CAC NHAN TO ANH HlTCJNG TOfi VIEC THU HUT VA SI/ DUNG ODA NHAT BAN
CHO VIET NAM
• D6 THj HAI
TOM TAT:
Ngudn vdn ODA, dac biet la ODA Nhat Ban cd vai trd quan trpng trong phat trien nen kinh te - xa hdi cua Viet Nam. Cdc khoan vidn trd cho Viet Nam ciia Nhat Ban ngay cang tang qua tffng nam, tuy nhien, qua trinh nay lai chiu sff tac dpng cua nhidu nhdn to', ca khach quan lln cbu quan. Bai viet sau day se phan tich va ddnh gid cdc nhan to' nay anh hffdng tdi ODA Nhat Ban cho Viet Nam.
Tff khda: Cae nhSn id, anh hffdng, thu hut, sff dung, vd'n ODA, Nhat Bdn, Vidt Nam.
1. Vi tri cua ODA Nhat Ban trong tdng thd nguon von vi§n trd ODA cua Viet Nam
Sau khi Viet Nam va Nhat Ban thie't lap quan he ngoai giao vao nam 1973, cbinb phu Nhat Ban thffc thi chinh sach dd'i ngoai theo hpc thuydt Fukuda, cbii trffdng Nhdt Ban ddng vai trd cau ndi, lich cffc gdp phan duy tri hda binh va on dinh d khu vffc Ddng Nam A va tin rang Viet Nam se ddng vai trd quan trpng trong sff nghiep nay.
Thdng 11/1992, Nhdt Ban ndi lai vien trd ODA cho Viet Nam va trong sud't 20 nam sau do, Nhat Ban khdng ngffng vien trd ddp t?ng nhu cau ldi tbie't va pbdt trien ciia Viet Nam, Vao nhffng nam 1990, de phuc vu cho viec tai tbie't Viet Nam, Nhal Ban da tap trung hd trd pbat trien cdc ed sd ha tang cd quy md Idn nhff dffdng xd, nha mdy dien,.-. Ben canh dd, Nhat Ban cung bd trd Viet Nam thffc thi chinh sdch Ddi mdi tren phffdng dien pban mem nhff Nghien cffu ve dffdng Id'i chuyen ddi sang nen kinh le' theo dinh hffdng tbi trffdng, hoan thien he thd'ng phdp lual,.
Tff nam 2000 de'n nay, Nhat Ban da trie'n khai hd trd Viet Nam xdy dffng va cai thien cd ca'u td chffc, phdt trien cd sd ha tang va dao tao ngudn nhan life, phuc vu sff tdng trffdng ben vffng cua nen kinh te. Trong tffdng lai, hai nffdc can tiep tuc tang cffdng hdn nffa quan h6 dd'i tdc va ddng gdp tich cffc cho sff dn dinh va pbdt trien ciia khu vffc Ddng Nam A.
Dd'i vdi Nhdt Ban, Viet Nam cd mdt vi tri quan trpng ca ve vi tri dia ly lan ngoai giaova la nffdc cd dan sd ddng thff ba trong khu vffc Dong Nam A.
Nhat Ban chia se vdi Viet Nam nham "tang trffdng kinh tede xda ddi giam ngheo", Nhal Ban da van dung cdch tiep can dffa tren 3 tru cdt kinh le:
Thffdng mai - Dau tff - ODA, de hd trd Viet Nam pbat trien cd sd ha tang kinh te nhff dffdng bp, dffdng sdt, nhd mdy dien, cang bien... va thu hiit dau tff nffdc ngoai, tao viec lam.
Tff dd de'n nay, mac dii nen kinh te Nhat Ban cd nhffng tbdi diem gap khd khan, nhffng Chinh phii Nhat Ban ludn la nhd cai trd ODA Idn nhat cho
KINH TE
Vidt Nam. Cdc khoan vi6n trd cho Viet Nam cua Nhdt Ban ngdy cang tang, chffng td dffdng Id'i mong mud'n tdng cffdng hdp tdc kinh te vdi Viet Nam cua NhSt Ban. Vdn ODA ciia Nhat Ban cho Vi6t Nam nam sau ludn tang bdn nam trffdc cd ve Iffdng lan ve cba't. Trong hdp tac ODA Nhat Ban hd trd cho cdc nffdc dang phat trien tren the gidi, tbi hdp tdc vdi Viet Nam cd qui md Idn nha't vd Viet Nam cung la dd'i tac quan trpng nha't cua Nhat Ban ve ODA.
Hien nay, ngay ea kbi Viet Nam da thodt khdi danh sach cdc quoc gia cd thu nhap iba'p, cdc nha ldi trd da phffdng vd song phffdng khde deu cd y dinh gidm vd'n ODA cho Viet Nam thi Nhdt Ban vdn tang lien tuc vd'n ODA cua minb vao Viet Nam. Hien Nhat Ban vdn dang la nha vien ird ODA hang dau eua Viet Nam.
2. Cac nhan to'anh hffdng tdi ODA NhSt Ban cho Viet Nam
2. /. Nhdn td khach quan 2.1.1. Ddi vdi Viet Nam
+ Viet Nam cd vi tri chie'n Iffdc quan trpng d khu vffc Ddng Nam A. Vigt Nam nam tren cac tuyen giao thdng bien d khu vffc Tay Thai Binh Dffdng ed nhieu effa ngd ihdng thffdng ra bien, nhffng hai cang Idn nhff Hai Phdng, Cam Ranh, Da Ndng, Vung Tan., deu ra't cd y nghia Idn ve mat quan sff, cd the dffdc xem nhu" mdi ye'u id tdc ddng ddn chie'n Iffdc an ninh ciia Nhat Ban va cdc nffdc ASEAN. Nhat Ban da xdc dinh rd tam quan trong ciia Viet Nam trong khu vffc Chau A Thdi Binh Dffdng: "Vidl Nam se la nffdc ddng vai trd quan trong ve mat chinh tri va kinh te' trong khu vffc chau A -Thdi Binh Dffdng d dau the ky XXI nay"
(Theo: Hiyosbi Dai sff Nhat Ban tai Viet Nam (1991), Chinh sach eiia Nhat Ban d Ddng Nam, Tap chi Quan he qud'c le, so 9).
-f Uy tin eiia Viet Nam tren ehinh trffdng the' gidi
Dieu nay dffdc gay dffng bdi ndng Iffc san xua't, tdc dd tang trffdng kinh te, lich sff tin dung qud'c te va nhffng ddng gdp ciia Viet Nam vao nhffng boat dong chung ciia cdng ddng the gidi td't se la yeu to dau tien anh hffdng den kha nang tie'p can ngudn vd'n vien trd ciia Nhat Ban cho Viet Nam.
+ Ye'u to' ehinh in
Yeu td' chinh tri la mdt trong nhffng nhdn td' anh hffdng Idn den kha nang huy ddng cdc ngudn vien
trd ciia Nhat Ban va ngudn vd'n vien trd se hi anb hffdng bdi quan be san cd ciia Nhat Ban cho Viet Nam, bdi sff iffdng bdp ve the che' chinh tri, bdi quan he dia dff gan giJi.
+ Didu kien kmh le cua Viet Nam Dieu kien kinh te' ciia Viet Nam ciing la mdt trong nhffng nhdn to anh hffdng de'n cac khoan vien trd va dnh cha't ciia cdc khoan vien trd, tuy tffng dieu kien ma ngudn vien trd cd the la tien, hang hda hay hd trd cdng nghe. Bencanhdd, Viet Nam cdn phai chiu rui ro cua ddng lien vien trd, ndu ddng tien vidn trp tang gid so vdi VND do xud't khau thi Viet Nam se phai tra them mot khoan nd bd sung do chenh lech ty gid tai thdi diem vay va thdi diem tra nd (dd'i vdi cdc khoan vien trd mdt phan dffdi dang vd'n ODA).
2.1.2. Ddi vdi Nhdt Bdn
+ Nhat Ban la mdt cffdng qud'c kinh te Idn, ludn mud'n khang dinh vai trd va vi the' ciia minh tren cbinb trffdng qudc te. Dd'i vdi Nhat Ban, ODA iff trffdc de'n nay ludn la cdng cu quan trong trong chinh sdch dd'i ngoai, vi vay da xdy dffng chinh sach ODA cho Viet Nam mang tinh nha't quan va lau dai va nam trong chinh sdch ODA eiia nffdc nay tdi khu vffc Ddng Nam A. Thdng qua boat dpng cung cap ODA cho Viet Nam, Nhat Ban se cd nhffng ldi ich lau dai cho nen chinh tn, rang bupc ve cbinb sach ngoai giao eua Viet Nam dd'i vdi Nhat Ban va sff ling hd ciia Viet Nam vdi Nhat Ban tren trffdng qudc te.
+ Cdc khoan vay ODA mang lai rd'i nhieu ldi ich kinh te cbo Nhal Ban nhff md rdng ihi trffdng tieu thu hang hda, gay anh hffdng ddi vdi nen kmh te Viet Nam vd chinh Id khoan dau tff sinh ldi hieu qua va cd dp an todn cao. Trong tdng vien trd ODA ciia NhdtBancungca'pcho Viet Nam tff ndm 1992 den nam 2014 khoang bdn 2.000 ti yen, 80% la lien cho vay va dang cd mffc ldi sua't khoang i ,4%/nam vdi ky ban trd r\(5 30 nam vdi 10 nam an han. Do dd, khoan nd ma Viet Nam phai tra trong tffdng lai la khdng nhd. Day se la ngudn ldi nhuan Idn cho Nhat Ban. Ngoai ra, vd'n ODA cdn mang iai mdn ldi cho Nhat Ban tff viec cung cd'p thiet bi cbo cdc ddn dat hang cung nhff trffc tie'p tham gia thffc hien dff an, Thdng qua dd, Viet Nam lieu thu san pham cho cdc nhd san xuat Nhal Ban va Nhal Ban lai nhan dffdc mot khoan lien Idn iff Viet Nam.
Tren danh nghia thi cdc dff dn ODA vay eua Nhdt
So 3-Thdng 3/2019 43
Ban d Viet Nam dffdc da'u thau qud'c te' nbu^g do nhffng yeu cau cao trong ky thuat nen phan Idn cdc nha trung thau lai la cdc cdng ly Nhdt Ban. Rd rdng, nhd vdn vay ODA ma eae cdng ty Nhat Ban cd cd hdi 1dm an va chinh thffc bffdc vao thi trffdng Viet Nam, hdn the day cdn la hinh thffc kinh doanh vdi sff an loan cao
+ Sff ffu tien cua Nhdt Ban dd'i vdi Viet Nam xua't phdt tff ldi ich ciia Nhat Ban, bdi vi ODA giff vai trd "md dffdng" va tao "cff chi than thien", de sau dd Nhat Ban thffc hien chinh sach xuc lien thffdng mai vd dau tff trffc tie'p FDI. Qua ODA, cdc doanh nghiep Nhat Ban cd the tiep can nhanh hdn den Viet Nam qua cdc hdp ddng xay dffng dff an cu the, nha dau tff Nhat Ban cung de'n Viet Nam de dang bdn vi ed sd ha tang phdt tridn.
Ngffdc lai, Viet Nam cd them nhieu dieu kien td't thu but FDI nffdc ngoai. Them vao dd, nen kinh te Nhdt Ban cd suy thodi thi dff trff ngoai te eiia nffdc nay van ra't Idn nen hp vien trd ODA cho Viet Nam, vi thdng qua vien trp ODA Nhat Ban cung khai thdng luon kenh xua't khau cua hp bdi cdc dff dn ODA chii yeu do nhd thau Nhdt Ban lam, sff dung thie't bi ciia Nhat Ban, tff do tdc ddng tich cffc trd lai dd'i vdi nen kmh te' Nhdt Ban. Chinh vi the, Nhat Ban khdng he bi thiet khi tang cffdng vien trd ODA cho Viet Nam. Rd rdng, ODA dang la nen tang vd trpng tam trong hdp tdc kinh tdViet Nam- Nhat Ban, giff vai trd tich cffc trong viec gdp sffe minh cho muc tieu dd'i ngoai cua hai qud'c gia.
4- Ty le riii ro d mffc Ibd'p khi dau tff vao Viet Nam do Viet Nam la mdt trong nhffng khu vffc dau tff khd ly tffdng khi ke't bdp dffdc ea cdc ydu to nhff ngudn lao ddng cd ky ndng, chi phi nhan cdng iha'p, mdi trffdng dau tff dffdc cai thign, cd nhieu chinh sach ffu dai va khuyen khich dau tff, nen ehinh tri on dinb.
2.2. Nhdn to chu quan
2.2.1. Dieu kien cdp ODA ciia Nhdt Bdn cho Viet Nam
Ve mat nguyen tac chung, ODA ciia Nhat Ban cung nhff cua cdc qudc gia khac dffdc cung ca'p phu hdp vdi Hien chffdng cua Lien hdp qud'c, ddc biet la tren khia canh binh dang ve chii quyen va khdng can tbiep vao cdc cdng viec ndi bd.
Viec ca'p ODA ciing di theo bdn nguyen tac cd ban nhff sau:
' Khdng sff dung ODA vao muc dich quan sff;
khdng lam tram trpng them nhffng dd'i dau qud'c te.
- Chii trpng tdi bao ve mdi trffdng vd pbdt trien xii hdi.
-Duy tri va ciing cd'ndn hda binh, theo ddi chat che nhffng thay ddi trong chi tieu quan sff cua cdc nffdc nhdn vidn trd, viec phdt tridn va san xua't cac loai vu khi gie't ngffdi hang loat va viec xua't nhap khau vii khi cua cdc nffdc dd.
- Thffc day dan chii hda, bffdc dau di vao kmh te thi trffdng, dam bao quyen tff do va nhan quyen.
Ngoai nhffng diem chung neu tren, ODA ciia Nhdt Ban cung ed diem khde biet the hien rd tren cac khia canh sau:
- ODA eua Nhat Ban dffdc thffc hidn tren nguyen tac xem xet loan didn yeu cau ciia tffng nffdc nhan vien trd, eae dieu kien kinh 16- xa hdi ciia cac nffdc dd.
- Cd ca'u vien trp vdi ty le cao la vidn trd cbo vay (ODA tin dung vdi lai sua't uXi dai va dai ban, cd nhidu nam an ban) va mdt mffc tha'p danh cho vien trd cho khdng, trong dd cbu trong tdi vien trd theo dang hdp tdc ky thuat.
Ngoai ra, ODA Nhat Ban ludn dffdc cdc nffdc tiep nhan danh gia la it mang tinh dp Iffc ve cbinb tri so vdi cdc nffdc khac, dien hinb nhff trong nhffng nam 90, do sff thay ddi ciia mdi trffdng ehinh tn qudc te, yeu td' ehinh tri trong ODA Nhal Ban dffdc an chffa trong cdc ndi dung kinh te' mot cdch kheo Ido. Ngay tff ndm 1992, trong khi nhieu qud'c gia cdn chffa mud'n cung cap ngudn vd'n ODA, Nhdt Ban da di tien phong quyet dinb tdi trd cbo Viet Nam vdi muc lieu hd trd va thiic day qud trinh chuyen sang kinh te thi trffdng d Viet Nam. Dieu nay md ra mdt giai doan mdi trong viec dep nhan ODA cua Viet Nam.
2.2.2. Hieu qud sHdung vdn vien ira Hieu qua sff dung vd'n vidn trd cung anh hffdng len ngudn vien trd quoc le trong tffdng lai, can hieu rang, nhffng khoan vien trd la mot phan GNP ciia cdc nffdc tdi trd nen rd't nbay cam vdi cdc dff luan xa hdi d cdc nffdc tdi trd. Nhan dan cdc nffdc ca'p vien trd coi trpng tam quan trpng cua ca so Iffdng va cbd't Iffdng cua vien trd, ho sd'n sang ling bd vidn trd vdi dieu kidn la vien trp dffdc sff dung td't, chinh vi vay, edc nffdc nhan vien trd can phai ra't than trpng vdi ngudn vien trd du dffdi dang hoan lai bay khdng hoan lai ddu
KINH TE
phai quan ly chat che trong viec sff dung, dam bao su" dung phai hieu qua, dung muc dich.
2.2.3. Vien tra cho vay chie'm ti le cao trong ODA
Sau khi nd'i lai vidn trd cho Vidt Nam ndm 1992, Nhdt Ban cam ket cho Viet Nam vay vdi dieu kien "mem": Nhat Ban dp dung lai sua't vay tha'p cho cac dff dn vay vd'n ODAcu the' nhff sau:
phdt tridn cd sd ha tang la 0,1 - 1,4%, linh vffc mdi trffdng, xdy dffng bdnb vidn va trffdng dai hpc la 0,3%. Thdi han vay ddi nha't len tdi 40 nam, trong dd ed 10 nam an ban.
Nguyen tac cd ban trong chinh sdch ODA ciia Nhat Ban la tao cd sd phat trien cbo nffdc nhan vien trd, hd trd cho sff phdt trien iff Iffc, Iff cffdng eiia eae nffdc dang phdt trien. Cbo vay ODA gan vdi nghia vu hodn tra, dieu nay budc nffdc nhan vien trp phai can nbac va can than trong sff dung vd'n vi vay cac khoan vien trd se dat bieu qua cao hdn. Ddy chinh la ly do phia Nhat Ban dffa ra de lap ludn cbo ty le vien trd cd hoan lai (cbo vay ODA) cao trong cd ca'u ODA ciia minh.
2 2.4. Vien tra ODA cua Nhat Bdn dUOc cung cap chu veu cho cdc du dn thuoc linh vuc ha tdng ca sd
Vien trd ODA ciia Nhat Ban dffdc cung ca'p cbii ye'u cho cdc dff dn thupc linh vffc ha tang cd sd nhff van tai, dien lu'c, nffdc sach, nffdc thai.. Sd di nhff vay bdi muc dich ODA la ndng cao mffc sd'ng cbo nhan dan nffdc nhan vien trd, mffc sd'ng nhan ddn lai phu thude vdo sff phdt trien cua nen kinh te', ddn ciJ nhff d cdc nffdc dang phdt trien, trong dd cd Vidt Nam thi cd sd ba tang ydu kem la mot trong nhffng nguyen nhdn ddn de'n tinh trang kem phat trien ciia nen kinh le' bdi vay ODA cua Nhat Ban tap trung vao linh vffc nay.
2.2.5. Vien tra ODA Nhdt Bdn cho Viet Nam chii trong ddy manh quan he hap tdc cong tU
De dap ffng nhu cau vd phdt trien cd sd ha tang ciia Viet Nam, ngodi ODA, viec thuc day lien kdl giffa cdng va tff (PPP) buy ddng ngudn vd'n va ndng Iffc ky thuat ciia tff nhan cung quan trong. Cdc dff dn ODA ddng vai trd ket nd'i cdc doanh nghiep cdng tff cua Viet Nam vd Nhat Ban, buy ddng vd'n, cdng nghe cua tff nhdn vao viec hdp tdc thffc bien cdc dff an ODA. Do dd, viec md rdng cdc dd'i tdc tbam gia vao cdc dff dn ODA dffdc chii trpng. Trong dd, cac doanh nghiep Nhat Ban da va dang dffdc huy dpng tbam gia hang loat dff dn xdy dffng ed sd ba tang tai Viet Nam dffdc hd trd bdi ngudn vd'n ODA. Dff an Xay dffng Cang Laeh Huyen do JICA hd trd, phan cd sd ba tang gdm dffdng dan va nao vet luong dffdc thffc hien bang vd'n ODA, cdn thie't bi cang va van hanh dffdc thffc bien bang dff dn PPP vdi sff dau tff ciia doanh nghiep Nhat Ban. Pban ed sd ha tang dffdc sff dung vd'n ODA da hoan tbanh thie't kd ehi tiet va thii tuc da'u thau.
Ngoai ra, de bd trd binh tbanh edc dff dn cdng - tff kdl hdp, tff ndm 2012, dffa tren de xua't ciia eae doanh nghiep Nhdt Ban, JICA tidn hanh bd trd nghien cffu kha thi ciia mdt sd' dff dn hien dang trong giai doan thao ludn, lap ke' hoach.
Tdng sd'dff dn md JICA hd trd len tdi 16 dff dn, trong dd Dff an Lien doanh Nhat - Viet cung ca'p nffdc sach vd xff ly nffdc thai cho khu cdng nghiep ciia tinh Long An da dffdc quye't dinh trien khai. JICA da hd trd trien khai dff an thdng qua hinb thffc hd trd vay vdn dau tff nffdc ngoai ddnh cho doanh nghiep va se tien hanb bdp lac phdt trien ed sd ha tang thdng qua lien ket vdi khu vffc tff nhan •
TAI LI5:U THAM KHAO:
/. Hodng Ngoc Au (2013). "Bdn them vi quan ly nguon vdn ODA tai Viet Nam" Tap chi Kinh ti vd Du bdo, sd 14.
2. Cao Manh Cudng (2013), "Vai tro cua ODA ddi vdi phdt then Viet Nam 20 nam nhin lai" Tap chi Kinh te vd Dubdo, sd21
3. Ddng Vu Hiing(2013). "Doi mdi cong tdc quan ly cache ldi chinh ddi vdi cdc du a n ODA" Tap chi Tdi chinh, sd8.
So 3-Thdng 3/2019 45
4. Vii Thi Thu Hdng (2012). "Quan ly nhd nudc ddi vdi van ho tra phdt triin chinh thUcODAiai Viet Nam" Tap chi Quan ly Nhd nUdc. sd 7.
5. Tran Vdn Tho (2013), "Quan he Viet Nam - Nhdt Bdn trong qud trinh phdt triin kinh te ciia Viet Nam vdi gai y cho giai doan tdi" Tap chiNghiin cUu Dong Bac A. so 3
6. Tdn Thdnh Tdm (2005). Gidi phdp ndng cao hieu qud quan ly nguon vdn hd trp phdt trien chinh thUc (ODA) tai Viit Nam, luqn dn tii'n sy, Trudng Dai hpc Kinh te Qudc ddn, Hd Ndi.
7. Hiyoshi Dai sU Nhdt Bdn tai Viet Nam (1991). Chinh sdch ciia Nhdt Bdn d Dong Nam, Tap cbi Quan he qudc ti. sd9
8 Mot sd trang web:
http://www.jica.go.jp/vietnam
http://www.jica.go.jp/vielnani/vietnamese/pffice/others/faq.hlml.
Ngay nh3n bai: 7/2/2019
Ngay phan bi6n danh gia va sffa chffa: 17/2/2019 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 27/2/2019
Thong tin tde gid:
ThS. D 6 TH! HAI Vidn Kinh te'Vi$t Nam
Nghien cffu sinh Khoa Qud'c te hpc, Trffffng Dai hpc Khoa hpc va Xa h6i nhan van Dai hpc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ATTRACTION AND USE OF JAPAN'S ODA FOR VIETNAM
• Master. DO THI HAI Vietnam Institute of Economics Ph.D's student. Faculty of International Studies,
University of Social Science and Humanities, Vietnom Notional University - Hanoi
ABSTRACT:
Official development assistance (ODA) sources, especially Japan's ODA, play an important role in Vietnam's socio-economic development. Japanese aids for Vietnam is increasing year by year. However, this increase is influenced by many factors including both objective and subjective factors. This article is going to analyze and evaluate factors affecting Japanese ODA for Vietnam.
Keywords: Factors, affecting, attract, use, ODA capital, Japan, Vietnam.
