TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 16 96 www.hm.edu.vn
NGHE THUAT SO SANH NHAN V^T TRONG TRICH DOAN "CHI EM THUY KIEU"
Ho Th| Thuy Ng9C Tru&ng Bgi hoc Hd Tinh Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhdn bdi (received): 16/5/2018
Ngdy nhgn bdn sua (revised): 27/2/2019 Ngdy nhdn ddng (accepted): 15/3/2019 Tomtit
NghS thuat so sanh hai nhan vat Thiiy Kieu va Tbiiy Van trong tricb doan "Chi em Thuy Kieu " nam d phan md diu kiet tac "Truyen Kieu " da the hien rd tai nang bac thay cua dai tiii hao dan tpc Nguyen Du trong mieu ta nban vat. Vdi hinh thiic so sanh phong phii, da dang: so sanh bang, so sanh ban, so sanh cd - khdng, gidng - khac, chung - ri&ig... d nhieu phucmg dien khac nhau, nha tha da lam ndi bat ve dep li tudng, hoan my "moi ngudi mgt ve, mudi phan ven mudi" ctia hai chi em gai hp Vuang. Ngbe thuat so sanh khong chi ddng gdp vao sy thanh cong khac hga ve chan dung, tinh each, pbam hanh, so phan ma cdn bieu bien sau sac cam bung nban van ciia nha tha trong viec nggi ca, de cao ve dep, pham gia ngudi phu nii va gui gam nhieu gia tri nhan sinh khac nira.
Tir khoa: Ngbe thuat so sanh, mieu ta nhan vat, tricb doan "Chi em Thuy Kieu"
trong "Truyen Kieu".
The comparison arts of characters in the extract of " Sisters of Thuy Kieu"
Abstract
The comparison of two characters Thuy Kieu and Thuy Van in the extract of " Sisters of Thuy Kieu" in the begining ofthe masterpiece "Tale of Kieu" has shown the talents ofthe great poet Nguyen Bu in his character description. The author highlighted the beauty of Vuong's sisters as in "each one has her own manner, both perfectly refined" in the diversified forms of comparison: equality, comparative, yes - no, similarity - difference, general -private ... The comparison not only contributes to the success of portraying one's character, beauty, dignity and fate but also expresses deeply the humanistic inspiration ofthe poet in praising the beauty, the dignity ofthe woman, and bringing many other human values.
Keywords: Comparisions, character description, extract of "Sisters of Thuy Kieu" in the "Tale of Kieu"
ISSN 0866-7594.2019 JoumaJ of Science, Vol. XVI. All ngMs reserved.
1. Bat vin de
"Truyfn Kieu" sang tac dya theo cudn tieu thuyit chuong bii "Kim Vdn Kieu truyen " ciia Thanh Tam Tai Nhan d Trung Qudc, song nd khdng phai la mgt ban dich tha tu mgt tac pham VMI xudi ma la ket tinb tai nang va tim long ctia dai thi hao Nguyin Du.
Mac diu "mpt tay phai bd chat vao truyen thong" (tu&i theo tinh quy pham cua van hpc thdi ki tnmg dai) nhung dudi ngdi tai hoa, biln boa khdn ludng da giup ong phat huy tai nang, ca tinh sang tao de xay dyng nhiing hinh tugng nhan vat sdng ddng, hip din ndng im hoi tiid cua ca nhan va thdi dai. Nghe thuat so sanh nhan vat trong tricb doan "CA/ em Tftiij'JKeii" [Nguyen Khac Phi, 2015] nam d phan md diu kiet tac '^Truyen Kiiu" da dong gdp khdng nho vao sy tbanb cdng kbac hpa chan dung, tinh each, pham hanb va sd phan Thiiy Kieu, Thiiy Van trong tac pbam. Trong cudn "Gidng vdn Truydn Kieu" [Dang Thanh Le, 1998], dac biet la sach hudng din giao vien [Nguyen Khac Phi, 2015] da quan tam den dung y nghe thuat cua Nguyen Du khi mieu ta hai nhan vat Thiiy Van, Thuy Kieu trong tricb doan nay. Tren tinb than tiep tbu, kl thira, cbiing tdi da md rpng pham vi so sanh vdi mdt sd tac phim truyen tha cimg thdi, ding thdi gdp them mpt sd li giai rieng de lam ro sy sang tao va nhirng sac thai bieu bien tinh te, dgc dao, cu the trong thai dp, cam xiic tham ml ciia tac gia ddi vdi con ngudi va cudc sdng thdng qua nghe thuat so sanh nhan vat.
n. N6i dung
^Truyen Kiiu" la tac phim thupc nen van hgc trung dai nen ngbe thuat xay dung nhan vat noi chung, nghe thuat mieu ta ngoai binh nhan vat ndi rieng deu chiu anh hudng sau sic dac dilm cua van hpc thdi ki nay. Gilng nhu cac nha tha kbac cimg thdi, khi khac hpa Thiiy Kilu va Thiiy Van - hai tuyet sic giai nhan, Nguyin Du da su dung biit phap chim pha vdi ngdn ngu udc le, tugng trung. Dd ia cac tac gia thudng sir dung rgng rai va nhit quan yiu tl thien nhien iam cdng cu mieu ta. Ve dep ciia phu nu thudng dugc danh gia bang chuan muc cua thien nhien.
Tdc mdy chdm ddt, da ngd. guang trong.
N& nang net nguyet. vudng trdn mat hoa.
(Ta Clic Hoa - "^Phgm Cdng Cdc Hoa") Md ddo phdn diem hdng hdng.
Tdc mdy mot mdi dong dong xanh non.
Mdi mai mot ngdn hdng son, Mdy ngang Id lieu, mdt tron bdng guang.
(Ta Cdng chua - ^Hodng Trim")
ISSN 0866-7594.2019 Journal of Science, Vol. XVI. All nghts reserved.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 16 98 www.hm.edu.vn
Nguai ddu trong ngpc trdng ngd.
Mat vanh vgnh nguyet, tdc ngd ngd mdy.
(Ta Hanh Nguyen - "TVfti ^ mai") Man md chim cd rai nhdn,
Nguyet ghen guang khep, hoa h&n thdm bay.
(Ta Dao Tien - ^'Hoa tien")
Neu chi dya vao nhdng "mdtip" khudn miu quen thupc mieu ta ngudi dep, chiing ta co cam giac da bit gap chan dung Thuy Kilu, Thuy Van co san dau do trong van hpc cd dien. Song dieu dang ndi d day, so vdi tac gja cac truyen tho Ndm khac cimg thdi, neu hg thudng chi tap trung mieu ta nhan vat nii trung tam cua tac pbam tiii vdi ngbe thuat so sanh hai nhan vat vira la chi em, vira cung tuyin chinh dien, Nguyen Du da tao nen sy dac sac, khac bi$t. Nha tha so sanh giua Thiiy Kilu va Thiiy Van tir dien den diem, tu tdng the den chi tiet. Hinh thiic so sanh phong pbii, da dang: so sanh bang, so sanh hem, so sanh co - kbdng, giong - kbac, chung - rieng... tit ca deu nham lam ndi bat ch§n dung cua mdi nhan vat dac biet la Thiiy Kieu - nbSn vat trung tam cua tac pham.
Trudc kbi mieu ta ve dep "Moi nguai moi ve, mu&iphdn ven mu&i", Nguyen Du da mieu ta phac thao, tao an tugng trong cam nhan ngudi dpc ve cai chung va rieng cua hai chi em Thiiy Kieu.
"Bdu long hai d td nga Thdy Kieu Id chi, em Id Thdy Vdn
Mai cdt cdch, tuyet tinh thdn Mdi ngu&i mot ve, mu&iphdn ven mu&i"
Sy li tudng boa ve dep "mudi phan ven mudi" trong nhung van tha tren da khoi ggi xiic cam tham my, niem ngudng mg cho ngudi dpc trudc ve dep kieu diem, hoan my tir voc dang din tam hdn cua bai mi nii bg Vuong. Song de khac hpa chan dung Thiiy Kieu, Nguyen Du da phac hpa trudc chan dung cua em gai Thuy Van. Thuy Van xuat hien vdi hinh miu dung nhan tuyet dep, tudng nhu khdng co gi sanh bang.
"Vdn xem trang trpng khde v&i Khudn trdng ddy dgn net ngdi n& nang
Hoa cu&i ngpc thdt doan trang, Mdy thua nu&c tdc, myet nhu&ng mdu da "
Tbi ma chi cua Van con han thi niia. NIU Nguyin Du chu yiu dac ta Thiiy Van ve dep bl ngoai ciia nban sic trong bin cau tha thi kbac biet han, Nguyin Du danh tdi mudi sau cau tha cdn lai dl gidi thieu Thuy Kilu trong dd co sau cau ndi ve tai nang.
ISSN 0866-7594,2019 Journal of Saence, Vol. XVI. All nghts reserved.
Kieu cdng sac sao man md.
So be tdi sac lgi Id phdn han:
Lan thu thdy, net xudn san, Hoa ghen thua thdm lieu han kem xanh.
Mdt hai nghieng nu&c nghieng thdnh.
Sac ddnh doi mpt tdi ddnh hpa hai.
Thdng minh von san tinh trai, Pha nghe thi hpa du mui ca ngdm.
Cung thuang Idu bdc ngS dm, Nghe rieng dn dut hd cdm mdt chuang.
Khuc nhd tay lua nen chuong, Mpt thien bgc menh lgi cdng ndo nhdn.
Phong luu rdt muc hdng quan, Xudn xanh xdp xi t&i man cgp ke.
Em dim tru&ng ru mdn che, Tuang ddng ong bu&m di vi mac ai.
Dudng nhu dai thi bao da ddn het tam lyc de co nhung net ve chi tiet, cong phu, thSn ki cho Thuy Kieu. Ong khdng chi ta khudn mat ma hudng tdi khic hga toan dien sic dep, tai nang, tam hon ctia Kieu - mot ve dep dien hinh, li tudng cua ngudi phu nu trong xa hpi phong kien. Ben canh buc chan dung Thiiy Van, Thiiy Kieu cang trd nen ngdi sang ban, toan dien hon, hoan chinb ban. Tuy nhien, vdi hinh thiic so sanh ban nay, khong co nglua Nguyin Du khdng yeu quy Thiiy Van ma la nha tha dang bay td cam hiing nggi ca trudc nhan sac, tai nang vugt ngudng cua Thiiy Kieu. Dieu do giiip cho Nguyen Du dat dugc myc dich la lam noi bat sy toan thien, hoan my doi vdi nhan vat dng danh sy tran trgng, yeu thuang nbat tac phim.
Ngoai viec mieu ta ve dep cd nhieu diem chung giiia bai chi em, Nguyen Du con tao nen nhieu diem khac biet giira Kieu va Van. Va day ciing chinh la y do nghe thuat sau xa cua nha tha. Rieng ta long may, bai chi em da mang hai net dep rat khac nhau. Ta long may ciia Thiiy Van, Nguyen Du da mugn dien co "con tam nam" tir cau van trong sacb Tu&ng thw. "Biin nhu man nguyet mi nhugc ngoa tdm " (mat nhu mat trang trdn ma ldng mi nhu con tim nim ngang) de noi cai tudng pbiic hau cua Van [Trao doi ve "Truyen Kieu", Vietnamsuhoc.com]. Ong da dien dat tai tinh dien cd Trung Qudc thdng qua viec kheo leo su dung nhilu tir thuin Viet co tinh ggi hinh, tao hinb ("Khudn trdng ddy dan, net ngdi n& nang") dl nhim lam ndi b$t ve dep rieng cua Thuy Van. Ngoai ra, Nguyen Du cung
ISSN 0866-7594 2019 Journal of Science, Vol, XVI. AH nghts reserved.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 16 100 www.hm.edu.vn
rat sang tao kbi viet "net ngdi n& nang", chii khong phai "long mi nhu con tdm ndm ngan^' trong cau van tren nham lam nii bat long may Thiiy V3n cd net gidng vdi con ngai (con budm tam) tbi ve dep trd nen nir tinh bon khi chung ta dat trong sy so sanh vdi ve dep diy nam tinh cua Tir Hai "rau hum, hdm en, mdy ngdi". Khac vdi net may nd nang cua Van, net may ctia Kieu nhu dang nui mua xuan mang mdt ve dep tbanb thoat nhung lai ggi sy mdng manb, yeu mem nhim ton thin thai ciia doi mit nhu "lan thu tbily", long lanh, trong xanh, dat dao nhu lan sdng xao ddng trong hd nudc mua thu, an chiia trong dd sy da tinh, da cam, da doan va ca chieu sau cua ddi sdng npi tam. Nhu v|iy, Kilu dugc tac gia hit stic chu y den mieu ta cai than cua "ddi mit" la cira sd tam bin... Dat trong quan niem truyen thdng cua Phuang Ddng "diem nhan" tuc cip cho sy v^t mgt Unh bin thi doi mit khdng chi la phuang tien mieu ta sac dep, nd cdn la phuong tien de nhin nhan, danh gia ma cdn bieu Id cam xiic, tinb cam...Van khdng dugc mieu ta ddi mit nhung bii lai cd diem nhan cua hinb anh "hoa cudi" ("mieng cudi tuoi nhu hoa) hien len ve duyen dang, tuoi tin, rang ngdi. Neu nu cudi nay cimg vdi "net ngai nd nang" hda hgp vdi khudn mat diy dan, doan trang, pbiic hau, bao hieu mgt phiic phan tot lanh ctia Van thi "net xuan son" lai rat hgp vdi ve dgp sic sao, man ma, da cam cua Ki6u. Sy khac biet ve ngoai hinh phin nao the hien Nguyen Du da don het but lyc lam ndi bat sy sac sao ve tri tue va chieu sau tam hdn ctia Ki€u.
Kbdng phai ngau nhien ma trong hai chi em, Thiiy Kieu dugc gidi thieu ky ban, nhilu phuang dien hon va phuang dien nao cung vugt trdi ban. So vdi Van, Thuy Kieu ban bin vl nban sic. Thuy Van cd ve dep tuySt cung nhudng, may cung thua; con Kieu mang ve dep "nghieng nu&c nghieng thdnh " den noi "hoa ghen thua thdm, lieu han kem xanh ".
Kilu vira la mpt tuyet sic giai nhan, vira tai gioi khd ai sanh bang "sac danh ddi mdt, tai danb hpa hai" (Tai cua nang Kieu co the tim ngudi thii bai nhung sac thi chi cd mpt). Ta hai chi em song chi rieng Kieu mdi dugc Nguyen Du gidi thieu va danh gia rat cao tai nang ve tha, hga, ca ngam, dac biet la tai dan. Co the ndi rang, trong van hgc biem co hinh anh ngudi phu nii hoan mi ve hinh thiic lan tam hon, tai nang dugc the hien dudi ngoi but tai hoa vdi cam xuc tran trgng, yen thuang ndng nhiet nhu Nguyen Du da danh cho Thiiy Kilu. Song bdi le do ma ong da dy bao: vi Trdi cho Kieu nhieu thu hem Van nen se lay di ciia Kilu nhung thu quan trpng khac. Phai chang dd la mdt trong nhiing li do nha tha diu dya tren phuang dien tham my va tudng phap khi mieu ta chan dung nhan vat.
Ve dep cua tam bin, tich each, dy bao so phan cua Van dugc phan chieu ti-en nhirng net ngoai hinh. Con ve dep tam bin, tich each, dy bao sd pban ciia Kieu khong chi tiem an d ngoai hinh ma cdn till hien qua tai nang. Bing but phap "ve may niy trang" Nguyin Du da giiip ngudi dgc tudng tudng, hinh dung ra ve dep tdng die hoan my ciia Thiiy Van. Dd la ve
ISSN 0666-7594.2019 Journal of Science, Vol. XVI N\ nghts reserved.
dep tuoi tin, rang rd ngdi len tir khuon mat nhu anh trang rim, mieng cudi tuoi nhu hoa, ldi noi nbu ngpc. Do la hinh the day dan, tron tria, cang tran sue sing ctia tuli xuan xanh (Tac gia khong ndi ro ve hinh the nhung tiieo quan niem tham mi thdi dd, cai dep bao gid cung cd tmh c3n doi, hoan chinh nen khuon m^t Thiiy V3n rat hgp vdi vdc dang nhu vay). Tit ca diu toat len ve d?p doan trang, rang ngdi, hdn ban, tran day siic sing. Theo quan niem vl tudng so, nhin ngoai hinh "khudn trang day ddn, net ngdi n& nang" cd the du bao sd phan ctia Van trong tuong lai s§ cd phiic ldc nhifiu hon. Cung nhd ve dep "n& nang net nguyet, vudng trdn mat hoa" gidng Thiiy Van ma Ciic Hoa trong "Phgm Cdng Cdc Hoa " may min ban so vdi cac nhan vat nii khac trong tmyen tha Ndm. Han nua, Idii mieu ta ve dep Thuy Van "tuyit cung nhu&ng, mdy cung thua ", ngudi dgc da du cam dugc sy thuan long, tiiuan tinh cua thien nhien, tao hda n6n kbdng cdn hi ghen ^ e t , ganh dua vi the nang se co dugc mpt cupc sdng yen dn, phong luu, phii quy. Va Nguyen Du da tra ldi ve sy dy bao nay d cuoi tac phim:
"Mpt nhd phuc ldc gdm hai.
Ngdn ndm dang dgc quan giai Idn Idn.
Thica gia chdng hit ndng Vdn, Mpt cdy cu mdc mot sdn qui hoe.
Phong luu phu quy ai bi, Vu&n xudn mot cira de bia mudn dai".
Khi mieu ta Kieu, bang but pbap "ve rdng diem mat", nha tbo da lam toat len than thai cua guong mat, ve dep ciia ngoai hinh tii nhdng dudng net cua long may va doi mat. So sanh ddi mit Kieu dep, trong sang, long lanh nhu hd nudc mua thu vira ggi len sy da sau, da cam "Sdng thu mot liic, hgt chdu ddi hdng", vira ngim bao mdt cupc ddi nhilu da doan, trie trd, nhilu nudc mit ciia Kilu. Hon niia ve dep "nghieng nudc nghieng tiianh" den noi
"hoa ghen thua thdm, liiu h&n kem xanh " dy bao trudc Kieu se bi thien nhien "tri dua" vi long ganh ti, dl ki. Dac biet, cung dan "Bac menh" - tieng long cua Kieu khdng chi the hien tam hon, tai nang, ti-ai tim da siu, da cam ma cdn dy bao sl phan bi thuang ciia nang. Qua dling nhu vay, Kilu sinh ra nai "phong gim ni la", gap dugc Kim Trpng bao hoa phong nha, cudc ddi nhu vay tudng la hiia ben cho mdt tuang lai rang ngdi banh phiic, nao ngd tai biln xay ra din ndi pbai mudi lam nam luu lac, lenh denb, trdi giat nem dii mgi tui nhuc, e che. Qua day, Nguyin Du khdng chi thi hien dan thuin quan niem "hdng nhan bac menh"
,"tai menh tuong dd" bay "bi sic tu phong" ma con cit len tieng than cho bao tan bi kich ciia nbiing tai nang dudi chl dp xa hpi phong kiln; ddng tiidi con the hien udc vpng thiet thyc, chinh dang va rit nhan ban vl quyin binh ding va truy cau banh phiic ctia ngudi phu nQ trong xa hpi xua.
ISSN 0866-7594.2019 Journal of Science, Vd XVI. All nghts reserved.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 16 102 www.hm.edu.vn
Nhu vay, thdng qua mieu ta, so sanh nhiing dac dilm vl ngoai hinh, tai nang, tam bdn, nba tha da cd ngam bao ve cudc ddi, so phan moi nhan vat trong tuong lai va giii gam bao tu tudng, tinh cam, khat vgng cua minh khiin cho ngudi hgc, ngudi dgc cang them to md, biing thu tim hieu, kham pha nhirng doan tha tilp theo trong tac pham "Truydn Kieu".
m . Kit luan
Vdi n ^ e thuat so sanh nhan vat trong trich doan **CA/ em Thuy Kieu" da. phan nao cho cbiing ta du tbay tai nang bac thay ciia dai tbi hao dan tdc Nguyen Du Uong mieu ta nhan vat. Vdi hinh thuc so sanh phong pbu, da dang, d nhilu phuang dien khac nhau, ngoi biit ciia dng vira bien hda vd cimg tai tinh,. linh boat vira kit hgp nhuan nhuyen giira tinh truyen thong vdi sang tao da tao nen su chuan xac trong timg cbi tiet, su bai hda, can xiing trong tdng the va sy sau xa trong nbung y do nghe thuat. Hai "btic danh hga mi nu "moi ngudi mdi ve, mudi pban ven mudi" cua chi em Thuy Kieu kbdng chi khang dinb Nguyen Ehx la mgt "hpa si ngon tir" tai hoa ma cdn la bieu hien sau sic cam himg nhan van cua dng trong viec nggi ca, de cao ve dgp, pham gia cua ngudi phy nu va giii gam nbieu gia tri nhan sinh khac nua.
TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO
Dang Thanh Le (1998), Gidng vdn Truyin Kiiu, Nha xuat ban Giao due.
Nguyin Khic Phi (Ting chu bien) (2015), Ngir vdn 9 (Sach giao khoa). Tap mgt, Nba xuit ban Giao due Viet Nam.
Nguyen Khic Phi (Tdng cbu bien) (2015), NgU van 9 (Sach giao vien). Tap mdt, Nha xuat ban Giao dye Viet Nam
Trin Dinh Sii (1999), May vdn di thi phdp van hpc trung dgi Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Giao due. Ha Ngi.
Trao doi ve "Truyin Kieu ", Vietnamsuhoc.com, Tbeo ngudn Internet
ISSN 0866-7594.2019 Journal of Saence, Vol. XVI. All nghts reserved.
