KINH TE - PHAP LUAT CHAU AU
NI M I € N TRUr DOI V 6 l THOn THUfiN HAN CH€ CQNH TRANH -
SO SI^NH PHriP LUfiT CflNH TRANH CU VJ^ VICT NRM Nguyen Thj TrSm'
Tom tat: Qua 9 ndm thuc thi Ludt Cgnh tranh 2004 (cd hiiu l\ce tu ngdy 01/7/2005), so vu v/fc thoa thudn hgn che cgnh tranh do Cue Qudn ly Cgnh tranh (Bg Cdng thuong) tiin hdnh thu ly, diiu tra dafig cd xu huang tdng lin. Diiu dd cho thdy nhimg trudng hgp thoa thudn hgn chi cgnh tranh trong thuc te dang cd xu hudng phdt triin dong thdi cQng cho th^su vdo euPc ddy trdch nhi^m ciia ca quan nhd nuac ed thdm quyin. Bdi viit ndy phdn tich so.
sdnh che dfnh mien trie ddi vai thda thudn hgn chi cgnh tranh trong phdp ludt cgnh tranh giica Liiff minh Chdu Au (EU) vd Viet Nam, tir dd rUt ra nhiing kinh nghiim cho Viet Nam trong qu(i trinh xdy dung va hodn thien phdp ludt cgnh tranh.
Tir khda: cgnh tranh, hgn che cgnh tranh, phdp ludt cgnh tranh, Luat Cgnh tranh, Biiu 10} TFEU, EU. Viet Nam
Tuy khdng phdi la noi dau tien tren thi gidi xay dyng phap ludt cgnh tranh, nhung cung vdi Hoa Ky,phdp luat cgnh tranh EU bi?n dupe nhieu qudc gia nghien cuu, hpc hdi bdi tinh hiiu hieu vd nhiing kit qua thuc thi kha quan. So vdi phdp luat cgnh tranh Hoa Ky, phdp luat cgnh tranh chau Au cd nhilu net gin giii vdi Viet Nam' va Viet Nam ciing dd nhdn dugc su hd trg tii EU vl kinh nghi?m xdy dyng vd thye thi phdp ludt
canh tranh . Nghidn cdu kinh nghiem ciia EU sd cung cip nhirng thdng tin hiiu ich cho viec xay dung va hodn thien phdp luat canh tranh Viet Nam
1. Quy dinh v l mien trur trong ph^p luat cgnh tranh Lien minh ChSu Au
Tu Hiep udc thilt Igp Cdng ddng Kinh te Chdu Au nam 1957, thda thugn hgn chS cgnh. Tdi nay, qua nhilu lin thay ddi co ciu td chdc va ca ten ggi, nhiing quy dinh dieu
Hpc vifn Chinh trj Khu vuc II, Tp. Ho Chi Minh
' si lieu tir Ciic Qu^n ly Cgnh tranh - B9 C6ng thuong: NSm 2011 dieu tra tien tl tyng 9 vu vi^c thoa thu|n han chi c^inh tranh, nSm 2012 tSng \in 12 vy vi?c, nam 2013: 12 vy viic. Nguon: Bdo cdo Thuimg nien Cue Quin ly canh tranh nam 2011, 2012, 2013.
' Ching han Dy tn H5 tr? Thirorng m^i Da bien (EU- Vi^t Nam MUTRAP III), trong d6 c6 hpp phSn 5 mang ten "Tang cuang nang l^rc cua cdc ben li^
quan din chinh sach cgnh tranh nhSm bao dam mp' sdn chai binh ddng va cong bSng cho moi doark nghiep. bao vf nguoi tieu ditng thong qua vi$c lk\fc thi Lugt Canh tranh ".
Jttiin trit dJol eSi...
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chinh ve thda thuan ban chi cgnh tranh ciia EU van ludn nhit qudn. Chi dinh phdp ludt dieu chinh thda thuan hgn che canh tranh vd mien trir ddi vdi thda thuan hgn chd canh tranh Id Dieu 101 Hiep dinh vl Hogt dpng ciia Lidn minh Chau Au (thudng dugc ggi la Dilu 101 TFEU)l
/. vi Dieu 101 TFEU
Dieu 101 TFEU gdm 3 khoan: Khodn 1 quy dinh cim tit ca cac thoa thuan, quylt dinh vd cac hogt dpng phdi hop (thudng gpi chung la thda thudn) cd thd anh hudng din thuong mai gifla cdc nude thanh vien vd cd doi tugng hoac tdc ddng ngdn can, hgn chi hodc bdp mdo caiih tranh trong thi trudng npi dja; Khoan 2 quy dinh ve tuyen vd hidu vdi nh&ng thda thuan tren; Khodn 3 quy djnh vl nhiing ndi dung mien trd, theo do nhiing thda thudn, quyet dinh vd cdc hogt dgng trin si dugc mien trie khi chung gdp phdn ndng cao sdn xudt, phdn phdi hdng hod, thiic day tiin bg Id thuat hodc kinh ti, trong khi cho phep nguoi tiiu diing mot su chia se cdng hdng lgi ich kit qud, va khong dugc tgo ra khd ndng hgn che hay logi bd cgnh tranh .
Dilu 101 TFEU (3) neu ra hai ylu td (hai dieu kien) de xet mien trir nhung khdng cd tinh chit lidt kd nhftng dilu kidn cu the, va hai dieu kien nay dua ra cdc tiiu chi de xdc dinh mien tru. Nhiing tieu chi nay Id
khung phdp ly de cac co quan cd thdm quyen cua EU xem xet mudn hinh vgn trgng cac thda thuan ban chi canh tranh. Cdc thda thudn han che canh tranh co thd co du cdc muc dich hudng tdi va dii dgng ket qua khdc nhau, chi cdn thda man hai dieu ki?n trdn la se dugc mien tru.
2. Vi dp dung Biiu 101 TFEU Trong Bdn hudng dan ap dyng Dieu 101 TFEU , Uy ban Chau Au da dua ra nhimg nguyen tac co bdn, nhiing dieu kien ndi dung cy the vd cdch thiic dp dung Dilu 101 TFEU nham xem xet cac thda thuan hpp tdc giiia cac ddi thii canh tranh.
Ddnh gid cdc thda thudn, quyit dinh vd ede hogt dgng hgp tdc (ggi chung la thda thugn) theo Diiu 101 TFEU
Xem xet cac thda thudn hgp tac giua cac ddi thu canh tranh gdm hai budc: Buoc thic nhdt: Xem xet thda thugn do cd han che canh tranh theo nghia ciia Dieu 101 TFEU hay khdng; Buac thu hai, neu cdu tra loi Id cd, can xac dinh nhung hieu qua tich cue ma thda thudn do mang lgi vd danh gid lieu nhiing hidu qua tich cyc dd cd Idn hon nhiing tdc ddng han che canh tranh tren hay khdng.
Viec mien tru chi dugc dp dyng khi da xdc dinh chinh xac day la thda thudn hgn chi
^ Dilu 85 TEEC roi Dieu 81 TEC tnr6c day.
' The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Article 101.
EU Commission, (2011), Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, http://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:
C:2011:011:0001:01:EN:HTM1.
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NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N " ! (1721.2015canh tranh. Ti le giiia hieu qua tich cyc va tdc dyng hgn chi canh tranh dupe xem xet trong khudn khd quy dinh" ciia Dieu 101 TFEU (3). Uy ban Chdu Au cung ddn lai mot quylt dinh ciia Tda dn Chau Au cho rang, viec xdc dinh hieu qua tich cue va tac dpng han chd cgnh tranh phai dupe xem xet ttong khudn khd chinh xdc cua Dieu 101 (3) nen viec mien tru hay khdng dua trdn vide can do dong d i m d l xem xet ti 1? giiia hai yeu td co bdn nay^ Ndu nhiing tac ddng tich cyc khdng Idn hon tac ddng han che canh Uanh, se dp dung theo Khodn 2 vd thda thuan nay se bi coi Id tu ddng vd hidu .
Quy dinh vi xem xet miin trie (Dieu 101, TFEU, khodn 3)
Cac thda thuan hgn che canh tranh thudc phgm vi dilu chinh cua Dieu 101 TFEU (1), theo quan diem ctia EU, deu phdi bi cdm nen thye hien thda thudn han che cgnh tranh Id vi phgm phap luat. Khi do mien tru theo Dieu 101 TFEU (3) cd the xem nhu la mpt dudng thoat cho cac bdn vi pham. Hudng dan cu thi hon ve mien tru, Uy ban Chdu Au quy dinh:
viec ap dung Dieu 101 TFEU (3) tiiy thupc vdo bdn dieu kien tich liiy, hai tich cyc va hai tieu cyc . Thic nhdt, Thda thugn nay phdi mang den nhihig hieu qua tich cue, nhu la gdp phan nang cao san xuat, phan phdi sdn pham hodc gdp phdn thiic ddy nhirng tien bd
kl thuat, tiln bd kinh te; Thic hai, ngudi tieu dimg (bao gdm ca cac khach hang tiem nang va thye t l cua cac ben tham gia thda thugn) phdi dugc chia se nhiing loi ich thu dugc mgt cdch cdng bing. Uy ban cho ring nhung hi^u qud tich cue t u thoa thugn do phdi dupe chuyin giao d i y dii cho ngudi tieu dimg de it nhit la bdi thudng cho nhiing tac ddng tieu cyc ma thda thugn han che canh tranh mang lgi. Hieu qua tich cyc dat dugc (thda man y l u td thii nhit) la yeu td cdn, nhung chi c6 ich cho cac ben thda thudn thi khong dii;
Thic ba, nhiing dieu khoan ve han che trong thda thudn phdi la nhiing dieu khodn can thilt, khdng the thieu dugc de dat dugc nhiing hieu qua tich cyc trdn; Thic tu, thoa thudn phai khdng logi bd cgnh tranh tren thj trudng lien quan.
Cdc ben vi pham mudn dugc hudng mien tru thi cdc chiing cu chung minh hi?u qud tich cue ma thda thugn nay mang lai phai dugc gui den co quan cd tham quyin de xem xet cdc dieu kien cin vd du nhu tren, cdn nhac lgi ich vd tdc hai rdi ra quylt dinh cudi cung xem cd dugc dp dung miln trir hay khong.
Trong vu viec xet x u Hiep hpi Phat trien ngdnh cdng nghidp Thit bd (BIDS) (Ireland)^, Tda an Chdu Au dd xem xet lieu cd t h i dp dung D i l u 81 (3) TEC (nay la dilu
* M^t s i tai li^u nghiln ciiu gpi day I i "nguyfin t i c ti W'.
* EU Commission, (tldd), Doan 20.
' EU Commission, (tldd). Do^n 48.
The Competition Authority -v- Beef Industry Development Society Ltd and Barry Brothers (Carrigmore) Meats Ltd (Case C-209/07)
Mien MJCitol oM...
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101 (3) TFEU) cho bi dan hay khdng dua tren co sd danh gid bdn dieu kien mien tru tren. Vdo nam 2002, cdc thdnh vidn ciia BIDS da sdn xudt khoang 93% thit bd ban tai Ireland. BIDS da xay dyng mdt ke hogch sdp xIp lgi ngdnh cdng nghiep thit bd cua Ireland de giam san lugng san xuat (da tang tdi 25%
trong vdng mpt nam) nham tranh khung hoang thda. Vdi myc dich do, BIDS dua ra mdt su sap xep nhu sau: Mdt sd thdnh vien ciia BIDS (gpi la 'goers') cam ket rdi khdi nganh cdng nghidp che bien, tgm ngimg hoat dpng cac nha may chd bien cua hp trong mdt thdi gian, khdng dugc su dung dat gan vdi nha may ngimg boat ddng cho muc dich che bien thft bd trong thdi gian 5 ndm vd chi bdn cac thiet bi dugc sd dyng de che bidn thit bd d Ireland nhu la phu tung thay the, neu khdng chi bdn ben ngoai Ireland. Ngugc lai hp se dugc bdi thudng tidn. Sd tien nay dugc cac thanh vien d lai ('stayers') tai trg vd do BIDS tinh toan cy thi. Ngdy 30 thang 6 nam 2003 Co quan Qudn ly Cgnh tranh Ireland da dua vy viec ra Tda an, ydu cau tuyen bd thda thugn ciia BIDS la thda thugn hgn che canh tranli, vi pham Dilu 81 TEC. Vu viec dupe xet xu tir nam 2006 ddn nam 2010 qua nhilu cip Tda dn. Bj don cho rdng minh dugc hudng mien trir theo Dilu 81(3) TEC. Thim phan da danh gia' nhu sau:
- Dieu kien ddu tiin cua Diiu 81(3) TEC da dgt dupe, vi thda thudn da mang lai lgi ich kinh tl khi gdp phan xu ly khung hodng thua nen ddp ung dieu kien "gdp phdn ndng cao sdn xudt, phdn phdi hang hod, gdp phan thiic day tien bd ki thuat hodc kinh te".
- Bing chung khdng du dl chung minh rang diiu kiin thu hai - lai ich ddnh cho nguai tiiu diing - dugc dap ung. "... Ld can thiet de biet chinh xdc hieu qua dupe tao ra bdi chuong trinh ndy dat dupe den muc ndo vi neu khdng thi khdng the biet, hoac thdm chi khdng the ddnh gia xem chuong trinh ndy cd "cdng bang" cho ngudi tidu diing hay khdng". "Cu thi la BIDS dd thit bai yong vide chiing minh ngudi tieu dung sd cd dugc mdt "chia se cdng bang lgi ich thu dugc tu vide sap xep cda BIDS chinh xdc nhu the nao".
- Dieu kien thic ba dd dap dng - do Id trong thda thuan cua BIDS cd quy dinh nhiing ban che vd nhiing hgn chd dd Id khdng the thieu de dat dugc cac muc tieu.
- Diiu kiin thii tu ciing ddp dng - "Co quan Qudn ly Canh tranh khdng cao budc hoac cho rang sy sdp xep se du kha nang logi bd cgnh tranh ddi vdi mdt phin ddng ke cac sdn pham trong vy viec". Ching hgn, "ddi thu canh tranh tiem nang cd the gia nhap thi trudng bang each mua cdc nha may chi biln
' Xem Ban 4n cua T6a Tii cao Ireland ban hanh n^iy
03/11/2009, nguIn: a80256ef30048ca52/31F1360097AB4F60802576630 http://www.courts.ie/Judgments.nsfl'597645521f07ac9 03A6AF0?opendocument
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NGHIEN CCU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° 1 (172).2015khdc (tii stayers hoac nhiing ngudi khdng phdi la thdnh vien cua BIDS)" - do dd thda thudn ciia BIDS khdng cd kha nang logi bd canh tranh tren thi trudng lien quan.
Nhu vay, khi Tda dn xet xu lai vy viec theo don khdng cao, nlu BIDS cd du chiing cu chung minh rang thda thudn hgn che canh tranh ciia minh dem lgi vd chia se lgi ich mot cdch cdng bang cho ngudi tieu dung, BIDS se dugc hudng miln tru.
Ben cgnh nhung quy dinh ve bdn dieu kien de hudng mien trd tren, Uy ban Chau Au quy djnh nhiing mien trd danh rieng cho mpt sd thda thudn han che cgnh tranh, chang han cdc thda thugn ngang ve hgp tac nghien cuu va phdt trien'°. EU cho rang nhiing thda thuan hgp tac nay tgo dieu kien cho cdc ben cd the ket hgp vd bd sung cho nhau cac kT ndng vd tao tien de co sd vat chat can thiet, la ngudn gdc dem lgi nhiing hieu qua tich cyc dang ke Uong cdc thda thudn nghien ciiu, phat tridn vd chuyen mdn hda. Mdt thda thudn nghien cuu va phdt trien cd the mang cac khd ndng nghien ciiu khdc nhau lgi 1dm viec cimg vdi nhau, tu do cho phep cdc ben tham gia sdn xuat san phim tdt hon vdi gia re hon va rut ngan thdi gian cho cac san
Vi du nhu cac quy djnh ve mien tru vcri cac thoa thu§n chuyen giao cong ngh^ dugc EU ban hanh. Quy djnh m(5i - The Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (TTBER) - Commission Regulation EU No. 316/2014 - c6 hi?u luc tir ngay 01/5/2014 din nam 2026.
phim tilp can thi trudng. Mdt thda thugn san xuit cd the cho phep cac ben dgt den mdi quy md kinh te Idn hon md mdt mmh hp khdng thi ndo dgt dugc. Trong khi dd, nhiing thda thugn hgp tac giiia cdc ddi thii canh Uanh khdng lien quan din sy ket hgp cac ki nang hodc bd sung co sd vat chat it co kha ndng dan den tang hieu qua cd lgi cho nguoi tieu dimg. Thda thudn nhu vgy cd thd lam giam su trung lap cOa chi phi nhat dinh. Vi dy: mdt chi phi cd dinh nao do cd thd dupe loai bd, tuy nhien, tiet kidm chi phi nay it c6 kha nang dan den lgi ich cho ngudi tieu dimg nen cd the khdng dat dugc miln tru. Phan tich ndy nhan mgnh mpt lan niia rang: hi^u qud tich eire do thda thugn mang lgi md chi cd ich cho cdc bin thda thudn thi khong 3u di huang mien trie.
Nhin chung, cdc quy djnh vl miln trii Uong phap luat cgnh tranh EU neu ra nhthig tieu chi co ban dd xac dinh dilu kien hudng mien trir. Thdng qua cdc tieu chi do cd the thay rang ddi tugng ma phap luat cgnh tranh EU mudn bao ve chinh la "cgnh tranh", v6i tu each la mdt quy luat ciia kinh tl thj trudng. Mac dii cac thda thugn cd thi dem l?i hieu qua tich cyc cho cac ben, cd thd chia s4 lgi ich cho ngudi tieu dimg, nhung chi can chiing dem lai co hpi loai bd cgnh tranh tren thi trudng, chung ciing se khdng dupe hudng miln tru. Bon dilu ki?n tich liiy, hai tich cue va hai tidu cyc tren khdng nhiing phdi dupe xem xet ki luong timg dilu kien ma cdn phai
Jftiin IrvCitol o^...
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dugc danh gia cung vdi nhau de cho ra mdt kit ludn cudi cimg.
2. Quy dinh mien tru trong phap lu^t canh tranh Viet Nam
Phap lugt vl kiem soat hdnh vi hgn che canh tranh cua Viet Nam quy dinh midn tni vdi cac thda thudn hgn che canh tranh bi cam vd mien tni ddi vdi tgp trung kinh td bi cim". Ddi vdi thoa thugn han che canh tranh hi cim dugc mien tru cd thdi ban ndu ddp ling mdt trong cac dieu kien sau day nham ha gid thanh, cd lgi cho ngudi tieu dimg: Hgp ly hoa CO ciu td chdc, md hinh kinh doanh, nang cao hieu qud kinh doanh; Thuc ddy tien bd kT thuat, cdng nghe, nang cao chit lugng hdng hod, djch vu; Thiic diy viec ap dyng thdng nhit cac tieu chuan chat lugng, dinh muc kl thuat cua chiing logi sdn phim;
Thong nhit cdc dilu kidn kinh doanh, giao hdng, thanh todn nhung khdng lien quan den gia va cdc ylu td cua gia; Tang cudng sue cgnh tranh cua doanh nghiep nhd va vua;
Tdng cudng sue canh tranh cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam tren thi trudng qudc tl'^
Quy dinh ih dugc midn tru bao gdm hai dilu kien: Thic nhdt, dap ung mpt trong sau dilu kidn cu thi ludt dinh; Thic hai, phai dat dugc myc dich cudi cimg la hg gia thanh, cd
lgi cho ngudi tieu dung. Nhu vay mudn hudng mien trd, doanh nghiep phdi dap irng it nhit Id mdt trong sau dilu kien tren va ha gia thdnh, cd lgi cho ngudi tieu dung. Neu khdng hudng tdi muc dich ndy, dii doanh nghiep cd dua ra bao nhieu minh chdng cho sy can thiet phdi thda thudn hgn che cgnh tranh thi ciing khdng dii dieu kien hudng midn tru.
Hanh vi thda thudn hgn chd cgnh ttanh, theo quy dinh ciia phap luat canh tranh Viet Nam, can phai kiim sodt, bdi vi day la nhiing
"hanh vi cOa doanh nghiep lam giam, sai lech, can trd canh tranh tren thi trudng"'^, dem lai nhiing tac hai cho nen kinh te, xdm phgm din lgi ich ciia Nha nude, lgi ich cdng cpng, quyen va lgi ich hpp phap ciia doanh nghiep, cua ngudi tieu dimg, nhiing ddi tugng bdo ve cua phap ludt cgnh tranh Viet Nam'''. Do Luat Canh tranh 2004 va cac van ban hudng dan thi hanh ciing khdng hudng dan hay gidi thich ro hon, chung tdi thdng qua nhiing quy dinh cu the de tim kiem nhung ly giai ve co sd dugc hudng mien tru cua nhiing thda thudn hgn che canh tranh bi cam. Qua quy dinh cua phdp luat, nhiing co sd de xem xet mien tru, do la:
Thu nhdt, can cu vao muc dich ma cdc ben tham gia thda thudn hudng tdi. Khi cdc ben tham gia thda thugn han che cgnh tranh
" Ph4p luat vl ki£m soil hinh vi han che canh tranh bao gIm ba n^i dung: Thoa thu^ h?in ch6 canh tranh;
L^m dyng vi tr( thing ITnh thj truimg, l^m dyng vi tri d ^ quyin; vi T§p trung kinh te.
'^ Dieu 10, Lu§t Caih tranh 2004.
^ Khoan 3, Dieu 3, Luat Canh tranh 2004.
* Dilu 4, Luat Canh tranh 2004,
52 NGHIEN CCrU C H A U AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° l (172].201S
khdng hudng tdi muc tieu thu lgi bat chinh tu thda thudn, ma thda thuan han che canh yanh chi la mdt phuong thuc qua dd giup cho cac ben cd kha nang hpp ly hod co ciu td chuc, md hinh kinh doanh, nang cao hieu qua kinh doanh, thiic ddy tien bp kT thuat, cdng nghe, nang cao chat lugng hang hoa, dich vy, thuc day viec dp dung thdng nhdt cac tieu chuin... de ha gia thanh, dem lai lgi ich cho ngudi tieu diing thi cac ben cd the nop don len co quan nha nude cd tham quyen xin mien trd cd thdi hgn.
Thie hai, (tuy khdng neu ro, nhung cd the suy ra rdng): co sd de dugc hudng mien trd do la thda thuan han che canh tranh nay cd the lam giam, han che, tham chi lam sai lech canh tranh nhung bu lai cd tac dung gidm gia thanh, dem lgi lgi ich cho ngudi tieu dung, vd co quan cd tham quyen xet duyet se can nhdc, danh gia neu tac dung tich cyc md chiing mang lai nhieu han tac hgi hgn che canh ttanh thi xet cho hudng mien trir.
Lap luan nay cd the dugc ciing cd khi xem xet dieu kien khi cdc ben tham gia thda thuan nham "tang cudng sue cgnh tranh ciia doanh nghiep nhd vd vda". Nhd nude da cho rang viec cdc doanh nghiep nay thda thuan ban che cgnh tranh la cdn thiet de tang cudng sue canh tranh ma khi ty mdt minh doanh nghiep da khdng the cd dugc, mien tru cho doanh nghiep vda vd nhd la tgo dieu kien cho doanh nghiep nhd tham gia vao thi trudng, tang cudng sue canh tranh de cac doanh nghiep nay tdn tgi. Thi trudng cang nhilu chu the
tham gia thi canh tranh cang sdi ddng, cang han chd dugc tinh trgng ddc quyen hay doc quyen nhdm la nhiing hanh vi nguy hiem vi de pha vd cau tnic cua thi trudng, bdp meo quy ludt cung cdu, lam bien dgng thuong mai, gay thiet hgi cho ngudi tidu dung va cho nen kinh td. Da la thda thudn han che CEmh tranh duong nhien gay hai d chS cdc th6a thugn nay han che cgnh tranh ty do - vdn t6n tai nhu mdt quy luat cua kinh te thi trudng, nhung xet d khia cgnh khac chiing lai cSn thiet cho nen kinh te. Vi the, can nhdc giua lgi ich nhilu hon tdc hgi, thda thugn cd thS dugc mien trd.
Theo quy dinh ve thu tuc thye hidn ok trudng hgp mien tru, chiing minh minh ii cdc dieu kien mien tru Id trach nhiem ciia cae bdn tham gia thda thugn cd don xin mien trii va quyet dinh cho hudng midn tru la trach nhiem cua co quan nha nude dupe giao thSm quyen. Ddi vdi thda thuan han che canh tranh, Bp trudng Bp Thuong mai cd tham quyen quyet dinh xem xet'^. Xudt phat tu quan diem khdng qua nghiem khic vdi th6a thuan han chd canh tranh (chi kiem soat cM khdng cam), phap luat cgnh tranh Vidt Nam chi quy dinh khdng hudng midn trd ddi vdi ba logi thda thugn hgn che canh tranh," con
" Muc 4, Chuong II, LuSt Canh tranh 2004 - T h u ^ thuc hi^n cac truong hop mien trii.
'^ D6 la: Thoa tiiuan ngan can, kim hSm, khong # doanh nghi?p khac tham gia thj truimg hojc phat trien kinh doanh; Thoa thuan loai bo khoi thi truimg nhiJng doanh nghiep khong phai \i cac ben cua thoa thu^;
Thong d i n g &k m^t hoSc cac bfin cua thoa thuSn thing
Mien tfia ^JOL tfM...
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ndm loai cdn lai cd the xin hudng midn tru CO thdi hgn, ngay ca thda thugn in dinh gia bi nhieu nude xep vao dgng thda thugn han che cgnh tranh dgc biet nghiem trpng (hard- core cartel), hi cam tuyet ddi thi phdp luat Viet Nam van quy dinh cho hudng mien trd . Tuy nhien, hi^n van chua cd vy viec thda thugn hgn che cgnh tranh nao dupe hudng mien tru tai Viet Nam'^
3. Mpt so kinh nghiem cho Vi^t Nam tir so sanh phap luat canh tranh EU
Thu nhdt, quy dinh ciia phdp ludt canh tranh Viet Nam vd miln trd thogt nhin cd ve cd nhieu didm tuong ddng vdi phdp ludt canh tranh EU, chang hgn quy dinh cdc thda thuan hgn chi canh tranh dugc miln trd khi cac thda thudn do gdp phan nang cao san xudt, phan phdi hdng hod, thuc ddy tiln bd kT thuat hodc kinh te, trong khi cho phep ngudi tieu
thau trong viec cung cSp hang hoa, cung ling dich vu.
" Y)6 la: Thoa thuan an dinh gia hang hod, djch vu mpt each bye tiep hoSc gian tiep; Thoa thuan phan chia thj truong tifiu thy, nguIn cung cSp hang hoa, cung ling djch vu; Thoa thului h^n che ho^c kiem so^t so luong, khii lupng san xudt, mua, ban hang hoa, djch vu;
Thoi thu§n h^n c h i phat triSn kj* thuSt, cong nghe, h^n che d^u tu; Thod thu|Ln dp dat cho doanh nghiep khac dieu ki$n k^ kit h^rp d i n g mua, bin hang hoa, djch vy ho$c bu^c doanh nghidp khac chap nhan cac nghTa vu khdng lien quan true tiep den doi tuong ciia h^p dong.
'* Day la ly do vi sao chiing toi khong so sanh cdc lo^i th6a thi4n h^n che C£inh tranh dugc mien trii cua phap lupt Vi^t Nam vdi phap lu|it cpnh tranh EU. Chung toi chi tSp trung phSn tfch cac dieu kien mien trir.
" Theo cac Bao cao thudmg nien ciia Cue Quan 1^
C p h tranh d^n nam 2013.
diing chia se mdt each cdng bang cdc ket qua lgi ich... tuong ddng vdi mdt sd dieu kien de hudng midn trd ma Dilu 10 Ludt Canh tranh 2004 da neu.
Tuy nhien, khi xem xet sau hon cd the thay khdc biet nhidu hon bin tuong ddng.
Hai dieu kien de EU xem xet midn tru la:
Cdc thda thugn do phdi gdp phdn ndng cao sdn xuat, phdn phdi hang hod, thuc day tien bd kT thuat hoac kinh tl, ddng thdi chia se Ipi ich cho ngudi tieu dimg; vd Khdng dugc tgo ra kha nang hgn che hay loai bd canh tranh.
Tuy cung neu ra hai ylu td (hai dilu kien) dl xet miln tni nhu phap luat Viet Nam, nhung hai dieu kien nay la hai dieu kien mang tinh
"khung", theo kieu neu tieu chi dl xac dinh nhu da phan tich d tren. Day la each xdy dung phdp luat theo ket cau md trong khi do phdp ludt Viet Nam lai chpn each kit ciu khep kin, nghia la liet ke sau dilu kien, nlu dap ling mpt trong sau dieu kien vd cd muc dich ha gia thanh, cd lgi cho ngudi tieu diing thi cd the xin hudng mien tru. Cdch ket cdu ciia phdp luat Viet Nam tuy cd uu thi la ro rdng vd cu the nhung nhupc dilm chinh la khd ndng bd sdt nhiing trudng hgp thda thugn han chd canh tranh cd the "hg gid thdnh, cd lgi cho ngudi tieu dung" nhung khdng chiing minh dugc la thudc mpt trong sdu dieu kien xac dinh tren. Cach xdy dung phap luat theo kieu liet ke ndy cung se lam cho chi dinh miln tni trong phap luat cgnh tranh Viet Nam kem linh hoat va dd bi tut
54 NGHIEN CCrU C H A U AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° l {172).2015
hdu so vdi thye tl canh ttanh vdn cd ban chat sdi ddng va bien ddng khdng ngimg.
Thie hai, dilu kien phai "ha gia thanh", phdp luat Viet Nam dgt ra cd thi se la dieu kien khdng co tmh thuc tidn cao bdi le khdng phai mpi thda thugn cd ddn den ha gia la tdt, chdng han nhiing thda thugn hgp tac nghien cdu lam cho chdt lugng san pham tdt len trong khi gia thdnh khdng ddi ciing cd Ipi ich tich cyc khdng kem.
Ydu td "ha gia thann, cd Igi cho ngudi tieu dimg" Id mot ttong hai dieu kien chinh phap luat cgnh ttanh Viet Nam dua ra de xem xet miln trd. Quy dinh nay thdng nhat vdi quy dinh vl ddi tugng ma phdp luat canh tranh Viet Nam bao ve, do la lgi ich cua Nhd nude, lgi ich cdng cdng, quyen va lgi ich hgp phdp cua doanh nghiep, cua ngudi tieu dung.
Cdc doanh nghiep dugq tu do canh ttarih ttong khudn khd phdp ludt nhung khdng dupe xdm phgm tdi cac lgi ich nay^ . Trong khi dd, phap luat cua EU cung de cao yeu td
"chia se lgi ich cho ngudi tieu dimg" nhung phai kem vdi dieu kien thda thuan dd phdi khdng tao dieu kien cho cdc ben loai bd canh ttanh tten thi trudng, chiing to ddi tupng ma hp bao ve chinh la cgnh ttanh tten thi trudng.
Trong nen kinh td thi trudng, bao ve dugc canh ttanh cdng bang thi khdng nhung mang lai lgi ich cho nhd nude, cho ngudi tieu dung, cho cac doanh nghiep khac md con
mang lai lgi ich cho nen kinh te ndi chung.
Cd thd thiy ring day ciing la mdt npi dung phap ludt Viet Nam xay dyng theo each liSt ke cu thi ma khdng di theo hudng quy djnh khai qudt.
Thie ba, nlu xet cho den cimg, nha nuoc xay dyng phdp luat canh ttanh, dii Id cam hay la kiem soat thda thugn hgn chd canh ttanh, ciing bdi vi nha nude nhin thdy nhiing tac hgi cua chiing, dd la lam giam, lam sai lech hay can trd cgnh ttanh tten thi trudng^ , lam cho cgnh ttanh tten thi trudng bi bien ddi dan theo nhung tac hai khdc nhu la: pha vd ciu tnic thi trudng, gay thiet hai cho ngudi tieu dung, gay hgi cho nen kinh te. Vi nhiing tdc hai dd, mac du thda thuan la mpt tinh chat trong nguyen tac ty do khe udc nhung nhd nude budc phai khep cdc thoa thuan giiia cac ddi thu canh ttanh vao khudn khd phap luat va cd bien phdp xd ly ddi vdi cac thda thudn han che cgnh tranh . Xuat phdt tu do, du mien tru ddi vdi thda thuan han che canh ttanh Id nhung trudng hgp dac biet, do mdt sy cin thilt nao do ma nhd nude cho phep mien tru, nhung ciing khdng nen vugt ra khdi co sd ly luan Id nIn tang xay dung nen nhiing quy dinh phap luat vd kiem soat thda thudn hgn chi canh tranh. Cho nen nhung thda thudn hgn chi canh ttanh, du co
"Hgp ly hod co cau td chdc, md hinh kinh
Dieu 4, Lu^t C ^ tranh 2004.
^' Khoan 3, Diau 3 Lu§t Canh tranh 2004.
^^ Xu ly bang bi^n phap hanh chinh, dSn sir hay hhih su tiiy thuOc quan diem cua m6i n h i nu6c.
Mien teuCitoi itM...
55
doanh, ndng cao hidu qua kinh doanh nhdm hg gia thanh, cd lgi cho ngudi tieu dung" ddn muc nao dl nua, nhung lgi cd kha nang loai bd canh tranh tten thi trudng thi "lgi bit cap hgi", lgi ich trudc mdt cd thi khdng bu lgi dugc tac hgi vd Idu dai cila nd. Chinh vi thd, nen chang sua ddi, bd sung quy dinh ve mien tru, theo do "khdng logi bd canh tranh" phdi la tieu chi quan ttong de xem xet cd midn trir hay khdng. Kinh nghiem tu EU cho thiy rang bdo vd dugc cgnh ttanh se dem lgi lgi ich cho ngudi tieu dung vd cho nIn kinh tl.
Cd the ndi, mien tru la mdt che dinh dgc biet quy dinh mien trach nhiem phap ly cho cac vi phgm phdp luat. Mien trd Id "ngoai le"
bdi vi theo quy dinh cua phdp luat, da vi pham phdp luat thi phdi ganh chiu ttach nhiem phap ly tuong dng, nhung vdi cac ttudng hgp mien tru, nha nude vdn cho phep hdnh vi vdn bi cam cd the dugc tiep tuc thye hidn, khdng dp dung cac bien phap phap ly de xu ly vd cdng khdng dp dung che tdi ddi vdi cac chu the vi pham phap lugt . Chinh vi tinh chat dgc biet nay nen nhiing quy dinh phap luat ve mien tru deu can phdi that sy chat che va can phai dugc hudng din cu thd dd thi hdnh diing. Ngoai ra, khi xdy dung phdp luat, van bdn ludt cdn lya chpn theo ket cau dinh khung, sau dd ban hanh cac van bdn hudng dan thi hdnh cd tinh
^ VI dy Dilu 10 Lu§t Canh franh 2005 quy dinh vg Trudng hep mien tru doi v&i thoa thugn hgn che cgnh tranh bi cdm hay Dilu 19. Trudng hpp mten trie doi vai tap trung kinh te bi cdm.
cu the, liet ke thi se lam cho phdp luat mang tinh khai quat cao ma vide thi hdnh phap luat van de dang, thuan lgi, td do Idm cho phap ludt cd tinh toan dien, khd thi, it Igc hau, ddc biet phu hpp ttong viec xay dyng phap ludt canh ttanh.
Tai lieu tham khao A. Tai lieu tiing Viet
1. Bp Cdng thuang, (2009), SS tay Hdnh vi hgn chi cgnh tranh - Mgt sS vu viie dien hinh ciia Chdu Au, Dy an Hd trg Thuong mai da bien III do Bp Cdng thuong phdi hgp cung Lien minh Chau Au thuc hien.
2. Cyc Qudn ly Cgnh tranh, Bdo cdo Thuang niin hogt dgng Cue Qudn ly Cgnh rra«/i, cac nam 2011, 2012, 2013.
3. Cue Quan ly Canh tranh, (2012), Bdo cdo rd sodt cdc quy dinh ciia Ludt Cgnh tranh Viet Nam.
4. Nguyen Vdn Cuong, (2006), Tieu chi ddnh gid tinh cgnh tranh bdt hgp phdp ciia mgt so nuoc vd mgt sd binh ludn vi Lugt Cgnh tranh ciia Viet Nam, Nxb. Tu phap. Ha Ndi.
5. Tai lieu hpi thao "Phdp lugt diiu chinh hdnh vi hgn chi cgnh tranh: Kinh nghiim EU vd bdi hoc cho Viet Nam " thupc Chien dich truyen thdng vl cac hanh vi han che canh ttanh Ho ttg Thuang mai Da bien (EU-VN MUTRAP III) phdi hgp vdi Phong Thuang mai va Cdng nghiep Viet Nam (VCCI) td chuc thang 9 nam 2008.
56
NGHIEN CCru CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N ° l {172).201S6. Tai lieu hdi thao "5 ndm thue thi phdp ludt cgnh tranh trong kiem sodt hdnh vi hgn chi cgnh tranh a Viet Nam" do Hdi ddng Canh ttanh Viet Nara (VCC) va Du an hd ttg thuang mai da bien giai doan III (EU - Viet Nam MUTRAP III), td chdc thdng 1 nam 2011.
7. Le Danh Vmh/ Hoang Xuan Bdc/
Nguyen Ngpc Son (2006), Phdp lugt cgnh tranh tgi Viet Nam, NXB Tu phdp. Ha Npi.
B. Tdi lieu tieng Anh
1. Alan Riley (2010), The Modernisation of EU Anti-Cartel Enforcement: Will the Commission Grasp the Opportunity? CEPS Special ReporVJanuary 2010 - Centte For European Policy Studies.
2. Eleanor M. Fox (1997), US and EU competition law: a comparision (chapater 10 in Global Competition Policy Editors:
Edward M.Graham and J. David Richardson), Institute For International Economics (US);
3. EU: Communication from the Commission - Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, 2011/C 11/01, http://eur- lex .europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUri Serv. do?uri
=OJ:C:2011:011:0001:01:EN:HTML
4. EU: The Council of The European Union - Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, http://eur- lex.europa.eu/IegaI-
content/EN/ALL/?uri-CBLEX:32003R0001 5. EU: Guidelines on the applicability of Article 81 of the EC Treaty to horizont&l cooperation agreements (2001/C 3/02), http://eur-
lex. europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri
=CELEX:32001Y0106(01):EN:HTML 6. Ingeborg Simonsson, (2010), Legitimacy in EU Cartel Control, Hart Publishing, USA.
7. Mark Furse & Susan Nash, (2004), The Cartel Offense, Hart Publishing, Oregon, USA.
8. Organisation for economic co- operation and development (OECD)- OECD Competition Committee, (2008), Hard Core Cartels Recent progress and challenges- ahead.
9. The National Anti-Corruption Fonmi (NACF), (2008), Report on proceedings df The Third Anti-Corruption Summit^
http ://www. nacf.org.za/anti-corruption- summits/thirdsummit/UnitedNationsRepor^
_summit3_Chapter7.pdf
