GIliO DUC AM NHAC JI TRUllG PHO IHDNG VIET NAM HIEN NAY
VA DINH HUONG DOI MOI SAD 2015
1. Nhirng ketqua dat dugc trong giao due am nhae (GDAN) tai cac trudng pho thong Viet Nam hien nay
1) Vehleu qua GDAN: Hien nay, moi nam cd hang trieu hoc sinh (HS) tii ldp 1 den Idp 9 dang duoe hpc mdn Am nhae (AN) mdt each cd he thd'ng va klioa hoc, theo chuong trinh (CT) va bd sach giao l<hoa (SGK) duoe si} dung thong nhat tren pham vi toan qud'c. Mdn 4A/-vdi dac trung la am thanh, tieng dan, tieng hat, la van ddng, nhay mua, vui choi, bieu diin,... • ludn mang den khdng khi vui tuoi, sdi ndi trong nha trudng, tao sucan bing giua hoc tap va vui choi, giiia lao ddng tri tue va giai tri, lam cac em thay hao hung hon khi den trudng va hpc tap. Ngoai ra, G DAN cdn gdp phan thuc day suphattrien cua phong trao van nghetrong trudng tieu hpc (TH)va trung hpc CO sd(THCS), lam ddi song van hda va tinh than eua HS phat trien ngay eang them phong phu.
2) Vechuang trinh GDAN: CT cd cau true chat che va hop li, dam bao duoe: tinh khoa hpc (chinh xac, hien dai, cap nhat, phu hop vdi thuc tiin d Viet Nam); tinh supham (phu hop tam, sinh li lira tudl HS, the hien suticli hgp, lien mdn, phan hoa, td'chijfe eac mach npidung phu hop, hd tro ddi mdi phuong phap day hoc, ddi mdi danh gia ket qua hoc tap, phu hop giCra li thuyet va thuc hanh); tinh khalhi (phu hgp giua ndi dung vdi thdi luang, phu hgp vdi trinh dp giao vien (GV), COsdvatchat, vung mien).Trong CT, eac"mach"
ndi dung day iipc AN cho tung dp tudl, tung Idp dugc lua chon va sap xep khoa hoc, phu hgp vdi nang luc tiep thu cua HS Viet Nam; chu trpng piiat trien kTnang thuc hanh (ca hat, van ddng, nhay mua, bieu diin, dgc nhae,...) nen phat trien nang luc AN va tinh tich cue cua HS.
3) Ve ngi dung GDAN:H'\m nay, mdn ANduac day tu Idp 1 -9, vdi thdi lugng 1 tiet/tuan (rieng Idp 9 chi hpc trong 1 hpc ki) gom cac ndi dung sau: - Hgc hat (bai hat thieu nhi, dan ca, bai hat nude ngoai); - Phat trien kha nang AN-AN thudng thiic (kechuyenAN, gidi thieu nhae cu, nghe nhae, gidi thieu tac gia, tac pham, hinh thiJfc bieu dien, ddi song AN,...);- Tap doc
Tap chi Gido dye so 3 2 7
ThS. N i i q c si LE ANH T U A N *
n/7ac(gipng do truong, la thd,..); Nhacli{cac loai nhjp, ki hieu A N , kien thuc nhae li khac,...). Cac ngi dung dupe hpc phu hgp vdi nang luc cua GV, HS, dieu kien day hgc cua trudng TH va THCS, ddng thdi the hien rddae trung ciia nghe thuat AN, giup cho viee day hgc bd mdn trd nen nhe nhang, khdng tao ap luc hoac sir qua tai cho HS.
4} VeSGK:lin dau tien, d Viet Nam cd mgtbp SGK AN dugc bien soan thd'ng nhat (ve muc tieu, ndi dung, eau true,...) ti} Idp 1 -9. Ndi dung kien thu'c cd dp chinh xac cao, cap nhat; kenh hinh, kenh chir hai hda, can doi, dam bao tham mi; cac bai hpc (li thuyet va thuc hanh) dutfe sap xep ti) de den kho;
chu trgng phat trien kT nang thuc hanh nen hau he't HS TH vaTHCS deu tiep thu dugc kien thuc vayeu thich mdn AN.
5) VedginguGV:Han) 2002, khi bat dau trien khai thay SG K day hpc AN dai tra, chi cd khoang 35%
sd'trudng TH va THCS ed G V chuyen trach day AN.
Den nam 2012, so lupng GV AN (bien cheva hop dong) da tang dang ke, dap ung khoang 90% nhu cau eua cac trudng (khoang 15.000 GV dTH va 10.500 GVdTHCS).
6) Vephuang tien day hgc bgm6n:Nga)/cang phong pliu, dugc nang cao ca ve so lugng va chat lugng. GV da khai thae tot hieu qua cua dan phim dien tu, may nghe, dia nhae, tranh anh minh hga; HS sudung thuan thuc nhung nhae cu gdnhuthanh phach, song loan, trdng con, md,... Cd khoang 80% GV bp mdndabietthietkegiaoandientuhoaebietkhaithac thdng tin tren mang Internet de nang eao chat lugng day hpc AN. Ti) nam 2009 den nay, cdng ti nhae cu 6ooyour7fif(Han Qud'c) da tang cac trudng TH d Viet Nam 10.000 cay dan piano dien, gdp phan dem l?i nhung hieu qua tieh cue eho viee giao due AN d cap hgc nay.
7) Ve phuang phap day hgc AN: Nhieu GV da van dung nhung phutfng phap day hgc mdi (nhu hgc theo gdc, hpc theo duan, hpc theo hgp dong,...)
* Vien Khoa hoc giao due Viet Nam
(ki 1-2/2014)
khien khdng khi gid hoc bd mdn thudng vui tuoi va sinh ddng. HS dupe hgc AN bSng da giac quan, qua nhieu hinh thufe,... Ket qua nay cd dugc la do: hieu qua cua cac Idp tap huan, boi dudng GV cot can do Bd GD-DT va cac du an giao due ehii tri, thuc hien;
GV d i dang tiep can vdi nhung phUtfng phap day hpc mdi trong ttidi dai bung no've edng nghe thdng tin; cdng tac dao tao G V AN cua eac trudng dai hoc, cao dang da cd nhieu cai tien, thudng xuyen cap nhat va bam sat thuc tiin,...
2. Mot so han che'trong GDAN tai cac trirdmg pho thong Viet Nam hien nay
1) Vechailugng Gl'/GV bd mdn can biet dan gidi, hat hay nham chinh phue, thu hut dugc HS, d i gay dung phong trao van nghe trong Idp va tai trudng, ditao thuan Ipi trong td'chLTc day hgc. Tuy nhien, hien cdn nhieu GV AN khdng dap uing dugc yeu cau nay.
Hien cd nhCrng dja phupng rat thieu GV day AN (nhuLaiChau,Dien Bien, HaGiang.DakNdng,Dak Lak, Ninh Thuan, Tra Vinh, Ben Tre, Ca Mau, Kien Giang...). Trong khi dd, tai Ha Ndi, mdi nam cd hang tram sinh vien tot nghiep he su pham AN tu nhifng trudng nhu Bai hoc supham nghe thuattrung uang, Bai hgc Nghe thuat^ quan dgi, Cao ding supham trung uang, Cao ding supham Ha Ngi, Cao ding nghe thuat Ha Nqi,...\a\ralkh6f\m dupcvieelam diing vdi nghe dugc dao tao cua minh.
2) Ve'cf va SGK: CT quy djnh HS hpc phan mdn Tap dgcnhac\^ Idp 4, nhung den Idp 6 mdi day Nhae a la chua phii hpp • vi cac em phai hieu biet so lupc ve nhae li co ban (ten not, cao dp, trudng dp, tiet tau,...) thi mdi ed the dpe nhae dugc. CT can bd'sung npi dung "dao phach" vao phan mdn Nhae lido day la ndi dung hay ed trong cae bai hat, bai Tap doc nhae.
M dt so ndi dung ve Nhae //nhu giong, hgp am, dich gigng la tuong doi khd trong viee day hgc bd mdn d THCS. Ngoai ra, CT chua chii trpng den viee giao due AN mang tinh dia phuong: trong tong so 123 tiet AN tu Idp 6-9, chi cd 1 tiet (tiet 15, Idp 9) la danh eho dia phuong tu chpn; tiet hpc danh eho dja phuong chua dugc sap xep vao thdi diem phu hgp; ndi dung dn tap trong cae tiet "on tap bai hat" hoac "on tap TON" chua cu the,... Ben canh dd, nhiiu GV bd mdn cdn qua phu thude vao SGK khi day hpc, chua day bam sat theo Chuan kien thu'c, kTnang cua mdn AN;
thieu su linh hoat va sang tao trong viee td' chii'c day hpc mdn hpc.
3) Veliii'm tra, danh gia kit qua hgc tap bg mdn.'HIen nay, viee danh gia ketqua hgc tap AN cua HS bang xep loai ma khong cho diem \amo\han che
(ki 1-2/2014)
bdi: 1) HS va phu huynh se nhin nhan sai lech ve vai trd cua cac mdn hgc, va su dau tu eua HS ve cdng sire, tri tue va thdi gian cho mdi mdn hpc cung ed su khac biet; 2) Dan den tinh trang danh gia "cao bSng"
(vi du, d TH, HS dugc danh gia bing 2 miifc dp la
"hoan thanh" va "chua hoan thanh", nhung trong thuc te, hau nhu tat ca HS deu dat mii'c "hoan thanh" - tii^c HS cd nang khieu AN cung chi dupe danh gia ngang bing vdi HS khdng cd nang khieu) nen nhieu HS khdng coi trpng mdn hpc.
4) Ve trinh do "van hoa am nhae "cua xa hgi:
Hien nay, Viet Nam ehi mdi pho cap GDAN va nghe thuat dupe khoang 10 nam, vi vay, trong xa hpi, mat bang chung ve thj hieu van hda, tham mT, nghe thuat va AN cdn thap, dan den vai trd eua giao due AN chua dugc danh gia dung va hieu qua giao due cdn chua cao.
3. Mpt so djnh hudng doi mdi GDAN trong trudng pho thong Viet Nam sau 2015
1) Day hgc ANchoHS THPT. HSa\\Ja tudl nay dang phat trien hoan thien v i the chat va tu duy, rat can dupe tiep tue hpc tap cac bp m dn /4 A/, MJthuatde hinh thanh djnh hudng tham mTva nghe thuat. Hien nay, GD phd'thdng dang "bd Id" nhifng co hdi giao due tham mTva nghe thuat cho HS, trong khi nhieu em yeu thich nghe thuat, cd nang khieu ve ITnh vuc nay nhung chua cdmdi trudng dephat trien.Diiu nay cd the lam mot so HS nhan thuc sai lech ve thi hieu tham mT, ve giao tiep, ve kT nang sd'ng,... Mpt giai phap khathi la cdthe'dua giao due nghe thuat (AN, mT thuat, mua, kjeh, san khau....) trd thanh mdt trong nhirng "chu dituchpn" (nhu hpc hat, nhae cu, tap dpe nhae, nhae li, AN vamua,ljchsu'AN, trinh diin AN,...) dtrudng THPT, dupe thuc hien khoang 5-7 tiet. Tuy thupe vao sudang ki cua HS, cae trudng se mdi GV thinh giang hoac to' chiifc day hpc cho phu hgp vdi diiu kien thuc te.
Qi xua't v i ke hoach giao due AN trong trudng phd'thdng sau nam 2015: • Cap TH: 35 tiet/nam (35 phut/tiet); -Cap THCS: 35 tiet/nam (45 phut/tiet); rieng Idp 9:18/tiel/nam;-Ca'p THPT: hpc theo cac "chudi tuchpn" (45 phut/tiet).
2) Day nhae CIJ trong mon AN. Cd hai "phuong tien"debieuhien AN lagipng hat va nhae cu, trong khi chung ta mdi chi"sudung"gipng hat cua HS ma hoan toan chua khai thae dugc vai trd cua nhae cu trong giao due AN. Thuc te',ed nhifng HS tuy khdng cd kha nang ca hat, nhung lai cd the choi nhae cu kha tot, vi vay hoat ddng pay se lam cac em khdng thay "chan"
hoac "sp" hgc AN.
Tap chi Gido due so 327
v i day nhae cu, ed the chia thanh 2 giai doan: - Tdldp 1- 3: HS hgc each su dung cac nhae cu go (thanh phach, song loan, md, trong, senh) de ren luyen v i n h jp dieu va tiet tau; - Tuldp 4-9, H S se hgc them mgt nhae cu khac cdtinh don gian vaphd'bien (nhu sao recorder, ken melodion...) de hd trp phat trien kTnang thuc hanh AN (nhu: ca hat, dgc nhae, bieu dien, sang tac,...).
3) Xay di/ng CT mon AN theo djnh hudng phat trien cac nang lire chuyen biet, gom: thuc hanh AN (ea hat, nhae cu, dgc nhae); hieu biet AN (nhae li, AN thudng thdc); cam thu AN ([ing nghe, cam nhan, phan tieh, danh gia); trinh dien AN (ea hat, nhae cu, ca hat va nhay mua,...); sang tao AN.
4) GDAN dam ban sic van hoa dia phuang cu the: trong mdi hgc ki, SGK can danh 1 tiet de nha trudng day "ndi dung tuehgn", dac biet khuyen khich hgc cae bai dan ea phd' bien tai dia phuang; bai hat vietvidiaphuang;bai hat do cac nhae sTddja phuang sang tac; bai hat do thay ed giao trong nha trudng sang tac; chii trpng tim hieu: nhae cu dan toe phd'bien ddja phuang; nghe thuat AN va mua d dja phuang;
mdi lien he giifa AN va cac loai nghe thuat khac...
SjSi/dungdisan trong GDAN. Cd5 disan the gidi tai Viet Nam gin liin vdi sinh hoat van hda vaAN, dd la: nha nhae cung dinh Hue; khdng gian van hda eong ehieng Tay Nguyen; dan ea quan hp Bic Ninh-
Bie Giang; ea trii; hat xoan. Viee tuyen truyin, si}
dung 5 disan nay la Ipi the va cung la trach nhiem cua giao due AN. Vi vay, khi bien soan SGK va lua ehpn phuang tien day hpc eua GV, can tang cudng su'dung nhirng hinh anh, am thanh, thdng tin, hien vat ve 5 di san gin lien vdi sinh hoat van hda va AN, gdp phan lam phong phu nguon tu lieu, nang cao chat lupng giao due AN cung nhu giao due van hda truyin thd'ng trong nha trudng phd'thdng. •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Thi Lan Phuomg. Danh gid ket qua giao due - mot s6' van 6i \i luan va thwc tiin. NXB Gido ditc Viet Nam, U. 2011.
2. LuOTig Viet Thai. "A/df s^ vdn di vi chuong trinh theo dinh huang phat trien ndng luc vd viic vdn dung cho phdt trien chuong trinh gido due ph6 thdng sau 2015" (Ki yiu hoi thao). B6 GD-DT, Ha NOi, 10/2012.
3. Website Gido due dm nhae & Viet Nam ('www.music.edu.vn').
SUMMARY
A number of Innovation-oriented of Music Educa- tion in general schools In Vietnam after 2015, there are: Music teaching for high school students: teach- ing musical instruments: constructing Music educa- tion-oriented development of the capacity of students curriculum: Music education in a distinctive local culture: Usingheritage In Music education.
THE LE HIET VA GUI BAI
1. Noi dung bdi viet thuoc cac Imh vijc:
- Qudn li gido dye;
- Tam li hoc - sinh li hoc li/a tuoi;
- LI luqn giao dye;
- Li lugn day hoc;
- Gido dye nuac ngoai; v.v...
2. Bai viet:
- Moi bdi viet khong qua 6 trang, khd A4; phong chO Times New Roman (Unicode), cd chCr 14.
- Ten bai bao va torn tSt noi dung bai bdo trinh bay bang 2 thu tieng: Heng Viet va tieng Anh.
Tac gid gi>i ban in bai viet va tap tin bai viet den Too sogn (theo dja chi Ban bien tgp ghi tren trang muc luc cua Tgp chi).
- Chu thich trong bai ddnh sd theo thu tu xudt hien - Toi lieu tham khdo vd chu thich ghi a cudi bdi (trinh tu: ten tdc gid - ten sdch/bdi bdo/vdn ban phdp quy - nhd xudt bdn - noi vd nam xudt bdn).
Tod sogn khong trd Igi bdi viet neu khong dugc dang.
3. De tien lien he, tdc gid cdn ghi ro dja chi cong tdc, sd dien thogi, email vdo cudi bdi.
TAP CHi GIAO DUC
