N G H | £ N CCru - TRAO D 6 I
THU HUT vu TUQNG OlfNG NHAN THI: XfTfl VA WAV
TS. BOI HUY KHI£N'
T
ir xua de'n nay, ddn tdc ndo mudn hung thinh ddu phdi thu hut vd trpng dung nhdn tdi. Thu hut vd Irpng dung nhdn tdi da trd thdnh qude sdch, thdnh dao dd'c vd thd'm sdu vdo quan nifim sd'ng cua nhidu qud'e gia. Ddi vdi mdt nude, nhdn tai ludn Id ''nguyen khi qud'e gia, nguyen khi thinh thi ihenu&c manh rSi len cao, nguyen khi suy thi the'nuac ye'u rdi xud'ng thdp"^.Nhdn dinh vd vai trd cua nhdn tai trong xdy dung dd'i nude, vi vua anh minh Le Thdnh Tdng da cd cdu: 'Tram quan la ngudn gdc cua tri, loan. Ngudi co dice, cd tdi nhdm chiic thi tri. Ngudi vd tdi, thdt diic ndm giU quyen hdnh thi loan"^. Ddu th^ky XIX, vua Minh Mfinh cung da tflrng noi:
"Cdu cho nude tri binh thi phdi Idy nhdn tdi lam dieu tru&c tien"^.
1. Thu hut va trpng dung nhdn tai xua Cd thfi ndi, tuydn dung, sir dung nhan tdi ed hfi thd'ng va quy eu 6 nude ta bat ddu tir thcfi nha L^. Nam 1070, vua Ly Thdnh Tdng da cho xdy dung trudng dai hoc ddu tifin, dd Id Vdn Mifi'u - Qud'e Tir Gidm. Luc ddu, van Mi^u - Qudc Tii Gidm chi ddo tao ngudi tai trong sd con em tdng Idp qu;^ tdc, sau dd, dao tao nhung ngudi thi tuyfin tdi nang va dO dat cua moi tdng Idp nhdn ddn, khdng phan bifit dia vi xa hdi, sang hfin.
D^n ndm 1075, vua L^ Nhdn TOng md khoa thi Minh kinh bdc hpc ddu tifin dd tuydn chpn nhdn tdi ra lam quan (Lfi Vdn Thinh la ngudi dd Ti^n sy ddu tifin trong k^
thi ndy).
Phuong phap tuydn chpn nhdn tdi bang thi cir b Vifit Nam bat ddu tir thdi nhd Ly vd
kfio ddi ddn thdi nhd Nguydn (ddu thfi ky XX). Ciing vdi Trucmg Qud'e Tir Gidm (dd ddo tao vdn quan), cdn cd ede Gidng Vd dudng dd ddo tao v6 quan. Cac v6 quan ciing thudng tham gia cdc ky' thi tdi theo dinh ky. Ndm 1721, chua Trinh <^dng (1709 - 1729) Idp ra Trudng V6 hoc; ndm 1724, Idn ddu tifin td chd'c thi tuydn vd.
Ngudi dd cao nhd't dupe gpi Id Tao sy (Qudn edng Hodng Dinh Bao dd ddu bang trong ky thi ddu tifin ndy) vd hinh thd'e thi tuydn vo ndy tdn tai eho d^n thdi vua Tu Dd'c (1847 - 1883) nhd Nguydn.
Dd'i vdi ede tridu dai phong ki^n Viet Nam, tuydn chon nhdn tai cd nhidu each, nhung vific luy^n chpn td't nha't, cdng bdng nha't la td chd'c cdc khoa thi. ciac khoa thi duge td chd'c thudng xuyfin, ngdy cang nghifim tdc va chat che; trd thanh co ehfi tuydn chpn nhdn tdi chu yfi'u cho bd may cai tri b trung uong vd cdc cdp dia phuong.
Dudi tridu Lfi so, khoa cir da dugc quy dinh tuong ddi hoan chinh. Cdch ba ndm cd mdt ky thi. Mdi ky thi, thi sinh phai qua ba hodc bd'n dot thi (gpi Id tam trudng hay id' trudng): dgt mdt thi kinh nghia; dgt hai thi chi^u, ehfi', bidu; dgt ba thi tho, phu; dgt bO'n thi vdn sdch.
Di to long yfiu me'n "ke sy", nhidu dng vua phong kifi'n Vifit Nam da dd ra cdc chfnh sdeh khdc nliau dd khuydn khich, ddng vifin vific hpc. Nhiing ngu&i thi dd trong ede ky thi Hdi, thi Dinh ddu dugc tridu dinh ban cdp mu do, dugc vinh quy bdi td, khdc bia ti^n sy va dugc bd tri nhiing chd'c quan tuong xung.
" Hgc vl0n Hdnh chinh.
TAP CHf QUAN LV N H A NUdC - s 6 189 (10-2011)
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
Gdn mudi thfi' ky khoa cir trong lich sir hanh chfnh nha nude Vifit Nam (tir khoa thi Nho hoc ddu tifin dudi tridu L^ hdm 1075 dSn khoa thi cuO'i cCing dudi tridii Nguydn ndm 1919), da cd 118 k^ thi Hdi, thi Dinh, tuydn chpn duge 2.898 tifi'n sy, trong dd c6 48 ngudi dO trang nguyfin, 48 bdng nhan vd 78 tham hoa^. Trong sd dd, cd nhidu nhd chfnh tri, ngoai giao, gido due, vdn hod...
ndi tiding.
Ngoai hinh thd'e thi tuydn, dng cha ta cdn sir dung hmh thd:c tifi'n cir nhdm khdng dd sdt nhdn tdi, vi ly do ndo dd da khdng thd tham gia cdc ky thi. Thue hifin hinh thd'e tuydn chon quan lai nay, nhidu dng vua da ban "Chi^u cdu ngudi hidn tai", khuyfin khfeh cac quan lai tifi'n cii ngudi tdi. Dd khac phue tinh trang quan lai "tifi'n cir biia" nham tao phe canh vd tham nhung, cdc Ong vua quy dinh, nfi'u quan lai nao tifi'n cfir diing ngudi hidn tdi thi duge tridu dinh khen thudng, nguge lai thi bi phat r^t nang.
Nhcf cd long yfiu ke sy, trpng dung nhdn tai ma khdng ft vua quan d nude ta da khOng ngdn ngai cat nhdc, sir dung nhdn tai, khdng can ed' vao hoan canh xudt thdn va dia vi xa hOi sang - hen eiia hp.
Sau Caeh mang thang Tam ndm 1945, chfnh quydn mdi do Chu tieh Hd Chf Minh lanh dao da ed nhieu chfnh sdch dd thu hut nhdn tdi. Chu tich Ho Chf Mmh da tu vifi't
"Chieu cdu ngudi hien tdC\ kfiu gpi mpi ngudi, eac dia phuong tifin cit ngudi hidn tai cho Chfnh phii. Trong khi vfica dao tao, bdi dudng ddi ngii cdng chd'c mdi, Ngudi da manh dan sii dung nhidu nhdn sy, trf thiic yfiu nude phue vu cho nhd nude edeh mang. Trong s6 hg, cd nhidu ngudi da tiing hoc tdp, lam vifie b nude ngoai, cd ngudi da tiing tham gia bd mdy ciia ehfi' dd cu, nhu dng Nguydn Vdn Huyfin, Ta Quang Bim, Dang Van Ngii, Luong Dinh Cua, Vu Dinh Hoe, Trdn Dai Nghia, Huynh Thiic Khang... Hp da ed nhiing cdng hifi^n to Idn cho su nghiep edeh mang ciia ddn tdc.
2. Thu hut va trong dung nhan tai ngay nay
Tie'p tuc phdt huy truydn thd'ng dai doan
ke't ddn tde, trpng dung nhdn tdi, trong dd:
"Hodn thien hfi thdng cd ch^, chinh sdch phdt hifin, ddo tao, bdi dudng vd sir dung nhdn tdi ddp dng yfiu cdu edng nghifip hod, hifin dai hod dd't nudc"^, ddc bifit, trude xu th^ mdi hifin nay, Ddng vd Nhd nude ta xdc dinh ro hon trong vific xdy dung chidn lupc qudc gia vd nhdn tdi, eoi ddy Id gidi phdp quan trpng hdng ddu trong vific thuc hifin chi^n luge cdn bd.
Xdy dung chi^n lupc qud'e gia vd nhdn tdi Id mdt edng vific khd khdn vd phiic lap, ddi hdi cdn cd "cdi tdm, cdi tdm" cua ngudi lanh dao. Dd chi^n luge thu hdt vd sir dung nhdn tdi d nude ta hifin nay di dung hudng va ngay cdng phdt huy hifiu qua, edn:
r/iM" nhdt, thd'ng nhd't vi mat nhdn thiic dd'i vdi vai trd, vi tri cua nhdn tdi.
Thd'ng nhdt nhdn thiic ciia ddi ngu can bd, cdng chd'c (CBCC), nhdt Id can bd lanh dao, quan ly cdp cao vd tdm quan trpng dde bifit cua vific xdy dung vd thue hifin ehfrih sdch nhdn tdi trong thdi dai ngay nay la mdt vific rd't quan trpng. lliuc hien dupc nhifim vu ndy, edn phai eoi vific phat hifin vd sir dung nhdn tdi phue vu su nghifip cdng nghifip hod, hifin dai hod dd't nude la trach nhifim eua toan xa lidi, trude hdt la eiia lanh dao Dang va Nha nude b trung uong cung nhu b dia phuong. Ddng thdi, phai cd ehinh sach dodn kdt, tdp hgp rOng rai nhihig ngudi cd tai, cd dd'c, khdng phdn bifit hg la ngudi trong Dang hay ngodi Dang, ngudi trong nude hay ngudi Vifit Nam dinh cu b nude ngodi; nhung ngudi ed dd'c, co tai, c6 tdm huyfi't dd'i vdi qufi huong, dd't nude ddu phai dugc trpng dung, khdc phue tu tudng thanh kidn, tiep hdi, phdn bifit dd'i xii.
Khuyfi'n khfeh moi CBCC phdt hien vd tie'n cir ngudi tdi trong xa hdi. Q6 cao trach nhifim phdt hifin, sir dung nhdn tai cua ngudi dung ddu cdc td chd'c, co quan, don vi, ddng thdi, quy dinh ro trdch nhifim ciia hp trong vific tuydn ehpn, bd trf, sir dung nhdn tai; tao dp luc canh tranh thu hdt vd sii dung ngudi tdi giiia cac td chd'c, eo quan, don vi, tiie Id tao ra "cdu" thdt su vd nhdn tdi.
TAP CHI QUAN L* NHA NU6C - s6 189 (10-2011)
NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO B6\
Thti hai, dp dung cdc hinh thiic di phdt hien vd thu hut nhdn tdi.
Thuc tdeho thd'y, tuydn duge nhdn tdi da khd, nhung vific giii dugc nhdn tdi edn khd khdn hon nhidu, ddc tfifit trong bdi cdnh canh tranh nhdn tdi tir khu vuc ngodi nhd nude vd'n ra't ndng ddng vd nhidu eo hdi nhu hifin nay. Do dd, edn xdy dung chfnh sdch phdt hifin, thu hut, sir dung nhdn tdi mdt cdch ddng bd, hgp \^ vd cdn thue hifin theo mdt quy trinh thd'ng nhd't, lifin hodn gdm nhidu khdu: phdt hifin, ddo tao, bdi dudng, bd tri, sir dung, trong dd sir dung vCra Id muc tifiu vira Id ddng luc cua quy trinh phdt tridn tdi ndng. Bfin canh dd, cdn kifin todn td chd'c bd mdy vd ndrig cao ndng lue eiia cdc co quan 1dm cdng tdc can bd;
quy dinh rd hdn mid. trdch nhifim eua ngudi larih dao trong vific phdt hifin, ddo lao vd sir dung nhdn tdi. Sir dung tdng hop edc phuong phdp phdt hifin nhdn tdi nhu: kidm tra ndn tang hpc vdn, kinh nghifim; xem xdt Idi gidi thifiu eua cae ed nhdn, td chd'c c6 uy tin va trdch nhifim; td chd'c kidm tra, sat hach vd kha nang nhdn thu:c, vd ndng lue, sd trudng; kfi't hgp phidu hinh thd'e phdng v&i khac nhau nhu: phong v9ii tinh hudng;
phong vdii hanh vi; phdng vdn bdng edc cdu hdi duy 1^; phdng vd'n tao-dp luc...
Nghifin ciiu, xdy dung chinh sdch thich hgp dd thu hdt dugc rihung nhdn tai tidm nang nhu: sinh vifin tdt nghifip cde trudng dai hpc danh tifi'ng d trong nude vd trfin thfi' gidi; nhihig ngudi sdm bdc Id cdc ndng khifi^u dac bifit trong cdc Iinh vue hoat ddng eu thd...
Thic ba, thuc hien dung dan chinh sdch bo nhiem, de bat cdng chiic lanh dao.
Chii trpng cOng tdc bd nhifim cOng ehiic lanh dao thOng qua thi tuydn eanh tranh, edng khai, ddn chu nhdm tao dOng lue vd su quan tdm ciia nhan tdi. Ap dung chfnh sach "ti^n cir" va "tu tifi'n cir"; quy dinh ro trdch nhifim cua ngudi tifi'n cuf; cdng khai hod ngudi tifi'n cir va nhdn tdi dugc tifi'n eit dd xa hdi ed didu kifin gidm sdt. Xdy dun^
cac tifiu chf ddnh gid cdn bd vd quy trinh de bat can bd. Cac tifiu chf ddnh gid edn bO
phdi cu thd, edn cd" chd y^u vdo tdi di?c ciia hp, gAn vdi nhiem vu, vi tri cdng viSc dugc giao, sdt hgp vdi yfiu cdu, ddc didm cua eo quan, don vi. Ddng thdi, phdi dp dung quy trinh dd bat, thii thdch nhdn tdi rd rdng, edng khai, minh bach. Bd nhifim, dd bat phii hgp vdi ndng lue, trinh dO dd viia phdt huy dugc tdi da tdi ndng ciia nhdn tdi, vira giup nlidn tdi tifi^p tuc phdt tridn vd cdng hi^n.
Th^ tu, cd chi do ddi ngd, trong dung nhdn tdi mdt cdch thoa ddng.
Ngodi nhu cdu binh thudng trong sinh hoat hdng ngdy, CBCC cdn tfeh cue nghifin cdn khoa hpe. Nhidu cdng trtnh nghifin cdu nhidu khi chua dugc xa hOi chdp nhdn ngay. Da cd khdng ft phdt minh khoa hpc ciia hp chi dugc ihira nhdn khi hp da nghi huu, tham ehi khi khdng cdn sdng. CMih VI vdy, chd" do dai ngd dd'i vdi ngudi tdi phai rdt khdc so vdi nhiing ngudi binh thudng.
Dd thu hdt nhan tai cdn cai each manh me che' dd tidn luong ciia ddi tugng ndy nham ddm bdo cude sdng ciia hg d mde khd so vdi mu'c sd'ng cua cdc tdng Idp khdc trong xa hOi, thu nhap ciia hg khdng thdp hon thu nhdp eiia nhChig ngudi c6 ciing trinh dd, ndng luc lam viee b khu vue tir, c6 chfnh sdch hd trg vd nha b vd cdc phuong tifin 1dm vific cdn thifi't. Nhd nude cdn xem xdt thanh lap Quy nhdn tdi, ddng thdi, c6 chfnh sdch hO trg dd ngudi tdi ed thd tham gia ede hOi thao khoa hoc, cdc khod hoc ndng cao 6 trong nude vd ngoai nude.
Thic ndm, tao mdi trudng thuan Idi de nhdn tdi phdt huy tdi ndng.
Nhd nude edn tao mOi trudng vd didu kifin 1dm vific thudn loi eho CBCC nhir:
khOng khf lam vifie ddn chu, edng khai;
didu kifin 1dm vific ddy du, phuong tifin thOng tin nhanh, kip thdi; dam bdo cho nhdn tdi cd quydn tu chia, tu ehiu trdch nhiem ed nhdn; quydn tu do tu duy, phdt tridn ^ tudng khoa hpe.
Mudn thu hiit dugc ngudi tai, didu kifin quan trpng nhflit la Ddng, Nhd nude phai tuydn chpn dugc ngudi diing ddu cdc co
10 TAP CHI QUAN LY NHA N U 6 C - S6 189 (10-2011)
NGHIEN Cl/U - TRAO DOI
quan nhd nude that su ed tdi, cd diic, cd tdm. Ke bdt tdi thudng ed tdm nhin n g ^ , each nghi can, cd thdi quen leh ky, hep hdi, dd ky, kho c6 thd ddng cdm, ddng dieu, tri dm, tri ky dugc vdi ngudi tdi. Khi rigudi lanh dao bdt tai thudng khOng mudn sir dung nhflng ngudi tai vi so ngudi tdi is&i dl
"cdi danh" ciia minh vd dfi'n mOt Ide ndo dd, hp se chifi'm mdt "ghfi*" quydn luc; nfin ehgn ke giiip vific theo kifiu "nguu tdm ngiru, ma tdm ma". Nhu vdy, mdi trudng toan nhihig ke bdt tki thi chk ehdn chdt lugng va hifiu qud cdng vifie se rdt yfi'u kem.
Tha sdu, tdn vinh, di cao vi tri xd hdi cda nhdn tdi.
Cd rdt nhidu bifin phdp dd tdn vinh. dd eao vi tri xa hOi ciia nhdn tdi. Xua kia, nhiing ngudi thi dd tifi'n sy, thdm hoa, bang nhan, trang nguyfin ddu dugc luu danh vdo bia tifi'n sy, dugc nhd vua ban tang mu, ao va Ifinh cho qufi huong, ban qudn ciia hp phai td chlic cde lfi nghi khi cde tdn khoa
"vinh quy bai td". Nhiing ngucfi dd dat cao ddu dugc bd tri vdo nhiing vi tri quan trgng trong bO may nha nude.
D€n nay, viec tdn vinh, dd cao nhdn tdi dang dugc phdt huy vd cd tac dung idn nhu vfla qua, thanh phd Ha Ndi td chiic long trgng lfi tuyen duong 112 thu khoa xudt sdc dai difin cho 50 trudng dai hpc, cao ddng trfin toan thanh phd vdi su cd mdt cua nhidu ddng chf lanh dao cao c^p cua Dang va Nha nude tai Van Mi^u - Qudc Tir Gidm.
Ddy la mflt'tfn hifiu ddng mimg trong vific tdn vuih, dd cao vi tri xa hdi eiia nhdn tdi.
Thii bay, thdnh lap ccf quan ehuyen trdch dethuc hien chiin lucfe thu hiit vd sii dung nhdn tdi.
Mudn thu hiit dugc ngudi hidn tai phai CO chfnh sdeh cu thd eiia Dang va Nha nude chd' khdng thd tuy thuOc vao ehuih saeh
"chifiu hien dai sy" eiia timg dia phuong nhu hifin nay. Qiinh phii cdn thifi^t phai thdnh lap mdt co quan chuyfin trdch true thudc BO Ndi vu (cd thd la Vu ddo tao, bdi dudiig tdi ndng) dd thuc hifin chifi^n luge thu hiit, dao tao vd s i dung nhdn tai. Co quan
chuyfin trdch ndy ehiu trdch nhifim, nghifin ciiu, xdy dung vd td chd'c thuc hifin chfnh sdch nhdn tdi thdng nhd't tir trung uong dfi^n dia phucmg, ddng thdi, cung phdi cd du thfEm quydn vd ngudn tdi chfnh dd tridn khai cdc cOng vific cdn thidt; kfi't hgp vdi cdc CO quan, td chd'c cd lifin quan giai quyfi't ede vdh dd ndy sinh trong qud trinh ddo tao vd sir dung nhdn tdi. Ngodi co quan true thude Bd Ndi vu, d edc tinh vd thdnh plid Idn trong cd nude edn cd cdc vdn phdng dai difin dd true tifi'p theo doi vd thuc hifin chfnh sdch quan trgng ndy.
Thic tdm, mdrong vd ndng cao hiiu qud hap tdc qudc te.
Vifie Nhd nude e& nhiing smh vifin uu tu di ddo tao d edc hpc vifin va cdc trudng dai hpc danh tifi'ng tren thd gidi la mdt hudng di ddng, cdn dugc phdt huy. Thu hdt nhdn tdi Id ngudi nude ngodi, Vifit kidu dang sinh sdng vd lam vifie b ede nude Id chfnh sdch quan trpng dd Vifit Nam hod nhdp va phdt tridn manh me hon trong nhiing ndm tdi.
Chfnh sach thu hut va trgng dung nhdn tai cua cha dng ta dang duge Dang, Nha nude ta ngay nay tie'p tuc vdn dung, phat huy. Tuy nhifin, trude tinh hinh mdi, dd dap ling yfiu edu ciia su nghifip cdng nghifip hod, hifin dai hoa ddt nude, ehinh sdch thu hdt va trpng dung nhdn tai cdn phai cd nhiing quyfi^t sdeh mdi phii hpp vd ed hifiu qua honQ
Chd thfch:
1. Tifi'n sy Than Nhan Trung phung chi vua Lfi Thdi TOng soan bia ti^n sy nam 1442.
2. Dai Viet sic ky todn thu/Ky nha Lfi, Tap II, tr. 312.
3. Minh Menh chinh yeu. Hug, NXB Thuan Hod, 1998, Tap I, a. 161.
4. Nguydn Trgng Bao. Gia dinh, nhd trudng, xd hdi vdi viic phdt hien, tuyen chpn, dao tao, bdi dudng, sic dung vd dai ngg ngudi tdi. H. NXB Gido due, 1996", tr. 20.
5. Dang (Tdng san Vifit Nam. Van kien Hgi nghi lan thic6 BCH Trung uong khod IX, H. NXB Chinh tri qudc gia, 2006, tr. 23.
TAP CHi QUAN LY NHA N U 6 C - SO 189 (10-2011) 11
