Cac nhan to anh hifdng den chat liTgrng thu'c tap
cua sinh vien nam cuoi
TrUofng Dai hoc Kinh te Quoc dan
PHAM THI THANH NHAN'
Tom tat
Nghien cdu ddnh gid cdc nhdn tddnh hudng de'n chdt luang thUc tap cua sinh vien ndm cudi tqi Trudng Dqi hoc Kinh te Qudc ddn. Ke't qud nghien cdu cho thdy, cd 4 nhdn tdld: Y thiic cd nhdn Hd tra cda Nhd trUdng/Khoa/Vien vd gido vien hudng ddn (GVHD) Ddc diem cdng viec thuc tap Hd tra cda ngUdi hUdng ddn tqi ca sd thytc tap deu cd cung hudng tdc ddng tich cue de'n chdt lugng thuc tap. Trong dd, nhdn td Y thdc cd nhdn tdc ddng mqnh nhdt (he sd beta chudn hda cao nhdt 0,315). Vl vdy, mudn ndng cao chdtlugng thUc tap, cdc gidi phdp cdn ludn hudng de'n ndng cao y thdc cda sinh vien trong sudt qud trinh tham gia thuc tap.
Ttf khoa: chdt lugng thvtc tap, sinh vien ndm cudi, TrUdng Dqi hoc Kinh te Qudc ddn
Smnmary
This study evaluates the factors affecting internship quality of seniors at National Economics University. The result shows that four factors create the same positive impact on internship quality, including: Personal consciousness; University/Faculty/Institute and instructor's support; Internship characteristics; Support of instructor at internship workplace. In particular. Personal consciousness is the most influential factor (the highest standardized
beta of 0.315). Therefore, solutions proposed should be concentrated on improving student's consciousness during the internship period in order to strengthen internship quality.
Keywords: internship quality, seniors. National Economics Univeristy
Gl6l THIEU
Thffc tap khdng chi coi la mot tin chi hgc tap theo quy dinh chffdng trinh dao tao ciia Nha trffdng, ma day cdn la cd hdi de trai nghiem, de hgc hdi va de dinh hffdng nghe nghiep tffdng lai. Thtfc tap td't nghiep se mang lai hieu qua tich cffc khi cd sff tac ddng ddng thdi ciia nhieu nhan td', nhff: y thffc ca nhan, dac diem cdng viec thffc tap, cd sd dao tao va doanh nghiep.
Nhffng, hien nay, d Viet Nam chffa cd nhieu nghien cffu ve cac nhan td' anh hffdng den chat Iffdng thffc tap ciia sinh vien dd'i vdi chffdng trinh thffc tap tai cac trffdng dai hgc.
Trong nghien cffu nay, tac gia di theo hffdng phan tich cac nhan td anh hffdng den chat Iffdng thffc tap ciia sinh vien nham nang cao sff hai ldng cho ngffdi hgc va giiip sinh vien cd nhieu cd hdi xin viec lam hdn sau khi td't nghiep.
Ca s d LY THUYET VA MO HINH NGHIEN CLfU
Trong nghien cffu nay, tac gia da suf dung khai niem thffc tap la sff thda thuan giffa sinh vien vdi td chffc thilc tap va cd sd dao tao nham mang lai ldi ich cho ca ba ben. Trong dd, sinh vien lam viec cho td chffc de gan ket cac kien thffc ly thuyet da dffdc hgc vdi thffc tidn cdng viec nham phat trien ky nang, nang cao trinh d6 chuyen mdn nghiep vu cho nghe nghiep.
Trong nghien cffu nay, tac gia da sff dung thang do cac bien ddc lap cua tac gia Heng, K. va cdng sff (2012) va cd hieu chinh mot so' ndi dung cho phii hdp vdi dac thu sinh vien Viet Nam ciing nhff quy dinh ve chffdng trinh thffc tap do
* ThS., Trifdng Dai hoc Kinh te Qudc dan I Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhan bdi: 25/10/2018; Ngdy phdn Men: 15/12/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 20/12/2018
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Kinh leva Dli WovaDitfliao
Trffdng Dai hgc Kinh te Qud'c dan xay dffng, tac gia sff dung cac thang do da cd tren the gidi. Nhffng thang do nay da dffdc kiem dinh nhieu lan tren nhieu thi trffdng khac nhau. Vi vay, nghien cffu nay chi ap dung cho thi trffdng Viet Nam. Tat ca cac thang do dffdc do Iffdng theo dang Likert 05 diem tff diem 1 "Hoan toan khdng ddng y" de'n diem 5 "Hoan toan ddng y" cho bien dgc lap (phan anh cac nhan td anh hffdng den chat Iffdng thffc tap).
Nhff vay, md binh nghien cffu gdm cd 4 bie'n ddc lap (phan anh cac nhan to' anh hffdng: Y thffc ca nhan Hd trd cua Nha trffdng/KhoaA^ien va GVHD - Dac diem cdng viec tbilc tap va Hd trd cua ngffdi hffdng din tai ed sd thffc tap) bien phu thudc Chat Iffdng thffc tap (Hinh).
Nghien cffu dffdc tien hanh khao sat vdi 350 sinh vien da td't nghiep khda 54 va 55 ciia Trffdng Dai hgc Kinh te' Qud'c dan va phdng van sau 10 sinh vien, 5 giang vien va hai nha doanh nghiep vao thang 10/2017.
KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU
PhSn tich he s6' tnfdng quan
Trffdc khi tie^n hanh kiem dinh cac md hinh, nghien cffu tien hanh thffc hien phan tich he sd tffdng quan Pearson. Ket qua cho tha'y: Sig. <0,05, nen he sd'tffdng quan cd y nghia thd'ng ke. He so' tffdng quan (r) deu cd gia tri dffdng (>0), dieu nay the hien cac bieii cd quan he thuan chieu vdi nhau (Bang 1).
Theo Bang 2, he so' tffdng quan giffa bien phu thudc "Cha't Iffdng thilc tap" vdi cac bie^n ddc lap deu nam trong khoang tff 0,5 deii dffdi 0,7. Dieu nay cd nghia la giffa bie'n dgc lap va bie'n phu thudc cd md'i quan he tuye^n tinh va mffe do tffdng quan kha chat che vdi nhau.
Mat khac, he so' tffdng quan ciia bien
" Y thffc ca nhan " va 3 bien la "Hd trd ciia Nha trffdng/Khoamen va GVHD", "Dac diem cdng viec thtfc tap" va "Ho trd cua ngffdi hffdng din tai cd sd thffc tap" lan Iffdt la 0,679; 0,619 va 0,588, nen cd the ndi rang bieii "Y thffc ca nhan" cd tffdng quan kha chat che vdi bien "Hd trd cua Nha trffdng/KhoaA^ien va GVHD", "Dac diem cdng viec thffc tap" va "Hd trd cua Nha trffdng/Khoamen".
Bieii dgc lap "Hd trd cua Nha trffdng/
Khoa/Vien va GVHD" va "Hd trd ciia ngffdi hffdng din tai cd sd thffc tap", bie^n
"Dac diem cdng viec thtfc tap", thi bie'n
BANG 1: HE s o TtfCiNG QUAN GIOTA C A C BIEN TRONG MO HINH Bi6'n
Chat liTcJng thiTc tap (CLTT) Y thtJc ca nhan (YTCN)
H6 W cua Nha tnTcfng/KhoaA^ien va GVHD (HTNT) Dac diem cong viec thufc tap (DCV)
H 5 trd cua ngu'di hir6ng din tai cd sd thtfc tap (HTCS) 1 1,000 0,665 0,549 0,625 0,606
2 0,665 1,000 0,679 0,619 0,588
3 0,549 0,679 1,000 0,465 0,489
4 0,625 0,619 0,465 1,000 0,675
5 0,606 0,588 0,489 0,675 1,000
N g u o n : T d n g h d p k e t q u a t h d n g k e tu* p h S n m e m S P S S
HINH: MO HINH NGHIEN CtfU
NhSn td dnh hirdng ^"'" 'f/ Chit luiyng thi/c t$p
Chdt liFQ'ng thi^c t | p
Ky nang ngh^ nghi$p Ki6n thifc chuySn m6n Djnh hLfdng ngh4 nghiep C a h0i viSc lam
Bien kiem s o a t
Gi6i tmh Hgc Ivtc v i tri thyc tap Loai hinh DN thyc tap Thai gian thirc tap Mile lucmg thuc tap
"Hd trd ciia GVHD" cd sff tffdng quan trung binh (he sd tffdng quan lan Iffdt la 0,489 va 0,465). Trong khi dd, bien "Dac diem cdng viec thilc tap" va bien "Hd trd ciia ngffdi hffdng dan tai cd sd thffc tap" cd he sd' tffdng quan la 0,657. Dieu nay chffng td, mffe tffdng quan giffa 2 bien nay d mffe do kha chat che.
Nhff vay, cd the tha'y rang hau bet cac bien ddc lap trong md hinh deu cd sff tffdng quan kha chat che vdi nhau. Vi the, qua trinh kiem dinh hdi quy md hinh rat can Iffu y den kha nang xay ra hien tffdng da cdng tuyen giffa cac bie^n ddc lap vdi nhau.
Ket qua phan tich hdi quy va kiem dinh pia thuyet Phdn tich dnh hifdng cda nhdn td "Y thiic cd nhdn " den chdt lifffng thifc tap cua sinh vien
Md hinh tdng quat: CLTT.'= pO + pl*YTCN. -i- ei Trong dd:
Chi so' i tffdng ffng vdi sinh vien thff i, e la phan dff CLTT: Chat Iffdng thffc tap
YTCN: Y thffc ca nhan
He sd R2 trong md hinh sau khi kiem dinh la 0,443.
Tuy nhien, de phan anh sat hdn mffe do phu hdp ciia md hinh, de tai sff dung he so R^ dieu chinh.
Theo ke't qua nghien cffu, he so' R^ dieu chinh la 0,441 cho tha'y, sff tffdng thich ciia md hinh vdi bien quan sat la td't, bie'n ddc lap giai thich dffdc 44,1% sff bien thien cua bien phu thudc. Gia tri Sig. ciia kiem dinh T bien "Y thffc ca nhan" cQng bang 0,000. Nhff vay, bien nay cd y nghia thd'ng ke d mffe 5%. Tff dd, cd the ket luan, nhan td "Y thffc ca nhan" cd tac dgng tich cilc den "Cha't Iffdng thffc tap". Hay ndi each khac, gia thuyet 1 da dffdc chffng minh.
Economy and Forecast Review
71
Md hinh hdi quy mlu dffdc viet lai nhff sau:
CLTT = 1,076 + 0,627*YTCN
Tff md hinh tren cho tha'y, nhan td "Y thffc ca nhan"
cd he sd p chffa chuan hda dffdng vdi mffe y nghia 5%, nen nhan tdnay cd tac ddng ciing chieu den chat Iffdng thffc tap cua sinh vien. Khi nhan td "Y thffc ca nhan" tang them mot ddn vi, thi chat Iffdng thffc tap tang tffdng ffng 0,627 ddn vi. Vay, cd the ket luan rang khi sinh vien cang cd y thffc nhieu hdn vao thilc tap, thi chat Iffdng thffc tap cua sinh vien se cang tang len.
Phdn tich dnh hifdng cda nhdn td"Hd trg cda cda Nhd trifdng/Khoa/Vien vd GVHD" den chdt lifffng thifc tap cda sinh vien
' Ket qua phan tich md hinh 2 cho tha'y, he sdR^ dieu chinh la 0,299 cho tha'y sil tffdng thich cua md hinh vdi bien quan sat la tdt, bien ddc lap giai thich dffdc 22,9%
sff bie'n thien cua bien phu thugc. Gia tri Sig. cua kiem dinh T bien "Hd trd cua ciia Nha trffdng/Khoa/Vien va GVHD" cung bang 0,000. Nhff vay, bien nay cd y nghia thd'ng ke d mffe 5%. Tff dd cd the ket luan, nhan td "Hd trd cua cua Nha trffdng/Khoa/Vien va GVHD"
cd tac ddng tich ctfc den "Chat Iffdng thilc tap". Hay ndi each khac, gia thuyet 2 da dffdc chffng minh.
Md hinh hdi quy mau dffdc viet lai nhff sau:
CLTT =1,265 + 0,581 *HTNT
Tff md hinh tren cho thay, nhan td "Hd trd cua Nha trffdng/Khoa/Vien va GVHD" cd he so' P chffa chuan hda dffdng vdi mffe y nghia 5% nen nhan td' nay cd tac ddng ciing chieu den chat Iffdng thffc tap ciia sinh vien. Khi nhan to "Hd trd ciia Nha trffdng/Khoa/Vien va GVHD" tang them mot ddn vi, thi chat Iffdng thffc tap tang tffdng ffng 0,581 ddn vi. Vay, cd the ke't luan rang, khi nhan dffdc nhieu hdn sff hd trd, giup dd cua Nha trffdng/Khoa/Vien va GVHD vao thffc tap thi chat Iffdng thffc tap cua sinh vien se cang tang len.
Phdn tich dnh hUdng cda nhdn td"Dqc diem cdng viec thifc tap " den chdt lifgng thifc tap cda sinh vien
Ke^t qua phan tich cho tha'y, he sd' R- dieu chinh la 0,389, the hien sff tffdng thich ciia md hinh vdi bien quan sat la td't, bien ddc lap giai thich dffdc 38,9% sff bie^n thien ciia bien phu thudc. Gia tri Sig. cua kiem dinh T bien "Dac diem cdng viec thffc tap" cung bang 0,000. Nhff vay, bien nay cd y nghia thd'ng ke d mffe 5%. Tff dd, cd the ke't luan, nhan td "Dac diem cdng viec thffc tap" cd tac dgng tich cffc den "Chat Iffdng thffc tap". Hay ndi each khac, gia thuyet 3 da dffdc chffng minh.
Md hinh hdi quy mau dffdc viet lai nhff sau:
CLTT = 7,670 + 0,543*DDCV
Tff md hinh tren cho tha'y, nhan td' "Dac diem cdng viec thffc tap" cd he sd' p chffa chuan hda dffdng vdi mffe y nghia 5%, nen nhan td' nay cd tac ddng ciing chieu den chat Iffdng thffc tap ciia sinh vien. Khi nhan td "Dac diem cdng viec thffc tap" tang them 1 ddn vi, thi chat Iffdng thilc tap tang tffdng ffng 0,543 ddn vi.
Vay, cd the ket luan rang, khi sinh vien cang dffdc giao nhan nhffng cdng viec thffc tap phii hdp, thi chat Iffdng thlic tap ciia sinh vien se cang tang len.
Phdn tich dnh hifdng ciia nhdn to
"Hd trg ciia ngUdi hifdng ddn tqi casd thlic tap " den chdt liic/ng thUc tap cua sinh vien
Ket qua phan tich cho thay, he sd R^
dieu chinh la 0,365 cho tha'y, sff tffdng thich cua md hinh vdi bien quan sat la td't, bien dgc lap giai thieh dffdc 36,5% sir bien thien cua bien phu thugc. Gia tri Sig.
cua kiem dinh T bie'n "Ho trd cua ngifcli hffdng din tai cd sd thffc tap" cung bang 0,000. Nhff vay, bien nay cd y nghia thdng ke d mffe 5%. Tff dd, ed the ket luan, nhan to "Hd trd cua ngffdi hffdng din tai cd scl thtfc tap" cd tac ddng tich cffc den "Chat Iffdng thffc tap". Hay ndi each khac, gia thuyet 4 da dffdc chffng minh.
Md binh hdi quy mlu dffdc viet lai nhff sau:
CLTT= 1,494 + 0,573*HTCS Tff md hinh tren cho tha'y, nhan to
"Dac diem cdng viec thffc tap" cd he so P chffa chuan bda dffdng vdi mffe y nghia 5%, nen nhan to nay cd tac dgng ciing chieu den chat Iffdng thtfc tap ciia sinh vien. Khi nhan to "Dae diem cdng viec thffc tap" tang them mot ddn vi, thi chat Iffdng thffc tap tang tffdng ffng 0,573 ddn vi. Vay, cd the ket luan rang, ngffdi giam sat tai cd sd thffc tap, neu tang cifcing hffdng dan, giup dd cho sinh vien trong qua trinh tham gia vao cac cdng vi6c thffc te, thi chat Iffdng thffc tap cua sinh vien cung se cang tang len.
Phdn tich dnh hifdng cua cdc nhdn tdden chdt lifgng thifc tap cua sinh vien Ket qua phan tich cho thay, he so tffdng quan R da dffdc chffng minh la ham khdng giam theo so bien ddc lap dffa vac md hinh (Bang 3). He sd tffdng quan R khi dffa ca 4 bien dgc lap tac dgng den bien phu thudc "Chat Iffdng thffc tap" la 0,740. Con sd nay cho biet, giffa cac bien trong md hinh cd md'i tffdng quan rat chat che. Hay ndi each khac, chat Iffdng thifc tap khdng chi phu thudc rieng re vao tifng nhan td ma cdn bi anh hffdng manh khi cac nhan to' nay tac dgng cung mdt luc
Theo Bang 3, he sd R^ dieu chinh la 0,542 cho tha'y, sff tffdng thich cua mo hinh vdi bien quan sat la td't, 54,2% s^
bien thien ciia bien phu thugc "Chat Iffdng thffc tap" dffdc giai thich bdi 4 nhan to' trong qua trinh thffc tap. Gia tn Sig. cua kiem dinh T cQng bang 0,000 (ngoai trff dd'i vdi bien "Hd trd ciia Nha trffdng/Khoa/Vien va GVHD" cd gia tn Sig. la 0,014, nhffng vin nhd hdn 0,05).
72
Kinh tevaDJ bao* * ' l ^ ^ ^
Nhff vay, cd the ndi rang, cac bien doe lap deu ciing tac dgng den chat Iffdng thffc tap cua sinh vien.
Mat khac, can cff vao cac he so' P chffa chuan hda dffdng vdi mffe y nghia 5% nen ket luan rang cac nhan to deu cd tac ddng tich cffc den chat Iffdng thifc tap cua sinh vien. Hay ndi each khac, gia thuye^t 5 da dffdc chffng minh.
Md hinh bdi quy mlu dffdc viet lai nhff sau:
CLTT = 0,494 + 0,297*YTCN + 0,136*HTNT + 0,205*DDCV + 0,188mTCS
Qua phffdng trinh bdi quy, neu giff nguyen cac bien dgc lap cdn lai khdng ddi, khi diem danh gia y thffc ca nhan tang len mot ddn vi, thi chat Iffdng thffc tap cua sinh vien tang trung binh len 0,297 ddn vi. Tffdng tff, khi danh gia hd trd cua Nha trffdng/Khoa/Vien va GVHD tang len mot ddn vi, thi chat Iffdng thffc tap ciia sinh vien tang len trung binh 0,136 ddn vi. Khi dac diem cdng viec dffdc danh gia phu hdp tang len mdt ddn vi, thi sff hai Idng cua sinh vien ve chat Iffdng thffc tap tang len trung binh 0,205 ddn vi; khi diem danh gia hd trd cua ngffdi hffdng dan tai cd sd thtfc tap tang len mdt ddn vi, thi stf hai Idng cua sinh vien ve chat Iffdng thffc tap tang len trung binh 0,188 ddn vi.
Nhff vay, bien chat Iffdng thffc tap cua sinh vien chiu anh hffdng nhieu nhat la tff "Y thffc ca nhan", tiep sau lan Iffdt la cac nhan to' "Dac diem cdng viec thffc tap", "Hd trd ciia ngffdi hffdng dan tai cd sd thffc tap", cud'i cung la bieii "Hd trd ciia Nha trffdng/Khoa/Vien va GVHD".
Day cd the dffdc coi la cd sd de de tai tap trung dffa ra nhffng khuyen nghi phu hdp
BANG 3: KET QUA HOI QUY JViO HINH DA BIEN M6
hinh 1 2 3 4
R 0,665^
0,719"
0,735'^
0,740"
R2 0,443 0,516 0,540 0,548
R2 hifu chinh 0,441 0,513 0,535 0,542
L6i vt6c tmh thd'ng kS
0,49234 0,45939 0,44895 0,44545
Durbin-Watson
1,709
Mo hinh
1
Hang so' Y thu'c ca nhan Ho trcf ctia Nha trtrdng & GVHD Dac diem cong viec Ho trd cua cci sd thifc tap
H§ s6' chtfa chu^n hoa B
0,494 0,297 0,136 0,205 0,188
Ldi thdng
0,169 0,057 0,057 0,049 0,052
Hgsd'da chu^n hoa
Beta
0,315 0,128 0,236 0,199
t
2,917 5,199 2,400 4,170 3,587
Y nghia
0,004 0,000 0,017 0,000 0,000
Ki^m dinh da cdng tuye'n Dung
sai
0,408 0,526 0,468 0,489
VIF
2,451 1,901 2,135 2,046 Ngu6n: Tdng hdp ket qua thong ke tii" phan mgm SPSS
cho tffng dd'i tffdng chu the tham gia vao qua trinh thffc tap (cu the la: Nha trffdng - Sinh vien - Doanh nghiep).
KET LUAN
Ke^t qua nghien cffu cho tha'y, trong sd' nhffng nhan to' anh hffdng deii chat Iffdng thtfc tap, thi nhan to' lien quan den "Y thffc ca nhan" tac dgng manh nhat (he sd' beta chuan hda cao nhat 0,315). Vi vay, mud'n nang cao chat Iffdng thtfc tap, cac giai phap can ludn hffdng den nang cao y thffc cua sinh vien trong sudt qua trinh tham gia thtfc tap. Mat khac, ket qua nghien cffu cung chffng minh dffdc rang: ca 4 nhan td'la: Y thffc ca nhan Hd trd cua Nha trffdng/Khoa/Vien va GVHD Dac diem cdng viec thtfc tap - Ho trd cua ngffdi hffdng din tai cd sd thffc tap deu cd cung hffdng tac dgng tich cffc den chat Iffdng thilc tap, nen nhffng giai phap de ra phai cd sff lien quan, bao gdm ca 3 phia: Nha trffdng Sinh vien Doanh nghiep. •
l A I U E H m A M KHAQ
1. Nguyen Van Chinh (2004). Mot sd bien phdp ndng cao chdt lugng dqy hgc thvtc hdnh trong ddo tqo si quan chinh tri cdp phdn dgi, Luan an tien si, Hgc vien Chinh tri Quan sff
2. Nguyen Thi Kim Thoa (2009). Thiic trqng qudn ly thvtc tap tqi TrUdng Dqi hgc Y khoa Pham Nggc Thqch, Luan van thac si, Trffdng Dai hgc Sff pham TP. Hd Chi Minh
3. Jackel, D. (2011). Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Internship Program, Masters Theses &
Specialist Projects, Western Kentucky University
4. Klee, C. R. (2011). Recent school psychology graduates: Apreliminary survey of their internship experience, satisfaction, and support, University at Albany, State University of New York
5. Gault, J., Leach, E., & Duey, M. (2010). Effects of business internships on job marketability:
The employers' perspective, Education + Training, 52(1), 76-88
6. Heng, K. & Ch'ng, Phui Jean & Hung, Wen Rong & Ooi, Xui Chi & Sob, Chien Yin (2012).
Internship satisfaction: a preliminary study on undergraduates from the Faculty of Business and Finance of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Final Year Project, UTAR
Economy and Forecast Review
