TRIET HOC, SO 9 (232), THANG 9-2010
T l / TudlSTG CUA KTGlJinlsr BEX3I HHI^M
V ^ L ^ - D A O - T A M
T R A N N G U Y E N V l f i T (*)
Ldm rd nhiing diem tiidng dong vd khac Met trong quan niem ve ly - dgo - tdm cua Nguyin Binh Khiem dd'i vdi Td'ng nho, trong bdi vie't ndy, tdc gid dd khdng dinh: Nguyin Binh Khiem da tie'p thu quan niem cua Td'ng nho ve ly - dgo • tdm, song dng khdng sa dd vdo viec phdn tich, ly gidi triet hgc, md vi cd bdn, diing tren lap triidng cua minh triet phiidng Bdng de gidi quye't nhiing vdn di cua thiic tien cugc sd'ng vd do vdy, ly hgc cua dng mang tinh thiic te'hdn, trdnh diidc ldi hgc vd trinh bdy cua cdc hgc gid Td'ng nho Trung Quoc.
Vnn/' rong Lich triiu Men chUdng logi chi, quyen " N h a n v a t c h f , sfl gia P h a n c i H u y C h u da n h l c lai ldi sfl gia n h a T h a n h (Trung Qudc) la C h u X a n N h i e n ve Nguyen B i n h K h i e m r i n g : "An N a m ly hoc hflu T r i n h Tuyen" (Nfldc An N a m cd n h a Ly hoc la T r i n h T u y e n ) ( l ) . Tuy nhien, t r o n g di s a n thd v a n ciia N g u y e n Binh Khiem cdn lai cho den nay, c h u n g t a khdng t i m t h a y mot v a n b a n chinh thflc nao b a n ve nhflng v a n de cd b a n ciia Ly hoc vdi tfl each hoc t h u y e t ve con dfldng n h a n thflc t h e gidi t h d n g q u a p h a m trfl Ly nhfl mot h i e n thflc k h a c h q u a n . Ly hoc ciia N g u y i n B i n h K h i e m chi t a p t r u n g ly giai nhflng v a n de x u a t p h a t tfl triic q u a n sinh dong ve mot t h e gidi d a n g d i l n bien phflc t a p nhflng t a t t h a y moi h i e n tUdng, sii vat trong dd d e u v a n dong t h e o mot quy l u a t da d i n h s a n . C h i n h vi vay, t r o n g t u tudng cua dng k h d t a c h b a c h gifla Ly, Dao va Tam, bdi t r u y e n thd'ng ciia Ly hoc T r u n g Hoa p h i n ldn la t r u n g hdp vdi Dao hoc, cdn t a m vfla la ehii t h e cua n h a n thflc, vfla la dd'i tfldng, m u e dieh cua
n h a n thflc. Ca b a hoc thuye't t r e n hUdng de'n •vi§c n h a n thflc c h a n ly. T r e n thflc te, n h a Ly hoc Viet N a m chi v a n d u n g cac p h a m t r u c u a Ly hoc thdi Td'ng vao •viec suy xet v a ly giai t h e sfl. Do vay, theo e h u n g toi, k h d n g nha't t h i e t p h a i t a p t r u n g t r i n h b a y tfl tflcing cua Nguyen B i n h K h i e m ve cae p h a m t r u Ly, Dao, T a m , m a p h a i xua't p h a t tfl thflc tien xa hdi, ddi hoi e u a thdi dai m a n h a tfl tflcing dd sd'ng, n h a n thflc va p h a n tfl trfldc thflc t r a n g x a hoi b a n g nhflng n g u y e n ly va phfldng p h a p e u a T a n N h o giao.
Ly v a D a o t r o n g tU tUcing Nguyen B i n h K h i e m la sii k e thfla hoc t h u y e t eua N h i Trinh(2), dfldc dng v a n d u n g vao viec xem xet cae h i e n tfldng, sfl v a t eua the gidi, m a n g d a m s i c t h a i cua t r i e t hoe tfl
(*) Pho giao sii, tien si, Triicing phong Triet hpc Viet Nam, Vien Triet hpc, Vien Khoa hpc xa h6i Viet Nam.
(1) Tnnh Tuyen hau - danh hieu do vua Mac phong tang Nguyin Binh Khiem.
(2) Trinh Hao (1032-1085) va Trinh Di (1033-1107) - hai anh em rupt dong thcli la hai nha Ly hpc 16n ddi Tong cua Trung Quoc.
nhien. Trinh Hao viet:
"Mudn vat khdng vat nao la khdng cd ddi, mdt am mot dUdng, mot thien mot ae.
DUdng trUcing thi am tieu; thien tang thi ac giam. Ly ay dem suy ra that la xa.
Lam ngUdi chi c i n biet ed the" (Ngfl lue).
Thflc ra, quan niem nay cua Trinh Hao cd ngudn gd'c tfl Dich hgc, do la "Nhat am nha't dfldng chi •vi dao" (Mot am mot dfldng goi la dao). Lao Tfl, khi phat bieu ve tinh quy luat ciia dao, cung ndi: 'Van vat deu cong am ma dm dfldng, dieu hda blng khi trung hU" (Van vat phu am nhi bao dUdng, trung khi di vi hda - Dgo Dde Kinh, chUdng 42). Khi thfla nhan dao
[am, dfldng] nhfl mot quy luat phd bien la
"Ly", "thien ly" la ban the cua the gidi van vat; "tren trdi chi ed mot ly"; "van vat deu eung mot thien ly"; ddng thdi xem
"Ly" la cai trflu tfldng, sieu hinh, tdn tai thdng qua cae sfl vat cu the hflu hinh (binh nhi thfldng); va khi tflc la cac sfl vat cu the hflu hinh, la sfl bieu hien cu the cua ly (hinh nhi ha), Nhi Trinh deu ddng quan diem ve y nghia phd bien ciia Ly, tfl dd cac ong mdi di den khang dinh: "Lam ngfldi chi cin biet cd the*'.
Khi quan sat cac hien tfldng, sfl vat, Nguyen Binh Khiem da khai quat len thanh quy luat tfl nhien va ap dung nd vao viec xem xet cac quy luat trong xa hdi. Ong viet:
"Khdn ngoan mdi biet thang thi giang, Dai dot nao hay tieu cd dai.
Da k h u l t bao nhieu thi lai duoi,
Dao trdi long long chang he sai" (Thd Ndm, 2)(3).
Dao trdi ci day chinh la "Ly", la quy luat sieu hinh thuoc hinh nhi thfldng ma
khdng phai ai cung n i m dUdc, bdi do la qua trinh eua nhan thUe tfl ddn gian den phflc tap ma ky vong ciia eon ngfldi mud'n dat tdi dieh dd phai trai qua "each vat tri tri". Cflng tfldng tfl nhfl vay, dng viet tiep ve quy luat tfl nhien:
"Hoa cang khoe nd, hoa nen rfla, Nfldc chfla cho dly, nfldc I t vdi.
Mdi biet doanh hU da cd so',
Ai tiing ddi dUde dao trdi" (Thd Ndm, 48).
Trong cac tac pham thd van cua Nguyin Binh Khiem, chung ta it gap cac thuat ngfl, "Ly", "Ly hoc", nhflng thay vao dd la thuat ngfl thdng dung n h i t , dfldc dung nhieu nhat la "Dao trdi". Chung tdi eho ring, day la each bieu thi y nghia cung nhu tinh c h i t eua khai niem "Thien ly" trong triet hoe Trinh - Chu. Sii vat va hien tUdng ludn cd dd'i, tflc la hai thai cflc, hai the liie dd'i ngfldc nhau nhflng lai tao dieu kien cho nhau de cung tdn tai thd'ng nhat trong cac sfl vat, hien tfldng ly. Am trUdng thi dUdng tieu, gifla chung ludn cd sfl bu trfl lan nhau, tfl dieu ehinh de tinh he thd'ng trong cac sfl vat va hien tfldng ludn tdn tai va phat trien:
"Cd ngdu tong lai doanh cdnh hU, Am dUdng tieu trUdng le thda tri^'
Nghia la:
(Chan le, xfla nay d l y lai vdi.
Am dfldng tieu trUcing nghiem ro le thUa trU - Dgc Chu Dich hdu cdm).
Tuy nhien, sii phat trien cua sU vat va hien tUdng trong quan niem cua Nguyen Binh Khiem theo mot quy luat ("Ly") phd
(3) Tha van Nguyen Binh Khiem. Nxb Van hpc, Ha Npi, 1983. Tii day, cac bai thd chii Nom diidc chi dan theo so'bai trong tac pham nay, con cac bai thd chii Han chiing toi ghi ro tieu de.
T R A N NGUYEN VIET
bien xae dinh eiia Dich. Dd la sii phat trien theo chu ky t u i n hoan, het rdi lai b i t diu:
"Tdi nhdt dm hi phuc nhdt dUdng, Tudn hodn vdng phuc ly chi thUdng"
Nghia la:
(Mot khi am vfla qua thi mot khi dfldng lai den,
Xoay vdng ra di va trd lai la le thfldng - Khien hdng)
Hoac:
"Nhdt chu khi van chung nhi thuy, Bdc phuc dd tong Thdi ciic tien".
Nghia la:
(Khi van xoay vdng, het rdi lai bat d i u . Que Bac den que Phuc, deu theo dao Thai cflc s i p dat trfldc - Cdm hdng).
Theo dd, ed the ndi, Nguyen Binh Khiem r i t chu trong den sfl thd'ng nhat gifla hai mat dd'i lap trong mot sfl vat cung nhfl he qua tac dong gifla chung.
Mot van de dat ra la, chang le dng khdng de cap gi den v i n de quan trong nhat cua Ly hoc la md'i quan he gifla ly va khi?
Nguyin Binh Khiem cung dfla ra quan niem ve khi nhfl la ngudn gd'c cua van vat. Trong bai "Cam hflng", dng ndi ve sfl hinh thanh tam tai nhfl sau:
"Thdi ciic sd trieu phdn, Tam tdi dinh quye't vi.
Khinh thanh thUdng vi thien, Trgng trge hg vi dia.
Trung tap nhi vi nhdn, Bdm thu thi nhdt kM'.
Nghia la:
(Thai cflc tfl lue mdi tao lap da phan chia, Tam tai da dn dinh vi tri ciia nd.
Nhe va trong bd'c len la trdi, Nang va due lang xud'ng la dat.
O gifla tap ket lai thanh ngfldi.
Bam thu cung mot khi chat - Cdm hdng, ba tram cau).
6 day, chung tdi cd mot nghi v i n ve each trinh bay eua Nguyin Binh Khiem, khi dng cho ring, "Thai cute tfl luc mdi tao lap da phan chia" thanh tam tai (Thien - Dia - Nhan). Trong Chu Dich, He tfl truyen cd viet: "Dich hUu thdi ciic, thdi ciic sinh lUdng nghi, ludng nghi sinh td tUdng, td tUdng sinh bdt qudi", tflc la (Dich cd thai cflc, thai cflc sinh Ifldng nghi, Ifldng nghi sinh tfl tfldng, tfl tfldng sinh bat quai). Thuat ngfl sinh d day vfla chi md'i quan he nhan qua, •vfla phan anh qua trinh tien hda ciia vfl tru, van vat.
Qua trinh do chic c h i n la lau dai va phflc tap, song Nguyin Binh Khiem lai quan niem ke't qua cua qua trinh phan chia dd rat nhanh, lam ehung ta lien tfldng den chu ky "sinh - tru - di - diet" trong the gidi quan Phat giao, d do sfl bien ddi cua van vat dien ra trong khoanh khac thdi gian rat n g l n (sadna). Rat ed the, do anh hfldng eiia Phat giao ma Nguyin Binh Khiem da dfla ra each trinh bay khdng gid'ng nhfl cac nha sang lap Nho giao ddi Td'ng. Ong da tflng nhan manh quan diem cua Phat giao ve ngudn gd'c ciia the gidi:
"Tdng d i u s i c thi khdng. Ban lai vd nhat vat" (Tfl d i u thi sic da la khdng, Vdn khdng cd mot vat gi ca - Cdm thdi cdy).
Tuy nhien, khdng phai Nguyin Binh Khiem dflng tren lap trfldng duy tam chu quan ciia Phat giao, ma dng tie'p tuc di theo xu hudng duy tam khach quan cua Td'ng Nho, khi cho rang, van vat cd ngudn gd'c tfl khi (Bam thu thi nhat khi). Khi ay, theo TrUdng Tai (1020-1078), d trong
Thai hu - "Thai hU thi vd hinh, la ban the cua k h f {Chinh mdng. Thai hda). Nhi Trinh ndi: "Kbi thi tfl nhien sinh ra eon ngUdi, sii sinh ra cua khi, sinh ra d chan nguyen. Khi eua trdi cung tU nhien sinh sdi khdng cung" {Nhi Trinh di thU, Ngfl luc). Cdn Chu Hy thi cho ring: "Gifla trdi dat cd ly va khi. Ly la dao thudc hinh nhi thfldng, la gd'c sinh ra van vat. Khi la khi vat, vat chat thudc hinh nhi ha, la cdng cu sinh ra van vat. Do dd khi dfldc sinh ra, ngfldi va vat phai bam thu cai khi nay, rdi sau mdi cd hinh" {Chu Vdn Cdng i;a?i Mj9, Dap Hoang Dao Phu thfl).
Nhfl vay, cd the ndi, Nguyen Binh Khiem trinh bay theo dung quan diem cua Chu Hy, song dng khdng ndi cai gi quy dinh sfl "bam thu" cai khi ay. Cd mot so' nha nghien cflu cho r i n g , quan niem ciia Nguyen Binh Khiem chi tap trung vao khi ma khdng de cap den md'i quan he gifla ly va khi, tfl do cho ring, "ehinh day mdi la chia khda then chd't de cd the danh gia ddng gdp dich thflc cua dng dd'i vdi triet hoc tfl nhien" (4). Chung tdi cho rang, each trinh bay cua Nguyin Binh Khiem ve qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua vu tru van vat la gian ddn va van tat, khdng suy luan dai ddng va phflc tap. Tuy khdng trinh bay mot each cu the md'i quan he gifla ly va khi, nhflng dng lai khang dinh eai vd hinh (thuoc hinh nhi thfldng) v i n ludn t h i n g cai hflu hinh (thudc hinh nhi ha). Bang chflng la, cd l l n di tham chua Phd Minh, ngdi chua dfldc xay dflng vao thdi T r i n d ngoai thanh Nam Dinh da bi giac Minh tan pha, tham ehi cai vac ciia chua rat nd'i tieng eung bi giac pha lam sung dan nam
1426, Nguyin Binh Khiem ndi:
"Lieu lieu cd dinh kim hd tgi'?
Thdc dac vd hinh thdng hdu Mnh".
Nghia la:
(Ving ve lang le, vac xfla nay cdn dau?
The mdi bie't vo hinh van thang hflu hinh - D u Phd Minh tii).
Tuy cai vac vdi tfl each sfl vat cu the lam cho ngoi ehua dd ndi tieng linh thieng mot thdi khong edn, canh chfla v i n g ve nhflng van ed eai gi dd t i c ddng manh me tdi an tfldng cua ngfldi tham vieng. Du each trinh bay van tat nhfl d tren, chung ta van hieu dfldc tinh nhat quan trong tfl tfldng ciia Trang Trinh ve sfl vfldt len cua cai sieu hinh (ly) so vdi
"khf ma d day, cd the xem la "khi cu"
tflng dfldc Chu Hy de cap tdi trong hoe thuyet eua minh. Tfl dd, Nguyen Binh Khiem dfla thien ly (dao trdi) ap dung vao •viee ly giai eac hien tfldng eua ddi sd'ng xa hoi ma ve ed ban, la lam ro quan he cua "thai cflc" trong tflng sfl viee, tflng md'i quan he cu the:
"Thiia ndi doanh man la ndi tdn.
Hay g l m cho hay mdi keo au" (Thd Ndm, 9)
Hoac:
"Lam ngfldi chd thay tai ma cay,
Cd nhon bao nhieu, lai cd tui" (Thd Ndm, 10)
"Mot cd yeu nhue ddi thay deu,
Yeu bao nhieu, thi nhue b i y nhieu"
(Thd Ndm, 25)
Nhflng cap tfl ddi lap, nhfl "man - tdn";
"nhon - tui"; "yeu - nhue", v.v. deu lam
(4) Nguyen Hue Chi, Ta Ngpc Liln. Phdc hga dien mgo tu tudng Nguyin Binh Khiem II Nguyin Binh Khiem, vi tdc gia vd tdc phdm. Nxb Giao due, Ha Npi, 2001, t r . l l 6 .
T R A N NGUYEN VIET
cho con ngfldi lam vao tinh trang rac rd'i, lo au. Chinh •vi vay, Nguyin Binh Khiem khuyen moi ngfldi hay ludn canh tinh de tranh bat cap, va mud'n tranh dfldc bat cap thi td't nhat la tuan thu dao "trung thfldng", tflc la gifl nguyen t i c khong thien lech, thai qua:
"Dao d minh ta lay dao trung,
Chd cho due, chd eho trong" (Thd Ndm, 104) Trong tfl tfldng eiia Nguyen Binh Khiem, "Dao" tflc "Ly" edn dfldc the hien rd net trong ddi sd'ng xa hoi. Vdi tinh t h i n nhat quan ve tinh quyet dinh cua Dao trdi (thien ly) do'i vdi tat thay cac sfl vat, hien tfldng, dng khang dinh dao trung thfldng chinh la vflng giao thoa gifla dao trdi va dao ngfldi ma d dd, den Ifldt minh, dao ngfldi lai tiep tuc bi chi phd'i bdi dao trdi:
"Tha'y cd doanh man, cho hay chd, Phai dao trung thfldng, miia cd qua"
(Thd Ndm, 17)
Dao trung thfldng tflc la dao trung dung, khdng thai qua va cflng khdng bat cap. Con ngfldi mud'n biet dao trdi va gifl dfldc dao ngfldi thi phai ehu trong, khong dfldc phep bd qua dao trung dung, phai tam niem dao dd la thfldng blng, bat bien. Md'i quan he gifla dao trdi va dao ngfldi trong tU tudng cua Nguyin Binh Khiem, ve thiic chat, la sii phan anh thiic trang xa hoi dUdng thdi vd cung rd'i ren, phflc tap. Trong xa hoi loan lac den cflc dinh, d dd ngdi vua khdng chinh, be tdi tham nhung, nhan dan ddi ret, ly tan bdi chien tranh va efldp bdc thi sfl ddi cflc trong cac mdi quan he xa hoi ludn la van de ndi com. Do do, viee xae dinh diem gifla (trung) de dung hda sfl dd'i va duy tri
sfl tdn tai cua do'i tfldng (khach the) cang trd nen khd khan. Tuy vay, Nguyin Binh Khiem v i n ludn khang dinh trong bat ky trfldng hdp nao eung cd the tim dfldc diem trung nhay cam ay.
Tuy nhien, de nhan thflc dfldc sfl dd'i cflc va tim den dao trung thfldng, Nguyin Binh Khiem doi hdi khdng ehi cd "khdn ngoan", tflc sfl kheo leo trong each an d, cfl xfl, ma phai cd sfl tham dii eua "tam".
Ong khuyen ngfldi khdn khong nen coi thfldng ke dai; ngUde lai, ngUdi dai khdng nen tranh c h i p vdi ke khdn:
"Lam ngUdi cd dai mdi nen khdn, Chd dai ngay si, chd qua khdn.
Khdn dUdc ich minh, dflng re dai, Dai thi gifl phan, chd tranh khdn" (thd Ndm, 94).
"Khdn — dai" trong cuoc song du than trong de'n may eung khdng the tranh dfldc nhflng luc l l m Id, bdi "Dai no chfla do au da d i n , Khdn thi thd't trfldc lai lo sau" (Thd Ndm, 59). Vi vay, trong each flng xfl vdi ngfldi khac, theo Nguyen Binh Khiem, td't nha't la "vo sfl", tflc la bang each nao dd de tam khong bi dao ddng va phien muon. Ong •vie't: , n
"Chfl rang "nhan di hda "vi quf, Vd sfl thi hdn, keo phai lo" (Ndm, 72).
Hoac:
"Cd thud dfldc thdi meo dudi chuot, Den khi that the kien tha bd.
Dfldc thua sau mdi an nan lai,
Vd sfl chang hdn ed sfl ru" (Thd Ndm, 75).
Tuy ehi neu cac hien tfldng cu'the de lam ro sfl "dd'i cflc" trong cuoc sd'ng thfldng nhat, Nguyin Binh Khiem da giup eon ngfldi liia chon each flng xfl sao cho ed ldi nha't cho ban than va nhflng ddi
tac cua nd. Ong dfla ra khai niem "vd sfl"
va vi nd nhfl anh trang soi xud'ng mat nfldc hd trong dem thu lang gid, do la long chan thanh, chan thflc va them vao dd la sfl vd tU. Theo dng, "vd sii" khdng phai la sU thd d cua con ngUdi trUde cac bien tUdng cua the gidi dang van ddng, bie'n dd'i vd thUdng, ma n h i m lam cho tam tinh de suy xet chung dUdc chinh xae hdn, de con ngUdi dd an ban, an nan sau nhflng quyet dinh cua minh. Ong ndi:
"Kiin khdn tinh ly suy, Kim cd nhdn trung dac.
','; Hiem mgc Mem thedd, c
Bdt tien tien kinh cdc. ' . Nguy mgc nguy nhdn tdm,
Nhdt phdng tien qui qudc.
Qudn td cdu sd chi, Chi thien tU vi cUc".
Nghia la:
(Tam tinh biet le can khdn, Trong nhan, ngam le xfla nay.
Khdng gi hiem b l n g dfldng ddi, Khdng elt di thi toan gai gdc.
Khdng gi nguy b l n g long ngfldi, Budng long ra thi deu la qui quai.
,:: Quan tfl tim chd dflng lai,
Chi thien l y la chd cflng tot - Trung Tdn ngu hdng).
Tam tinh la menh lenh tuyet dd'i, ddng thdi la dieu kien tat ye'u de nhan thflc the gidi xung quanh. Dd cung la diem gap gd cua tam giao ma Td'ng - Minh Nho da linb hoi dfldc tfl sfl Phat giao hda, Lao - Trang hda trong nhan thflc luan ciia minh. Nhd sfl "tfl dd'i mdi" trong linh •viic nhan thflc luan ma Tan Nho giao da dat dfldc hieu qua nhat dinh trong viec nhan thflc cac nguyen ly cua vu try. (le can
khdn), cua dfldng ddi va long ngfldi. Du dfla ra cac thuat ngfl khac nhau, nhfl Ly hoc, Dao hoc, Thanh hoc, Thflc hoc, Tam hoc, song eon dfldng chinh ciia cae nen hoc thuat ay, suy eho cung, cung la n h i m dat tdi nhan thflc cai tuyet dd'i. Nguyen Binh Khiem khdng giai thich tam la gi, la the hay dung, dng chi ndi: "Oi! ndi ve tam la ndi ve chd ma chi dat tdi vay, ma thd lai la de ndi cbi" {Bdi tiia tap thd "Bach Van am thi tap"). Thiet nghi, mot cau triet ly n g l n gon nay bao ham ca mot van de ldn ve "tam" nhfl la pham tru dung de chi y thflc con ngfldi. Khac vdi Trfldng Tai cho "ndi den cua tam la tinh", Nhi Trinh cho tam la khi, tinb la ly, Nguyin Binh Khiem ebon chd de'n ciia c h i la t a m . Chi dfldc Nguyin Binh Khiem hfldng tdi cudc sd'ng nhan dat, tU tai, bdi theo dng, trong trang thai "nhan dat" tam mdi tinh, mdi du dieu kien de suy ngam "le xUa nay".
O Nho giao, cai tuyet dd'i la Thien ly, d Phat giao la Phgt tinh, d Lao Trang la Dgo. Nguyen Binh Khiem da tiep thu tinh t h i n l y eua Td'ng Nho, nhUng dng khdng sa da vao viee phan tich, ly giai triet hoc, ma ve cd ban, da dUng tren lap trUdng cua minh triet phUdng Ddng de giai quyet eac v i n de thiie tien ciia ddi sd'ng xa hoi. Tuy nhien, d n nha'n manh them dieu la, minh triet cua Nguyen Binh Khiem mang sac thai Td'ng Nho, song d dd ham lUdng cac yeu to' Phat giao va Dao Lao - Trang dUde sii dung mot each tinh te hdn, thUe te hdn so vdi nguyen ban ciia chung. Vi the, Ly hoc eiia dng mang tinh thiic te hdn, t r i n h dUdc ldi hoe va trinh bay ciia d c hoe gia Td'ng Nho Trung Qud'c. •
