"TRUNG HOA PHAP HE"- SAN PHAM DAC SAC CUA SU KET HOP GIITA HAI HOC THUYET DlTC TRI VA PHAP TRI TRONG LICH SlT PHONG KIEN TRUNG HOA
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a bd phan co ban ca'u thanh nen gia trj vat cha't cua ddi sd'ng van hoa phap ly, he thd'ng phap luat la ye'u td ddng gdp nhiing gia trj de lam nen dien mao, ban sac van hoa phap ly cua mdt qud'c gia, dan tdc. Trung Qud'c cd Ijch su phat trien van hda lien tuc keo dai hang ngan nam, phan anh thanh van tren ITnh vyc phap luat, tfl "Phap kinh" thdi Chie'n Qud'c cho den "Dai Thanh luat le" dupc lien tuc duy tri, phat trien vdi nhung didu chinh, ke thua nhau tao thanh he thd'ng phap luat vdi nhiing dac diem rieng biet, cac nha luat hpc can dai gpi dd la"Trung Hoa phap he" (He thd'ng phap luat Trung Hoa). Viet Nam la qud'c gia lang gieng va chju anh hudng cua van minh chinh tri, phap ly Trung Hoa trong Ijch su, viec nghien cuu tim hieu he thd'ng phap luat nay cd y nghTa quan trpng khdng chi tren phuang dien Ijch su, van hda ma cdn tren phuang dien to chdc ddi sd'ng xa hdi nudc ta, trudc he't la de chpn loc, tie'p thu nhiing tinh hoa van hda phap ly cda nhan loai, ddng thdi de khac phuc nhirng anh hudng khdng mong mud'n cda nhirng tu tudng ngoai lai, nham khdng ngiing lam giau cd them nen van hda nudc nha. Mat khac, tim hieu he thd'ng phap luat Trung Hoa cdn giup chdng ta danh gia dung dan nguyen nhan cua cac van de nay sinh trong ddi sd'ng chinh tri, phap ly Viet Nam hien nay va phuang hudng, giai phap hoan thien nha nudc, phap luat va quan ly xa hpi duong dai.
1. Hpc thuyet dflc trj va hpc thuyet phap trj Trung Hoa cd dai
Theo Tu didn tieng Viet: "//pc thuyet Id todn the noi chung nhung quan niem co he thdng diing de li gidi cdc hien tugng vd
Do Ditc Minh*
hudng liogt dgng ciia con ngudi trong mot ITnh vuc nhd't dinh ndo d6"K Ndi khac di, dd Id tap hgp nhdng quan niem dugc trinh bdy mgt cdch he thdng ve mgt Unh vUc thugc thugng tdng kie'n triic (khoa hpc, chinh trj, luat phap, dao ddc, tdn giao, nghe thuat, triet hpc ...), trd thdnh ca sa ly ludn chi dgo hoat dgng thuc tiin hodc ldm cdn cit de tim hieu chdn ly cho con ngudi. Hoc thuyet dupc de xuat bdi mdt ngudi hoac mdt nhdm ngudi, gan vdi the gidi quan va chju anh hudng ciia thdi dai hinh thuc tu duy dang thd'ng tri (hay hinh thflc tu duy dd'i lap) thdng qua ndn tang ly thuyet logic. Mdi hpc thuyet ra ddi dii dupe gan vdi ten tudi eua ca nhan nhung van la ke't qua (hay thanh tuu) phat trien cua cdng ddng hoac cua qud'c gia, dan tdc va tham chf cua ca loai ngudi. Ndi ham cua hpc thuyet phan anh nhung van dd cd tinh nguyen tac va tfnh khoa hpc de chi dSn hanh vi cua con ngudi nham dat duoc muc tieu mong mud'n. Vi vay, hoc thuyet cd gia trj to Idn ddi vdi con ngudi va dd'i vdi sy phat trien cua xa hdi. Thdng qua viec phan anh cupc da'u tranh giai cap va thd hien mdt each khai quat nhung Ipi ich kinh te, chinh trj chu ye'u cua giai cap nay hoac giai cap khac, cae hpc thuyet chfnh trj cd tac dung trd lai dd'i vdi viec phat trien kinh te, giu vai trd quan trpng dd'i vdi sy phat trien xa hpi. "Trung Hoa thdi ky cd dai, cd hai nha triet hpc ehinh tri cd nhidu tu tudng dac sac ve quan trj - quan ly la Khdng Tu va Han Phi Tfl... Hien nay, nhung anh hudng cua hai nha tu tudng quan ly Trung Hoa nay van cdn dam net trong phong each quan ly va van hoa eua nhieu
ThS. Van phong Thanh uy Hai Phong. ' Vien Ngon ngQ hoc: Tit dien Tieng Viet, Nxb. Da Ning, 2004, tr. 454 .
8
V'TRUNG HOA PHAP HE"...
nudc chau A, tham chf nd cung dupc cac hpc gia phuang Tay danh gia cao"l
Trung Hoa cd dai la thdi ky tuang dd'i lau dai tukhi xuat hien Nha nudc dau tien (the ky XXI trudc cdng nguyen - TCN) den khi nha Tan thd'ng nhai dai nudc (221 TCN), danh dau qua trinh phat trien va hoan thien khdng ngflng cda cac nha nudc tu Ha - Thuang - Chu. Dya tren che dp Tdng phap\
nha Chu da thiei lap va cung cd nen thdng trj trong nhieu the ky va da dua che dp chie'm hiJu nd le len den dinh cao trong thdi Tay Chu. Nhung td khi ddi dd sang Lac Ap, do npi bp mau thuan tranh gianh quydn lyc, dai dai cang ngay cang bi thu hep, lai thudng xuyen chinh phat lien mien nen the lyc nha Chu ngay cang suy yeu, khdng cdn ude thuc cac nudc chu hau dupc niia. Che do Tong phdp - ca sd td chdc xd hgi cita nhd Chit bi phd va vd ma mdn cho mat thai ky khiing hodng xd hgi Id thai ky Xudn Thu - Chien Qudc (771-221 TCN). Day la thdi ky dac biet cda Ijch sd Trung Qudc, chda dyng nhirng bien dpng phdc tap dan xen: trong khi kinh te khdng ngflng phat trien thi chinh trj, xa hdi chim trong bi kjch dau thuang. Dd la thdi ky bd dgo lan at vuaug dgo va bao lyc, chien tranh dupc coi la phuang thdc dupc ap dung trong viec giai quyei quan he giua cac nudc. Xa hdi Trung Hoa trai qua nhung bien ddng Ijch sd Idn lao do nhirng nguyen nhan bat ngudn tu ben trong nd va thyc chai cda bien ddng ay Id budc chuyen td hinh thdi xd hgi no le suy tdn vd phong kie'n sa ky sang hinh thdi xd hgi phong kien tap quyen dang trong qua trinh xac lap. Bd'i canh thdi dai bie'n ddng toan dien va sau sac dd da dat ra
- PGS. TS. Nguyen Thi Doan, D6 Minh Cuong, Phuong Ky Son: Cdc hoc tluiyet qudn ly, Nxb. Chi'nh tri quoc gia. Ha Npi, 1996, tr.l0-11.
' Theo lap luan cua c6 nhan, sir thiet lap che dp tong phap nham muc dich tiCc tranli - de dap tdt mpi su tranh doat ngoi vi quy6n Ipi, kim ham su tranh gianh luc due trong npi bp giai cap tho'ng tri. Thong qua che dp tong phap, quan he tong thupc phong kien ve mat chi'nh tri ket hop chat che voi quan he huyet thong cua tong tpc, cung co nghla la to chifc cliinh tri long vdo to chuc tong tpc.
nhirng van de triei hpc, chfnh trj xa hdi, luan ly, dao due, kinh te, phap luat... kich thich long ngudi, khien cac bac tai sT duong thdi quan tam ly giai, de tim ra cac phuang phap giai quyei dua xa hdi td loan ve tri, lam nay sinh mdt loat cac dai bieu va cac trudng phai tu tudng ndi tieng dai dien cho lai ich cua cac tang ldp, giai cap xa hpi khac nhau, vda da'u tranh vdi nhau hei sdc quyei liet: Lao gia keu gpi vd vi, Nho gia chd truang le trj, Mac gia dd xua't kiem ai, Phap gia chu truong phap trj.
Sinh ra va chdng kien xa hpi dai loan va vd dao, ban than da tdng lam nhieu nghd bi lau rdi lam quan cai trj, Khdng Td nhan thdc duac khat vpng vd hoa binh, dn djnh trat ty va thjnh vuang cua mdi thanh vien. Khac vdi Lao Tu khuyen mpi ngudi chay trd'n vao ty nhien va thoat ly thyc te, Trang Tu bi quan ye'm the gan nhu thoat tuc, chi cdn mong dupc lam con rua de lei cai dudi trong bun;
Khdng Tu la ngudi nhap the va ludn ludn tran trd vdi chuyen quan ly xa hpi theo each tdt nhai. Song dng khdng phai la mdt nha each mang tu dudi len, dng chi mudn thyc hien nhiing cai each xa hpi tu tren xudng, bang con dudng due tri. Xa hoi ly tudng ma Khdng Tu mudn xay dyng la mot xa hoi phong kien cd tdn ti, trat ty dupc sap dat theo Ld, theo ly tudng dai ddng. Tu thien td tdi cac chu hau, tu quy tpc cho tdi binh dan, ai cd phan nay, mpi ngudi deu cd quyen Ipi va nhiem vu sd'ng hoa hao vdi nhau. Xa hdi dd lay gia dinh lam ca sd va hinh miu, trpng hieu dd, yeu tre, kfnh gia; mpi ngudi ddu tdn trpng tinh cam va cdng bang, ngudi giau thi khiem tdn giir 16, ngudi ngheo thi lac dao.
'Diua nhan tinh thien la do thien phd, chu truong cda Nho gia la hudng tdi bao ve, cung cd, khai day, phat huy cai thien, cai dep vd'n cd trong mdi con ngudi; td dd loai trd dupc cai ac, cai xau ra khdi ddi sd'ng xa hdi va do dd xa hpi se trd nen tdt dep, thjnh trj. Do dd, nhiem vu cda ngudi trj nudc (hang quan td) la phai hudng mpi boat ddng xa hdi vao viec lam nhan nghTa va lam cho ddc nhan that sy thdng trj trong ddi sdng tinh thdn cua xa hdi.
Khdng 'Tu noi: "Dung ddc ma thi hanh chinh
HA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT Sd 3/20U
trj thi mpi ngudi ddu theo, ty nhu ngdi sao Bac Dau d mdt chd ma mpi vi sao deu chau vd"'*. Ben canh dd, Nho gia cdn chu truong phai dudng ddn (lo cho dan du an, du mac), gido ddn bang each neu guong (dT than thdc phap) va day Id, nhac, van, dflc, bat dac dT mdi dung hinh phap. Nho gia ra't coi trpng va xem dao ddc la chuan myc cao nhat de danh gia sy td't, xau, tie'n bd hay lac hau cua mdt che dp xa hdi. Dao ddc vdn la mdt hinh thai y thuc cd chdc nang dieu chinh hanh vi cda con ngudi trong xa hdi dupc Nho gia xem la cdng cu chd yeu trong viec tri nudc.
Dpc lap vdi "ddc trj" la dudng ldi "phap tri" cda Phap gia vdi dai dien tieu bieu nhat la Han Phi Td (280-230 TCN). Trong tu tudng Trung Qud'c cd dai, "Phap" la pham tru triei hoc dupc hieu theo hai nghTa: theo nghTa rdng, phdp la the che qud'c gia, la che dp chinh trj xa hdi cda dat nudc; theo nghTa hep, phdp la nhirng dieu luat, luat le, nhirng luat le mang tfnh nguyen tac va khudn mSu.
Do dd, xet theo nghTa hep thi Phap va Ld tach biet nhau bdi vi Phap di lien vdi kien tung, hinh phat; cdn Ld thi khdng. Xet theo nghTa rpng thi Phap va Lt khdng khac nhau may, tdc deu la nhiing qui tac, nghi thdc can thiet de duy tri trat ty xa hdi. Nho gia chu truang phdp tien vuang thi chii phdp dupc dung theo nghTa rdng tdc la theo che dp chinh trj (gpi la phep tdc, le nghi) ciia nha vua ddi trudc. Phap trj chu truang trpng phdp thi chu phdp dupc dung theo nghTa hep, tuc la de chi lugt le, kien tung, hdnh phdp, quyin lidnh thudng, phgt, la chi phap luat. Diem xuat phat cua Han Phi Td la thuyet phi thien, coi ban tfnh con ngudi la ich ky, vu loi nen khdng the dung ddc trj ma phai dung phap trj. Theo Han Phi Td, ban chai cda hoat ddng quan ly la viec sd dung quyen lyc manh mdt each tap trung. Quydn lyc nay gdm ba phuong dien duac khai quat thanh ba pham tru Phap - The - Thuat trong ly luan vd cai trj - quan ly nha nudc. Muc dfch chfnh cua quydn lyc la de giup cho nha lanh dao cd du
phuang tien, muu cau qud'c gia binh cudng, nudc manh bang chfnh sach "canh chien".
"Phap" ia phap luat, phap lenh qud'c gia, la phuang tien duy nhat de cai trj. Han Phi Tir khang djnh tam quan trpng cua phap luat va cho rang chi can duy tri hieu lyc cua phap luat thi se giii vflng dupe trat ty chfnh trj binh thudng va thu duoc nhflng hieu qua Idn;
uu diem cua viee dieu hanh theo luat phap la d chd, luat phap dd'i vdi ngudi quydn quy cung nhu ke hen mon ddu nhu nhau. Theo dng, ve chinh trj, tat ca deu xoay quanh tinh than cd phu hpp vdi phap luat hay khdng. Tat ca cfl dung myc thudc, dung phap luat ma lam thi xa hdi se dn djnh. Quan didm chu dao cua Han Phi Tu la de cao vai trd cua phap luat va chu truang dung phap luat ha khac de trj nudc. "The" la quyen uy, the luc, dupc Han Phi Tfl so sanh vdi van nang, bdi le: hiin va tri khdng du cho dam ddng phuc tung, chi quyen thi va dia vi la du khua't.
phuc mpi ngudi, ke ca ngudi hidn. Vi vay, mud'n cd luat phap rd rang, minh bach va dupc dan tuyet dd'i tdn trong thi hanh thi nha vua phai biei su dung va nam virng quyen the. "Thuat" la thu doan che ngy than dan, quyen muu cda ke bd tren, la phuong phap didu hanh chinh sy, nghe thuat quan ly dai nudc, quan ly con ngudi theo tinh than dung ngudi theo tai nang, thudng phat cdng minh.
Tu duy phap trj la trudng hap ddc dao, rieng cd cua phuang Ddng bdi su gap gd vdi tu duy chinh trj chu dao eua phuang Tay ludn nha'n manh khfa canh ky thuat cua sy cai trj.
Theo dd, mdt khi da cd thiet ke dung, thi ke ca ngudi trung binh\ khdng xuat chung cung cd thd dieu hanh duac dat nudc theo muc tieu da lya chpn. Ong quan niem phai thuc hien phap luat vi lai ich tdi cao cua toan xa hdi va kien quyei chd'ng lai sy lam dung quyen lyc ma vi pham phap luat. De lap lai
Doan Trung Con: Ludn ngit, Nxb. Thuan Hoa, Hue, 1996, tr.l5.
^ "Nguoi trung binh" la ngucri b gida ngucJi tai gioi (nhu Nghieu, Thuan) va ngudi kem (nhu Kiel, Tru).
Ne'u ho bie't ton trpng va tuSn theo phap luat (theo nghTa cua Phap gia), ndm chdc thirong, phat, khong me tin di doan, chfnh tri, biet phong xa va biet giu gin
"phap" va "the^' thi nu6c yen tri. Neu trai "phap", bo
"the^' thi nudc loan, "phap" va "the^' thi nudc yen tri.
10
^"TRUNG HOA PHAP HE"...
trat ty trong nudc, cac vua chua khdng dupc dya vao sy chuyen quydn, ma phai dya vao luat - dieu cao ban y chf cua nhirng ngudi cam quyen. Ong cho rang, "ne'u bd phap luat ma lam theo y chf cua rieng minh khi trj nudc thi cd nhu cac bac thanh hien Nghieu, Thuan cung khdng giu cho ngay ngan dupc mdt nudc". Cho nen, viec lam cho phap luat khdng bj hdng nat la tidn de va muc dich td'i cao cua chinh trj. Han Phi Tu da dua phdp len thanh pham tru quan trpng nhat vdi nghTa quy tac cdng ran bat budc mpi ngudi phai tuan theo. Tuy nhien, dng rai cyc doan khi dd cao luat phap, phu nhan vai trd cda dao due, tham chi cdn chap nhan dung cai ac dd'i phd vdi cai ac de thiei lap trat ty xa hdi dudi quydnlyc tuyet ddi cua nha vua.
Vdi nhiJng ndi dung tren, cd the xem Due trj va Phap trj la hai mat, hai hinh thdc CO ban cda boat dpng quan ly cua Nho gia va Phap gia. Song, trai vdi tu tudng bd mac cho ty nhien ty phat trien cua Lao Tfl va tu tudng xuat the cua Trang Tu, ca Khdng Tu va Han Phi Tu deu la nhung nha cai each de cao vai trd cua boat ddng quan ly qud'c gia va trach nhiem cda nhung nha cam quydn. Muc tieu ma hai dng cung hudng tdi la xay dyng mdt qud'c gia phong kie'n thd'ng nhat, xa hpi cd trat ty, ky cuong va thjnh vuang. Nhung chu truang, phuang phap thyc hien cda Nho gia va Phap gia khac nhau, cd the ndi la trai ngupc nhau. Diem khac nhau can ban giiia Nho gia va Phap gia la: de cao vai trd cda dao due, Nho gia chi chd y hanh ddng ty nguyen duac xuat phat tu ddng co ben trong cda chd the; ngupc lai, tuyet dd'i hda vai trd- cua phap luat, Phap gia chi chd trpng ^u^
cudng che bang quyen lyc nha nudc, tdc la dung ap lyc tu ben ngoai. Khdng Tu mudn cai trj xa hdi bang dao ddc, nhan dao va bang tinh cam nhan ban - nhan ai, cho nen chfnh sach quan ly qud'c gia cua dng cdt dupc long dan, nhung kem tinh kha thi va lau dat tdi kei qua. Han Phi Tu de cao duy ly, duy lai va khdng ngai dung hinh phat, thuat trong cai trj nen dat dupc kei qua nhanh nhung khdng ben vi dan bj budc tuan theo chd khdng dng hd chfnh quydn. Tdm
lai, cd the quan niem: Ddc tri vd plidp tri Id nhung hgc thuyet chinh tri - phdp ly tieu biiu cita Trung Hoa cd dgi, bao gam he thdng nhung quan niem dugc di xudt, bd sung vd hodn thien bdi cdc dgi biiu tu tudng ciia Nho gia vd Phdp gia nham ly gidi thuc trgng vd nguyen nhdn ciia xd hgi frong hdi cdnh lich sU dgc biet Id thai ky Xidn Thu - Chiin Qudc; (ren ca sa do di xudt nhftng duang loi chiin luge tri nuac, trong do dgo due hay phdp ludt dugc xem Id cong cu chit yiu nham huang tai xdy dung qudc gia phong kiin Trung Quae thdng nhd't, trat tu, ky cuang vd thinh tri.
Hpc thuyet cua Khdng Tu khi mdi xuat hien khdng dupc giai cap thdng trj ddn nhan de trd thanh tu tudng chd ye'u ngay bdi trong xa hdi rdi ren, chien tranh trien mien thi
"nhan trj" ("ddc trj") cung bdc Id nhiing ban che cda minh. Cudi thdi Chien Qudc, trudc yeu cau bdc thiei cua Ijch sd, hpc thuyet phap trj cda Han Phi Tu da xuat hien tren vQ dai Ijch su va nhanh chdng dupc giai cap thd'ng trj ma nha Tan la dai bieu ddn nhan di hoan thanh sd menh dua sy nghiep thd'ng nhai Trung Qud'c de'n thang Ipi. Tuy nhien, do thu tieu nhiing gia trj nhan dao,nhan van la nhung hat nhan tfch cyc cda cac hpc thuyei due trj, kiem ai... nen d phuang dien nay phap trj lai phan anh nhu mdt budc lui lich sd. Ke thd'ng trj phat hien ly luan cua Khdng Td rat thich hop cho giiJ gin sy dn djnh cua xa hpi phong kien nen da xac lap dja vj chi'nh thd'ng cho hpc thuyet cda dng. Nhu dda con yeu cd edng lao Idn nhung cung mang nhidu ldi tat,
hpc thuyet phap trj tuy dupc giai cap phong kien sau nay thyc sy cung chieu song danh phai che giau mat tan ac (cai tat) cda nd dudi hinh thdc vd boc '"Duang Nho dm Phdp". Su diet vong cua nha Tan la tra ldi cua thyc ti6n Ijch sd ddi vdi hpc thuyet phap trj va dd la ly do de phap trj phai dupc dieu chinh dd dupc tiep tuc tdn tai dudi mot hinh thdc khong nguyen ven va khong cong khai, di td dd hinh thanh mdt he thd'ng phap luat dac s k Trung Hoa. "He thdng phap luat nay chang nhung chiem dja vj thdng trj tren dai Trung Qudc, ma cdn cd anh hudng to Idn den cac nudc
'HA NUdc VX PHAP LUAT Sd 3/20m
Ddng A (Tridu Tien, Nhat Ban, Viet Nam).
Cac nha luat hpc can dai gpi dd la Trung Hoa phdp he "''.
2. Su ket hpp gifla dflc tri va phap trj trong lich sfl phong kien Trung Hoa
Ljch su phong kie'n Trung Qud'c (thdi ky trung dai) duoc xac djnh tu nam 221 TCN den nam 1840; md dau la mdc ljch su Tan Thdy Hoang thd'ng nha't Trung Qud'c va kei thuc bang sy kien chien tranh thudc phien Trung-Anh, Trung Qud'c trd thanh mdt nudc nda phong kien thudc dja. Day la thdi ky thdng trj cda cac vuang trieu phong kie'n Idn, Trung Qud'c cudng thjnh va phat trien ve mpi mat. Xuyen sudt ban hai ngan nam, tu duy chinh tri, phap ly Trung Qud'c khdng ngdng dupc bd sung, phat trien theo tie'n trinh kei hop giira due trj va phap trj va djnh hinh nen he thdng phap luat dac sac Trung Hoa.
2.1. Giai doan Chiin Qudc - Tdn Hdn (td theky V TCN- ddu thiky III)
Giai doan hinh thanh va budc dau phat trien cda che dp phong kie'n chuyen che.
Nhung tu tudng ban dau ve ddc trj va phap trj da xuai hien rai sdm trong xa hdi Trung Qudc cd dai. Trong thdi ky dau cua nha Chu, ngudi ta dung hai phuang phap trj dan ap dung cho hai tang ldp xa hdi: Mdt la le ap dung cho each cu xu cua tang ldp quy tdc;
hai la hinh chi ap dung cho tang ldp thd dan theo nguyen tac: Hinh khong len tdi dgi pint, Le khong xudng din thit ddn. Giai cap thd'ng trj dupc mac nhien dflng ngoai vdng cuong tda cda phap luat. Cud'i thdi ky Xuan Thu - Chie'n Qud'c, xa hpi Trung Qud'c trai qua bie'n ddng sau sac do lyc lupng san xuai xa hpi cd sy trudng thanh vuat bac keo theo nhOng bie'n ddi cda quan he san xuai. Che dp nd le budc sang giai doan suy tan va Id trj trd thanh vat can sy phat trien cda xa hpi. De duy tri nen thd'ng trj cua minh, cac nudc chu hau Idn nhd tren nhirng mdc dp khac nhau da lan luat thuc hanh cai each bang cdng cu phap luat. Trong tinh hinh dd, nam 350 TCN, Li Khdi (nudc Nguy) tap hpp cac sach hinh
luat eua cac nudc, tao thanh sau thien Phdp kinh la: Dao phap - Tac phap - Tu phap - Bd phap - Cu phap - Tap phap. Cd the xem day la bd phdp dien phong kie'n tuong dd'i hoan chinh dau tien trong ljch sfl xay dyng phap che Trung Qud'c. Tuy la ghi nhan ban dSu nhung tu tudng phap trj dudi hinh thfle phap ly, sy ra ddi cua Phap kinh da danh dau budc phat trien quan trpng trong viec xSy dyng Nha nudc, tao ra nhung ca sd can thie't de viec bat giu, giam cam, xet xu tranh dupc nhieu oan sai bdi cd the dya tren nhung cp sd khach quan. Phap kinh khdng nhung da he thd'ng hoa, sua ddi va bd sung phap luat cac nudc thdi Chie'n Qudc, ma cdn cd y nghTa la ndi dung ca ban cua phap luat phong kien tu ddi Tan Han trd ve sau: "... Bd luat Trung Hoa cua Li Kui (Ly Khdi): Bd luat dau tien cua Hoang de Trung Hoa dd cap de'n trdm cap, cudp bdc, nha tu, bat bd va nhdng qui tac chung, lam mau cho bd luat ddi Dudng"'.
Nha Tan thd'ng nhat dupc toan lanh thd Trung Qud'c da triet de thi hanh chu truong phap trj, lay phap che nudc Tan lam co sd de thd'ng nhai phap che trong ca nudc. Tu tudng chi dao dung phap trj qud'c va tdi nhe phat nang dupc Tan Thuy Hoang phat huy cao dd^ Trong khi thyc hien cac chfnh sach thd'ng trj cung nhu trong cupc sd'ng, Tan Thuy Hoang td ra rai tan bao va xa xi, trd thanh bao chua ndi tieng trong ljch su Trung Qud'c. Ke tuc sy nghiep cua vua cha. Tan Nhj The da tang them luat le, menh lenh, mpi viec khdng theo van ma dung vd lyc de quyet djnh, vi vay, mau thuan trong xa hdi cang them gay gat. Vuang trieu Tan budc len vii dai ljch sii nhd thanh guam phap tri va hao quang chien thang, nhung chi duac hon mudi nam da hoan
Dam Gia Kiem (1993), Licli sii vdn hod Trung Quoc, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi, tr. 44.
' Bdch khoa tri thitc, Nxb. Van hoa thong tin, 2005, tr,310.
Ngoai ra, Tdn Thuy Hoang con ap dung mot loat bien phap phap luat nhu: phe bo che dp phan phong, thuc hanh che dp quan huyen, dat cac dia khu dudi su khdng che true tiep ciia trieu dinh; ap dung quan che mdi, xay dung che dp giam sat va khao nghiem thanh tfch cac quan tuong ung; cho dan tvi c6 ruong, xac lap them mot budc che dp tu huu da't dai; thd'ng nhat ve chQ viet, don vi do ludng, ban hanh lenh "cao gian".
12
STRUNG HOA PHAP HE"...
toan sup do, doan menh nha't trong cac trieu dai phong kie'n Trung Hoa.
Tfl bai hpc kinh nghiem ciiinh tri tdn bgo chong bi tieu vong cua nha Tan, giai ca'p thd'ng trj nha Han hieu rang "cd the ngdi tren lung ngya ma lay dupe thien ha nhung khdng the ngdi tren lung ngya ma trj duoc thien ha"^, da tha'y tai ye'u phai dieu chinh each thflc cai trj de khdng dim lai vet xe dd cua ke di trudc. Nham kie'n lap ndn thd'ng trj dn djnh lau dai, nha Han da quyet tam didu chinh chfnh sach cai trj theo phuang cham: dua Nho gido tra thdnh lie tu tudng cliinh thdng ddng thdi tiep tuc di cao phdi phdp tri. Thyc hien ehu truong dd, nha Han da cai each phap che eua nha Tan thudc chfnh thd'ng phap gia de khac phuc nhung te lau can ban cua nd: mgt Id, phe bd phap luat ha khac va hinh phat tan khdc. Luu Bang cho rang mud'n cung cd dupc tridu dai cua minh thi phai nhupng bd nhan dan, giam bdt sy ap bdc, bdc lot ddi vdi hp (Vi vay, luc dau tridu Tay Han da thu tieu nhiing phap luat ha khac cua nha Tan, tuyen bd phe bd nhuc hinh, dinh chi viec xay dyng nhung cdng trinh Idn va giam nhe suu djch de lay long dan nhung sau dd phap luat va hinh phat khac nghiet cua thdi Tan nhu "di tam tdc", "cu ngu hinh"... lai dupc khdi phuc de bao ve sy thd'ng trj); liai Id, cham sdc ngudi gia, tre em va ngudi tan tat; ba la, thi hanh che dp binh nghj djnh tdi xet hinh (nghidn nguc) de dam bao than trpng trong xu ly; bdn Id, lay kinh dien Nho gia (gdm: Djch, Thu, Thi, Ld, Nhac va Xuan Thu) lam chuan myc de xfl an; ndm Id, giai thich phap luat bang giao li Nho gia.
Duy tri he thd'ng luat phap dupc thie't lap dudi thdi nha Tan nhung sua ddi mdt so phuong dien ha khac theo triet ly Khdng giao ve kiem soat xa hdi dya tren luan thudng dao ly, nha Han da thyc hien cdi cdch plidp ludt tren nin tdng phdp tri cua nha Tdn kit hgp vai le chi cua. Nho gia. Dd cung la qua trinh giai cap thd'ng trj tdng kei kinh nghiem dd sfla ddi phap luat nha Tan va la qua trinh tu tudng nho gia tflng budc dupc
chuyen tai vao ndi dung phap luat (qua trinh Nho gia hoa phap luat). Cdng cupc cai each phap luat ndi tren cd y nghTa danh da'u sy hinh thanh va xac lap phap che phong kien trong ljch su Trung Qud'c, ddng thdi cung la buac ngoat cua tu tudng phdp tri td chinh thdng sang giai doan phdt triin dudi dnh hudng ciia Nlio gia. "De'n ddi Tan thd'ng nhai, mdi bat dau budc vao xa hdi phong kie'n lay ndng thdn lam diem xuai phat, den
"phap dp" cua Han Vii De mdi dung hinh thdc phap luat de cd djnh che dp phong kie'n...""* . Tu day, xu hudng kei hop 16 trj va phap trj trd thanh dudng ldi cai trj chd yeu cua Nha nudc phong kie'n Trung Qud'c; md ra qua trinh lap phap lay tu tudng Nho gia lam nguyen tac chi dao va van dung cac quan diem, quy pham le giao trong npi dung phap luat va trong chfnh sach xet xu cua giai cap phong kien.
2.2. Giai dogn Nguy - Tdn - Tuy - Dudng (ddu thiky III - ddu thiky X)
Trung Qud'c lai bj phan chia cat cd trong gan 4 the ky, trai qua cac giai doan: Tam qud'c, Ddng - Tay Tan, Nam - Bac trieu va de'n nha Dudng thi Nha nudc phong kien chuyen che thd'ng nhai duoc tai lap va phat trien.
Tfl nha Han de'n nha Nguy thi cai each phap luat da trai qua 400 nam thyc thi. Tu tudng chi dao va thyc tidn ap dung da cd nhidu thay ddi, nhung phap dien va nhieu van ban phap luat dupc che djnh tu dau ddi Han van dupc duy tri. Giiia thyc ti6n cupc sd'ng va phap che lac hau khdng cdn phu hop va phat sinh mau thuSn. Trudc tinh hinh dd, nha Nguy da tie'n hanh sua sang co ban phap che theo cac ndi dung sau: 1/ Ddi cu ludt lam hinh danh dat len dau cac thien; 2/ Bd nhung dieu ldi thdi cua luat Han, npi dung va ten thien khdng hop thi didu chinh hoac sap nhap; 3/ Hinh phat dupc chuan myc boa mdt budc. Cac loai hinh phat cd: tu hinh, khdn hinh (hinh phat got dau tdc pham nhan nam), hoan hinh (npp phat), tac hinh (cat bd mpt bp phan cua ca the), thuc hinh (hinh
' Trdn Trpng Kim (1930), Nho gido, quyen Thuang, Ha Noi, tr. 2.
'" Hdu Ngoai Lu, Tneu Ky Ban, D6 Qudc Tudng: Bdn ve tu titdng CO dgi Trung Quoc, Nxb. Su that, Ha Ndi,1959, tr.30.
HA NUdc vA PHAP LUAT sd 3/2010^
phat chudc), phat kim (phat tien), va tap de (bdi thudng bang tap djch); 4/ Lay bdt tich cua Chu Id lam can cd, chfnh thdc qui djnh chi dp bdt nghi: nghj than, nghj cd, nghj hien, nghj nang, nghj cdng, nghj quy, nghj can, nghj tan. "Tam hang ngudi dd pham tpi, thi khdng dupc de quan phu tryc tie'p djnh tdi xu hinh nhu ngudi thudng ma phai tau trinh hoang de phan xd; tru trpng tpi khdng dupc an xa, deu cd khoan hdng"" .
Vdi nhiJng npi dung cai each nhu tren, nha Nguy da dat dupc mdt budc phat trien trong xay dyng phap che. Viec ddi cu ludt lam /;////( danh cho thay tinh ly luan trong xay dyng phap luat da dupc tang cudng. Sy chuan myc hoa hinh phat la sy tiep tuc khang djnh tu tudng phap trj trong giai doan ljch sd mdi. Ddng thdi, viec qui dinh che dp bdt nghi (mpt san pham dac trung bat ngudn tu tdng phap) chi'nh la budc tiep tuc the che hoa Ld, thua nhan che dp dang cap phong kien ve mat phap luat. Nhu vay, cdi cdch phdp chi ciia nhd Nguy Id sU ki thda phdp ludt nlid Hdn, ddng thdi cung Id budc phdt triin mdi cita phdp ludt phong kiin (heo nguyen tdc li - hinh kit hgp.
Luat ddi Tan bien soan tren co sd luat Han va luat Nguy theo nguyen tac bd phan ha khac ue tap, giu phan sach se, gian dj (quyen ki ha ue, tdn ki thanh ude). Phap luat nha Tan cd hai dac diem ve npi dung: 1/ Dat phuc chi (che dp ngu phuc) vd'n thupc vd Id lam mpt trong nhiJng tieu chuan djnh tpi xu hinh; 2/ Ban hanh cung mpt luc trong thien ha ca nhirng dieu chd thfch luat kem theo.
Cac dieu chd thfch luat deu chda dyng cac dieu cda phap luat, khudn chdng vao danh phan, lam sang td nhidu nghTa cua cac thien, bd sung nhiJng didu thie'u sdt cua cac chuang, cac dieu, cd anh hudng to Idn de'n phap che duang thdi cCing nhu dd'i vdi li luan lap phap, hinh phap cda hau the. Viec ban hanh chd thich luat kem theo cac van ban phap luat cho thay Nha nudc phong kie'n trong giai doan nay da chd trpng han de'n viec tuyen truyen giai thich phap luat - mpt
ndi dung tu tudng quan trpng cua hpc thuydt phap trj.
Ke thfla luat Han va Nguy, nhd Tdn cdi cdch plidp ludt theo hudng cu thi hod mgt budc li vao trong phap luat, ddng thdi tie'p tuc van dung nliUng nguyen tdc phdp ly ca bdn ciia phdp tri vd xay dung phap luat thuc djnh trong viec tang cudng giai thfch phap luat. Day la budc dong thai thi chi hod cdc nguyen tdc cita cd plidp tri vd Nho gia trong phap luat phong kie'n.
Thdi ky Nam - Bac tridu cd luat Bac Te cd anh hudng tuong dd'i Idn. Thyc hien viec tdng kei toan dien kinh nghiem xay dung phap luat cua cac tridu dai trudc, diem mdi trong npi dung phap luat nha Te la djnh ra Muai diiu (rgng (gi, la: muu phan, muu dai nghjch, ban (lam phan), hang, ac nghjch, bat dao, bai kinh, bai hieu, bat nghTa, ndi loan.
Ke nao pham vao mdt trong sd 10 dieu ay thi khdng dupc ap dung chieu cd khoan hdng theo Bat nghj. Sang ddi Tuy, Muai diiu trgng tgi duac ddi ten thanh Tiidp dc'^. Tinh than co ban la kei hop Id vdi phap chat ban, trirng tri nghiem khac ban nhiing hanh vi pham tdi cd nguy hai de'n an toan cua nha vua va luan thudng phong kie'n. Sy ra ddi cda Thap ac la buac plid( triin (U tudng di cao trifng tri theo tinh thdn phdp tri len de'n mdc tan ac de bao ve dja vj lai fch va dao ddc nho giao, xac lap vat chf bao dam cho giai cap phong kie'n thdng trj. Viec bien soan phap luat do cac nho than chap but, cac che djnh phap luat nhu: bdt nghi, quan duang, chudn ngil pliuc dT chi tgi, mudi diiu trgng tgi duac ke thfla phat trien trong qua trinh the che hda da day manh viec dua Id vao luat. Den day, giai cap phong kie'n thd'ng trj Trung Qud'c da hodn thdnh viec dua le vdo ngi dung ludt phdp.
Dau ddi Tuy djnh ra luat mdi va sau lan sua ddi vao nam 583 cho ban hanh luat Khai Hoang, sau dd lai duac thay the bdi Luat Dai
" Dam Gia Kiem (1993), Lich su vdn hod Trung Qud'c, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, tr. 57.
" Gom: muu phan, mau dai nghich, muu ban, dai bat ki'nh, ac nghich, bat dao, bat hieu, bat muc, bdt nghia, npi loan. Dd la nhung hanh vi duoc coi la bat trung, trai due, nghich la, true tiep xam pham trat tir thdng tri va vuong quydn, hoac xam pham de'n luan thudng va che dp gia tdc phong kie'n.
14
^"TRUNG HOA PHAP HE"...
Nghiep va dupc xem la ban mau cho phap dien dau ddi Dudng. Nha Dudng rut dupc bai hpc kinh nghiem thai bai cua Tuy Dudng De, ha khac dan de'n diet vong nen da quan tam den viec cai each phap luat. Cac luat Vu Due, Trinh Quan, VTnh Huy dupc xay dyng theo chi'nh sach nhan due, giam nhe nhieu hinh phat va cac khoan phien nhidu nhan dan. Mpt diem mdi cda phap che nha Dudng la bien soan sd nghi - tdc la tien hanh giai thfch tung thien, tdng dieu cda luat. Luat VTnh Huy cung vdi sd nghi cua Luat ay, sau gpi la Duang Ludt sa nghi, dat dupc dung hpp nhung kinh nghiem lap phap va tu phap cung tinh hoa cua viec giai thich td cac trieu dai trudc. Phap luat qui djnh: Ditc le Id cdi go'c cita chinh gido, hinh phgt Id sit van dung ciia chinh gido. Dudng luat sd nghj ghi rd:
lam bd tdi, lam con la trung, la hieu. De'n day, lap phap lay chudn a li lam nguyen tac chi dao va quan niem phap luat theo Id giao phong kien da dat tdi giai doan chin mudi, cac ddi sau nha Dudng deu lay lam mSu myc. Nhu vay, d giai doan nay, tren co sd hoan thanh dua ngi dung cita le vdo ludt, cai each phap luat trong giai doan nay da tie'p tuc cu the hod nhiing quan diim vd nguyen tdc ,xdy dung phdp lugt theo dnh (hdn phdp (ri, dua phap luat phong kie'n dat de'n sy hodn (hien cita si(ki( hgp li- hinh trong ljch sd.
Trong sudt thdi gian gan 7 the ky (tu the ky III - the ky X), ljch sd Trung Qud'c lai dien ra tinh trang phan tranh cat cd dan xen vdi xu hudng thd'ng nhai va cung cd bp may nha nudc phong kien chuyen che. Do y thdc dupc vai trd quan trpng cua phap luat trong viec dn djnh va phat trien kinh te - xa hpi, cung cd che dp va phat trien the lyc phuc vu cho muc tieu thd'ng nhai dat nudc, cac trieu dai Ngyy - Tan - Tuy - Dudng da khdng ngdng tien hanh cai each phap luat tren co sd ke (hifa vd (dng cudng kit hgp li (ri vai phdp (ri va dat de'n su hoan thien d thdi nha Dudng.
2.3. Giai dogn Tdng - Nguyen - Minh - Thanh (ddu the'ky X- ddu thiky XX): che do phong kiin Trung Hoa td phuc hung din suy vong
Trong giai doan d^u cua nha Td'ng, nham thyc hien thd'ng nhat va dn djnh xa
hpi, giai cap thdng trj da bat tay bien soan phap luat. Nam 963, Bp Tdng Kiin Long (Udng dinh hinh (hdng (gpi tat la Tdng hinh thd'ng) dupc ban hanh. Day la san pham phap dien hoa duy nhai dudi thdi nha Td'ng va la phien bdn ciia bp Dudng Luat sd nghj. Vi
vay, de dap dng yeu cau quan ly xa hdi trong dieu kien tinh hinh thay ddi, nha Tdng da tang cudng bien sdc - tdc la boat dpng chinh ly bien soan cac sac lenh .
Nam 1276, quan Nguyen sau qua trinh xam lupc da lat dd nha Td'ng. De cung cd nen thd'ng trj cda minh, nha Nguyen bat tay che djnh tan phap, lan luat cho ban hanh Chi Nguyen tdn cdch, Phong kiin hodng cuang, Dgi Nguyen (hdng chi, Dgi Nguyen thdnh chinh qudc (riiu diin chuang vd Chi cliinh diiu cdch. "Npi dung phap luat ddi Nguyen dua (heo Dudng luat, hinh thdc thi (heo bien sac ddi Tdng, nhung gpi la diiu cdch, phan nhidu lay vyng bien cac didu each lam luat, trpn lan luat, lenh vdi phan le (le xd) lam mpt, khdng cd phap dien thd'ng nhai"'".
Danh dd ach thd'ng trj cua quan Mdng Cd va len ngdi, nha Minh da cho soan 285 didu luat lenh; tiep dd, lan lupt cho ban hanh Dgi Minh litcK, Minh litcK... Phap luat thdi ky nay nhin chung dupc noi theo the cua Han - Dudng, ngoai ra cdn cd cac hinh thdc Cao, Le, Lenh. Giai cap thd'ng trj da nhan thdc dupc muc dich cua phap luat la ldm sdng (6 li de ddn dd( ddn, dinh ra phdp liid(
di rdng huge ke budng binh. Nha Minh da bd cac loai nhuc hinh nhu thfch vao mat, cat chan, cat mui, hoan; than trpng trong xet xfl cac an Idn theo trinh ty tu Bp hinh, Dd sat vien de'n Dai ly ty phuc tham; phat nang ddi vdi tham quan d lai va cudng hao ac ba.
Trong xet xd, hoan quan dupc tham du thalm phan khien quyen lyc cda hoang de cang them dpc doan tren ITnh vyc tu phap.
Nha Thanh la vuong tridu phong kie'n cud'i cung cua Trung Qud'c, trong thdi gian trj vi da lan luat ban hanh Dgi Thanh lud( (dp gidi phii le, Dgi Thanh lucK (dp gidi, Dgi
'^ Dam Gia Kiem (1993), Uch sit vdn hod Trung Quoc, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, tr. 62.
15
'HANUde vA PHAPLUAT sd 3/20i(
Thanh litg( le, phan nhidu la dya theo Dai Minh luat. Dac diem ndi bat cua phap luat nha Thanh la cue luc bdo ve dgc quyin ciia quy (gc Mdn, kim ham phat trien kinh te va kiem che gat gao tu tudng nhan dan. Trong tinh hinh mau thuSn npi, ngoai gay gat, chie'n tranh thudc phien (nam 1840) da dua Trung Qud'c trd thanh mpt nudc phong kien nua thupc dja; tiep theo, Cach mang Tan Hpi (1911) da thd tieu che dp phong kien chuyen che keo dai ban hai ngan nam va keo theo sy giai the' cda "Trung Hoa phap he".
Trong sud't giai doan gan 10 the'ky cud'i cda che dp phong kien Trung Qud'c, hoat dpng phap che hau nhu khdng cd tie'n bp nao dang ke. Thyc te dd cd nguyen nhan la: tu the ky thd X trd di, do quan he san xuat da dan dan lac hau, che dp phong kie'n Trung Qud'c budc sang giai doan suy vong. Day cung la thdi ky Trung Qudc bj cac the lyc ngoai bang thd'ng trj, nen cdng tac xay dyng phap che cCing khdng dupc quan tam. Phap luat cua cac thdi Tdng - Lieu - Kim - Nguyen - Minh - Thanh (960-1911) tren phuang dien ban chat deu lay Ludt (riiu Dudng ldm chudn, da ke thda nguyen tac va tinh than cda truydn thd'ng van hda phap luat tridu dai nay. Cung vdi sy lac hau cda y thdc he, phap luat phong kien cung lam vao tri tre va trd nen ldi thdi va bj ljch su bd qua.
Nhu vay: trong ljch sd phong kien Trung Hoa, \i trj \a phap trj da tham nhap vao nhau tao ra sy ki( hgp chdt che giua li vd hinh. Li muon sy cudng che cua hinh de duy tri, hinh dung cai nguyen tac cda 16 chi dao. DT li nhdp liicu va Litd( (d li md ra la sy phan anh qua trinh tuong hd cho nhau trong sy kei hop cda hai hpc thuyet due trj va phap trj; trd thanh nguyen tac can ban cua he thd'ng phap luat phong kien Trung Qud'c. Mat khac, do xa hpi cda Trung Qudc cd dai lay gia tpc lam dan vj CO ban cdng vdi sy duy tri va phat huy tu tudng Nho gia, nen quan he luan ly gia dinh tung budc dupc dua vao dao trj nudc lap phap theo phuang cham ldm cho nhd ngay (lidng (hi (hien hg cilng ngay (hang. VI vay, phap luat Trung Qud'c xac lap muc tieu duy tri, bao \'e che dp gia tpc phong kie'n phy quyen, phu quyen len hang ddu, gia phdp Id
su bd sung cho qudc phdp. Tfl khi Han Vu De "bai truat bach gia, dpc tdn Nho thuat", de cao tu tudng Nho gia lam chfnh thdng, thi viec xay dyng va giai thfch phap luat cua Nha nudc ddu la'y ngudn go'c Id giao (am cuang ngu thifdng Nho gia lam nguyen tac chi dao. "Hieu-Trung" trd thanh nguyen tac cao nha't do phap luat qui djnh cho qui pham hanh vi cua con ngudi, hinh thanh nen quan he chinh trj tam vi nhd't thi: luan ly- phap luat - xa hdi Trung Qudc. Tren ITnh vyc tu phap, tu ddi Han de'n ddi Thanh (206 TCN-1911), tinh than ca ban la quan triet cac quan diem ddc chii hinh phu, xudt li nhdp hinh. Le va phap hd trcf nhau, bd sung cho nhau la nguyen tac can ban cua chinh sach xet xu'*. Mac du thyc hien quan diem phap luat 16 giao nhung thyc thi chinh sach trj loan giai cap thd'ng trj khdng the khdng coi trpng hinh phat.
Dudng ldi cai trj kei hpp Id va phap da dem lai cho Nha nudc phong kie'n Trung Qud'c nhirng bien phap cai trj linh boat: vda mem deo dd de thu phuc nhan tam, dieu hoa mau thuan xa hpi; vfla cung ran, tan bao de tran ap sy phan khang cua nhirng ngudi bj trj va mpi the lyc chd'ng ddi khac. Thyc chat dd la sy kei hop giua hai thu doan dan ap va xoa dju quan chdng da dupc giai cap phong kie'n van dung, phat huy de phuc vu nhu cau thd'ng trj nhan dan. Tuy thupc vao yeu cau phai tang cudng dan ap hay tranh thu nhan tam ma trong ljch su cdng quyen phong kien Trung Qud'c, trong nhQng hoan canh khac nhau, mdi trieu dai cd the hoac chu trpng 16 trj hoac phap trj han. Trong nhieu trudng hop, ly ludn dy dd dugc sU dung nhu cong cu Ida bip nlidn ddn, tdc la 16 trj chi ddng lai d ldi ndi nhung trong ehinh sach cu the, trong hanh dpng thi lai chda dung sy ha khac, tan bao vd nhan dao cua tu tudng phap tri. Tr6n thyc te, chu truang Duang Nho dm Phdp do
'" Dice chii la dua vao giao hda lam nen tang di cai tri, hinh phu la hinh phat phu giup cho viec cai tri. Sd dl cd sir ke't hpp nay la vi ddi vdi nhiing ke pham tpi, giao hda khdng duoc, phap luat duong nhien phai la bien phdp dupc ap dung.
16
^"TRUNG HOA PHAP HE".
Luc Gia dd xudng khdng gat bd phap trj ma chi giao chflc nang cua Phap gia cho Nho gia ma thdi. Thdi Tam qud'c, Tao Thao ndi tieng da muu thu thuat va tan ac nhung lai ludn ndi den nhan - 16 - nghTa - tri - tin la mpt minh chflng sinh dpng, la hinh bdng sac net cua cac quan cai trj "Am Phap duong Nho".
Didu dd cho thay: cac trieu dai phong kien sau nay, tren danh nghTa thi Nho giao (he tu tudng chinh thd'ng) - cyc luc phan ddi phap trj, coi dd la tan bao, ba dao, that nhan nghTa.
Nhung tren thuc te, cdc nhd cdm quyin van su dung triet di tU tuang plidp (ri de qudn ly dd'i nuac. Tfl ddi Han trd di, tu tudng phap trj cua Han Phi Tfl da md di trudc tu tudng Khdng Manh, "Nho giao nguy6n thuy da bien thanh Khdng giao phong kien. Va su thang th6' cua Khdng giao trong cac trieu vua phong kien khdng ban la sy thang the ma thyc chai cac nha vua phong kien ben trong thi ap dung phap trj, b6n ngoai thi de cao Nhan trj"'\ Duang Nlio dm Phdp nhu mpt ldi giai vd cung dpc dao, khdn kheo va tinh
vi duoc rut ra td thyc tidn chinh trj phong kien Trung Qud'c va trd thanh dac trung co ban cda cac md hinh cd anh hunfng \an hoa Trung Hoa.
Tu nen tang ban dau la hpc thuyet due trj cda Khdng Tu va phap trj cda Han Phi Tu, bang sy tdng k6i sau sac thyc tidn ljch su duong thdi (thdi ky Tan - Han), Ddng Trpng Thu, Luc Gia, Luu Ham va cac the he ly luan gia phong kien da khdng ngdng tim tdi, sang tao va phat trien ly luan theo nguy6n tac Le - Hinh ki( hgp va hp da hoan thanh xuai sdc nhiem vu xay dyng nen tang tu tudng chinh trj - phap ly cua ch6' dp phong kien trung uang tap quyen tdn tai hem hai ngan nam.
Trong bd'i canh xay dyng Nha nudc phap quyen d Viet Nam hien nay, viec tiep thu mpt each chpn loc kinh nghiem quan ly dai nudc khdng chi cda cac qud'c gia hien nay ma ca cda cac qud'c gia trudc day tren the gidi (nhu kinh nghiem da n6u cda cac tridu dai Trung Hoa) cd y nghTa quan trpng.
'Viet Dang - Le Van Dupc (1991), Thiidt tri nuac cua ngUdi xUa,'H\b.lp.'i\6Ch'\M\n\\,U.2Q\
(Tiep theo trang 7 - Mgt sd kit ludn ...)
8. Hoan thien cac giai phap phdng ngfla va giai quyet xung dot xa hpi; tang cudng Cling cd va phat trien ddng thuan xa hpi
Xay dyng he thd'ng chfnh trj trong sach, virng manh la nhan td quan trpng nhai de phdng ngfla, giai quyei xung dpt xa hpi va la nhan td bao dam, tang cudng cung cd va phat trien ddng thuan xa hpi. Djnh hudng co ban la khdng ngflng xay dyng, cung cd ddng bd, toan dien he thd'ng chinh trj tfl trung uang den dja phuang, co sd ca v6 chinh trj, tu tudng, td chuc va can bp.
Ddi mdi va hoan thien chinh sach, phap luat lien quan tryc tie'p den boat dpng d co sd va gan lien vdi quyen loi, nghTa vu cua ngudi
dan; hoan thien chinh sach, phap luat ve dai dai; hoan thien chinh sach tai chfnh, ngan sach cho cO sd; hoan thien chfnh sach ddi vdi can bp CO sd; hoan thien chinh sach, phap luat vd lao dpng; hoan thien chinh sach, phap luat v6 mdi trudng; td chdc thyc hien td't quy che' dan chu d co sd, khac phuc te quan li6u, tham nhiing, mat dan chd, gay phidn ha cho nhan dan; chd dpng giai quy6i ddt didm khieu nai, td cao, cac mau thuSn, tranh chap, xung dpt ngay tai ca sd.
Nang cao nang lyc phdng ngua, giai quyei xung dpt xa hpi; tang cudng cung cd va phat trien ddng thuan xa hpi cho dpi ngii can bp lanh dao, quan ly cac cap, dac biet la cap CO sd.
