NGHIIN CUU TRAO VOI
THACH THU'C VA NHUMG BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM
lliONGClJAllilNHfiiinivnill^^
poa.Ta. wonYfa
BA HQOO Vipn Khoa hgc Lao dpng vi Xi hpiT
nmg nhUng^ nim qua, vipc chuyin djch ca ci'u lao dpng ndng nghipp ' ndng thdn di dpt duyc mpt ad' kit qui burdrc diu vdl t^ trpng lao dpng trong ndng nghipp ngiy cing glim. Tuy nhlin, ITnh vi/c niy vin cdn nhung hpn chi ca bin li:ThU nhit, tdng trudng kinh td ndi chung vd tdng trudng khu vuc ndng nghidp, ndng thdn khOng thuc d l y tdng trudng tuong dng vide Idm d nOng thOn; lao dOng tidp tge bj ddn ndn trong nOng nghidp ndng suit thdp (ch? bang khoang 1/3 so vdi cOng nghidp vd djch vg), hd sd CO gian vide Idm trong ndn kinh t l ndi chung vd khu vuc ndng thOn cdn thip chua dim bdo thu hiit hdt lao ddng du thda trong nOng nghidp de tgo ra dilm "elt cdnh" phdt tridn sdn xult hdng hod vd tdng sdc cgnh tranh cua sdn phIm nOng nghiOp, ndng thdn.
ThU hai, chuyin djch co clu kinh td chua thiic dly vd tgo didu kidn di chuydn djch co cd'u lao ddng ndng nghi$p, ndng thdn tuong dng, chuydn djch khdng ddng ddu gida cdc vung vd chua tgo dugc sg lidn kdt di chuydn lao ddng.
ThU ba, qud trinh chuydn djch chua bdn vdng cd vd vide Idm, thu nhdp, vj thd, didu kidn Idm viOc vd an sinh xd hdi; hdu hit lao dOng ndng nghidp, ndng thdn (trdn 90%) vln thudc khu vgc phi chfnh thdc chju nhidu nil ro vd dd bj tdn thuemg.
ThU tu, t9 trgng lao ddng
cin phS biin nhung md hinh sin xuit cho ndng suit cao, dip ung nhu ciu tieu dung cung li dam bio diu ra cho
sin phim.
trong cdc ngdnh djch vg phgc vg sdn xult ddi sdng vd cdng nghidp chd bidn cdn khidm tdn chua tuong xdng vdi vai trd thiic dly chuydn dich co clu kinh td ndng thdn co bdn Id ndng nghidp, sdn xult nhd Id, manh miin, tg phdt, kinh td hdng hda chua phdt tridn, d cdc viing sdu, vung xa kinh td tg cung tg clp vln Id phd bidn.
ThU nim, ddi sdng vdt chit, tinh t h i n eiia ndng ddn cdn thip, ehdnh Idch gidu nghdo cd xu hudng gia tdng, d nhidm mdi trudng ngdy cdng ndng nd.
Cd nhidu nguydn nhdn din ddn thgc trgng trdn, song vd co bdn Id do vdn nhdn lgc ndng
nghidp. ndng thdn ndi chung cdn thip, gdp nhidu khd khdn trong tid'p cdn kid'n thdc s^n xult mdi, chuydn ddi nghd vd chuydn djch co clu lao dOng.
Bdn cgnh dd, an ninh vide Idm trong qud trinh chuyin djch cc(
clu lao ddng, ddc bidt Id ddi vdi lao ddng di cu ndng thdn- thdnh thj, chua dugc coi trgng cd tr§n gide dd hogeh djnh chfnh sdch, td chdc tridn khai cung clp cdc djch vg hd trg vd tuydn truyin ndng cao nhdn thdc xa h$i Ngodi ra, thj trudng lao ddng ndng thdn chua phat trien, cung d u lao dOng mit cdn bing, eo sd hg ting yiu kdm khdng cung c l p dii thdng tin cOng nhu co hdi vd cdc djch vu TAP CH( L A O D ^ N G VA XA H ^ I S I 422-1-423 (ti)r 01.31/01/2QII
NGHllN CHU • TRAO D 6 | cOng bing dd'n nOng ddn trong
cdc viing midn. Vide hudng nghidp cho thanh nidn nOng thOn v l n ch? mang tfnh hinh thdc; cdc hogt dOng giao djch vide Idm mdi chii yd'u d cdc thanh phO' Idn va khu cOng nghidp; djch vg vigc lam chua thanh mgng ludi, quy mO tdng td chdc nho be, thid'u sg phdi hgp, chia se thOng tin vd hgp tdc trong ndi bO cung nhu trong he thdng djch vg vi§c Idm- doanh nghidp- co sd dgy nghd;
thOng tin thj trudng lao ddng cdn nhidu y i u kdm, chua mang tfnh hd thdng, bj chia e l t giO'a cdc viing, miln; vide theo doi, gidm sdt, n l m b i t biln dOng thj trudng lao ddng dugc thuc hidn mOt cdch phdn tan vd ft kdt ndi nen rd't kem hidu qua. Cac chinh sdch, chuong trinh, chidn luge kd hogeh phdt tridn nOng thOn con chua ddng bO va du lidu de thiic d l y chuyin djch nhanh vd cd hidu qua. Chinh sach bdi thudng khi thu hdi, chuyin ddi mgc dfch sd dgng ddt chua thda dang, giffa gid bdi thudng cua Nhd nudc va gid thj trudng con cd sg khdc bidt qua Idn; chfnh sdch quy hoach dat dai canh tdc chua hgp ly va thieu ddng bO, hidn tugng d i u tu trdn lan khong dung mgc dfch gay lang phf xa hOi trong khi quy d i t ngdy mdt giam, d i t canh tac cho ngudi ddn bj thu hep cdn ban thdn ngudi nOng ddn thidu vide lam; d i u tu cdng vao ndng thdn hay ndng nghiep hlu nhu khdng dang k l , cdng xa cac khu kinh td phdt tridn, xa dO thj, xa khu cOng nghidp thi hg t i n g co sd cdng ydu va kem. Cac hinh thdc td chdc san ixult hien dgi cho ndng s u i t cao chua phat triln, ty Id cdc doanh nghidp hogt dOng trong ITnh vuc ndng nghidp thua l6 kha Idn, chua danh gia, tdng ke't va hhdn rOng cung nhu phd bidn
^p dgng nhdng md hinh s i n Kult cd hidu q u i , thu hut nhidu sao ddng.
M^t s6 b i i h9c th^ie t i l n Mpt li, ndng thdn, ndng nghidp vd ndng ddn cdn dugc coi trgng vd dugc d$t Idn vj trf quan tdm hdng d i u khdng ch?
vl gid trj kinh t l md cdn vl cdc gid trj vdn hod truydn thdng c i n dugc luu gid, bdo vd- NOng nghidp cdn cd vai trd trong ddm bdo an ninh luong thgc, cdn bing sinh thdi, mdi trudng ciia qudc gia. Nhd nudc cdn hd trg tdt hon nda, tdn dgng dugc uu dai md WTO cho phdp ndng mdc d i u tu cOng vdo cdc hg t i n g eo sd khu vgc ndng thOn c u n g n h u cho nganh nOng nghidp ndi ridng (nhu thiiy Igi, hd thdng tudi tidu, cdi tgo d i t dai, nghidn cdu dp dgng khoa hgc cOng nghd vdo nOng nghidp).
Hal li, chuydn djch co cdu lao dOng thOng qua chuydn ddi phuong thdc san xud't nOng nghidp va phat t r i l n cOng nghidp chd bidn vd dich vg, du ljch. Xu hudng chuydn djch co e l u kinh td td nOng nghidp sang cOng nghidp va djch vg, ciing vdi qua trinh dO thj hod vd cOng nghidp hod nhanh chdng t i t ydu l<do theo quy d i t ddnh cho san xud't nOng nghidp bj thu hep. VI vdy dd ndng cao hidu gua san x u l t nOng nghidp vd on djnh vide lam, mdt mit c i n thijc d l y tfch tg ruOng d i t va dam bdo tfnh Idu dai trong sd dgng d i t ciia nOng ddn, mit khac c i n thay ddi chidn luge td sdn xult hon hgp sang sdn xult chuydn mOn hod vd tdp trung vao nhdng san p h I m nOng nghidp tgo gid trj kinh td cao (chdn nuOi, trdng cdy canh vd cdc logi rau, qud sgch trong nhd kfnh...). Ddng thdi c i n khuydn khfch phdt tridn mgnh edng nghidp chd biln sdn phIm nOng nghidp vd phdt tridn hd thdng djcli vg sdn xud't- ddi sdng cung nhu du Ijch di khai thac cdc gid trj truydn thdng, vdn hod d ndng thOn.
Ba li, Nhd nudc c i n ddc bidt quan tdm ddn cdc chfnh
sdch dd't dai, tfn dgng, phdt tridn CO sd hg ting, dng dgng cdng nghd mdi. Cdc nhdn td d l y (thu hgp d i t ndng nghidp, nhu c l u thud lao ddng Idm ndng nghidp giim...) vd nhdn td kdo (ehdnh Idch vd thu nhdp vd mdc sdng gida thdnh thj vd nOng thOn, mOt sd cOng vide ndng nhgc, ddc hgi, nguy hidm md ngudi lao dOng thdnh thj khOng mudn Idm) vd chfnh sdch nhdp cu ciia Nhd nudc cd tdc ddng mgnh d i n cdc dOng di cu giiJa cdc khu vgc. Do vdy, Nhd nudc c i n rd bd cdc rdo cdn hdnh chfnh vd tgo didu kidn cho qud trinh chuyen djch co c l u lao dOng nOng thOn- thdnh thj dugc thudn Igi. Cdc rdo cdn hanh chfnh hgn c h i chuydn djch lao dOng ( c h i dO hO khlu, quy djnh ve cu trii va kem theo dd la nhdng phdn bidt ddi xd trong tid'p cdn cdc co hOi vide lam, hudng thg cac djch vg y td, gido dgc cho ban thdn ngudi lao dOng va gia dlnh hg) c i n dugc rd bd, cdc djch vu hd trg lao dOng di cu (hd trg ddu di- d l u dd'n, djch vu viec Idm, thOng tin thj trudng lao dOng, hd trg nhd d cho cdng nhdn khu cOng nghidp...) c i n dugc phd bidn rOng rai trdn cdc phuong tidn thdng tin dgi chiing va ngay tgi cdc doanh nghidp de giiip lao dOng di cu hieu bidt hon vd tidp cdn tdt hon cdc dich vg xd hOi vd hOi nhdp tdt hon vdi cdng ddng noi cu trii.
Bin li, d i u tu phdt triln vdn nhdn luc nOng thOn cd tdc ddng quydt djnh ddi vdi chuyin djch CO c l u lao dOng nOng nghidp, nOng thOn. Lao dOng cd trinh dd tay nghd vd kidn thdc vdn hda cao cd nhidu co hOi vd vide Idm vd thu nhdp, trong khi dd nhdng ngudi cd trinh dd vdn hod vd chuydn mOn ky thudt thip rlt ft cd CO hOi tidp cdn vide lam dn djnh vd thudng roi vdo tinh trang ddi nghdo. Cdc viing chuydn djch lao dOng chdm hon c i n cd phuong sdch v$n ddng vd tuydn truydn sdu rdng de
*P CHf LAO D O N G V A X A H ^ I - Sl 422-1-423 (lilr 01-31/01/2012)
NGHIEN Ciru TRAO 001 ngudi ddn nhdn thdc dugc vai trd quydt djnh ciia vdn nhdn Igc trong qud trinh tgo vi^c Idm, ndng cao ndng sud't vd thu nh|ip d ndng thdn. Ndng luc ciia ddi ngu cdn bO chfnh quydn cdc d p 0 dja phuong cd 9 nghTa quydt djnh. Cdc nghd ddo tgo cdn bdm sdt nhu clu k l hogeh phdt triln kinh td xa hOi ciia dja phuong, quy hogeh sdn xult- kinh doanh- djch vg cg thi theo tdng nhdm ngdnh hdng d l trdnh Idng phf do tinh trgng hgc nghd xong vln khdng Idm dugc nghd minh dugc ddo tao hodc cd vide Idm nhung v l n nglido. Cin ldng ghdp cd k^
ndng sO'ng (trong dd cd tdc phong cOng nghidp vd ky ludt lao ddng) vd kidn thdc ludt phdp (trong dd cd Bd ludt Lao
ddng) vdo chuong trinh ddo tgo chuydn mdn cQng nhu vdn hda.
Nim li, phdt huy hidu qud eiia cdc md hinh sdn xult mdi, tidn tidn (nhu tfch tg rudng dit d Thdi Binh, Ninh Binh, Qudng Nam, Qudng Ngdi..., giii quyet vipp lim cho ndng din bj mit dit sin xuit d Hdi Duong, Od Ning, Tiln Giang..., m6l ling mdi nghi d Hd Ndi, Nam Djnh, Od Lgt..., phdt tridn du ljch sinh thdi d Viing ddng bing sdng Cdu Long, ndng nghidp cdng nghd cao d Od Lgt, Hd Ndi, Thdnh phd Hd Chf Minh.., phi biin kiin thUc d VTnh Phiic...).
Nhd nudc c i n tgo diiu kidn thudn Igi di hd ndng ddn trd thdnh hd sdn xud't cd nghd chuydn nghidp vdi qud trinh ddn didn, doi thda, cho thud
dit, tfch tg dit phu hgp. C hinh thdnh cdc viing chuy canh hdng hod, cdc vJ nguydn lidu phgc vg chd bl vd xult khlu. o l y mgnh kit i s i n phdm eiia ndng hd v doanh nghidp vd thi trud bing cdc hidp hdi ngdnh hdr Cdc md hinh phdt triln Id nghd, tidu thii cdng nghi$p doanh nghidp vda vd nhd, trai trgi, xult khlu lao ddng....C(
dugc phdn tfch, nhdn rOng ' gin vdi qud trinh dd thj hod i vdi chuong trinh cdng nghii hda ndng thdn, vda ddm bi cung d p nhdn Igc vd ddu W cho qud trinh cdng nghidp he ddng thdi gdp phin phdt tri<
bdn vdng ndng thdn.l
cdc ngdnh khai khodng, khai thdc hdm Id si dugc chuydn ddi nghd nghidp, qua dd c(jn(
gidm thidu cdc tai ngn lao ddng, bdnh nghi nghidp vd kdt qud Id gidm chi phf td quy an sini xd hdi.
Ndn kinh t l xanh vd tdng trudng xanh Id xi hudng khdeh quan cd tfnh todn d u . Vidt Nan dang hudng tdi ndn kinh td xanh vdi nhdng Iqf thd nhlt djnh vd tdi nguydn thidn nhidn, ndnj
THACH THU€ VA
H H M G B A IHOC.
(Tiip theo trang 38)
hda thgch (ndng lugng hgt nhdn, ndng lugng mdt trdi, ndng lugng gid...).
• Xdy dung ndn ndng nghidp sinh hgc bdn vffng, trong dd cd vi^c sd dgng hidu qud dit, rdng.
• Tdng cudng dgy nghd dd chuyin ddi nghd nghidp, chd bidn ndng sdn vd da dgng sinf cho nhdng lao ddng trong cdc ngdnh hgn chd hgc... Bdn cgnh dd, s i tgo ra nhidu v i ^ Idm phdt triln vd ddo tgo nghd tuong dng cho cdc xanh, gidm bdt nhCTng vide gdy rui ro cao cho ngdnh kinh td xanh. con ngudi; ddng thdi, ndn kinh t l xanh giim
Trong bdi canh mdi budc vdo qud trinh cdng thilu nhdng dnh hudng cua mdi trudng, dnh nghidp hda, Vi$t Nam cd nhidu didu kidn tdt d l hudng ciia bidn ddi khf hdu ddi vdi nhdng nhdm cd thd trd thdnh mOt ndn cdng nghidp xanh, theo ddn cu d l bj tdn thuong; gdp phin dam bao an hudng thgc thi sdn xult "sgch", sd dgng ndng sinh xd hdi.
lugng hidu qud, gidm thidu vd qudn 1^ chit thdi Tuy nhidn, hudng tdi nin kinh t l xanh,Vi§t mdt cdch bdn vdng. Chidn luge phdt triln ngdnh Nam cQng gdp phdi nhidu thdch thdc khi cd xui[t cdng nghi$p xanh sd giup djnh hudng phdt tridn phdt dilm thip, tdng trudng chu ydu dga vdo nhCfng ngdnh cdng nghidp theo hudng tgo ra gid khai thdc tdi nguydn thidn nhidn. San xult sach, trj cao, cdng ngh| cao, cdng nghidp tri thdc vd cdng nghd sgch ddi hdi phdi thay ddi co cSfu cdng nghidp thdm m9 vdi cdc chudi gid trj lao ddng, ddi hdi phdi cd ddi ngd lao ddng cd mdm... Vide Idm "xanh" hda cdng nghidp khdng ky ndng nghd, cd khd ndng thfch dng nhanh vdi eh? Id cdc vln dd mdi trudng, an todn sdn xult, sg thay doi cua cdng nghd- Ndn kinh td xanh an todn sdn phIm md cdn ddi hdi ndng lgc sdng sd tgo ra nhu clu vd nhdng cdng vide xanH, tgo di cd thd phdt tridn nhdng ngdnh cdng hinh thdnh ddi ngu lao ddng cd ky ndng xanh.
nghidp mdi mang lgi gid trj xanh nhidu hon. Td Od tgo ra nhidu vide Idm mdi, vide Idm xanh, nhu clu ndy sd phdt sinh nhu cdu d n cd mdt bdn cgnh cdc gidi phdp eda Chfnh phii, cin phii ddi ngu lao ddng cd "Vfj ndng xanh" vd tgo ra cd sg ddng Idng, sg nhdn thdc dly du cOa cdc nhdng nhdm nghd mdi, nhdng cdng vide mdi- d p , cdc ngdnh vd todn xd hdi vd Igi i c h . ^ green job. Ddng thdi do tdi d u trde ndn kinh td tdng trudng xanh ddi vdi tgo vide Idm bdn viTng theo hudng xanh sd ed nhidu lao ddng trong vd ddm bdo an sinh xd hdi qudc gia.l J
TAP CHl LAO O^NG VA XA H^l - Sl 422-1-423 (tdr O1.31/O1/So(
