THONG TIN KINH TE-KHOA HOC-KY THUAT NGANH MO
DAT HIEM - NGUYEN LIEU CHO CONG NGHIEP XANH V A C U O C C H I E N THlTOlNG M A I D A T HIEM
1. Ung dung dat hiem
Dit hilm, nhu dysprosi, terbi, tiiuli, luteti va ytterbi, la nhung nguyen lieu ea ban, quan trpng t'ong ITnh vue hieu qua nang lugng sach va giam d nhilm mdi tiu-dng, nhu d l san xult ra eac san phim nang lugng sach, sieu ban dan, xe hai hybrid va xe hoi ehay dien, tijie bin gid, iPod, laser, bdng den tilt kiem nang lugng, plasma va TV LCD, bp chuyin dii xuc tac, he thing radar, tiiilt bj qule phdng va hang tram nghin tiiilt bj ky tiiuat eao khac.
Dpng CO dien t'ong xe hai hybrid cua Toyota, tiie Prius, d n 1 kg neodymi, tiianh phin ehu ylu t'ong hgp kim d l san xult nam cham vTnh cu-u. Va moi binh Ic qui xe Prius su- dung 10-15 kg mdt loai dit hilm khac, lantiian. Ddng xe Prius la ddng xe SLP dung dit hilm nhilu nhit so vdi bit CCP xe hoi hybrid nao t^en till gidi.
Dit hilm di vao hang nghin, hang tieu bp phan eua may mdc cdng nghe cao va hang tieu dung. Thi gidi da ti>ng tim kilm mpt nguyen lieu khae tiiay thi nam cham vTnh eu-u dit hilm tCp b'en 20 nam va vln chua tim ra.
2. Vai trd cua Trung Qule trong cdng nghiep d i t hilm toan d u
Bp Cdng nghiep va Cdng nghe tiidng tin Tmng Qule mdi Mnh "Kl hoaeh Phat triln cdng nghiep dit hilm 2009-2012" len Hpi ding Nha nude Tmng Qule d l tiiyc hien tu- 2010, d l nghj han ehl ed ta dit hilm, d m xult khiu hoan toan vai loai dit hilm va slp xlp lai mpt s l Idn eac cdng ty dit hilm.
K l hoaeh eho tiily vai fro quan trpng chiln luge cua dit hilm, dpc quyln cua Tmng Qule t'ong nganh edng nghiep dit hilm hien nay, eung eho tiily cung d p dit hilm ehua dap Crng nhu d u t'ong nudc.
K l hoach cung kiln nghj d m xult khiu vai loai dit hiem nhu dysprosi (Dy), Tertsi (Tb) va Ytti (Yt). Dysprosi la mpt nguyen lieu eye ky quan trpng d l san xult nam cham dung t'ong he tiling dien eua xe hai hybrid va xe hoi dien. Bao eao d l nghj ddng cu-a 80 t'ong 100 edng ty dit hilm d l eung d nganh cdng nghiep nay hoat dpng hieu qua hon. Mdi mpt cdng ty edn lai dugc d p gily phep chuyen khai tiiac va luyen, se san xult ft nhit eung 8.000 tin d xit dit hilm/nam.
Bp ed k l hoach kilm soat xult khiu 15 kim loai nhom lantiian "xanh" tCp nay din 2015. Tmng Qule khuyin khich ban cae san phim dit hilm da ehe biln sau, nhung han ehl xult khiu eac san phim mdi so ehl, tCr lau da d m xult khiu quang dit hilm tiid.
Tmng Qudc se d t giam xult khiu khoang 8,1 % dudi mCpc nam 2008 va mCpc xult khiu trong tuong lai eung tuang ty nhu vay, khoang 35.000 tin mdi nam t'ong 2010-2015. Ngoai ra, Tmng Qule eung se han ehl san lugng d l bao ve mdi tardng vi d l san xult ra mpt tin dit hilm se tao ra 2.000 tin quang dudi.
Tmng Qule khdng cho edng ty nude ngoai sd hO-u ehl biln dit hilm tCr 2002 trie eac cdng ty Phap va Nhat Ban da cd ca sd san xult d day tCr tu-dc. Niu edng ty nudc ngoai quan tam tiii phai lien doanh vdi eae ddi tae trong nudc. Cdng ty Boutou Steel Rare-Earth High Tech Co cd thi thau tdm tit ca cac edng ty khai tiiac dit hilm.
Npi Mdng d l tao thanh mpt tap doan kinh t l Idn.
Nhu d u dit hilm cua Tmng Qule tang manh khi nganh edng nghiep nude nay chuyin sang san xult may tfnh, dien tiioai di dpng va cac san phim khae. Nam ngoai, Tmng Qule xult khiu 10.000 tin nam cham dit hilm tri gia 400 tiieu USD va 34.000 tin cac san phim dit hilm khac t i gia 500 tiieu USD.
Nam 2008, Tmng Qule SLP dung 70.000 tin dit hilm ti-ong ting s l dit hilm tieu thu toan d u la 139.000 tin.
San lugng dit hilm eua Tmng Qule cd till dat tdi 160.000 tin mdi nam t'ong giCi-a tiiap ky tdi.
Nhung nhu d u toan d u tang nhanh han do nhu d u phat triln nang lugng sach va xe hoi sach, din din co till tiiilu tdi 40.000 tin moi nam vao nam 2015, cd till tiiilu nhilu han khi Tmng Qule d t giam xult khiu.
3. Phan u-ng cua cac nuxyc
Dpng tiiai nhu till se gay bien dpng cae gidi cong nghiep bdi vi Tmng Qule dang dpc quyln kilm soat 95- 97 % san lugng dit hilm toan d u tCp han mpt tiiap ky nay, Tmng Qule tieu tiiu khoang 60 % dit hilm till gidi, va Tmng Qule eung d p han 90 % nhu d u dit hilm duge SCP dijng trong nganh cdng nghiep My, Tmng Qule ty coi minh la "Opec cua eac kim loai dit hilm".
Cit giam xult khiu cua Tmng Qule se anh hudng rit Idn din phat tiiln ky thuat cao, nang lugng sach va giam tiiilu d nhilm mdi tiirdng toan d u ndi ehung, din cac nude edng nghiep ndi rieng.
N I U B I C Kinh tiiyc tiii k l hoaeh nay, chle chin Nhat Ban, Chau Au va My se khilu nai len WTO. K l hoaeh nay cua Tmng Qule dugc tung ra dung vao djp Uy ban Giam sat Diu tu nudc ngoai cua Austi-alia dang can nhle lieu cd eho phep Cdng ty Khai tiiac Kim loai mau Tmng Qule dugc mua 51 % t'ong Lynas khdng.
CONG NGHIEP MO SO 3 - 2 0 1 0
THUNG TIN KINH TE-KHOA HOC-KY THUAT NGANH MO
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Viec han ehl xult khiu se tao ra mpt cdng ty khdng l l khai thac-ehl biln d i t hilm toan elu vdi tilm nang phat triln va ed anh hudng nhu mpt tap doan d i u khi Idn. K l hoaeh cua Ble Kinh ed t h i tao ra mpt binh dien mdi tren toan c l u . Nhung edng ty d i i mat vdi han ehl nhap khiu d i t hilm nhu cae hang san xult xe hoi, eac cdng ty san xult dien tu- tieu dung hoac eac cdng ty san xult tulc bin gid, gid day chiu SCPC ep cd t h i phai chuyin nha may cua minh sang Trung C)ulc d l tranh viee han ehl xult khiu cua Trung Qule.
Cae edng ty thuang mai Nhat Ban lo ling v l ea elu lai khai thac d i t hilm d Ndi Mdng bdi Npi Ming san x u l t khoang 75 % ting kim loai d i t hilm t h i gidi va dang ehi phii thj trudng va quylt djnh san lugng d i t hilm. Ndi Mdng san xult khoang 50.000 t i n d xit d i t hilm moi nam. Nhat Ban-nude nhap khiu d i t hilm Idn nhit t h i gidi eho nganh cong nghiep d td va ky thuat cao-chju tac dpng manh bdi sy e l t giam ed ta d i t hilm tCr Trung Qule, da bupc phai nhd vao eac nguln nguyen lieu nhap lau va bit hgp phap d l dap Crng dugc 1/4 nhu d u .
Tinh hinh nay bit bupc cae nude md lai cae md dit hilm hoac phat triln md mdi. Lien doanh giCra Sumitomo Nhat Ban vdi Kazatomprom-cdng ty dien hat nhan Idn nhit Kazakhstan- va cdng ty khai thac urani d l khai thac d i t hilm se sdm di vao hoat dpng. My da tCrng ty cung d p g i n du nhu c l u d i t hilm tCr cac md d i t hilm tren nude My trudc 1990, nhung san lugng d i t h i l m tut giam di nhanh chdng khi thj trudng tran ngap quang d i t hilm gia thanh ha tCr Trung Quie-mdt d i t nude cd ehi phi lao dpng re hon va viec kilm soat mdi trudng khdng khit khe lim.
Molycorp Minerals LLC My cho bilt dang tim each md rpng san xult tai md Id thien d Mountain Pass, bang California, day la md d i t hilm giau nhit t h i gidi ed ham lugng d i t hilm tren 7 %.
Phin Idn eae md tren t h i gidi cd ham lugng dudi 5 %. Molycorp da lap mpt lien doanh vdi Arnold Magnetic Technologies Corp of Rochester, New York, d l san xult nam cham vTnh cu-u tCp d i t hilm eua Mountain Pass.
Md nay cd khoang 20 d i n 47 trieu t i n quang.
Md cd Igi t h i la urani va thori nhilm r i t it, day la hai nguyen t l phdng xa, thdng thudng di eung d i t hilm nen viee tach ehung ra r i t t i n kem. Md nay dugc khai thac tCr nhu-ng nam 40 khi ma d i t hilm ehl d l dung trong san xult dan dao quan sy va lam da ICra. Hien nay, Cdng ty san xult g i n 4 trieu pound san phim d i t hilm moi nam va ed k l hoach phuc hii san xult dat 40 trieu pound mdi nam trong vdng 3 nam tdi.
Vao nhu-ng nam 60, Md Mountain Pass trd thanh nha cung c l p duy d i t hilm Idn nhit tren t h i gidi d l san xult tidng hinh vd tuyln truyln hinh mlu. Trong nhu-ng nam 80, lanthan, neodym va d i t hilm khac dugc khai thac d l san xult I c qui va nam cham. Md da tCrng san xult 20.000 t i n d xft d i t hilm moi nam, dap u-ng toan bp nhu c l u cua My va chilm giu-1/3 nhu c l u t h i gidi.
Cdng ty da hoan thien mpt qui trinh e h l biln tien tiln eho phep tang g i n g i p ddi lugng kim loai d i t hilm tCr quang bastnaesit dugc khai thac d Mountain Pass, khong d n phai khai thac nhilu quang d l ed s l lugng tuang duang, nhu vay se giam chi phi san xult r i t Idn. Cdng ty ed k l hoach bit d i u khai thac lai vao nam 2012 vdi cdng suit khoang 1.000 tin/ngay, du d l san xult ra 20.000 t i n d xit d i t hilm. N i u cdng ty dua thilt bj vao khai thac va ehl biln chay h i t edng suit, Cdng ty cd t h i dap u-ng g i n h i t nhu elu edn lai cua t h i gidi.
Nhilu edng ty khac cung dang tim kilm co hpi d l phat triln cac md d i t hilm d cae nude, trong dd ed hai md Idn phia tay Canada, hai md d Australia, va md Steenkampskraal d Nam Phi, eung dang thu hut eae edng ty Trung Qule.
Cdng ty Lynas, mpt edng ty cua Australia, dang xuc tiln mpt dy an d i t hilm mdi d Kuantan, Malaysia, san lugng eua du an nay ed t h i dap u-ng mpt phin Idn nhu d u cua Nhat Ban va eac nudc khae. Great Western Minerals Group eua Canada ed md phosphat chCra d i t hilm d Hoidas Lake, each thanh p h i Uranium City 50 dam v l phfa Ble.
Greenland cd tilm nang d i t hilm r i t Idn, cd t h i Idn nhit t h i gidi. Greenland Minerals and Energy's Kvanefjeld ed mpt md da nguyen t l n l m d phia nam Greenland. Md Kvanelfjeld se sdm trd thanh mpt trong nhu-ng md cd nhu-ng nguyen t l d i t hilm, urani va NaF Idn nhit chua khai thac tren t h i gidi
Arafura Resources eua Australia dang phat triln md dit hilm chCra trong phosphat Nolans, d ble Australia. Arufura se lam giau dit hilm Nolans va se ed doanh thu cao han 40 % so vdi dit hilm nlm trong da eCrng cua Trung Qule. Nolans se san xult 20.000 t i n d xit dit hilm mdi nam tCr 2012, dat dp thu hdi 80 % va khai thac dugc 30 nam. Dy an cpn san xult ra 160.000 t i n axit phosphoric ky tiiuat mdi nam va urani la san phim phu, day la tinh uu viet eanh tranh so vdi bit CLP dy an dit hilm nao khac. Tuong lai cua cac tram phong dien va xe hai sach, sieu ban dan, laser...se le thupc rit nhilu vao cupc chiln thuang mai dit hilm slp tdi.l!!l
TRAN MINH HUAN
(Tong hgp tir: The Australian Business with the Wall Street Journal, 03/9/2009; AP, 03/9/2009;
Reuters, 04/9/2009; times 28/8/2009) CONG NGHIEP MO SO 3 - 2 0 1 0
