda va d i y m a n h sU phat tridn cua bdng da Vidt Nam nhflng n a m g i n day.
Ben canh bdng da, bdng rd va bdng ehuyen cung l i n lugt la nhflng bd mdn dang dan tien tdi con dUdng ehuyen nghidp hoa, tuy hinh thflc chuydn nhUdng, m u a b a n cau t h u b c i c bd mdn n a y v i n edn k h a it. Dac bidt ddi vdi bd mon bdng ro, radn t h e t h a o m a Vidt Nam cd thflc lfle cdn yd'u va he thd'ng dao tao k h a non tre, thi su xua't hidn cua nhflng ldp eau t h u ngoai d i u tidn tai Cau lac bd SaiGon Heat (md h i n h d i u tien cua lam bdng rd chuyen nghidp) tai m u a giai ABL (Asean Basketball League) nara 2012 la mgt giai phap tich cue nhdm bd sung va nang cao chSi lUdng ngudn lUc v^n dgng vidn bdng ro Viet Nam.
N h u vay, ngoai trfl bdng da, nhflng mdn thd thao khae b Vidt Nara vdn cdn k h a xa la vdi hoat dgng x u a t - n h a p k h a u v a n ddng vien, chUa eoi dd n h u mgt ngudn bo sung quan trgng cho n h a n lUc de p h a t trien. Trong boi canh hgi n h a p kinh te' trong mgi linh viic ndi chung va hgi n h a p k i n h td' TDTT ndi rieng, ddy la mgt diem ydu c i n khde phuc nhdm d i y m a n h p h a t tridn n g a n h kinh t e nay cho dflng vdi tidra nang, ddng thdi dap flng ydu c i u ve so' Ifldng va dae bidt la cha't lUdng n h a n lfle cho TDTT.
2.2. Ve chat lU0ng nguon nhdn lUc the due thethao
Theo dieu t r a n a m 2013 cua De an "Ddo tgo ndng cao trinh do ngogi ngit, nghiep vu chuyen mon cho cdn bg ngdnh TDTT ddp itng nhu cdu hgi nhgp quo'c tevd tham gia bg mdy diiu hdnh cdc to chitc the thao qudc te" (do Bg Van hda, t h e thao va du lich thflc hidn), cha't lUdng ddi ngu can bd nganh TDTT b Viet N a m hidn nay nhfl sau:
- T r i n h do nghidp vu chuydn mon (TDTT va cac linh vflc lien quan): can bg dUgc dao tao chuyen mdn cd 1.657 ngUdi dUdc dao tao t r o n g nUdc (chiem 33,7%) va 86 ngUdi dUdc dao tao b nUdc ngoai (1,75%), trong dd ed 75
tien SI va 446 t h a c si, cdn lai la bac efl n h a n va cao dang, t r u n g cip,..
- Trinh dd ly luan chinh tri: can bg cd t r i n h do ly luan chinh tri sd ca'p chiera ty Id ldn vdi 1588 ngUdi (32,3%), trong khi t r i n h do t r u n g cap chid'm 13,1% vdi 647 ngUdi, va t r i n h do cao ea'p ehi dat 5,3%.
- Trinh do ve kid'n thfle quan ly n h a nU6e:
ta't ca cac cdng chflc cd quan Thd due thd thao da qua khda bdi dudng ve q u a n ly" h a n h ehinh n h a nUdc ci ngach dang lam vide. Trong dd, chidm ty le cao nhd't la can bd ngaeh chuydn vidn va tUOng dUdng (54,3%), nhdm can bg chuydn vidn ehfnh va eao cd'p chiera ty le ra't tha'p (tUdng dUdng 6,7% va 0,38%).
Dieu nay chflng td t r i n h do vd quan ly n h a nUde cua cac can bd TDTT b nUdc ta hidn nay van cdn b a n ehe, thid'u can bd ed n a n g luc quan ly cao.
- T r i n h dd ngoai ngfl: can bo edng chflc TDTT biet ngoai ngfl la 2.420 ngudi, chiem 49,2% tdng s d n h a n lUe triic tiep lam cdng tac TDTT tai cac ddn vi. Theo t i n h hinh thflc te, h i u hd't nhflng can bg, hud'n luyen vidn, trgng t a i the thao cf Viet Nam cd trinh do ngoai ngfl ngfl khdng eao, dac bidt la tid'ng Anh, trong qua t r i n h cdng tae ddu phai qua phidn dieh khid'n cho hidu qua hoat ddng khdng cao trong vide dam p h a n va thUdng lUdng. Dac bidt, trong bdi eanh hdi n h a p kinh te' quo'c te' ve TDTT n h u hien nay, yeu c i u p h a i ndm viing tie'ng Anh, nhd't la tieng Anh ehuydn nganh de dgc dUde cac van b a n Ludt qudc te va tidn h a n h trao ddi, thUdng thuyet vdi c i e td chflc t h e thao t r e n t h d gidi la vd cflng ca'p thiet. Day cd t h e ndi la mgt trong nhflng diera yd'u ldn cua ngudn n h a n lfle TDTT Viet N a m so vdi cac nfldc trong k h u vUc n h u Philippin, Thai Lan, Xingapo.
D a n h gia ve chat lUdng ngudn n h a n liic ndi chung va k h a n a n g dap flng cua ngudn n h a n lUc ddi vdi n h u eau p h a t trien t h e thao chuydn nghidp hidn nay, qua khao s a t vdi 4382 ngUdi (cae can bd, hua'n luydn vidn, v a n ddng vien trong nganh) trong khudn khd nghien eflu nay eflng cho thd'y cai nhin khdng
Nghiin aiu Kmh tSs6438 - ThAng 11/2014 13
IhiiG trang nguS'n nhan IUc
may k h a quan ve chat luong nguon n h a n liic TDTT hi§n nay.
BANG 3; D a n h g i a c u a n g u M si d u n g v e c h a t l i i d n g n g u o n n h a n W c t r o n g c a c h o ^ t d o n g t h e t h a o c h u y e n n g h i e p (n=4382)
Noi dung phong va'n 1. D6i ngu huah luyin viin 2. Doi ngu quan ly 3. D6i ngu trong tai 4. D6i ngu giang viin TDTT
Tong 4174 3901 3874 3783
Miic d6 danh gia Tot
n 1706 1029 879 1175
%
40,87 26,38 22,69 31,06
Trung binh n 2306
462 459 426
%
55,25 63,86 68,35 63,84
Kem n 86 345 308 124
%
2,06 8,84 7,95 3,28
Khong dap ting n 76 36 39 69
%
1,82 0,92 1,01 1,82 Nguon: Sdheu dieu tra cua de t^i KXOl.05/11-15.
Kd't qua cf bang 3 the hidn chat lUdng ngudn n h a n liic trong eac hoat dgng thd thao chuydn nghidp dflde danh gia b 4 mfle do khae nhau, ta't ca cac ddi tUdng muc tieu bao gdm ddi ngfl hua'n luydn vidn, dgi ngu quan ly, dgi ngu trgng tai, ddi ngu giang vidn TDTT - nhflng can bg t n i e tidp t h a m gia vao vide dieu hanh, hudng d i n , ddo tao va ren luydn TDTT - ddu dUge danh gia cd cha't lUdng b mfle t r u n g binh vdi ty Id trdn 50%.
Kd't qua S b a n g 4 cho t h i y , trong so 3.881 ngudi (tren tdng sd 4.382 ngfldi t h a m gia cudc khao sat) ddnh gia vd ddi ngu giao vidn TDTT thi cd dd'n 2.750 ngudi, chiem trdn 70%
eho rdng luc lUdng nay chi dap flng dfldc m§t p h a n ydu c i u phdt tridn thd thao chuydn nghidp. TUdng tU ddi vdi dgi ngu quan \%
trgng tdi va hud'n luyen vien, ty Id danh gia fl mfle dap flng mgt p h a n lan lugt la 73,88%, 67,81% vd 56,09%.
BANG 4: K e t q u a d i d u t r a n g u o n n h a n Iflc c h o c a c h o a t d o n g t h e t h a o d a p flng n h u c a u p h a t t r i e n t h e t h a o c h u y e n n g h i e p (n=4832)
N6i dung phong va'n 1. DSi ngu giao viin TDTT 2. D6i ngii quan 1^
3. D6i ngu trong tki 4. Doi ngii huan luyin viin
Tong 3881 3824 3836 4097
Mirc dp danh gia Dap iimg hoan
toan n 784 859 903 1665
20,20
%
22,46 23,54 40,64
Dap limg mdt phSn n 2750 2825 2601 2298
70,86
%
73,8F 67,81 56,09
Khong dap dtig n 307 132 310
no
%
7,91 3,45 8,08 2,68
Khong xac dinh n 40 8 22 1 24
%
1,03 0,21 0,57 0,58 Ngu6n: So'lieu didu tra
N h u vay, t r i n h do ehuyen mdn, ly l u a n chinh tri, q u a n ly h a n h chinh cua cac can bd TDTT cf nude t a hidn n a y radi b rafle t r u n g binh, t r i n h do ngoai ngfl cdn b mfle kera, n h i n e h u n g chua thd ddp flng dUdc ydu c i u p h a t tridn theo hUdng chuydn nghidp hda va d a t hidu q u a ve k i n h te.
Ngudn n h d n lUc c h a t lUdng cao k h a n hid'ra, t r o n g khi dd sd lUdng edn bg TDTT v i n khdng ngflng t a n g m a n h , d i n dd'n t i n h t r a n g dfl thfla lao dong phd t h o n g vdi t r i n h
cua dd tai KXOl.05/11-15.
do chuydn mon thd'p, nhidu s i n h vien cua cae trfldng dai hgc t r e n t o a n qud'c, trong do cd sinh vien e h u y e n n g d n h TDTT khi ra t r u d n g k h d n g t i m dUdc vide l a m theo dung n g a n h da dUde dao t a o , dd rdi vao e a n h thd't nghidp. T h u c t e cho t h a y h i e n n a y n a n t h i t nghiep t r o n g n g a n h TDTT dugc coi la kha phd bie'n m a e d u chUa cd con s d t h o n g ke chi'nh thflc (LUu Q u a n g Hidp, 2013). Vay d a u la nguydn n h d n chinh cua t i n h trang n a y va nhflng n h d n to nao tac dgng den sd
14 NghiSn aiu Kinh ldsd438 - ThAng 11/2014
Thuc trang nguon nhdn luc ,
lUdng va cha't lugng ngudn n h a n lUc k i n h t e TDTT d Viet Nara hidn nay?
3. C a c y ^ u t o a n h hflofng de'n n g u o n n h a n li^c k i n h t e t h e d u e , t h e ' t h a o 3.1. Qudn ly nhd nUdc ve ddo tqo, boi dudng nhdn Itxe cho the due, the thao De d a m bao phdt trien sfl nghidp TDTT theo d u n g dinh hudng, khdng ngflng nang cao chat lUdng eac hoat ddng t h e due, t h e thao, ddi hoi phai ed ngudn n h a n lUc r a t ldn da dang phong phfl bao gdm nhidu luc lugng lao ddng khae n h a u ve chuydn mon nghidp vu vd t r i n h do dao tao, q u a n ly, hua'n luydn d cac cap, bao gdm ca cae can bg nghien eflu khoa hgc vd luc lUdng lao ddng kinh doanh dich vu khae tac nghidp trong linh viic TDTT. Do dd, N h a nUdc b a n h a n h eae chi'nh sach va thd'ng nhd't q u a n ly edng tae dao tao, bdi dudng n h a n luc nhdra dap flng dfldc ydu c i u phat tridn sii nghidp t h e due t h e thao. To chflc, ehl dao cdng tac ddo tao, bdi dudng nhan lUc cho p h a t trien TDTT la radt trong nhflng ngi d u n g q u a n trgng eua q u a n ly nhd nude ve TDTT da dUdc L u a t The due, t h e thao b a n h a n h ngay 29-11-2006 quy dinh tai khoan 2 dieu 6.
c a c dia phUdng cung da xay diing bd may quan ly n h a nude vd TDTT q u a n chung theo hudng d i n eua Bd Van hda, thd thao va du lich - Bd Ndi vu tfl t i n h dd'n qudn, huydn. O ca'p xa da trien k h a i xdy dung Trung t a m Van hoa, t h e thao xa va td ehfle cac eau lac bd TDTT ed sb theo thong t u cua Bg Van hda, the thao va du lich .
Vd m a t ehu trUdng chinh sach la nhU vay, tuy nhien khi di vao thuc te', edng tac quan ly nganh cdn a n h hudng bdi ed chd bao ca'p trflde day, chfla b a t kip vdi t i n h h i n h p h a t tridn k i n h td - xa hgi hidn nay. Mat khae, Nha nude con ehua ehu trong vao chinh sach t h u h u t n h a n t a i t h e thao; chUa ed quy ehd' tuyen d u n g vdn ddng vidn nUdc ngoai p h u hdp vdi t h u c tien p h a t trien t h e thao chuyen nghidp. Cdng tac gido due t u tudng, dao dfle trong t h i da'u, thfldng thflc thd thao ehfla dfldc q u a n t a m d u n g rafle, edn de xay r a
nhieu vu vide tidu ciic, nhd't la trong t h i dd'u t h e thao, dien hinh n h u n a n ca cUdc bdng da, sfl dung doping... Bdn canh do, ddi vdi thd thao t h a n h tich eao, Nha nUde ehUa cd chie'n lUdc p h a t tridn ngudn n h a n lUc, thid'u ehinh sdch va eac quy dinh vd dao tao ngudn n h a n lUc ddnh ridng cho linh vUc t h e thao nay.
3.2. Cong tdc ddo tao, boi dUdng ndng cao trinh do chuyen mon, nghiep UM
• Ve sd lu<Mg vd chdt lUcfng cdc cd sd ddo tgo TDTT
Hidn nay trdn toan quoc cd 12 ed sd dao tao t r u n g cd'p TDTT (mdi n a m ddo tao khoang 1200 hgc sinh 6 cdc nganh: TDTT, giao due t h e cha't, q u a n ly TDTT, sU p h a m TDTT, van - t h e due); 29 cd sd dao tao cao d i n g TDTT (mdi n a m dao tao khoang 2300 sinh vien cf eae nganh: giao due the c h i t , quan ly TDTT, Su p h a m giao due the ehd't, Su p h a m ngfl van); 21 cd s6 dao tao dai hgc TDTT (mdi n a m dao tao khoang 5.700 sinh vien b cae nganh: giao due t h e c h i t , hua'n luydn t h e thao, quan ly TDTT, y sinh hge TDTT), 7 ed sd dao tao thac si (mdi n a m dao tao khoang 400 hgc vien d nganh giao due t h e cha't va Hhud'n luyen thd thao), 3 cd sb ddo tao Tien si cdc chuyen nganh TDTT (mdi n a m dao tao khoang 50 nghidn cflu sinh b 2 chuyen n g a n h giao due thd cha't va hud'n luyen thd thao). Muc tieu eua eae cd sd dao tao n a y la dao tao ngudn n h a n lUc n h a m dap flng cho thi trudng lao dgng trong linh viic TDTT. Tuy nhien, sU gia t a n g so lUdng cae cd sb dao tao can bg TDTT, dac bidt la so Ifldng eae ngdnh, chuyen n g a n h dao tao TDTT cdn ehua dap flng vdi thflc te md hinh (phan loai) ngudn n h a n lUc TDTT trong thUc tien, cac t r u d n g dai hgc ct nude t a cdn thie'u nhieu ma ngdnh dao tao TDTT, chUa cd bg mdn kinh te TDTT. Day la ragt trong nhflng nguyen n h d n cd b a n d a n dd'n t i n h t r a n g thd't nghidp dang ngay cdng phd bid'n trong n g a n h TDTT hidn n a y (Lflu Quang Hiep, 2013).
D a n h gia ve hieu qua cua cdc cd scf ddo tao v a n dong vien, hud'n luyen vidn, trgng tai thd thao, k h a o s a t trdn 4.382 ngUdi t r e n p h a m vi
NghiSn ciiu Kinh t^s6438 - ThAng 11/2014 15
Thuc trang nguon nhan iUc ,
toan quo'c da cho kd't qua nhU sau (bang 4):
boat ddng cua nhiing cd sd ddo tao ngudn n h a n lUc the thao Id van ddng vien, h u i n luydn vien va trgng tai the thao eac ed s5 dao tao cua nha nUdc, cua t u n h a n va eua lien doanh dat trong nUdc deu duge danh gia b rafle hidu qua. Tuy nhidn, dang liiu y la cd dd'n 58,48% so'y kid'n cho rdng vide gfli nhdn luc di dao tao b nude ngodi la rd't hidu qua.
• Cdng tdc ddo tgo hudn luyin vien the thao
TrUdc ddy, hud'n luydn vidn cac mon the thao cf nfldc t a chu ye'u ld'y tfl hai ngudn: tfl nhflng vdn ddng vien hd't tuoi thi dd'u do thieu hud'n luydn vien ndn hg duge ehuyen ngang sang ldm cdng tac hua'n luyen vd nhflng sinh vien tdt nghidp eac trUdng dai hgc va eao ddng TDTT. Ca hai lUc Ifldng ndy deu ed nhflng Uu nhUde diem rieng. Nhflng vdn dgng vien het tuoi thi dd'u tuy cd chuyen mon gidi nhUng hg lai chUa duge hgc tap nhflng kid'n thflc c i n thie't trong nhd trUdng.
Vi vdy, khi hua'n luydn hg chi thUe hien theo cam tinh vd kinh nghiem md khong cd bai ban, phUdng phap khoa hgc, cho nen sfl dung cae bdi tap, khdi lUdng, cudng do khdng phfl hgp iam anh hUcfng dd'n kd't qua hud'n luydn.
Trong khi do, vdi eae sinh vien td't nghiep dai hgc vd eao hgc, ra't it ngUdi trong so'ho xua't p h a t la vdn ddng vien, h i u n h u khdng cd nhieu kinh nghiem thuc tidn nen gap khd khdn vd chuyen mon trong qua trinh edng tdc. Giao a n cua hg thudng nghdo nan, khdng cd hieu qua eung cd va nang eao t h a n h tich cho van dgng vien.
Hidn nay, mac du ra't nhieu van ddng vien sau giai doan duy tri t h d n h tieh the thao da khdng ngiing hgc t a p de trd t h a n h nhflng hua'n luyen vien gidi ca ve ly thuydt va thUe h a n h . Tuy nhien, thiic te la viec hge van hda eho van dgng vidn hien ehUa dUde quan tara, h i u hd't chi Id hgc cho xong ehfl khdng phai hoc dd' t r a n g bi kid'n thfle. Tinh t r a n g t r i n h do vdn hda eua van dgng vien nfldc ta hien nay eon t h a p . Hg khdng dugc t r a n g bi d i y du ve ngoai ngfl, tin hge ndn khi trd t h a n h hua'n
luyen vien, vide tie'p t h u phUdng p h a p hudli luyen hidn dai gap rd't nhieu khd k h a n . Kd ca khi ban t h d n cac hud'n luyen vien cd y thflc va t i n h t h i n tU r e n luyen n a n g cao trinh do cua b a n t h a n t h i viec dd v i n Id radt thach thflc khdng nhd, d i n de'n mdt bang trinh do cua h u a n luydn vidn Viet Nam hidn nay cdn tha'p so vdi qudc td.
• Cdng tdc tuyen chgn vd ddo tgo v a n dgng vidn tre
Ddy la qua t r i n h p h a t hidn vd khai thac tdi Uu tidm ndng vd'n cd cua v a n dgng vien.
Qua t r i n h nay thudng dUdc td ehfle rd't cdng phu va khoa hge nhdra t u y e n chgn va b^i dudng cd hidu qua nhd't nhflng v a n ddng vidn tre cd trien vgng dat t h a n h tich cao. cf Vidt Nam hien nay, bude d a u da h i n h t h a n h hd thd'ng dao tao vdn dgng vien tUdng ddi hgp ly, nhflng md hinh tfl tuye'n dao tao van ddng vien ndng khieu thd t h a o den tuydn ddo tao vdn ddng vien t h a n h tich cao, tfl cae eau lac bo cd'p xa, huyen ddn cac t r u n g t a m dao t^o ea'p t i n h va qud'e gia, tfl dao tao b a n chuyen nghiep dd'n chuyen nghiep ct tiing mdn the thao. Tuy nhien, qua t r i n h td chflc dao tao cdn nhieu ba't cap d i n den hieu qua chfla cao.
Nguyen n h a n p h a n ldn la do can bd, hud'n luyen vie cdn thie'u t r i thflc khoa hgc trong edng tac hua'n luyen, khdng p h a n bidt dUdc r a n h gidi va ty le phfl hdp gifla cde ngi dung hua'n luyen b cac thdi k;^ hud'n luyen, h i u het theo kinh nghiem md khdng cd can cfl khoa hgc. Day la mdt khd k h d n ddi hoi phai cd giai p h a p khde phuc n h a m n a n g cao hieu qua cong tac ddo tao tai n a n g t r e cho TDTT Viet N a m hidn nay.
• Nguon vdn cho phdt triin nhdn lite trong linh VUc thi thao
Hidn nay ngudn vdn cho phdt tridn ngudn n h a n luc trong linh vUc t h e thao chu yeu ddn tfl ngdn sach t r u n g Udng va n g a n sach dia phuong, trong k h i dd ngudn vdn dd'n tfl tfl n h a n d i u tfl, t a i trd trong nfldc, ngodi nfldc va ngudn vdn k h a e chid'm rd't it. Ngudn vdn ngdn sach h a n chd, k i n h te TDTT lai chfla p h a t trien m a n h vd ehflng to dfldc la linh vflc
1 6 Nghien aiu Kinh tdsd438 - ThAng 11/2014
Thuc trang nguon nhdn luc ...
ddu t u tiera nang, k h a n a n g t h u h u t vdn dau t u va t a i trg tfl cac to ehfle t u n h a n trong va ngoai nude cdn yeu kera. Dieu nay khien cho edng tac dao tao va xay dung ngudn n h a n lUc cho TDTT bi h a n che ve kinh phi dd p h a t tridn, ddn de'n boat dgng chUa thUe sfl hieu qua.
• Quy hd trd tdi nang, chi'dd ddi ngo Thflc te' eho tha'y, cl Viet Nam cung tdn t a i nhflng quy ho trg tdi n a n g bao gdm Quy hd trd tdi n a n g tre eac cap huyen, tinh, t h a n h phd' va cd'p qud'c gia. Tuy nhien cac quy nay v i n cdn k h a b a n ehd ve kinh phi va hoat ddng ehUa hidu qua. Ve chd' do dai ngd t h i ngoai bong da la radn t h e thao dUde danh gia la cd che' dd dai ngd tUdng ddi tdt, cae radn the thao khae nhU: bdng chuydn, quan vdt, bdng ban, e i u long va vo t h u a t , mae du ciing da dat dUdc nhidu t h a n h tich tdt trong thi da'u trong va ngoai nUde, song ehUa thUe sU dfldc quan tara d a u t u dung mfle, che dd dai ngd cf cac mdn nay chi dat mfle t r u n g binh hoae k h a . Mgt ndn t h e thao p h a t trien chuyen nghiep c i n p h a i cd mdt chd do hd trd vd dai ngd h o a n thidn tUdng xflng n h d m ddng vien, khuyen khfeh sfl r e n luydn vd ed'ng hidn cua nhiing tai n a n g cho sfl nghiep p h a t trien TDTT. Do dd, ddy eung la mgt trong nhflng ydu to' can dUde eai thidn trong thdi gian tdi.
• jyng dung khoa hgc - cdng nghe trong ddo tgo nguon nhdn lite TDTT
Theo kd't qua khao sdt va d a n h gia cua nhieu chuydn gia, b Viet Nam, viec flng dung khoa hoe - cong n g h e vao ddo tao ngudn nhdn lUc cdn chUa thiie sU hieu qua. Hien nay, cac trUdng dai hgc TDTT deu dUa mdn Phfldng p h a p nghidn cflu khoa hgc TDTT vdo chfldng t r i n h giang day, hd thdng kid'n thflc va phfldng p h a p ludn dugc t r a n g bi ed b a n vd d i y du d a m bao cho qua t r i n h edng tac khi r a trudng. N h u n g thiie te, so lugng sinh vien r a trudng t h a m gia cong tdc nghien cflu khoa hge TDTT rd't it, hidn chi ed khoang vdi chuc can bg t r e n p h a m vi toan qudc. Ben canh dd, mdc d u ehung t a da co r i t nhieu cong trinh nghien cflu khoa hoc ve thd thao thdnh tich
cao nhUng hieu qua flng dung trong thflc tien cong tde hud'n luyen n h d m nang eao thdnh tich the thao van chUa dugc phat huy. Nguyen n h a n cua n h a n cua tinh trang nay ed le n a m b khdu chuyen giao cdng nghe, dUa nhflng gid tri nghien cflu flng dung vao thflc t i l n qua trinh h u a n luydn edn b a n che', bat cap.
K e t l u a n
Ngudn n h a n luc Id mdt n h d n to' quydt dinh ddi vdi sU p h a t trien kinh te TDTT. Vide chu trgng dao tao, p h a t trien ngudn n h d n luc nhdra khde phue nhflng tdn tai, ye'u kdm ca ve sd lUdng va chd't lUdng dang la yeu c i u dat r a vo eiing ca'p thiet, ddi hdi phai cd mgt he tho'ng giai phap cu the, ddng bg vd hieu qua, n h a m p h a t huy tdi da tiera lUe con ngUdi trong cdng eudc xdy dung TDTT trd t h d n h mdt ngdnh kinh t e qud'c dan thUc sU./.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. D^ an "Dao tao nflng cao trinh d6 ngoai ngiJ, nghiep vu chuydn m6n cho cin b6 nginh th^ due, th^
thao dip ling nhu cfiu hdi nhflp qudc t^ va tham gia b6 may di^u hanh cac to chiic thi thao qu6c t€", B6 Van hoa, th^ thao \h du lich, 2013.
2. Duong Nghiep Chi, LSm Quang Tiianh, Pham Ngoc Vien, Ta Xuan Lai (2007), Tai san thi due, thi thao kinh doanh va quan Iri, Nxb Thi due, thi thao. Ha Nfli.
3. Luang Kim Chung, Duong Nghifip Chi, Ta Xufln Lai (2003), Kinh tl hoc thi due, thi thao, Nxb Thi due, thi thao. Ha Ndi.
4. Tai lieu hdi thao khoa hoc dl t^i c£(p nha nude, ma s6: KX.01.05/11-15 "Cc sd phap }•} va khung kh6 dilu tiet cho phat triln kinh t l thi due thi thao 6 ViSt Nam", Bdc Ninh 2013.
5. Tai lieu hdi thao khoa hpc dl tai ctfp nha nude, ma s6: KX.01.05/11-15 "Thuc trang ngudn nhan luc thi due thi thao hien nay". Da NSng, izOO.
6. Tai lieu hdi thao khoa hoc de t^i eSp nha nudc, ma sd: KX.01.05/11-15 "Giai phap phat triln kinh t i t h i due thi thao b Viet Nam trong th6i ky hdi nhap qu6c tl", TP.
Ho Chl Minh'2013.
7. Bao cao tdng hop dl tai "Giai phdp phat triln kinh t l thi due the thao b Viet Nam trong thdi ky hdi nhap qud'c tl", Tnr&ng dai hoc Thi due, thi thao Bac Niiih 2014 (Chu nhiem dl tai: GS.TS. Liru Quang Hiep).
8. Bao eao tdng hop dl tai "Thtre trang Aho tao va giai phap phat triln ngudn nhan luc thi ihao d dc tinh phia Bae", Trudng dai hpe Thi due, thi thao Bac Ninh 2013 {Chu nhiem dl tai: GS.TS. Luu Quang HiSp).
9. Riam Ngpe Viln (2011), Ting kit bdng da chuySn nghiep qua 10 miia giai thiir nghiem. Ha Ndi.
NghiSn aiu Kmh t6s6438 - TtiAng 11/2014
