Tir tirfrng triet hoc cua Lao Tu-
Vo Van DQng' ' Trudng Dai hpc Khdnh Hda.
Email: [email protected]
Nhgn ngdy 5 thdng 12 ndm 2019. Chdp nhdn ddng ngdy 7 thdng 1 ndm 2020.
Tom tat: Lao Tii la mdt trong nhirng nha tu tudng tieu bieu ciia triet hpc cd diii phuang Ddng ndi ehung va triet hpc Tmng Quoc cd dai ndi rieng. Ong dupc xem la ngudi sang lap ra trudng phai triet hpc Dao gia. Npi dung tu tudng triet hpc ciia ong tap trung d tac pham Bgo dice kinh. Tu tudng triet hpc Lao Tic dat den tu duy trim tupng va vupt qua dupc mpi thii thach cua thdi gian. Tu tudng triet hpc dupc the hien qua nhimg quy luat vi the gidi quan, phuang phap lu§n va nh§n thiic luan.
Tir khoa: Nhan thirc luan, phuang phap luan, tu tudng triet hpc.
Phan loai nganh: Triit hpc
Abstract: Lao Tzu is one of the typical thinkers of ancient oriental philosophy in general and ancient Chinese philosophy in particular. He is considered to be the founder of the Taoist philosophical school. The content of his philosophical ideas is concentmted in the work of Tao Te Ching. Lao Tzu's philosophical thought reached abstract thinking and stood the test of time. The thought is expressed through laws of worldview, methodology and epistemology.
Keywords: Epistemology, methodology, philosophical thought.
Subject classification: Philosophy
1. Dan nhap
Lao TiJ: (khodng thd ki VI-V trudc Cdng Nguyen) dugc xem la dng td cua hpc phai Dao gia thdi k^' Tien Tin. Tuy vdy, cudc ddi va su nghidp cua dng mang day huyen thoai nen cGng rat khd xac dinh. Theo Tu
Ma Thien, "Lao Tix ngudi lang Khiic Nhdn, Hung Le, huyen Khd, nude Sd, hp Ly, ten NhT, tu la Bd Duong, ten thyy la Dam. Ong lam quan sii giii nha ehiia sdch ciia nha Chu" [2, tr.330]. Cung gidng nhu t i t ca cac nha triit hpc duong thdi, tu tudng triit hpc ciia Lao Tii dugc hinh va phat triin trong
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Vo Van Dung giai doan lieh sii Tnmg Qudc ddy bien
ddng. Sy bien dpng do da san sinh ra hang tram nha tu tudng duge cMa thanh 11 hpe phai CO ban. Cae hge phai nay deu nham tdi muc dich eai tao xa hpi tir loan lac thanh thinh tri, ddi tugng dd dat den muc dich la Iy giai ve con ngudi, va tu tudng triet hpe cua Lao Tu ra ddi eung khdng nam ngoai myc dich dd. Tren quan diem cho rang
"Dao" la ngudn gde cua rapi su vdt Men tupng, Lao Tir da dua ra tu tudng bidn chdng vdi cdc quy ludt qudn binh, phdn phuc di giai tMch vd gidi ty nMdn. Va dng xem cac quy ludt nay nhu mpt phuang tidn de cd the nam vung sy phdt tridn eiia cac su vat Men tugng. Ben canh do Lao Tii eho rang, eon ngudi khdng cM Id sdn phdm cua gidi ty nMen ma cdn la san pham eua xa hpi.
Tu tudng triet hpc cua Lao Tir da thd hidn duge tu duy trim tugng khi dng sii dung quy Mat cua ty nMen dd ly gidi eho nhimg quy Mat xa hdi. Ddy Id kidu tu duy hodn toan khac vdi cac nha tu tudng duong thdi. Vdi phuang phdp Man va nhan thiic Man mang tinh bipn ehiing tu nhien, triet hpe Lao Tir da khdng dinh gidi ty nhien ton tai ddc lap vdi y thire eua eon ngudi. Tren phuong dien lich sir triet hpc tM day la mdt hx tudng mdi me cd tinh dot phd ddi vdi thdi dai luc dd. Bai vidt nay tim Meu tu tudng tridt hpc ciia Lao Tir ve the gidi quan, phuang phap Man va nhdn thuc Man.
2. Tir tirorng triit hpc cua Lao Tv ve the gidi quan
Hpc phai Dao gia cd anh hudng sdu rdng trong nin van hda Trung Qudc td khi nd
xuat Men cho den ngay nay. Niu nhu cac hpc phai khac d Trung Qudc thdi ky cd dai xem eon ngudi nhu mdt thi gidi thu nhd di ly gidi gidi ty nMen thi hpe phai Dao gia lai sit dung gidi tu nhien de ly gidi con ngudi.
De giai tMch ve thd gidi Lao Tir da gdi gpn trong mpt tCr "Dao". Chir "Dao" la mdt danh tir triet hpc, chinh tri hpc, xa hdi hpc Trung Qudc, dugc sir dung rdng rai tir trudc thdi cua Lao Tii. "Dao" vdn cd nghia ban dau la "con dudng", nhung ngay trong tieng Han cd, "Dao" eung da ed ngMa la "phuang tidn", "nguyen ly", "con dudng chdn chinh". Nhu vdy "Dao" dugc hieu la dudng di, dudng ldi, phuang phdp, tu duy... Trong quan mem cua Lao Tir tM "Dao" dugc dimg de chi the gidi quan "cd mdt vat hdn ddn va thanh trudc ca trdi ddt. Nd yen lang (vd thanh) trdng khdng (vd hinh), diing mot minh raa khdng thay ddi (vTnh vien bdt bidn), van hanh khap vu try ma khdng ngimg, ed the coi nd la me cua van vat trong thien ha. Ta khdng biet ten nd la gi, tam dat ten eho nd la dao" [3, tr.202]. Nhu vdy "D^o" theo Lao Tur la ban the ciia vu try. Id nguyen Iy cua vii tru xuyen sudt van vat. Cd thi xem Lao Tir la mdt trong nhimg ngudi diu tien da dimg ehii "Dao" dS giai thieh vii try. Va "Dao" la nguyen ly tdn tai vmh vidn khdng sinh ra ciong khdng mat di.
"Dao" la ngudn gdc cua mpi sy vat, Men tupng trdn thi gidi, nd la ly do cM phdi su smh thanh va biin hda eua trdi dit."Trong vii try cd bdn eai Idn raa ngudi la mdt. Ngudi bat chudc dit, dit bit chudc trdi, trdi bit chudc dao, dao bit chudc tu nMen" [3, tr.202]. Nhu vdy theo Ldo Tii, "Dao" sinh ra van vat lien tue khdng ngimg, vi thi, "Dao" khdng phai la cai gi do cu the ma cd the cam quan
dugc. Vdi quan nidm nay Lao Tir da vugt qua cac nha tu tudng triet hpe duong thdi khi quan mera vd the gidi.
Tren quan diem the gidi khdng ngimg v ^ dpng va bien ddi ciing nhu "Dao"
khdng the nMn thay dupe, khdng the nghe thdy, ciing khdng the sd nan dupe. "Dao" la CO sd dau tien cua van vdt nhung nd khdng phai Id mpt the cd dinh ma Id thyc thd eua su hon ddn, khdng cd mdt tinh quy dinh ndo, ngoai tinh khach quan, tu nMen chat phac, trdng rdng, huyen dieu. "Dao" da chuyen tir khdng den cd, tu cd rdi sinh ra van vdt "Dao sinh mot, mdt sinh ra hai, hai sinh ra ba, ba sinh ra van vdt" [3, tr.228].
Nhu vay trang thai hdn ddn ban ddu cua
"Dao" la nguydn nhan sinh ra van vat trong vii try, nd raang tirih khach quan khdng phu thupc vao y mudn chu quan cua con ngudi.
"Dao" khdng phai la mot thyc the dac biet cd dinh raa la thyc thd cua sy hon ddn, khdng cd tinh quy dinh ban dau. "Dao" Id rapt dang thudn phac khdng chiu su tac ddng ciia con ngudi, "Dao" sinh ra van vat nhung khdng quy dinh ban chat ciia nd. Tuy nhien "van vat phdn thinh deu trd ve can nguyen cua chiing" [3, tr.l88], nhu vay van vat tren the gidi ndy ludn van ddng, bien ddi va phat tridn ehii khdng phai nhat thanh bdt bidn. "Dao" dugc Mdu nhu Id mpt khoang trdng khdng bao ham vii tru, khdng cd gidi han cita nd. Lao Tir da dimg chir
"Dao" de giai tMch ve the gidi, giai thich ve cdi ngudn cua van vat duge sinh ra, tdn tai va phat trien eho thay tinh bidn chiing eua nd. Ong cho rang "Dao" khdng bao gid mit, nd tdn tai diy khap cd via try, la dau mdi cua ddt trdi, la me eua mudn vat, vi vdy
"chi cd dao la kheo sinh ra vd tac thanh van
v^t" [3, tr.227]. "Dao" khdng thi dien ta bang ldi nhung ciong khdng thi gpi no bang ten thudng, nd la mot cai gi do md ao, kin dao, cMm nhung khdng mit, ndi ma khdng thdy. Tuy vay, "Dao" lai rit Men thyc bdi
"van vat trong tMen ha tir cd ma sinh ra; cd lai tu khdng ma smh ra" [3, tr.225].
Lao Td da dimg nude nhu mot cdng cu de dien td sy vEin ddng ciia "Dao". Ong cho rang trong tu nMen khdng cd gi mem hem nude va ciing khdng cd gi cd the thay the dugc nude. Lao Tir cho ring, trong tu nMen khdng gi ran hon da, nhung nude chay da se mdn. Nude khdng cd Mnh, ludn y8n tinh, phing Idng, em ai nhung nd ludn qua mpi ngdc ngdeh, chay qua rapi ncri. KM yen a thi nd cung cap ngudn sdng cho mudn Ioai nhung khi gidn giii tM nd cudn trdi tat ca.
Do vdy nude chita trong thung trdn tM no trd nen trdn, chita trong thimg vudng tM nd trd thanh vudng. Nude trd nSn mem mai nhu nhiing giai lua tring ngdn bay trong khdng tnmg nhung nd cung trd nen ciing nhu luoi dao cd the chat ddt tdt ca. "Dao"
gidng nhu nude chay vd nai thdp, gidng nhu mpi con sudi nhd eudi cung ciing do ra bien Idn.
Tir viee giai thich ve the gidi, Lao Td da tien hanh giai tMch vd xa hdi Men thyc.
Ong cho rang, xd hdi rdi ren la do bdc qudc trudng khdng nam duge Mat quan binh am duong. Niu bac qudc trudng nam dugc ludt qudn binh va van dung nd tM xa hdi se trd ndn thai binh. Ludt quan binh trong xa hdi eung nhu Mat quan binh cua nude, trong bit ky hoan eanh nao thi nude ciing Mdn tim lai thi cdn bing vdn cd cua nd, nude cd thi san bing ldi Idm di tao ra mat phang. Lao Td cho ring, niu mpi ngudi trong xa hpi diu
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Vo Van Diing hidu dugc "Dao" tM khdng can ra khdi cira
ciing biet duge ly le trong thien ha, khdng can nMn qua cua sd ciing thay duge quy Mat ty nMen. Lao Tu eho rang "Diic" la cdng nang ciia "Dao" the hien vao van vat.
"Dao" sinh ra van vat nhimg cai ma lam cho vat nao thanh ra vat nay la do "Due"
quy dinh. Ndu "Dao" la nguyen td can ban cua van vdt tM "Dire" la su van hanh eua van vat. Do do, "Diic" ehinh la bieu Men ban ehdt, la thude tinh eiia su vat tdn tai theo quy Mat ty nhien. Nhu vay Lao Tir dd dling tren lap trudng duy vat khi quan niem vi the gidi, dng da diing gidi ty nhien de giai thich gidi ty nMen va dimg eae quy Mat ciia gidi ty nhidn de ly giai cac quy Mat xa hdi. Trdn quan diem do eho thay thi gidi quan eua Lao Tii dd dat den trinh dp tu duy trim tugng vugt qua eae nha tu tudng triet hpc duong thdi.
3. Tir tirdng triet hpc cua Lao Tn ve phirong phap Inan
Ldo Tii cho ring "Dao" la ngudn gdc sinh ra mpi sy vat, Men tugng tren the gidi va cM phdi toan bd trong qua tririh van ddng, bien ddi va phat hiin cua chiing. Quan diem Men chiing eiia Lao Tu dugc the Men d chd
"queo tM se thing ra, triong tM se ddy, cii nat tM se mdi, it se duge them" [3, tr.l96].
"Dao" tuy khdng the dimg cac giac quan di nhan thuc duge nhung nd cd thi thdng qua cde quy Mat di Meu vd "Dao". Hidu dupe Mat quan binh se Mdu dugc sy van ddng, biin hda eua cde sy vat, hidn tugng trong gidi ty nMen va xd hdi va tu duy. Ludt qudn
binh dugc Lao Tir eu thd hda dd la nude, nude cd ban tinh mdm mai, gap ehd trdng thi chay vao, gap chd day du tM chay ra, lanh cao ma tim thdp. Nude Mdn van ddng bien ddi, "nude kheo lam lgi cho van vat ma khdng tranh vdi vat nao" [3, tr.l96].
Mpi sy vdt phdt tridn den cue diem se trd lai vdi cai ban dau vdn cd cua nd nen Lao Tu gpi dd la Mat phdn phuc. Ong dimg Mat nay de giai tMch ve sy ddi lap ciia cac sy vdt, hien tupng trong ty nMen va xa hdi, nhu: trong tu nMen cd ngay tM se cd dem, cd nang thi ed mua, cd cao thi cd thap, ed sang tM cd tdi...; trong xa hdi cd gai thi co trai, cd tre thi cd gia, ed thien tM cd ac, cd xdu thi cd dep... Mpi su vat. Men Mgng bao gid eiing cd cai ddi lap ehiing khdng ehi tuong phdn nhau ma chiing cdn bo sung cho nhau, tdn tai vd quy dinh lan nhau.
Phuong phdp nhdn thiic ddi vdi mpi sy vat, hidn tupng phai bit ddu tu "Dao" bdi via tru va van vat diu do "Dao" sinh ra, cudi cimg eiang trd vi vdi cdi ngudn cua nd, do la
"Dao". Lao Tir ndi "van vdt tir vd ma sinh ra rdi trd vi vd" [3, tr.l88], van vat he phat dat din eye do tM lai phan phye bien tMen, chuyin thanh ddi dich eiia nd. "Dao" sinh ra van vdt, tit khdng ma cd, trd ve vdi "Dao" la tir cd trd vi khdng. Trong xa hpi tM hpa la ehd dya ciia phiic, phiic la chd mip cua hpa.
Niu ai biit dugc dau la chd cimg eye cua nd tM se Mdu dugc hpa phiic. Tuy nMen, hpa phuc ludn nhuong chd cho nhau ehii khdng phdi la bit biin. Bdi vay kM gap may phdi phdng eai riii do cai may iy mang den, va kM gap rui lai chua dyng cdi may do cai riii dd raang din. Mpi sy vdt, Men tugng deu
sinh ra tu eai cd, cdi cd lai sinh ra tir cai khdng. Khi con ngudi hieu dupe sy ehi phdi ciia "Dao" ddi vdi van vat thi se hiiu dugc sy vat, hien tugng ay. Ldo Tir ndi;
"Dao sinh mdt, mdt sinh hai, hai sinh ba, ba sinh van vat. Van vat deu cdng am duang ma am duang, dieu hda bang khi trimg hu" [3, tr.228]. Khi am va khi duong giao hda de sinh ra mudn vdt, chinh vi the ma cai cd va cai khdng sinh ra nhau, cai khd va cai dd sanh vdi nhau, cai dai va cai ngan so vdi nhau, cai cao va cdi thdp nghieng vao nhau, dm va thanh hda quyen vao nhau, eai trudc va eai sau ndi tiep nhau.
Mpi sy vat, hien tucmg trong ty nhien va xa hdi bien ddi khdng ngimg do su tac ddng cua cac mat ddi lap vdn ed ben trong ciia mdi sy vat, hien tugng do, nd la quy Mat dm duong. Cdc mat am duong dy ludn ludn ddng, dien tien, bien va hda theo mdt quy Mat bat di bat dich. Trong lich sir Trung Qudc ed dai, Lao Tii khdng phai Id ngudi dau tien dua ra quan didm ve Mat phdn phye, nhung dng da sir dyng nd rat thanh edng trong vide ly giai vd phuang phap nhan thiic the gidi.
Dd cd phuong phdp nhan thuc thd gidi Lao Tu cho rang, mudn vdt sinh sdi, phdt trien rdi rdi se trd vd cai vdn cd cua nd da sinh ra. Trd ve gdc gpi la tinh, dd la trd ve trang thai bat sinh bat diet. Su dau tranh ciia cac mat ddi lap trong mdi sy vat, hien tuong cua Lao Tir chiia dyng tu tudng bidn chiing chuyen hda mdu thuan nhung mdi chi la nhiing nhan xet hinh thirc, trye quan va don gian. Sy ddu tranh trong mdi sy vat, hien tugng la hai mat am va duong, nhung am va duong khdng chi xung dot vdi nhau
ma cdn hda hgp vdi nhau, bd sung eho nhau, khdng cd am thi ciing ching cd duang, khdng cd duong thi cung chdng ed am. Lao Tii da dat mpi sy vdt. Men tupng trong qua tnnh van dpng, biin ddi va phat triin khi nhdn thuc vi nd. Ong cho ring moi sy vat, Men tugng di tdn tai trong mudn van cac mdi quan he vdi nhau, trong do khdng chi cd mdi quan he ddi lap gifia cac sy vdt hien tupng vdi nhau ma nd cdn cd sy ddi lap ngay trong ban than cua mdi su vat, hien tupng. Lao Tit giai thich su bidn hda cua sy vdt, Mdn tugng trong thi gidi nhu la mdt qua trinh vdn ddng Mdn hoan, ndu chimg ta khdng thay dupc sy diu tranh chuyen hda giiia cae mat ddi lap tM khdng the nhan thiic dugc cac su vat.
Phuang phap nhan thiic cua Lao Tir tuy cdn d trang thai sa khai, chat phac, cam tinh rihung dng da biet dat phuang phap nhan thlie trong qua trinh van dpng, mdu thuan, phat tridn cua chiing.
4. Tir tirdng triet hpc cua Lao Tu* ve nh|n thirc luan
Lao Tir cho rang dd nhdn thiie dugc "Dao"
eai ma tir do mpi thd dugc sinh ra tM phai bit diu tir sy nhdn thdc cac mdi quan he ciia nd. Ddi tugng nhdn thite eiia Lao Tii hudng din la con ngudi hidn thye. Trong quan diim eua minh, Lao Tii Mdn di cao yiu td tu nhidn eiia con ngudi, nd dugc biiu hien sau sic d nghe thudt sdng, thai dp iing xii ciia con ngudi, dao tri nude... Day ciing cMnh la ddi tugng nhdn thuc trong he thdng triit hpe ciia dng.
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Vd Van Dung Tren quan didm cho ring, eon ngudi la
mdt bp phan eiu thanh eua eua gidi tu nMdn ndn con ngudi phdi tudn theo quy ludt vdn cd cita no, Lao Tir cho rang, van vdt tdn tai deu cd ban tinh tu nhidn nen chiing van ddng, bien hda theo le ty nMen. Con ngudi mudn nhan thiic nd tM phdi dat nd trong trang thai vdn cd cua nd md khdng can tMdp rapt each thd bao vao sy vat theo y raudn chu quan ciia minh. Lao Tir chu truang
"thanh nhdn khdng cd thanh kien, ldy Idng tMen ha lam Idng minh" [3, tr.235], dng khuyen con ngudi thuan theo tu nhien, tuan theo quy Mat ty nMen, khdng tiiy tidn, khdng dp dat theo y minh. Do vdy kM nhdn thiic vd mdt su vdt hien tugng can phdi biet ngan ehan, bdi trir nhiing gi lam tdn hai ddn ban tinh tu nMen cua van vat. Lao Td ehii truang "vd vi" nhung khdng cd nghia la khdng lara ma Id khdng lara gi trai vdi quy luat ty nMdn, trai vdi ban tinh cita ty nMdn.
Nhu vdy "vd vi" phai dugc hidu la khdng lam md khdng gi khdng Iam, lam mpi vide ma cd nhu khdng lam bdi nd khdng trai vdi quy Mat ciia ty nhien. Mpi su vat biin hda theo quy ludt ty nhien cua nd, do vdy nd khdng phu thupc vao y mudn chii quan cua eon ngudi. Niu con ngudi mudn nhdn thuc vi su vat ay md dua y mudn chii quan cua mmh de dp dat Idn ddi tugng nhan thicc tM ching bao gid cd the nhan thuc dugc nd mdt each diy du. Ddi vdi xa hdi ciing vay, niu con ngudi cd chay theo nhirng nhu ciu trai vdi kha nang vd ban tinh ty nMen cua minh tM se danh mit chinh minh. Con ngudi dung suy ngM chu quan dd ap dat ban tinh tu nMdn vdn cd se lam dnh hudng din
tinh tu do cua nd. Do vay, trong hanh ddng eua con ngudi phdi khdng cd y thiic vu lpi, khdng muu tinh ridng tu, ty tm vd hdn nMen nhu tre tho, khdng udn minh theo nhimg quy tae, chudn myc, dao ly dugc dp dat tir ben ngodi. Tri thiic va ky nang eua con ngudi neu khdng thudn theo quy ludt ty nhien se tao ra sy tranh chap va lara rdi loEin xa hdi. Do vay eon ngudi sdng phai biet dit, biet ngM den nhung ngudi xung quanh
"ngoai tM bieu Men su mde mac, trong tM giii sy chat phdc, giam tu tdm, bdt due vgng" [3, tr.l92]. Lao Tir da nhan thiic xa hdi het sdc Men thyc, dng phan ddi su ap dat cM tiet trong sy eai tri ciia nha cdm quyen ddi vdi mdl ngudi dan de xdy dyng mdt "xa hpi dai ddng". Va thay vao do la sy img hd xdy dung rapt xa hpi theo quy Mat ty nhidn, it can tMdp vao dan nhung xa hpi van phat triin vd dn dinh. "Ta khdng Iam gi raa dan ty cdi hda, ta ua thanh tinh ma dan ty nhidn thuin chmh, ta khdng ban giao lenh ma dan ty phit tiie, ta vd due md dan ty hda ra chit phac" [3, tr.247]. Lao Tii cho ring, theo le ty nMen dan ehiing khdng khd tri, nhung do nha cam quyen khdng nam dugc quy Mat, khdng Meu ro bdn tinh tu nhidn nen dua ra nhiing quy dinh trai vdi quy Mat va ban tinh vdn cd cua nd nen lam eho xa hdi loan.
Lao Tii cho ring con ngudi khdng cM bi cM phdi bdi quy Mat tu nMen ma eon ngudi cdn chiu sy cM phdi ciia quy ludt xd hdi.
Trong xd hdi, giira nha cai tri va ngudi dan cd mdi quan he chat che vdi nhau, nha cai tri dat ra nMiu lenh cim tM ddn ngheo di, dan cdng ngheo tM nha nude cang yiu. Bac
tri nude ma qua khat khe, dem phap lenh biia giang tren dau dan thi ddn ciing tim dii mpi manh khde, thu doan de trdn trdnh.
Mudn cho dat nude phat trien tM "dimg bd bude ddi sdng cita dan, dimg ap biie ke sinh nhai cua dan" [3, tr.265]. Lao Tu ciong cho rang con ngudi la san pham cua xa hdi, va nen chinh tri nao se san sinh ra con ngudi dd. De eon ngudi thuan phac thi nha cdm quyen khdng can thiep thd bao ma biet tdn trpng su phat trien ty than eua sy vat. Nha cam quyen phai biet van dyng cMnh saeh ciia minh nhu quy Mat cua nude, chmh sach phai thdm vao dan nhimg van giii dupe ban chat ciia nd. Nude hda tan tdt ed, nude chdy khap mpi noi, nude mem nhu dai lya bay la limg tren bau trdi nhimg nude ciing ciing nhu da tren mat ddt. Lao Tir cho rang con ngudi trd ndn bao tan la do nha cai tri dp dat va ddn hp den bude dudng cimg. Ddn khd vi nha cai tri thu thue nhieu eho nen dan ddi, dan loan la vi nha cai tri dimg mpi thu doan dd ep bude ngudi dan. Dd Idm cho dan no du va dn dinh thi nha cam quyen phai lo cho dan no dm, raanh khde vd day eho ddn sdng theo quy Mat cita tu nMen.
Mpt khi dan dugc am no, khdng bdnh tdt vd thudn phac thi xa hdi se dn dinh. Neu mudn long dan khdng loan thi nha cai tri phai biet Io cho dan, khdng ddt ra suu cao thue nang, khdng bdc lot dan. Nha eai tri phdi bidt thuang ddn thi phai lo cho dan no am, tranh suu thud cao vd khdng ep bupe dan phyc dich. Ndu nha cam quyen sdng xa xi, thu suu cao, thud nang ma cdn bat dan phyc dich thi nhan dan chi cd the chiu dyng den mdt mirc do nao do rdi trd nen loan bdi vi hp khdng cdn sg chet niia. Tir nhiing vdn de
tren eho thiy con ngudi trong quan diem eua Lao Tu khdng cM la san phim cua gidi tu nMdn ma cdn la san phdm cua xa hpi.
5. Ket lu^n
Tu tudng triit hpc cua Lao Tir da dupc trinh bay mdt each sdu sic, khai quat va dat den trinh dp cua tu duy trim tupng. Nhirng tu tudng ay cua Lao Tir khdng cM ddng gop dang ke vao sy phat tridn tu tudng tridt hpc Trung Qudc raa cdn tao ndn mdt diem nhin trong ddng chay eua sy phat tridn tu Mdng triet hpe nhan Ioai. Vdi biit phap an dy, sue tich nhung lai ggi md, Lao Tir da lam ngudi ddi sau phai kinh ngae, than phuc trudc M duy cua minh. Tuy nhien, tu tudng triet hpc cua Lao Td ciing gidng nhu eua ede nha tu tudng duong thdi ddu chiu sy cM phdi eiia lieh sir va tinh giai cdp ndn khdng the tranh khdi nhimg han che nhdt dinh kM gidi quySt nhiing van de ve the gidi quan, phuang phap Man va nhdn thuc ludn. Nhung niu chitng ta bidt gat bd nhimg ban che dd khi ngMen eiiu tu tudng tridt hpc cua Ldo Tir thi se thay nhiing h^t nhan hpp ly vupt mpi khdng gian vd thdi gian eua dng.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] V3 v a n Dung (2019), Tu tuong chinh tri thai Tiin Tdn vd gid tri ciia nd, Nxb Ly luan chinh tri, Hd N6i.
[2] T u Md Thian (1998), Sic ky, Nxb Vdn hpc, Hd N9!.
[3] Ldo Tu (1998), Dgo diic kinh, Nxb Vdn h6a, Hd NOi.
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