Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mienTrung, So 03 (59) - 2019
KINHTg-CHfNHTRj - XA HOl
PHATTRIENCAYCAPHE
THEO Hl/OfNG NONG NGHIEP CONG NGHl CAO TREN DIA BAN CAC TJNH TAY NGUYEN*
im QUOC HUNG"
BUI DDC PHI HUNG '
Tom tat: Trong nhOng ndm gdn ddy tien bg ky thuat dugc dp dung thdnh cong trong sdn xudt cdy cdphed Tdy Nguyen tU khau giong den ky thudt canh tde, sache, bdo qudn vd che bien, tuy nhien do tde ddng cua bien doi khi hdu, nhieu vung trong cd phe d Tdy Nguyen bi khd han, ndng suit gidm. Cdc cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem cho ca phe dd dugc nghiin cdu vd dng dung dekhdc phuc dieu kiin thdi tiet bdt Igi vd budc ddu cho kit qud tot. Mdt trong nhOng khd khdn cua sdn xudt ed phid Tdy Nguyin hiin nay Id dien tich cd phi tdi canh Idn, viec ddu tu che bien sdu cdn nhiiu han che, xudt khdu chu yeu d dgng sdn phdm thd nin gid tri gia tdng khdng cao. Kit qud nghien cdu trong bdi viit ndy cho rdng dng dung cdng nghe eao trong sdn xudt cd phe, khdng dinh thuang hieu ed phi trin thi trudng the gidi Id hudng di thuc tien, edn ed nhdng gidi phdp ddng bd dephdt trien ed phi Tdy Nguyin vuan ra tdm chdu luc.
Tif khoa: ndng nghiep cdng nghi cao, cd phi, Tdy Nguyin.
Astract: Advanced technology has successfully been applied in coffee production in the Central Highlands in recent years, particularly in techniques of seeding, farming, preliminary processing, preservation and storage; however; due to impacts of climate change, many coffee growing regions in the Central Highlands have suffered the drought and a decrease in productivity. Cost-efficient irrigation solutions for coffee production have been studied and applied to overcome adverse weather conditions and initially showed signifieant results. One of the current difficulties in coffee production in the Central Highlands is that the replanting area is quite large, the investment in deep processing is limited, goods subject to export is mainly raw products; the value added is therefore not high. The research results in this article assumed that the application of high technology in coffee production and affirming the coffee brand in the world market is a practical approach that needs synchronous solutions to develop coffee industry of central highlands to be able to reach out worldwide.
Key words: hi-tech agriculture, coffee. Central Highlands.
Ngay nhan bai: 17/3/2019 Ngay duyet Sang: 02/6/2019
Cat van de Nong nghiep va Phat trien Nong thon, den et Nam hien la ntrdc san xuat, che nam 2020,4 tinh Tay Nguyen gom: Bak Lak, bie'n va xuat khau ca phe nhan Idn thiJ Lam Bong, Bak Nong, Gia Lai ditc?c xac dinh 2 tren the gidi.Theo quy hoach cua Bp la viing trong diem ca phe ciia ca na6c on dinh dien tich khoang 530.000 ha: trong do, Bak Lak on dinh dien tich 190.000 ha. Lam
V
"Lcli thifa nhan/cam dn: Nghien ciiu nay duoc tai trd
Wi chuong trinh Khoa hoc va Cong nghe cap quoc Bong 150.000 ha, Bak Nong 115.000 ha va gia giai doan 2016-2020 - Chuong trinh Tay Nguyen
2016-2020 trong de tai ma so TN18/X06. Gia Lai 75.000 ha. Tuy nhien, tren thi/c te,
|'£)3iho7Da"N|jrg ' " " " dien tich ca phe da vuot quy hoach.Theo so
"•Vi5n Khoa hoc xa hoi viing Trung Bo. Hg" f^ ^ ^ j ^ j^g^g ^^^^ (35 ^^ng nghiep va
^^nm; [email protected]. - 3 • . j j . •-
4^ j TRAN QU6C HUNG, Bill Bdcnmi^
Phat trien Nong thon) cho thay, cac tinh Tay Nguyen hien co 597.363 ha ca phe, chiem gan 90% dien tIch trong ca phe ciia ca nude, trong do: Bak Lak co 204.808 ha. Lam Dong 158.624 ha, nhung thiJc trang san xuat, che bien va thuong mai ca phe van dang ton tai nhieu bat cap nhU: Dien ti'ch ca phe gia coi chiem ty le Idn gay anh hi/dng Idn tdi nang suat, san luong va chat luong hat ca phe: Cac nong ho san xuat ca phe da phan canh tac va thu hai theo phuong phap truyen thong, khong co quy trinh chuan cung nhuap dung khoa hoc - ky thuat vao cac khau cham sdc, tham canh chua ben vUng: Cac dieu kien sa che, b^o quan, tam truT ca phe cdn han che,
^nh hudng den chat luong ca phe khi che bien; thieu sir lien ket giiia doanh nghiep vdi nong dan dang khien gia trj chuoi san xuat hang hda chua cao. Bac biet, do chua cd chien luoc toan dien trong thuc day xuat khau, nen ca phe ciia vung chUa phat huy dUdc cac loi the rieng de tang nang lUc canh tranh tren thj trudng; Qng dung cong nghe tien tien trong s^n xuat, che bien va CO gidi hda trong san xuat con rat nhieu han che;...
Trudc thuc trang nhu tren, de phat trien ca phe Tay Nguyen theo hudng ben vUng va nang cao chat lUdng can Ung dung cac thanh tiiu khoa hpc cdng nghe mdi trong san xuat.
Be dat dUdc nhUng thanh ttiu trong san xuat cung nhu khang djnh chat lupng ca phe tren thj trudng trong nudc va the gidi thi viec Ung dung cdng nghe cao trong san xuat, che bien la dieu het sUc can thiet va can cd nhUng giai phap dong bp de phat trien ca phe theo hudng ben vUng, khang djnh vi the
"ca phe Viet" tren thi trudng quoc te.
1 . Tmh hinh san xuat ca phe tren the gidi
Tren the gidi hien co 75 nUdc trong ca phe va 56 nudc xuat khau ca phe chii yeu tap trung d Nam My, chau Phi va chau A. Tong dien t(ch ca phe tren the gidi khoang 10 trieu
ha vdi 10 trieu lao dong tham gia san xuat ca phe, san lugng hang nam tren dUdi 8 trieu tan, dem lai thu nhap cho khoang 100 trieu ngudi. Tai nhieu nudc, ca phe chjem bdn 80% tdng kim ngach xuat khau. fldi vdi cac qudc gia trdng ca phe chinh, mat haiig nay ddng gdp 25% kim ngach xuat khau ca nUdc (Truong Hdng, 2018).
Tren the gidi cd 4 nUdc trdng ca phe vdi dien tfch xap xi 1 trieu ha den dudi 3 trieu ha bao gdm: Brazil 2,3 trieu ha; Indonesia 1,22 trieu ha; Colombia va Cote d'lvoire moi nudc xap xi 1 trieu ha. Day cung ia nhCtng nudc xuat khau ca phe chii luc cua toan cau.
Trong tdng san luong ca phe dugc san xuat tren the gidi thi san lugng ca phe che chiem ty le cao hdn so vdi ca phe voi (58% - 42%).
Ca phe che dugc trdng chii yeu d cac nUdc thude chau My, chau Phi, trong khi dd ca phe vdi lai chil yeu dugc trdng d cac nudc chau A-Thai Binh Duong.
Bieu So 1. Sin lucmg ca phe cua mot so quoc gia (2011 -2917)
Tyl§(%)
Mac dil tren the gidi cd 75 nudc trdng ca phe, song san lugng lai tap trung d 10 nudc, vdi san lugng > 3.400 nghin bao (chiem gan 90% san lugng ca phe toan cau). Bd la Brazil dat san lugng trung binh 5 nien VIJ gan nhat la 51.705.833 bao (3.102.350 tan); Viet Nam 26.433.000 bao (1.585.980 tan); Colombia 10.697.000 bao (641.820 tan); Indonesia 9.790.330 bao (587.420 t a n ) ; E t h i o p i a 6.3310.833 b a o (378.650
I
Tap chl Khoa hgc xa hoi mien Trung, So 03 (59) - 2019
Bilu do 2. San luong ca phe top 10 nudc tren the gidii 2011 -2017
Tylf(%)
• Italia
• KMc
fNgudn:MO5W7;20)7).
tan); An Bo 5.262.666 bao (315.760 tan);
Honduras 4.908.333 bao (294.500 tan);
Uganda 3.748.667 bao (224.920 tan); Mexico 4.091.667 bao (245.500 tan) va Guatemela 3.801.667 bao (228.100 tan).
Trung binh 6 nien vu gan nhat (2011 2017), Brazil la nudc cd ty le san lugng ca phe san xuat hang nam cao nhat chiem 35,3% tong san lugng ca phe toan cau; tiep den la Viet Nam vdi ty le 17,6%; Colombia va Indonesia cd ty le san lugng ca phe nhan tuong duong nhau (7,4% - 7,9%); Uganda va IMexico cd t</ le san lugng xep thU 9 trong 10 nudc san xuat ca phe Idn nhat the gidi vdi ty le
Bang 1. Dien ticli ca plie tai Tay Nguyen
2,4%. Guatemala la nudc sSn xuat ca phe xep thU 10 vdi ty le san lugng 2,3% (bieu do 1).
2. Tinh hinli san xuat ca phe tai Viet Nam va Tay Nguyen
Ca phe la mdt trong nhung mat hang xuat khau chil luc ciia Viet Nam va la hang ndng san xuat khau dUng thU 2 ve kim ngach (sau gao).
Chfnh vi the nganh ca phe da cd vai trd rat Idn trong nen kinh te qudc dan. Hien nay xu the toan cau hda va hdi nhap dang dien ra manh me tren pham vi toan the gidi da thu hut rat nhieu nudc tren the gidi ciing tham gia. Tay Nguyen cung khdng the nam ngoai vdng xoay nay va dang nd luc het sUc de cd the hda minh vao tien tnnh nay mpt each nhanh nhat. Hoat ddng san xuat, che bien, tieu thu va hoat ddng xuat nhap khau se la cau ndi het sUc quan trpng de day nhanh tien trinh nay. Chinh vl vay, viec hieu rd nhu cau tren the gidi va trong nudc giup cho nganh ca phe Tay Nguyen xac dinh sU quan trpng ciia chfnh sach va chien luge phat trien san xuat ca phe ciia viing.
Theo quy hoach den nam 2020, dien tich ca phe ciia ca nUdc dat 600.000 ha.Trong dd, Tay Nguyen dat 530.000 ha, 7 tinh cdn lai dat 70.000 ha bao gom: Bdng Nai, Binh Phudc, BaRia-VungTau, KonTum,QuangTri,SdnLa va cac tinh d Viet Nam qua cac nien vu
DVT: ha Tinh
Bak Lak Lam Dong Bak Nong Gia Lai BSne Nai Hinh Phucrc KonTum SmLa BaRia-ViinsTau -_yuaiiK Tri _t)ienBien
Cac tinh khac long cong
DiSn tieh nien vu 2015/16 209.000 154.000 126.000 80.000 21.000 16.000 14.000 12.000 15.000 5.050 4.500 5.700 662.250
Di8n tich nign vy 2016/17 202.000 162.000 135.000 82.500 21.000 16.000 13.500 12.000 15.000 5.000 4.500 5.700 674.200 (Ngudn: tde gia tong hgp, 2019).
TRAN QUfiC HDNG, B0lfiaCPHIH)*|5 va Bien Bien. Theo sd lieu cOa Cue Trdng trot
(Bg Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn) cho thay, hien nay cac tinh Tay Nguyen hien cd 597.363 ha ca phe, chiem gan 90% dien tich ca phe ciia ca nudc; trong do, Bak Lak cd 190.000 ha. Lam Bdng 162.000 ha. Nhu vay, dien tich trdng ca phe dTay Nguyen hien nay da vugt quy hoach.
Hien nay, tai Viet Nam trdng hai loai ca phe chfnh la Arabica va i^obusta. Trong dd, chil yeu la ca phe Robusta, chiem tdi 96%
san lugng san xuat c5 nudc. Dien tfch trdng ca phe d Viet Nam tap trung chii yeu d cac tinh Mien Trung va Tay Nguyen (bang 1).
Hlnh 1. Dien tich trong ca phe tai Tay Nguyen
{Ngudn: Tdng cue thdng ki,20l7).
Cung theo sd lieu tdng hgp tU Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn va Cue xuat nhap khau, lugng ca phe xuat khau trong quy III nam 2018 Udc dat 376.600 tan, tri gia 707,94 trieu USD, tang 31% ve lugng va tang 10,2% ve gia trj so vdi ciing ky nam ngoai.
Mac dil dien tfch va san lugng ca phe tucfng ddi Idn nhu vay, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam van can nhap khau ca phe tU nUdc ngoai de phLic vu cho cac chuoi ciia hang tU cac thudng hi§u nudc ngoai nhu Starbucks,
McCafe, Dunkin Donuts, va PJ's Coffee hay mdt so hang ca phe Han Qudc da md rpng thj trudng tai cac thanh phd Idn ciia Viet Nam.
Ngoai cac doanh nghiep Idn trong linh vUc ca phe, hinh thUc kinh doanh chuoi cUa hang ca phe la loai hinh phat trien nhanh nhat vdi doanh thu hang nam tang khoang 32% (theo danh gia ciia VICOFA). SUtang trudng cao nay la do viec md rdng ciia cac nhan hieu ca phe hien cd va sU xam nhap cita cac nhan hieu mdi. Cac chuoi ciia hang nhu Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf, Gloria Jeans, Coffee Concepts va Highlands cung dang tiep tuc phat trien them nhieu eg sd. Sg phat trien biingnociia cac chuoi cira hang cho thay khach hang ngay cang khat khe ve chat lugng san pham cOng nhu dich vu ciia cUa hang.
Nhu vay, cd the thay thi trudng kinh doanh ca phe tai Viet Nam dang gan nhu chi phu thupc vao nhUng cdng ty nUdc ngoai va nhUng tap doan Idn do hg cd dugc nhieu Igi the ve ngudn vdn, may mdc, thuong hieu...
Cac doanh nghiep vUa va nhd tai Viet Nam hien dang chUa cd nhieu chd dUng tren thj trudng ca phe Viet Nam va tren the gidi.
Trong thdi gian tdi, vdi sU phat trien manh cua lugng tieu thu tren the gidi, Viet Nam ndi chung va Tay Nguyen noi rieng vdi t u each la nudc dUng thU 2 ve san lugng xuat khau ca phe dang dUng trUdc nhieu co hdi cung nhu thach thUc de trd thanh qudc gia hang dau tren the gidi.
3. ThUc trang ijrng dung cong nghe cao trong s^n xuat ca phe tai cac tinh Tay Nguyen
Viing san xuat ca phe tap trung ciia Tay Nguyen (trong dd cd tinh Bak Lak) mdi day da dugc Thil tudng Chfnh phii dua vao "Quy hoach vimg ndng nghiep Ung dung cdng nghe cao" theo chii truong quy hoach tdng the khu va viing ndng nghiep Ung dung cdng nghe cao den nam 2020, dinh hudng
Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 03 (59) - 2019 den nam 2030. Hien nay, tren dja ban cac tinh Tay Nguyen chi cd tinh Bak Lak va Lam Bong tien hanh san xuat ca phe Ung diing cong nghe cao va quy hoach viing ca phe ling diing cdng nghe cao trong san xuat.
Tuy nhien, mUc dp Ung dung cdng nghe cao trong san xuat chl the hien d cac npi dung nhU: Ung dijng cdng nghe nghien cUu san xuat gidng; cdng nghe tudi nudc va phan bdn tiet kiem, sir dung che pham sinh hgc, kich thfch sinh trudng.
3.1. Cfng dung cong nghe cao tgitinh OakLak
Tif nam 2008 den nay, UBND tinh da ban hanh nhieu chii trUdng xung quanh van de
"phat trien ca phe ben vUng", dac biet la chii truang "Phat trien ndng nghiep Ung dung cong nghe cao tinh Bak Lak den nam 2020"
(Quyet dmh sd 2724/QB-UBND ngay 25-12- 2013). Chil truang nay da dU kien dua ra cac Ofng dung cdng nghe cao doi vdi phat trien san xuat ca phe trong thdi gian tdi nhu: Ung dung ky thuat trong vUdn Udm de tien hanh san xuat cac loai gidng ca phe khang sau benh va cho nang suat cao; sU dung phan bon sinh hpc cho ca phe, ap dung cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem ket hgp bdn phan qua node cho ca phe; Ung dung GIS/GPS trong quan ly dinh dudng; Ung dung enzym trong che bien, say, phan loai hat; Ung dung cdng nghe va thiet bj che bien ca phe hda tan...
va giao cho tUng ddn vj lien quan cd trach nhiem phdi hgp, lien ket trien khai thuc hien.
DiJklen nam 2020 viing san xuat ca phe Ung dung cong nghe cao la 40.000 ha.
Tuy nhien, den nay dien tfch ca phe dupe Ung dung cdng nghe cao chi dUng lai d khau siin xuat gidng (trong cac cd quan nghien cUu khoa hgc), Idng ghep Ung dung khoa hpc va cdng nghe vao mpt so chUdng trinh khuyen ndng thdng qua viec tap huan chuyen giao khoa hgc ky thuat, mdt
vai md hinh Ung dung cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem ket hgp bdn phan qua nudc... Va hien tai cung chl cd khoang 15% tdng dien tfch ca phe dugc mpt sd cdng ty, doanh nghiep kinh doanh ca phe lien ket vdi ndng dan td chUc tap huan cac chUng nhan ca phe chat lugng (chUng nhan Common Code for the Coffee Community - 4C, UTZ Certified - UTZ, RainForest...) va bao tieu san pham. Hien tai, dien tich ca phe Bak Lak bi gia coi, sau benh, nang suat thap chiem ty le kha cao. Rieng tai thanh phd Budn Ma Thudt, dien tfch ca phe gia coi va sap budc vao giai doan gia coi chiem gan 50% (cu the, ca phe tren 15 nam tuoi chiem 60,1%, trong dd t;^ le cay loai B va C chiem den 75%). Viec dau t u Ung dung cdng nghe cao vao san xuat ca phe tai Bak Lak van chua dugc quan tam dung mUc.Bay cung la nguyen nhan khdng bao dam sudn dinh ve nang suat va san lUdng ca phe trong nhUng nam gan day.
3.2. (fng dung cong nghe cao tgi tinh Lam Dong
Ndng dan Di Linh, Lam Ha dang hinh thanh viing san xuat ca phe Ung dung cdng nghe cao cho nang suat cung nhu chat lugng vugt trdi, gdp phan tUng budc khang dinh thUdng hieu ca phe Lam Bdng. NhUng nam qua, phong trao san xuat ca phe ben vUng phat trien nhanh va manh tren dia ban Di Linh va Lam Ha, nhieu ndng hp da lien ket vdi doanh nghiep, hpp tac xa de san xuat ca phe theo cac tieu chuan qudc te 4C, UTZ...
Qua dd, ndng dan da ap dung nhOng tien bd khoa hpc vao trong san xuat ca phe, mang lai hieu qua kinh te kha cao nhu Ung dung cdng nghe tudi nUdc va phan bdn tiet kiem, tai canh ca phe gia coi, sir dijng che pham sinh hgc, chat kich thich sinh trudng...
Tren dia ban huyen, viec ap dung cac tien bp khoa hgc ky thuat vao san xuat ca phe ngay cang tang. Hien nay, viec ap
TRANQUdCHtING, B U I D l K P i i S ^ dung san xuat theo tieu chuan 4C, UTZ vao
khoang 15.000 ha chiem hon 33% dien tfch ca phe toan huyen. Nang suat binh quan dat 125.000 tan, trong dd cd hon 10.000 ha sSn xuat theo hudng cong nghe cao, ap dung tudi t u dpng phun mUa. Viec ap dung cac tien bd khoa hgc, ky thuat vao san xuat ca phe da dem lai hieu qua thiet thuc nang suat binh quan dat cao 4,5 tan/ha, trdng bdn phan hiiu eg cung da tao ra san pham dat chat lugng, Ung dung cdng nghe che bien udt (wet process) va cdng nghe che bien ban Udt (honey process) trong che bien ca phe, tao diJng dugc thUdng hieu ca phe Di Linh vdn noi tieng tU thdi Phap thupc.
Tai Lam Ha, tU nhUng dien tfch nhd ban dau, den nay, huyen da co 9.500 ha ca phe san xuat theo tieu chuan 4C, UTZ.. .va 78 ha san xuat ca phe Ung dung cdng nghe cao, trong do nhieu ndng hp da tham gia md hinh san xuat ca phe ben viing dupe cap giay chUng nhan va dien tich ca phe ben vUng nay khdng ngUng tang len theo tUng nam.
Phat trien ca phe cdng nghe cao la hudng di dem lai nhieu Igi fch cho ngudi ndng dan. Bdi khdng nhUng tiet kiem chi phi ma ngudi ndng dan cdn cung cap cac san pham ca phe an toan ra thi trudng, gdp phan bao ve sUc khde ngUdi tieu dung, bao ve mdi trudng, thay ddi thdi quen san xuat truyen thdng kem hieu qua. Hien nay. Lam Bong cd 152.000 ha dugc cac ndng hd san xuat, vi vay trong giai doan tdi. Lam Bdng se hlnh thanh cac td hgp tac, hgp tac xa, td chUc lien ket san xuat vdi cac doanh nghiep giUa cac vimg sinh thai ca phe cd nhUng dac diem chung nham hudng den ddng bd cac khau trong quy trinh san xuat tu gidng, ky thuat, td chUc thu hai...den viec thu mua dang hinh thanh d vting ca phe Lam Ha, Di Linh la hudng phat trien chung ciia nganh ca phe Lam Bdng.
4. Giai phap phat trien cay ca phe iJng dung cong nghe cao tai Tay Nguyen
4.1. Sdn xuat ca phe
4.1.1. Quy hoach vung phdt triin ed phe Ra soat quy hoach san xuat ca phe theo hudng thfch hgp vdi dieu kien tU nhien thich hgp vdi dieu kien sinh thai ciia cay ca phe, nhat la ngudn nudctudi, nang cao chat lugng san pham, dap Ung nhu cau thj trudng, dam bao hieu qua va phat trien ben yCrng. NhOng dien tich ca phe trdng d dp ddc cao (>15°) khdng hieu qua, khd khan trong cdng tac cham sdc, canh tac, tudi nudc can thay the bang nhUng loai cay trdng khac hieu qua.
Quy hoach mdt sd vung ca phe che chat lugng cao dat tU 10 - 15% dien tfch ca phe che tai cac tinh Kon Tum, Lam Bdng. Hien tai, ty le ca phe che/ca phe vdi nien vu 2016/2017 chi dat gan 6%, trong khi mdt sd vung cd dieu kien phat trien ca phe che nhu Kon Tum (Tu Md Rdng, Kon PIdng, Bak Glei).
Bau tuxay dung chi dan dja ly (Gi) cho cac vung san xuat ca phe chat lugng cao va Ung dung GPS trong quan ly, quy hoach viing san xuat ca phe.
4.1.2. Chuyen doi ca cdu gidng Sif dung 100% gidng ca phe mdi (cd nang suat va chat lugng cao, chfn tap trung tai mdt thdi diem) dugc nhan gidng theo phuong phap hOu tfnh va vd tfnh (ghep, in vitro) trong tai canh, ghep cai tao va trdng mdi, thay the cho cac loai gidng kem hieu qua.
Ra soat, kiem tra va chUng nhan cho cac ddn vi san xuat gidng chuan, chat lugng; han che tinh trang san xuat gidng dai tra, kem chat lugng, phong trao "ai cung cd the san xuat gidng".
4.1.3. Ap dung quy trinh sdn xudt ed phi ben vdng
San xuat ca phe cd chUng chl: Viec cap chUng chi co nghia la ngUdi san xuat (hay nhdm san xuat) phai chju mpt ca quan cap
i
Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 03 (59) - 2019 churng chi giam sat hang nam, kiem tra trong qua trinh s^n xuat phai phu hop v6i tieu chuan. No co mot so cac yeu cau ve quan !y khi tat ca cac bu6c cfa hoan thanh don vi san xuat duoc cap chifng chi va san pham ca phe cua ho san xuat ra dUOc ban kem v6i chiJng chi san xuat. Cho den nay, trong cong dong ca phe da c6 t6i 5 chaang trinh chu yeu cap chCrng chl cho ca phe do la nhUng chUOng trinh idn dUdc nhieu ngu'di quan tam nhU:
Nong nghiep hQu cO: Organic Agriculture;
ThUdng mai c6ng bang: FairTrade; Lien minh riing mUa: Rainforest Alliance; Ca phe tot:
UTZ Certifed va mot chUdng trinh ca phe san xuat phu hop v6i bo quy tac chung cho cong dong san xuat ca phe goi la ca phe 4C (the Common Code for the Coffee Community).
Viec san xuat ca phe co chUng chl se dua thucfng hieu ca phe co ten tren ban do ca phe the gidi.
Trong dieu kien bien doi khi hau, nen nhietdp pho bien dmCfccao hon trung binh nhieu nam cung thdi ky khoang 0,5 - liCC.
Ooi tupng bj anh hudng chu yeu la cay trong lau nam nam ngoai vung cong trinh thuy loi phu trach tudi (hien cong trinh thuy lOi chi bao d^m tudi dupe gan 2 1 % dien tich canh tac 6 khu viJc Tay Nguyen). Trong nhilrng nam tdi, can Ung dung manh cong nghetUdi nudc va phan bdn tiet kiem, dam bao dien tich ca phe dupc tudi khoang 95% dien tich toan vung.
Day manh co gidi hda trong khau cai tao, cham sdc va thu hoach ca phe. Dac biet la utig dung co gidi hoa khau phan loai hat khi thu hoach, nang cao chat lupng hat ca phe thanh pham td khau san xuat den che bien.
Dien tfch ca phe vung Tay Nguyen vdi di^n tich ca phe Robusta chiem khoang 90%, day la loai ca phe yeu cau ky thuat cao trong cong tac tao canh, nuoi choi. Tuy nhien, hau hetcac hp nong dan san xuat loai ca phe nay
tao canh, nuoi choi chua dung vdi dac diem sinh hpc cua chung. Do dd, trong thdi gian tdi can xay dUng mo hlnh cac vUdn ca phe tai canh ap dung ky thuat tao canh cua Brazil va danh gia hieu qua.
SCf dung phan hQu co, phan bdn vi sinh, thuoc trCf s^u benh sinh hpc, che pham sinh hpc thay the cho cac loai phan hda hpc, thuoc bao ve thuc vat gay anh hudng den he sinh thai va moi trudng.
Doi vdi dien tfch ca phe trong mdi, han che trong nhOrng vung cd dp doc cao, gay kho khan trong cdng tac co gidi hda cung nhu Ung dung cdng nghe mdi trong san xuat Trong cay che bdng, trong xen nhdng loai cay trong co gia trj kinh te, dam bao nhu cau anh sang cho vUdn ca phe td 70-80%.
4.2. Thu mua, che bien caphe 4.2.1. Quan ly he thong thu mua Ban hanh hop dong mau va quy che ky gdi ca phe de dua he thong doanh nghiep, dai lythu mua-ky gdi caphe vao hoat dgng CO su kiem soat; Ho trp thanh lap cac hop tac xa, to hpp tac ca phe lam dich vu dau vao, dau ra cho ndng dan; Hinh thanh chuoi lien ket cho nganh hang ca phe.
Tao dieu kien cho ndng dan, doanh nghiep chu ddng tam trCf ca phe, tham gia dieu tiet cung cau tren thj trudng, dam bao Ipi ich cua ngUdi san xuat va kinh doanh ca phe.
4.2.2. Nang cao chdt luang khdu phoi, say caphe
Tao dieu kien cho dich vu so che ca phe tuoi boat dpng, tao dieu kien cho cac hp san xuat ca phe dam bao 100% san lUOng ca phe dupe so che (danh vd) trUdc khi phoi, say dat tieu chuan ky thuat.
Thu hai, che bien va bao quan la nhdng khau quan trpng quyet dinh chat lUpng thanh pham, tuy nhien hau het nong dan vung Tay Nguyen tan dung nang luong mat
10 TRAN QUdC HUNG. S D l f X P H L ^ trdi de phoi kho, thu hoach khong dam bao
dp chfn, khau phoi chUa dam bao da anh hudng rat Idn den chat lupng ca phe. Can nang ty le ca phe che bien Udt (hoac ban Udt - honey process) len 50% trong nam 2020 (hien tai chi dat 15%), va tang 10% trong cac nam tiep theo doi vdi ca phe voi (Robusta) va 100% doi vdi ca phe che t d nam 2020.
SCr dung 100% phu pham so che va che bien ca phe de san xuat phan compost tai ndng hp, han che sd dung phan vd co de phuc vu khau san xuat ca phe.
4.2.3. Phdt trien cong nghiep che bien Tdng bUdc thay the day chuyen cdng nghe che bien ca phe nhan xuat khau lac hau bang cac day chuyen cdng nghe tien tien. Tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho cac doanh nghiep che bien ca phe phuc vu xuat khau hoat dpng, phat trien it nhat 01 nha may che bien Udt/ 01 tinh. Den nam 2020, cd 100% cO sd che bien ca phe nhan xuat khau tuan thu dung Quy chuan ky thuat qudc gia; 100% co sd che bien ca phe dam bao ve sinh an toan thuc pham.
Dau t u he thdng thiet bj hien dai, xay dung thuong hieu. Hen ket phat trien vung nguyen lieu de nang cao gia tri san pham;
Hpp tac lien ket dau tU phat trien vung ca phe nguyen lieu, nang cao chat lupng san pham, phat trien thi trUdng trong va ngoai nUdc de nang cao hieu qua san xuat cho cdng nghiep che bien ca phe bdt, ca phe hoa tan, ca phe 3 in 1, ca phe Ion...
4.3. ThMng mgi ca phe
4.3.1. Xuc tien thuang mql va xudt khau De xuat Chinh phu ban hanh dieu kien doi vdi doanh nghiep che bien xuat khau ca phe nham kiem soat cac dau moi xuat khau ca phe;
Day manh cac hoat dgng xuc tien thuong mai, hdi chd, hpi thao qudc te ve ca phe, xay dung website cua doanh nghiep detham gia
ban hang trUc tiep vdi cac nha may rang xay, cac nha tieu thu ca phe hang dau the gidi cho cac doanh nghiep dii dieu kien che bien xuat khau ca phe;
fle'n nam 2020, co 80 - 85% san lugng xuat khau true tiep cho cac nha tieu thu, cac nha rang xay qudc te, khdng qua khau trung gian.
4.3.2 Xdy dung he thong tieu thu ed phi hien dai
Phat trien thi trudng tieu thu cac san pham ca phe trong nUdc khoang 20% san lupng hang nam ciia vung;
Xay dung va hoan thien he thdng thdng tin ve mdi trUdng kinh doanh, phan phdi, gia ca cac mat hang ca phe ciia vung; Chii ddng ap dung thuong mai dien tU trong giao djch mua - ban - ky gUi ca phe cua vung - trong nudc va qudc te;
Bau tuxay dung va dua vao hoat dpng 01 san giao djch ca phe tai vung, tao dieu kien thuan Ipi cho thi trudng ca phe phat trien sdi ddng.
4.4. Cache, chinh sdch
4.4.1. Trien khai vd thuc hiin cd hieu qud mgtsd chinh sdch cua Trung uang
Quyet dinh so 787/QB-TTg ciia Thii tudng Chfnh phii ve viec phe duyet bd sung danh myc san pham qudc gia thude Chuong trinh phat trien san pham qudc gia den nam 2020.
Trong do Uu tien day manh phat trien san pham ca phe Viet Nam chat lugng cao dua vao danh muc san pham chien luge qudc gia den nam 2020;
Chi thj so 01 ciia Ngan hang nha nudc ngay 23/02/2016 ve viec to chUc thuc hien chfnh sach tien te va dam bao hoat dpng ngan hang an toan, hieu qua nam 2016.
Trong dd tiep tuc theo ddi sat de kip thdi xU ly khd khan, vudng mac ciia hoat dpng tin dung ddi vdi nganh ndng nghiep cu the: Chfnh sach tin dung phuc vu phat trien
Tap ctii Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, 56 03 (59) - 2019 11 nong nghiep, ndng thdn theo Nghj dinh sd
55/2015/NB-CP ve viec cho vay phuc vu tai canh ca phe tai cac tinh thupc khu vyc Tay Nguyen;
Quyet djnh so 68/2013/QB-TTg ciia Thii tudng Chfnh phii: ve chfnh sach ho trg nham gi^m tdn that trong ndng nghiep. Trong do co de cap den viec hd trp cho cac loai may moc phye vu cho san xuat va che bien ca phe;
Quyet djnh sd 1137/QB-TTg nam 2017 phe duyet de an nang cao nang lyc canh tranh cac mat hang xuat khau ciia Viet Nam den nam 2020, djnh hudng nam 2030 doThii tudng Chfnh phii ban hanh ngay 03/8/2017, trong dd d linh vyc ndng nghiep cd mat hing ca phe;
Quyet djnh sd 923/QB-TTg phe duyet Chuang trinh muc tieu tai co cau kinh te ndng nghiep va phdng chdng giam nhe thien tai, on djnh ddi sdng dan cUdoThii tudng Chinh phii ban hanh ngay 28/6/2017, ho trg cho cac doanh nghiep thyc hien cac dy an dau W ve cac linh vUc dac biet Uu dai dau tU xay dung, trong do cd che bien ca phe.
4.4.2.Tieptuethuchiintrietdemgts6ehlnh sach eua dia phuang
Quyet dinh sd 1519/QB-UBNB ngay 10/7/2017 cua UBNB tinh Lam Bdng ve viec pheduyetke hoach va phan bo kinh phi thyc hien tai canh, cai tao gidng ca phe gan vdi phat trien ca phe ben vCfng tinh Lam Bdng nam 2017;
Quyet djnh sd 1244/QB-UBND ngay 12/6/2017 ciia UBND tinh Lam Bdng ve viec phe duyet phuong an thyc hien chinh sach ho tro dau t u tryc tiep va trg gia gidng cay trong tinh Lam Bdng nam 2017;
Nghi quyet 24/2017/NQ-HBND tinh Bak Lak ve viec phat trien ca phe ben vUng den nam 2020, djnh hudng den nam 2030, dat muc tieu xay dyng nganh ca phe phat trien theo hudng ben vijfng, nang cao chat lugng
va da dang hda san pham, mang lai gia trj gia tang cao, tien tdi phat trien san xuat ca phe hUu CO;
Quyet djnh 421/QB-UBND ngay 24/2/2017 ciia UBND tinh Bak Lak ve viec ke hoach trien khai Be an ndng nghiep Ung dung cdng nghe cao tinh flak Lak den nam 2020. By an xay dung ban do dinh dudng cho cay caphe.
4.4.3. Gidi phdp to ehUe the ehe khuyin nghi Chinh phii, tinh Bak Lak can cd chinh sach mien hoac giam thue, giam tien thue dat cho cac doanh nghiep ndng nghiep trong thdi gian thyc hien cai tao dat, thdi gian kien thiet eg ban ciia dien tfch ca phe tai canh, ho trg lai suat vay vdn ddi vdi ngudn tai chfnh ma cac doanh nghiep phai dau tu nham doi mdi trang thiet bj cdng nghe, ho trp ve mat Ung dung tien bd ky thuat cho ndng dan qua cac nha khoa hpc.
4.5. Dao tao nguon nhdn lUc flay manh cdng tac dao tao ngudn nhan lyc CO trinh dp cao ve cdng nghe sinh hpc chpn tao gidng, cdng nghe che bien ca phe, nang cao nang luc can bp quan ly de dap Ung tdt nhu cau phat trien ben vOng nganh hang ca phe cua vung Tay IMguyen ndi rieng va ca nudc ndi chung;
Tang cudng dao tao nghe cho ndng dan san xuat ca phe, nhat la ky thuat tao tan, tao canh, tai canh ca phe; so che va bao quan ca phe qua khd, ca phe nhan. flao tao cdng nhan ky thuat tryc tiep van hanh day chuyen thiet bi che bien va kho bao quan ca phe;
Ket hgp vdi cac nha khoa hpc d cac trudng dai hpc cua vimg va cac viing lan can, thyc hien nghien cUu md hlnh, chuyen giao cdng nghe.
4.6. Hop tac quoc te
Tang cudng hgp tac vdi cac nUdc va cac td chUc quoc te ve khoa hpc cdng nghe cho nganh ca phe nhu WCR - World Coffee
12 TRAN QU(3C HUNG, Bill BUC PHI HtING Research; CIRAD - Agricultural Research for
Development... trong cdng tac chgn tao gidng, phdng trU sau benh, cdng nghe tudi nudc tiet kiem, thu hoach, bao quan, che bien ca phe...;
Thuc day hgp tac qudc te trong cdng tac to chUc cac hpi chg, cac sy kien nham gidi thieu san pham ca phe ciia vimg den ban be qudcte.
4.7. Boi mdi cong tac quan ly Cd cau lai cac doanh nghiep trong vung, nang cao nang luc canh tranh ciia cac doanh nghiep ca phe hoat ddng trong viing;
Xay dyng cac md hinh thf diem Ung dung tien bd khoa hpc ky thuat mdi trong nganh ca phe nhu: cdng nghe gidng cay trdng, che bien ca phe... danh gia hieu qua va md rdng md hinh san xuat ca phe.
Ket luan
Hat ca phe Viet Nam den nay da xuat khau den tren 50 nudc va vung lanh tho.
Theo dd ca phe Viet Nam xuat hien d ci cac nudc tieu thu lan cac nudc san xuat ca phe, chiem khoang 20% thj phan ca phe the gidi.
Tuy nhien, thugng hieuca pheViet Nam van chua cd ten tren ban do ca phe the gidi. Ba den liic can phii thay ddi ve"chat"cho hat ca phe thay vi gia tang san lugng nhu trUdc day.
Chfnh vi vay, viec Ung dung cdng nghe cao trong san xuat la mpt hudng di dung nham thay ddi ve "chat", khang djnh chat lugng ca phe Viet. Ling dung cdng nghe phai gan lien vdi phat trien ben vUng, dugc thyc hien ddng bp tU khau trdng, cham sdc, thu hoach.
b i o quan va che bien. Trong dd, can quan tam den cdng nghe tudi, cdng nghe che bien va phan loai ca phe.
TAI Lieu THAM KHAO
I . B d Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn (2014), Quyet dinh so 3417/QB-BNN-NT ngdy 01/8/2014 vi viic Phe duyet Be dn phat trien Ngdnh ed phi bin vdng den ndm 2020.
2. Truong Hdng (2018), Dien tich, san lugng ca phe tren the gidi, Vien Khoa hgc Ky thuat Nong Lam nghiep Tay Nguyen.
3. Truong Hdng, Binh Thi Nha True, Nguyen Xuan Hoa va ctv (2013),"Nghien cUu bien phap ky thuat tdng hgp tiet kiem chi phf dau vao ddi vdi ca phe d Tay Nguyen", Vien Khoa hoc ky thuat Ndng Lam nghiep Tay Nguyen, Hdi thao Qudc gia ve Khoa hgc Cdy trdng Idn thd nhdt.
4. Nguyen Xuan Hda (2018), Cdc chinh sdch hd trg sdn xudt ed phi Viet Nam ndm 2016 vd 2017, Vien Khoa hpc Ky thuat Ndng Lam nghiep Tay Nguyen.
5.BoanTrieu Nhan (2011),5dn xudt cd phe ed chdng chi, Cafe Viet Nam, chuyen de 5.
6. Le Tat Khuong, Chu Huy Tudng, Dang Ngpc Vugng (2018), "Tang cUdng Ung dung Khoa hgc Cdng nghe trong phat trien cac san pham ndng nghiep chii lyc ciia viing Tay Nguyen", tap chf Khoa hoc & Cdng nghe Viet Nam, so 3, Vien nghien cUu va phat trien vung, Bd Khoa hpc Cdng nghe, tr.34-36.
7. World Coffee Research (2017), Creating the future of coffee, Annual report.
