THBCTItN-MNHNCMEM
VEAP DUNG MVC LAI SUAT TRAN CHO HOP DONG VAY TiN DUNG
DO VAN DAI*
Tir viec phan tich quy dinh cua Bo luat Dan sy nam 2015 ve tran lai su^t cho vay dii vol hgp dong vay tai san, tac gia cho rang m ^ lai suat nay phai diiyc ^p dung cho ca hgp dong tin d^ng. Thyc ti, nhieu trudng hyp Toa an chap nhan muc lai suat thoa thuan trong hyp dong tin dung cao htm quy dinh la khdng dung quy dinh cua phap lu^t
Tir khoa: Ldi sudt trdn; hgp dong vay tdi sdn; hgp dong vay tin dung.
Nhgn bdi: 21/9/2018; bien tap xong: 05/10/2018; duyet bdi: 12/11/2018.
Thyc ra, tir rdt Idu, cdc nha lap phap Viet Nam da dua ra quy dinh gidi ban miic lai sudt md cdc ben thda thuan. Chang ban, theo Dieu 587 Bd ludt Hdng Due: "Cho vay ng hay cdm dd dac mdi thang dugc an ldi 15 tien kem mdi quan. Dil lau bao nhieu nam ciing khdng dugc tinh qua mot gdc mpt ldi; trdi ludt thi xu biem mdt tu, ma mat tien ldi. Neu tinh gdm ldi vao 1dm gdc, rdi bat lam van tu khac, thi xir tdi nang ban mpt bdc". Tuang tu, theo Dieu 638 Bd ludt Hdng Diic: "Cac quan cai quan quan ddn vd nhd quyen the ddi mugn ciia cdi, do dac ciia ddn trong hat thi xii vdo tdi 1dm cdng phdp luat va phai hoan lai mpi thii dd cho chu.
Niu dem ciia cdi, dd dac cho ddn vay md tinh gia cao hay ldi nang thi cung xii tdi nhu tren. Tich bien sung cdng nhiing ciia cai, do dac ay"
Phap ludt duang dai ciing dua ra mirc lai suat tran cho hgp ddng vay va viec nay dugc the hien trong Bd ludt Dan sy (BLDS). Cy thi, khoan 1 Diiu 473 BLDS nam 1995 va khodn 1 Diiu 476 BLDS nam 2005 lan lugt quy dinh: "Lai sudt vay do cdc ben thoa thuan nhung khdng dugc vugt qua 50% cua lai sudt cao nhdt do Ngan hang nhd nude quy dinh ddi vdi loai cho vay tuong img" va "lai sudt vay do cdc ben thda thuan nhung khdng dugc vugt qua 150% cua lai suat co bdn do Ngdn hang nhd nude cdng bd ddi vdi loai cho vay tuong
* Pho Giao su, Tien si, Tnmng khoa Lu$t dan sg, Truing Dai hpc Luat thanh pho Hd Chi Minh, thanh vien Hoi ddng tw vSn an le Toa an nhan dan toi cao, Hda giai vien, Trong tai vien. Pho ChO tich Hoi ddng khoa hoc Trung tam trong tai qudc t4 Viet Nam (VIAC).
I Tap chi
3 6 I KIEM SAT_ / S o 16(thang 8^2019)
THITC TIEN - KINH NCHIEM ling". Bd ludt Ddn sy nam 2015 ke thira
quy dinh tren, bdng viec quy dinh tai khoan 1 Diiu 468: "Trudng hgp cac ben cd tiida thuan v i lai suit thi lai sudt theo thda thuan khdng dugc vugt qua 20%/nam ciia khoan tien vay, trii trudng hgp luat khac cd lien quan quy dinh khdc. Can cii tinh binh thyc t i vd theo d i xudt cua Chinh phu, Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hgi quyet dinh dieu chinh miic lai sudt ndi tren va bdo cdo Qudc hpi tai ky hpp gdn nhat". So vdi cdc Bd ludt trudc, BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh ro ban ve kha nang dp dyng miic lai suat trdn cho ca nghia vy trd tien khdng phdt sinh tir hgp ding vay, vi khoan 2 Dieu 357 BLDS ve trach nhiem do chdm thyc hien nghia vu tra tien (ap dung cho nghia vu trd tien ndi chung nen cd the ap dung cho nghla vu trd tien khdng phdt sinh tir hgp ddng vay nhu nghia vu trd tien phdt sinh tir hgp ddng mua ban, hgp ddng thue tdi san hay hgp ddng dich vu) cd quy dinh: "Lai suat phat sinh do cham trd tien dugc xac dmh theo thda thuan cua cac ben nhung khdng dugc vugt qua miic ldi sudt quy dinh tai khodn 1 Dieu 468 ciia Bd ludt nay"'.
Sau khi BLDS nam 2015 dugc Qudc hgi thdng qua, da cd y kien cho rang, miic trdn neu tt-en khdng dp dung cho lai suit thda thuan trong hgp ddng vay tin dyng. Tuy nhien, theo cdc nhd lap phap, mirc lai suat trdn tren dp dyng cho ca hgp ddng vay tm dung (tiic khi ben cho vay Id td chiic tm dyng). Dudi day, tac gid phdn tich viec xu ly miic lai suat theo thda thuan vugt qua 1. Day la quy djnh ke thira thuc tiln xet xu da ton tai trudc khi co BLDS nam 2015 (xem B6 Van Dai, Ludt nghia vu vd bdo ddm thuc hi^n nghia vy - Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn dn, Nxb. H6ng Biiz - Hpi luat gia Vift Nam, 2017 (xuat ban lan thii ba), Ban an s6 85 - 87).
miic md BLDS cho phep (dp dung cho ca vay tin dung).
I. Ap dyng mure lai suat tr^n cho hyp dong vay tin dyng
1. Nhin tii- phia ngudi ap dyng phap lu^t
LL Ap dung cho vay ddn su Quy dinh ve mirc lai sudt trdn trong BLDS neu tren duong nhien dugc dp dung cho hgp ddng vay ddn sy thuan tuy vd viec nay da dugc the hien trong thuc tien xet xu.
De hieu ro ban, chimg ta xem xet mot vu tranh chap md Tda an da dp dyng BLDS nam 2015 sau day:
Npi dung vu viec: Chi Nguyen cho ba Huynh vay tiin 03 ldn lugt la 20.000.000 ddng, 30.000.000 d i n g va 20.000.000 ddng. Khi vay, hai ben thda thuan lai suat la 3%/thdng, tiic 36%/nam ddi vdi khoan tien cho vay, nen miic lai theo thda thuan da vugt qua miic trdn dugc quy dinh trong BLDS nam 2015 Id 20%/nam. Sau dd, cac ben cd tranh chdp vd Tda dn da ap dung cac diiu 463, 466 vd Diiu 468 BLDS nam 2015 vdi nhan dinh: Chi Nguyen xdc dinh da nhdn ciia ba Huynh 8.700.000 ddng tiin lai la vugt qua quy dinh ciia phap ludt, nen chi Nguyin yeu cdu tinh lai lai suat la 0,75%/thdng (tuang duong 9%/nam), tiin lai 05 thdng cua sd tien vay gdc 50.000.000 d i n g Id 1.875.000 d i n g ; tiin lai 02 tiidng ciia sd tiin vay g i c 20.000.000 ddng la 300.000 d i n g . Tdng cdng tiin lai sudt la 2.175.000 ding. Nhu vdy, tiin lai da nhan Id 8.700.000 d i n g tni di 2.175.000 ding, cdn lai 6.525. 000 d i n g dugc trir vao ng gdc la cd can cii, nen chdp nhdn.
Tir ngi dung tren cho thdy quan he giua cdc ben la vay ddn sy, mirc lai sudt theo thda thuan la 3%o/thdng, hic 36%>/nam dugc Tap chi I So 16(thang »2019)\_KIEM SAT I 3 7
THVC TIEN - KINH NCHIEM
cho ca hgp ddng vay tin dung, tire cho cd hgp ddng vay ma ben cho vay la td chiic tin dyng. Ndi dung neu tren ciia Cdng van sd 1651/UBPL14 ngay 31/8/2018 cua Uy ban phap luat Qudc hdi gui Tda dn nhan dan tdi cao (Cdng van sd 1651) la hoan todn thuyet phuc, cd CO sd phdp ly nhu chiing ta se thdy d phdn dudi ddy.
2.2. Tu do ldi vay tin dung la trdi luqt IChodn 1 Diiu 468 BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh: "Trudng hgp cac beu cd thda thuan ve lai suat thi lai suat theo thda thuan khdng dugc vugt qua 20%/nam cua khodn tien vay, trie truang hgp lugt khdc co lien quan quy dinh khdc. Can cii tinh hinh thuc te va theo de xuat ciia Chinh phii, Uy ban thudng vy Qudc hdi quyet dinh dieu chinh mirc lai sudt ndi tren vd bdo cao Qudc hgi tai ky hgp gdn lihdt".
So vdi BLDS nam 2005, BLDS nam 2015 da them ndi dung "md" in nghieng neu tren vd tir quy dinh nay, cd y kien (cd lgi cho cac td chiic tin dyng) cho rang, hgp d i n g vay tin dyng thugc trudng hgp md theo each hieu sau: Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 cho phep "luat khac cd lien quan quy dinh khdc", trong khi dd khodn 2 Dieu 91 Ludt cdc td chirc tm dyng (nam 2010 ciing nhu sau khi siia ddi nam 2017 khdng sua ddi dieu khoan vira neu) quy dinh: "Td chiic tin dyng va khdch hdng cd quyen thda thuan v i ldi suat, phi cdp tin dyng trong hoat ddng ngdn hang cua td chiic tin dyng theo quy dinh ciia phap ludt", nen theo y kiin nay, neu cd "quy dinh ciia phdp ludt"
cho phep tu do lai sudt thi cac ben dugc ty do thda thuan lai sudt vd Thdng tu sd 39/2016/TT-NHNN ngay 30/6/2016 ciia Thing ddc Ngdn hang nha nude Viet Nam quy dinh ve boat ddng cbo vay cua td chiic
tin dung, chi nhanh ngdn hang nude ngodi ddi vdi khach hang (Thdng tu sd 39/2016) Id mdt dang quy dinh nay. Bdi le, tai k h o ^ 1 Dieu 13 Thdng tu sd 39/2016 cd quy dinh: "To chiic tm dung va khach hang thda thuan v i lai sudt cho vay theo cung cau vdn thi trudng, nhu cdu vay vdn va mirc do tin nhiem cua khdch hdng, trir trudng hgp Ngan hang nha nude Viet Nam cd quy dinh v i lai sudt cho vay tdi da tai khoan 2 Dieu nay". Trong khi dd, khodn 2 Dieu 13 Thdng tu sd 39/2016 de cap tdi "vay ngan ban"
nen da ddn tdi cdch hieu "quy dinh ve trdn lai sudt chi ap dung ddi vdi ttudng hgp cho vay ngan ban bang ddng Viet Nam thugc cdc linh vuc uu tien quy dinh tai Thdng tu sd 39/2016.
Cach hieu cho ty do thda thuan miic lai trong hgp ddng vay tin dung da dugc thdng tin kha rdng rai: "Ngan hang nhd nude vira cdng bd Thdng tu sd 39/2016ArT-NHNN quy dinh ve boat dgng cho vay ciia td chiic tin dung, chi nhanh ngdn hdng nude ngoai ddi vdi khdch hdng. Theo do, tir ngay 15/3/2017, cac td chiic tin dung bat dau thyc hien quy che cho vay mdi, bao gdm nhieu quy dinh cy the ve ddi tugng dugc hoac khdng dugc cho vay, nguyen tac cho vay, dieu kien vay vdn, phi lien quan den khoan vay, bao dam tien vay, ca cdu thdi ban trd ng, thoa thuan cho vay, cho vay tudn hoan, cho vay quay vdng... Diem dugc chii y trong Thdng tu tren Id Ngan hang nhd nude da chinh thiic quy dinh va hudng dan ve lai suat cho vay giiia td chiic tin dung ddi vdi khach hang. Cu the, td chiic tin dung va khdch hdng dugc thda thuan ve lai sudt cho vay theo cung cdu vdn thi trudng, nhu cau vay vdn vd miic do tin nhiem cua khdch hdng, tni trudng hgp Ngdn hang nha
Tap chi I Sdl6{thang 8/2019)\ KIEM SAT
THUC TifeN - KINH NGHIEM
nude cd quy dinh vi lai sudt cho vay tdi da.
Theo quy dinh tr6n, khdng cd trdn ldi sudt cho vay cu the, diim thu but su chii y ciia cdng chiing vdi nhieu ban luan trong thdi gian qua"^. Cd le ciing vi theo each hieu ndy ma chiing ta thdy Tda an da chdp nhdn miic lai "khung" len tdi 60%o/nam dugc xac lap giiia td chiic tin dung va khach hdng trong vy viec dugc trich din d tien.
Thyc ti, quy dinh tai Diiu 468 BLDS nam 2015 da kha ro: Chi cd hai chii thi dugc dua ra mirc lai khac vdi miic trdn 20%/nam (mirc khac nay khdng nhdt thiit la cao han vd hoan todn cd the thdp han) Id Qudc hgi va Uy ban thudng vy Qudc hdi (vdi trudng hgp thii hai vira neu, chi Uy ban thudng vy Qudc hpi mdi dupc ban hdnh miic trdn khdc vd cdc ddi tugng khac khdng cd tham quyen ndy^). Tuy nhien, thdng qua Thdng tu sd 39/2016 cac td chirc tin dung da "dugc phu phep" ty do thda thuan vdi khach hang ve miic lai (thyc chdt la dp dat trong nhieu trudng hgp) ma khdng quan tam tdi miic tran dugc Quoc hgi quyit dinh thdng qua Dieu 468 BLDS nam 2015. Ddi chieu vdi Cdng van sd 1651, chiing ta thay each hieu vira neu (dugc thdng tin rdng rai) la trdi ludt, vd hinh trung Thdng ddc Ngan hang nhd nude cao ban ca Qudc hdi va Uy ban thudng vu Qudc bdi. Do dd, Uy ban phap ludt Qudc hgi da rdt dung khi khang dinh "BLDS chi quy dinh md doi vdi trudng hgp ludt khac
cd quy dinh ma khdng cho phep van dung cac van ban dudi luat"^. 6 day, tmh thdn cua BLDS nam 2015 la "trudng hgp loai trir phai do luat quy dinh chir khdng phdi quy dinh ciia van bdn dudi luat, tranh viec tuy tien ciia cac ca quan lien quan cd thdm quyen ban hanh van ban dudi ludt va ludt nay cd the la Luat cac td chiic tin dung hay luat khac va miic lai tran cd th8 cao hay thdp ban miic 20%i/nam neu tren"^.
2.3. Tu do lai vay tin dung Id trdi nguyen tdc binh ddng
Ndi dung trSn cho thay viec cho phep vd hieu theo hudng cho phep td chiic tin dung dugc ty do thda thuan mirc lai vdi khach hang (ma khdng can luu y tdi miic tt-dn 20%/nam trong BLDS nam 2015) la trdi ludt. Qud trinh siia ddi BLDS ciing cho thdy cdch hieu ciia Uy ban phdp luat Qudc bdi neu tren la hoan toan diing va each hieu de lai vay tin dung tu do la trai luat.
Thuc ra, da cd luc Dy thdo BLDS (siia ddi) theo hudng: "Trudng hgp cdc ben cd thda thuan ve lai sudt thi ldi sudt theo thda thuan khdng dugc vugt qua 20%/nam cua khoan tien vay, trir trudng hgp Luat cac td chiic tin dung cd quy dinh khac". Tuy nhien, trong qud trinh chinh ly Dy thdo BLDS (sua ddi) tai Qudc hdi vi doan "trir trudng hgp Ludt cac td chiic tin dyng cd quy dinh khac", chiing tdi de xuat bd vi
3 http: //vnec on omy. vn/tai -chinh/chot-lai-suat-cho- vay-theo-quy-che-moi-20170209014217229.htm (cap nhal ngay 20/9/2018).
4. Xem them D6 Van Dai (chii bien), Binh ludn khoa hoc nhtrng diem mm cua BLDS 2015, Nxb. H6ng Dure, 2016 {xudt ban \ha thii hai), phin s6 380.
5. Trong qua trinh xay dung Du thao Ngbi quyet ciia H§i d6ng ThSm phan Toa kn nhan dSn toi cao, chiing tSi (voi tu caeh la thanh vien Hgi dong tu van) da eho rang each hieu nhu vay la sai, vi chi khi nao luat khac quy dinh muc lai khac 20% thi moi khong ap dyng, trong khi do hif n nay chua co luat nao quy dmh mice khae (hi^n nay chi c6 Thong tu oia Thong doc Ngan hang Nha nuoc co miic khae vi nhir v^y khong phii h(?p voi BLDS nam 2015).
6 Xem them' Do Van D?i (chii bien), Sdd, phin so 380.
Tap chi
KIEM SAT^ /So16(thang»2019)
THVC TIEN - KINH NGiil£in
"viec ghi nhdn ngi dung ndy da ngdm hieu rang se sua ddi Luat cac td chiic tin dyng de tu do lai nhung hien nay chua cd chu trucmg" vd cudi ciing, chimg ta thdy Dieu 468 BLDS nam 2015 dugc Qudc hdi thdng qua khdng cd quy dinh vien dan tdi Luat cac td chirc tin dung va viec nay da cho thdy Qudc hdi chua cd chu truang cho td chiic tin dung dugc tu do thda thuan mirc lai vdi khdch hang'.
Hudng hieu cho phep tu do thda thuan mirc lai sudt trong hgp ddng vay tin dung cdn miic trdn 20%/nam vdn dp dung cbo vay dan su nhu tren cdn dan tdi su bat binh dang giiia cac chu the. Cdc vu viec d tren cho thdy ro sy bat binh dang giiia ngudi cho vay khdng la td chirc tin dung (Tda an da theo hudng thda thuan ve lai khdng dugc vugt qua miic lai sudt trdn) va td chiic tin dung (dang dugc nhieu ngudi vd Tda dn hieu Id dugc ty do thda thuan dp dyng mirc lai). Sy phdn biet ndy Id trdi vdi nguyen tdc binh dang trong phap luat Viet Nam, cy the la trdi vdi Dieu 16 Hien phap nam 2013, theo dd: "Mgi ngudi deu binh dang trudc phdp ludt. Khdng ai bi phdn biet ddi xir trong ddi sdng chinh tri, dan su, kinh te, van hda, xa bgi" va trdi vdi khoan 1 Dieu 3 BLDS nam 2015 ve cac nguyen tac ca ban ciia phdp ludt ddn sy, theo dd:
"Mgi ca nhan, phdp nhdn deu binh dang, khdng dugc Idy bat ky ly do nao de phdn biet ddi xir; dugc phap ludt bao hp nhu nhau ve cac quyen nhdn thdn vd tai sdn".
Trong qua trinh gdp y D y thdo Nghi quyet hudng ddn dp dung mot sd quy dinh ciia phap ludt ve lai, ldi sudt, phat vi pham ciia
7. Xem them: Do Van Dili (chu bien), Sdd, phJin sc
Tda an nhdn ddn tdi cao, vdi vai trd la thdnh vien Hpi ddng tu van, chiing tdi cung da khang dinh: "O ddy, khdng co ly do gi ma td chirc tin dung lai dugc ddi xir bat binh dang vdi ngudi cho vay khdc trong khi do td chiic tin dung thudng xuyen cd dugc bien phap bao dam, dieu khdng thuc su phd bien trong vay khac (da dugc uu dai hem trong thuc te lai cdn dugc cho vay vdi lai cao ban thi vi pham ro rang nguyen tic binh dang hien dinh)".
n . X u ly muc lai suat theo thda thuan cao htm muc lai suat t r a n
1. Vo hieu thda thuain lai cao hon muc lai suat t r a n
LL Van bdn quy pham
Phdn tren cho thdy mirc trdn trong BLDS nam 2015 dugc dp dung khdng chi cho hgp ddng vay ddn su thuan tiiy ma cd cho vay tin dyng. Vdn de tiep theo la khi miic lai dugc thda thuan trong cac hgp ddng vay nay vugt qua miic tran nhu trong cdc vy viec dugc vien ddn d tren thi phdi xii ly nhu the ndo?
Bd luat Dan sy nam 2005 chi quy dinh ve gidi han lai sudt md khdng dua ra he qud phdp ly cua viec cdc ben trong hgp ddng vay cd thda thuan lai suat vugt qua miic trdn. Thuc tien xet xir khdng thyc su thdng nhdt ve hudng xii ly tir khi cd BLDS nam 2005. Bd luat Ddn su nam 2015 da bd sung quy dinh ve chu de nay so vdi BLDS nam 2005, vi doan 2 khodn 1 Dieu 468 BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh theo hudng:
"Trudng hgp lai sudt theo thda thuan vugt qua lai sudt gidi han dugc quy dinh tai khoan nay thi miic lai sudt vugt qua khong cd hieu lyc".
Nhu vay, BLDS nam 2015 da vd hieu
Sd16(thaig&2019)\
Tap chi _K1EMSAT I 4 1
THITC TIEN - KINH NCHIEM
hoa thda thuan vugt qud miic lai sudt trdn bang each "miic lai suit vugt qua khdng cd hieu luc".
1.2. Ddnh gid ve che tdi hien tai Viec bd sung che tai cho trudng hgp thda thuan vugt qua miic lai tran la thuyet phuc nhung ngi dung ciia che tai la dang suy ngdm lai. Thuc ra, ve chu de nay, tir lau chiing tdi da cho rang "gidi phap thuyet phuc b a n cd la hgp ddng vay nang lai khdng cd hieu lyc ddi vdi ldi sudt thda thuan va thay vao dd la lai sudt thdp nhdt".
Sd dl, chiing tdi de xuat nhu vdy vi "gidi phdp nay lam gidm y dinh cho vay nang lai va tao ra su cdng bang giira ngudi cd y thiic tdn trpng phap luat va ngudi khdng cd y thiic tdn trpng phap luat"^.
Vi dy: A va B deu cho C vay tien cd lai sudt. A va B deu biet phdp luat khdng cho phep thda thuan lai vugt qud 20%/nam. A cd y thiic tdn trgng phdp ludt nen chi thda thuan tmh lai Id 15%/nam, cdn B khdng cd y thirc tdn trgng phdp ludt nen thda thuan budc C phdi chiu mirc lai la 60%/nam. Khi xay ra tranh chap, dp dung quy dinh tai Diiu 468 BLDS nam 2015, cho phep B yeu cdu lai sudt bang 20%/nam, trong khi do chi cho phep A dugc quyen yeu cdu miic lai la 15%/nam nhu thda thuan. Nhu vay, mdt ngudi khdng cd y thiic tdn trgng phap luat thi dugc phap ludt cho phep hudng lgi ban ngudi cd y thiic tdn trgng phdp ludt.
Sy bdt cdng bang nhu tren la rat khd dugc chap nhan vd la dieu da dugc neu ra trong qua trinh sua ddi BLDS nam 2015 nhung chua dugc chdp nhdn. Hy vgng 8. D§ Van Dai, Lai sudt trdn cho vay Kinh nghiem nu&c ngodi vd huang sua doi BLDS. Tap ehi Nghien cim lap phap, s6 15, thang 8/2010.
trong tuang lai, chiing ta se sdm cdi thi$n dugc thyc trang nhu neu tren (cd che tai la da tdt nhung chimg ta cd the lam tdt hon khi khdng cho hudng mirc lai 20%i/nam md nen cho hudng miic lai thap rihdt nhu hien nay la 10%/nam dugc quy dinh tai Diiu 357 BLDS nam 2015).
2. X v ly t r u d n g harp da tra lai cao hon m u c lai su4t tr^n
Sau khi thda thuan miic lai sudt cao ban quy dinh, cd the xdy ra trudng hgp la ben vay chua thanh todn lai cho den khi Tda an gidi quyet tranh chap. Liic nay, hudng xir ly ciia Tda an kha dan gidn Id Tda dn se khdng tinh miic lai theo thda thuan md dp dyng mirc lai 20%/nam.
Thuc te cdn xdy ra trudng hgp ben vay da trd lai theo thda thuan (vugt qud miic lai suat trdn) va do do, trd du so vdi miic lai sudt dugc tinh lai. Trong vy viec cho vay vdi miic ldi 3%/thang neu tren chang ban, Tda an cho rang "chi Nguyin xdc dinh da nhdn ciia ba Huynh 8.700.000 ddng tien lai la vugt qua quy dinh cua phap ludt". Dieu do cho thay ben cho vay da nhdn tien lai theo thda thuan va nhu vdy ben vay da trd ldi du so vdi quy dinh (la 20%/nam).
Vdn de tiep theo can quan tam la khoan tien lai trd du so vdi mirc lai can tinh lai dugc can trir vdo khodn tien nao?
2.1. Cdn trie vdo nff goc
Bp luat Ddn sy trudc day va hien nay deu khdng quy dinh hudng xir ly viec ben vay da tra lai du so vdi quy dinh. Trong vu viec tren (miic lai thda thuan dugc Tda dn xac dinh vugt qud quy dinh), Tda an da theo hudng "dugc tru vao ng gdc la cd can cii". Theo chiing tdi, viec cdn trir vao ng gdc id thuyet phuc nhung can trix vdo ng gdc d thdi diem ndo la rdt dang quan tdm vi I Tap chi
4 2 I KJEMSAT_ /So16(thang&2019)
THITC TIEN - KINH NGHiEin
he qud rat khac nhau.
Thuc ra, cd the cd hai thai diem cdn trir viec tra du lai vao ng goc la can trir vdo ng gdc d ngay thai diem trd du vd thai diem sau khi tra du (thdng thudng la luc giai quyet tranh chap). Tir rat lau, chimg tdi da cho rang ben canh viec tinh lai lai sudt, thiet nghT chung ta cung cd the bd sung che tai ddn sy cho trudng hgp nang lai. Cy the la neu ben nhan lai qua cao thi khodn tien da nhdn thira so vdi mirc cho phep dugc coi nhu Id da nhan de tra vao tien gdc. Do dd, khodn tien de tinh lai sau khi nhan tien thira se nhd hon nen se phdt sinh it lai ban. Cach gidi quyet nay tang them tinh hieu qud ciia che tdi cho viec nang lai.
Vi du: A cho B vay mdt khoan tien C vdi lai suat 5%/thang vd viec trd lai Id vao ngay cudi cimg cua mdi quy. B da tra lai cho quy ddu tien nhu thda thuan nhung sau do cho rang lai qua cao nen ddi tinh lai vd ddi ben cd tranh chdp. Gia sir tien lai tra thira so vdi phdp ludt cho phep Id 10.000.000 ding. Nhu vay, khoan tien de phdt sinh ldi cho nhiing quy sau khdng phai la C niia ma la C trii di 10.000.000 ddng. Liic do, tien gdc de tinh lai cho nhiing quy sau dd gidm di 10.000.000 ddng. Q ddy, chimg tdi theo hudng "khodn tien lai da thanh toan vugt qua mirc cho phep dugc tinh vao ng gdc tai thdi diem thanh toan"^. Trong vu viec nay, dudng nhu Tda an da theo hudng can trir viec trd lai du vdo ng gdc khdng phdi d thdi diem trd du ma sau thdi diem tra du (cu the la d thdi diem gidi quyet ttanh chdp). Hudng gidi quyet ndy Id khdng thuyet phuc nhu da trinh bay d tren va
cung khdng phu hgp vdi dudng ldi xet xii cua Tda an nhan dan tdi cao.
Cy the, lien quan den trudng hgp trd lai cao hon mirc ludt cho phep, theo Tda dan su Tda an nhdn dan tdi cao, "trong trudng hgp bi don da tra lai cho nguyen dcm, thi sd tien ldi dd ldn han so vdi tien lai dp dung miic lai sudt theo quy dinh cua phap luat la bao nhieu, tii do, ddi trir sd tien lai chenh lech vao khodn tien ng gdc tai thdi diem thanh todn lai"'°. Q ddy, Tda giam ddc tham da theo hudng; Thif nhdt, tien lai tra du (thira so vdi lai dang ra phai tra sau khi tinh lai lai) dugc can trir vao ng gdc. Thic hai, thdi diem can trir la "tai thdi diem thanh toan lai".
Nhu vdy, Tda giam ddc tham da manh dan trong viec dinh hudng can trir khodn lai da tra du ra. Ddy la hudng giai quyet rdt thuyet phyc, can dugc duy tri vd phdt trien nhu an le cbo cac hoan canh tuang ty.
2.2. Cffs&cho vi^c can trievdo nggdc Hudng cdn trir vdo ng gdc ciia Tda giam ddc tham khong thieu co sd phdp ly.
Thyc ra, cdch gidi quyet nay la hoan toan phu hgp vdi phap ludt thuc dinh. Cy the nhu sau:
NghTa vy thanh toan cd the phan 1dm hai loai. Loai thii nhat la cd thdi han. Ve loai ndy, theo khodn 2 Diiu 278 BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh: "Trudng hgp ben cd nghTa vy da tu y thuc hien nghTa vy trudc thdi ban va ben cd quyen da chdp nhdn viec thyc hien nghTa vu thi nghia vu dugc coi la da hoan thdnh dimg thdi ban". Q day, ben cd nghTa vy da trd tien thira trudc khi d i n thdi ban thanh todn nghTa vu g i c thi dugc coi nhu mdt trudng hgp hg da thanh todn 9. Xem: D6 Van Dai, Lugt Afy dong Het Nam - Bdn
an vd binh lugn bdn dn, Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, 2011 (tai ban lan thii ba), Ban an so 23 va 24, phin binh luan so 6
10. QuySt dinh so 295/2013/DS-GDT ngay 04/7/2013 ciia Toa dan si/ Toa an nhan dan toi cao.
Tap chi SoieithmgaOOigK^KIEMSAT I 4 3
