36 Xali9ih(icsi4(12S),2014
NGUON NHAN Ll/C DE P H A T TRIEN DU LICH 6 LY SON, QUANG NGAI: V A N DUNG KHUNG PHAN TICH CUA
LY THUYET NGUON Ll/C
PHAM THI MINH LY ' PHIJNG MINH TUAN "
Ly thuyit ngudn luc (resource-based theory) dupe sii dung lim khung phin tich de dinh gii cac nguon lye eua mot td ehiic, ci nhan nhim tim ra loi the cgnh tranh cho ehinh to chdc, ci nhan dd. Ddng then, khung phan tich nay cho phep phat hipn ra cac djnh hudng de nang cao gia trj cua ngudn lyc. Trong trudng hpp van dung ly thuyit ngudn lyc vio phin tich ngudn nhan lyc nginh du Ijch eua huy^n dio Ly Son, tinh Quing Ngii, chiing tdi dya vao cic nhan td chinh tao nen lpi thi cgnh tranh trong ngudn nhan lyc ciia dja phuang dudi gdc nhin vT md, coi Ly Son nhu mpt chinh thi dpc Igp.
1. Ly thuyet nguon lue vi khung phan tich
Wemerfelt (1984) vi Bamey (1986) li nhimg ngudi diu tien xay dyng nin mdng cho 1;? thuyit ngudn lye. Ly thuyit nguon luc dupe xem nhu phii hpp vdi cic td ehiic kinh ti, chinh quyin dja phuang (Mahaney vi Pandian, 2003). Vi co bin, day la co sd di xac djnh Ipi the cgnh tranh cho mpt td chirc hay mpt dja phuong dua tren nhimg gii trj vd hinh vi him hinh de chuyin hda nhimg lpi thi cgnh tranh trong ngin hgn thinh nhimg lpi the cgnh tranh liu dii va bin vimg. Sy chuyin hda dd khdng don thuin chi li su md phdng hay thay thi ma ddi hdi ci chiin Iupc phit triin dii hgn dua tren djc thii vi lpi thi cgnh tranh cua to chiic hay dja phuong dd.
Scott vi Lodge (1985) eho ring ning luc cgnh tranh cua dja phuang chinh li kha ning sing tgo, sin xuit, phan phdi sin phim vi djeh vu trong trao ddi vdi qudc ti vi cic khu vuc khic, ddng thdi li khi nang gia tang va su dung hieu qui nguon lyc eiia dja phuang dd. Theo Vien Phit triin quin ly - IMD (2000) ning luc canh tranh cua mdt dja phuong chinh li kha ning tgo ra cua cii vat chit cho dja phuang dd nhiiu hon nhihig dja phuong khic. Dien din Kinh ti thi gidi - WEF (2000) cho ring ning lyc cgnh tranh dia phuong li nhihig co che va chinh sach nhim thuc diy ting trudng cao trong trung han.
Trong phan tich ning luc cgnh tranh cua dja phuong. Porter (1990) d i gidi thieu md hinh kim cuong giai thich tgi sao mdt dja phuong cd kha ning trd thanh mdt ddi thu cgnh tranh tren thj trudng qudc ti. Theo Porter, cd bdn yiu td khic bipt ben trong dia phuong va hai
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Phgm Thi Minh Ly. Phimg Minh Tudn 3 7
yeu tfi den tir l>en ngoai cd the tao ra nang lue eanh tranh. Ong canh bao y dinh chii quan eua chinh quyen dja phuang vdi mong mufin tang trudng nhanh cd the ldm meo md viec su dung ngufin lyc cua dja phuang dd.
Ly Son dupe xem nhu Id noi cd tiem ndng phat trien du lich, va cd the vgn dyng ly thuyet ngufin lyc de ddnh gia mpt cdch tfing the cdc gid tri va lpi the cgnh tranh. Do dd, trong bdi viet ndy, chiing tfii van dung khung phan tich ciia ly thuyet ngufin luc de ddnh gid tiem ndng phdt trien ngufln nhan tyc ciia Ly Son, tu ddnh gid thyc trang din de xuit m$t s6 gidi phdp nhim phdt trien ngufln nhan luc du lieh eiia huyen ddo nay.
Trpng tdm eua khung phan tich !y thuyet ngufin lye ehinh la bfin ylu td dl ed the tgo ra lpi the cgnh tranh cho m$t tfi chiic hay dia phuang (dupe gpi tit Id VRIN: Valuable.
Rare, In-Imitable, Non-Substitutable). Viee edi thien bdn yeu tfi neu tren giup cdc dja phuong ngdy cang nang cao ndng lye canh tranh md trong tnrdng hpp ciia Ly Son thi day Id ngufin nhdn lye dfi phat triln ngdnh du tjch.
Thii nhit, nguon lire eo gid trf. Mpt ngufin lye ed dilu kien dl mdt khu vye tgo ra gid trj mang tam chiln lupe vd gia tri tgo ra dd bien ttidnh lai thi canh tranh so vdi cdc khu vyc khde. Ngodi ra, chi ptii cho vipc diu tu tgo ra ngudn luc cd the eao hon chi phi thue muon ngufin lyc tir bfin ngoai (Mahoney va Prahalad, 1992: 370). Nhung thuc trgng ngufin nhdn lyc nganh du Ijch tgi Ly Son cfi thue sy efi gia tri hay khfing? Vd niu khfing efi gia tri, cin ed nhiing djnh hufing gi de tgo nen gid trj nguon nhdn luc eua dia phuong. Tnrdc hit, hdy ntiin vdo ede s6 lipu hi^n ed. Theo bdo cdo tinh liinh phdt triln kinh tfi - xa hpi, pliat triln du Ijch ciia Ly San tu ndm 2011 den nay; nhiem vu, gidi phap din ndm 2015 vd dinh hudng din ndm 2020: "hipn tgi nguon nhdn lyc du lieh d Ly Son vira ylu, vira thieu, nhdt Id dpi ngu phyc vy cho du tjch...". Ty tp Iao dpng qua ddo tao eua Ly San rit thip, phin tfin lao dpng khong cd trinh dp chuyen mfin k^ thudt cliifim gdn 73%. Mat khde, etidt lupng lao dpng dd qua ddo tao edn thdp, ehua mang tinh ehuyen nghiep nen chua ddp iing dupe nhu cau phdt trien kinh tfi xd hpi eua dia phucmg, dde biet la ngufin lye chat lupng cao cdn thilu trim trpng. Nhu vdy, cd thfi ttiiy rdng ngudn nhan lyc du tich cua Ly Son chua dgt yeu eiu eua mpt nguon lye cd gid tri.
Thir hai, nguon lyre khan hiem. Cd the de dang nhan thdy Ly San td mpt dja phucmg md Iao dpng nflng - lam nghipp chiem ty trpng hon 72%, eac ky ndng ldm vipe ciia lao dpng ncri ndy chua phii hpp vdi ngdnh du ljeh. Do dd, ngufln tyc ndy khong tgo ra loi thi cgnh tranh cho dja phuang. Tuy nhifin, Ly Son dupe biet den la mpt "vuong quflc tdi", vdi thucmg hipu cua nghe trong tdi va nhung ky thugt canh tac d$c trung cua sdn phim djc thil ndy. Nen chdng cd the ket hpp dao tgo mpt sd Iao dpng cd ky ndng ^k cd thi liinh thdnh mpt san phim du tjch d$c dao md it vung mien nao d Viet Nam cd thi cd dupe.
M$c dil khflng cd ngufln lyc hilm cho du lich, nhung cd the tan dyng ngufin nhan lyc du thira trong nong nghipp dl phat triln san phim tdi dfi phat triln du Iich d Ly San.
Thii ba, nguon l\ic kho bi bdt chuac. Nguon lyc cua dia phuang tao ra gid tri gia tdng, cung nhu tgo ra lpi the cgnh tranh. Lpi thfi eanh tranh ndy sfi bin vihig niu doi thu
3S Ngudn nhdn luc diphdt trien du lich a Ly San....
canh tranh khdng thi bit chudc ngudn lyc niy ho|c sao ehep mpt cich diy du. Theo Mahoney vi Pandian (1992), niu ngudn lyc dupe dya tren tri thiic thi nguon lyc rit kh6 bit chudc bdi ddi thii cgnh tranh. Mac dii nguon nhin luc eiia Ly Son khdng cd gii trj cao vi mat ky nang lan tri thiic vi du Ijch. Song, neu nhin ve gdc dp ndng lim ngu nghiep, khai thic cac khia cgnh ciia nginh nghe truyen thdng vi nhihig gii trj vin hda vat the va phi vat the cua Ly Son se cd the tgo ra nhihig ngudn lyc cd tinh cgnh trgnh cho dja phuang. Vi viy, phit trien ngudn nhan lyc cho du ljeh cua Ly Son khdng the tich rdi khdi nginh nghe tmyen thdng vi cic gii trj van hda die thu cua dja phuang.
Thu tu, nguon luc khong the Ihay the. Ngudn lyc nay khdng thi thay thi bdi m$t ngudn lye khic cd gia trj thip hon. Luan diem niy cho thiy ngudn nhan lyc tgi Ly Son chic chin phii duoc thay thi ho|e dupe nang cip trong tuong lai. Day la dieu ki?n tiSn quyit di tgo ra gia tri va loi thi canh tranh. Tuy nhien ciu hdi djt ra li thay thi vi nang cao ngudn nhan luc cua dja phuong niy nhu thi nio? Di gdp phin tri ldi cho ciu hdi dd, bai viit niy di xuit mpt sd giii phap di phit triin du Ijch d Ly Son dupe trinh bay chi tiit d phin tiip theo.
2. Giai phap phat trien nguon nhan lye du lich ciia Ly Son tren eo sd khung phan tich ly thuyet nguon lye
Qua xem xet khung phan tich neu tren, cd thi thiy ring hiu hit cac yiu td canh tranh eiia nguin nhan luc du lich cua Ly San la khdng cd gii trj hoic cd gii trj rit thip. Sy gia ting lupng khaeh du Ijch din Ly Son trong thdi gian qua ehu yiu li do eic yiu td tic dpng tir ben ngpii vi nhu vay di duy tri thu hut dupe sy quay Igi cua du khich, cin xay dyng npi lyc ciia dja phuong, trong dd cd nang cao chit lupng ngudn nhan luc. Sau diy la mpt si giai phap de xuit:
Di xiy dyng ngudn nhan luc du Ijch cd gia tri, Ly Son cin ip dung hp thong tieu chuan du Ijch trong phit triin nganh, liy dd lim co sd di quy hogch, dao tgo nhan lyc phyc vy cho nginh du lich d dja phuang. Cin nang cao chit lupng djch vy, ddng thdi chii trpng cdng tic dio tao, bdi duong kiin thirc du Ijch, vin hda, giao tiip, ngogi ngO cho cin bp quan ly vi nhan vien lim viec true tiip trong nganh du Ijch. Vipc ip dyng cic tieu chuan niy cdn tgo lai thi di Ly Son thu hut cac nha diu tu trong va ngoii nudc.
Song song vdi vipc djnh hinh tieu chuin va nang cao nhan thitc cua cpng ddng, Ly Son can dau tu co sd vgt chit dao tgo ngudn nhin luc tgi cho di nang din cic chuin myc nhin sy du ljeh, tgo ra mpt mat bing nhan su tuong duang vdi cic dja phuong khic. Giai phap nay mpt mit giiip chuyin djch ca ciu tir ndng - ngu nghipp sang nginh djch vy vi dong thdi giiip cic doanh nghiep va nhi diu tu ed thi dio tgo ngudn nhan lyc theo nhu cau ciia chinh hp.
Can luu y ring phit triin ngudn nhan lye du Ijch ddi hdi mirc diu tu kinh phi Idn nen cd thi xem xet hinh thinh quj? dio tgo nghi du ljeh vdi ngudn vdn huy dpng tir phia nhi nudc, cac doanh nghipp, cic td chirc qudc ti. Quy nay cd thi ho trp ngudi lao d^ng tham gia dio tgo nghi va ky ning mi thj trudng du Ijch ddi hdi.
Phpm Thi Minh Ly, Phimg Minh Tudn 39
Chu truang phdt trien du lieh gdn vfii gidm ngheo se giiip Ly Son thu hiit cdc dy dn giam ngheo bin viing hay bao tfin sinh thai va cac gid tri van hda cua dja phuang. Can thuc diy sy phdt trifin du Heh tgi Ly San theo md hinh "Gidm ngheo thfing qua du ljeh"
md To chiie Lao dpng Qufic te (ILO) dd khdi xudng. Viee dp dyng mfi hinh ndy Id phu hpp nhim tgo eflng dn vipc tdm 6n dinh eho nhOng nhdm nguoi ngheo tgi dia phuang, dfing thdi xem xfit cde khuyen nghi ciia ILO mpt mdt sfi huong den thyc hipn myc tieu phdt trien Thien nifin ky eua Lien hpp quoc (MDGs), vd mat khde la ca sd quan trpng de thu hiit dupe nguon von diu tu ODA ve dia phucmg. Viec tan dyng, khai thdc cdc ngufin lyc Ijfin ngodi de phat trifin td mfit nhu edu thiet yeu vd tgo dfing lyc de thuc day ngdnh du lieh phdt triln.
3. Ket luan
Ly thuyet nguon lye Id mpt trong nhihig ly thuyet quan trpng nhdt dupe hdu hfit cdc dia phuang, td chiic ciia cdc quoc gia phdt trien vd dang phat triln dp dyng (Grant, 1991).
Vipe dp dyng Iy thuylt ngufln lyc vdo thyc tien hoat dpng eua eac dia phuang ndi chung giiip cdc nhd quan ly nhin nhgn tgi difim manh, dilm yeu, tir do logi bd ngufln tyc khfing cd gid tri vd dong thoi phdt huy eae nguon lye ed gia trj, hiem cd, khd bit chudc vd khfing the thay the.
Doi vdi Ly San, vdi cdc phdn tich va gidi phdp nfiu trfin, cd thi kit lugn ring, viec phdt triln nguon nhan lyc nganh du tjch phdi bit dau tii ddu, gdn nhu tir con sfl 0 tgi day.
Lpi the cgnh tranh ciia ngufln nhan lyc du tjch cua Ly Scm edn dupe thyc hipn ngay tir ngdy hdm nay. Diem nhan trong chucmg trinh phdt trifin ngufin nhan lyc du lich ciia Ly Son chinh la vipc xay dyng vd ddo tgo mpt ngufin nhdn lyc trfi, vd d^i ngu doanh nhan tre dl hp ed thfi phdt trifin trfin chinh mdnh ddt que huong. Viee ndng eao chuin myc nghi nghiep, ehat lugng ddo tao du lich Id mpt trong nhung tifin de cho sy phdt trien ngufin nhan lye eiia Ly Scm. Phdt trien dich vy du ljeh tren ea sd khai thac thi mgnh ciia dia phuang do thien nhien uu ddi bao gfim cac logi hinh du lieh bien, du tich sinh thdi, du lich nghi dudng, du tich vdn hda - Hch su nhim tao nfin gid tri ngufin lue eiia huypn ddo miln Trung ndy.
Tai lipu tham khao
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40 Ngudn nhdn luc de phdt trien du Ifch d Ly San....
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