[A/;
BINH LUAN A N LE v i NGUYEN TAC BAO H O DAU Tl/ CHONG .
VIEC Tir CHOI CONG LY (PHAN 2) - , ,, ,
ygim-n Till.\hung' Tom lai: Xtondev kiin Hoa Ky i.MuiiJev v. Hoa K\ I ra Laewen kien Hoa Ki (Lot" ^^^^- hai vu vHc kha itien hinh cho loai Iranh chap Ja dime xem xei hai Tda an Irons nirtrc n ii^ g ^ p luc diivc kifn ra Irong lai dau lu qudc li Iheo cac hiep dinh hao hQ dau nr giira cac quoc . g il:,ii *j- dju nhimg nam 2000. hai vu yi(c da Ihu hul rdi nhieu binh ludn. irong do co urn ae xac iqp cdc lieu chudn cua hdo ho dau lir lien quan din chdng lai riec bi lir chdi liep can cong A cuanna aau nr la, nude liep nhdn ddu nr Lap ludn ciia cdc Ben vd phdn quvel ciia hoi dong Irong lui Dircrc aau xdy dung cdc lieu chi xem xei Iranh chap lien quan din lir chdi liip can cdng h. Hal "i viec van con diri^c vien ddn nhieu Irong cac vy vii'C gdn ddv nihil. . _
Bdi viit ndv phdn Hch phuang phdp liJp cdn md Hdi ddng Trpng tdi (HD TT) su djing de tra lai cdu hoi hoc hua ^ i mdi quan he giira HDTT ddu tu vd tda dn trong nude trong lieu chuan dirge bao ddm nip cdn cdng lv cua nha ddu lu theo cdc cam ket trong hi^p dinh ddu tu quoc le Cac phan quvil cho thdv vi^c tdu dn cua mgt qudc gia da phdn quyet vi- mgt bien phap hanh chmh khong the ngdn L an HDTT ddu tu quoc ti .xem xci li?u bi^n phdp do cd vi phgm hiep dinh dau tu hay .xem xet lgi mdl Vl phgm hi?p dmh da ton lai tnrdc dd. Ddy Id mgt Irong nhimg linh vuc dd cho thdy sir bdi rdi dung ki trong cdch liep can cua HDTT qudc ti. I iec nghien ciru hai phdn quyet ndy giup cung cdp co sa di- nip tuc theo dot cdc birdc phdt trien cua nguyen tdc bdo hg ddu tu rdt dgc thii ndy. gdp phdn hinh thdnh cdc lii'u chudn xem xet cho cdc nhd ddm phdn. cdc irQng lai. ludl su hogt dgng trong Imh vgc ddu lu quoc ti i a gidi qu\ il tranh chdp lien quan den tir chdi tiep can cdng ly.
Tir khda. Hi?p djnh ddu lu qudc li. Irong tdi ddu tu qudc te. Ida dn Irong nude. Mondev v Hoa Kv Laewen v Hoa Ki. tranh chdp ddu lu qudc te. lir choi cdng ly.
\'hgn bdi 14 04 2020: Hodn thdnh bien tap- 24'04/2020: Duyet ddng. 13/5/2020.
.Abstract: Mondev v United States of America and Lowewen and United Slates of America are two well-known ca.ses in the field of international investment arbitration when these cases had been already ruled bv domestic courts but latter were brought to international tribunals under the international investment agreements ("UAs"). In early 2000. the two cases received a number of views and comments, of which there discussions on investment standards to protect foreign investor's against the denial of Justice. Parties'arguments and tribunal's rulings have made significant contribution to the establishment oflhe investment standard in dealing with denial of justice claims These awards have been citations of a number of recent cases.
This case commentary analyses tribunals approaches in the nvo cases. It tries to answers a hard question on relationship between international investment tribunals and domestic courts in dealing with denial of justice claim under the UAs. These awards reveal a fact thai resolved cases by domestic courts on an adimislralive action could latter be challenged before international tribunal under the UAs This particular area again shows confusion in various approaches of different internailonai tribunals. Therefore, research on these ca.s es provides some basic points for further research on denial of justice claim and its development. It aims at contributing lo a better understanding of this type of claim, and to support not only international investment negotiators, arbitrators, but also Icrwyers, practitioners who are dealing with denial of justice claims.
Key words: denial Denial vfjmiice intemailional investment agreements, tribunal domestic court. Mondev V Cnilcd Suih's of.-imerica caid Lowewen and United Slaie.s of America, intemailonal on-eslnK'nt disputes.
Date ofrcceipi. 14'04 2020. Dale of revision: 24 04''2020. Date of Approval 13''5 2020.
' Thac sv. Chuven vien chinh \'u Phap luat quoc te. Bp Tu phap
o
So 05/202)1 - N i m ihti miftii Urn
2. \ u Loewen kien Hoa Ky (ten day dii:
The Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L.
Loewen v I nited States of .\merica, ten viet tat: Loc«en \ Hoa Ky, kv hieu so ARB(AF)/98/3)
Tranh chdp phdt sinh giira Tap dodn Loewen, Inc (TLGI) vd Tap doan Loewen International, Inc (ggi Id LGII) (ggi chung Id Loewen), cong tv' con ciia Hoa Ky vdi gia dinh O'Keefe Sr. (Jerry O'Keefe) lai Toa an bang Mississippi nam 1991.
Sau khi thua kien va thoa thuan de tra tien cho gia dmh O'Keefe. Loewen khdi kien Hoa Ky ra Hgi dong trpng lai (HDTT) dau tu qudc te theo Hiep djnh NAFTA, trong do cdo bugc Hoa Ky \ i pham nguyen tdc doi xir cong bang va thda ddng vdi khodn ddu tu ciia hp. HDTT xem xet khieu kien lien quan den lir choi liep can cdng ly va trong phdn quyet dugc dua ra ngay 26/06/2003.
HDTT dd bdc bo cac khieu kien cua Loewen vi hp chua chimg minh dugc viec da tan dung tat ca cdc bien phap dja phuang de giai quyet tranh chdp theo Hiep djnh NAFTA.
2J. Co so thuc tien phdt sinh tranh chap Tranh chap phat sinh tir viec Jeremiah O'Keefe Sr. (Jerry O'Keefe), con trai ong vd cdc cong tv khdc nhau thupc sd hiiu ciia gia dinh O'Keefe (gpi chung id O'Keefe) kien Tap doan Loewen. Inc (TLGI) va Tap doan Loewen International, Inc (gpi la LGII,) (gpi chung la Loewen), cong ly con ciia Hoa Ky. tai Toa an bang Mississippi lien quan den mot tranh chap thucmg mai giu:a O'Keefe vd Loewen, nhimg doi thii canh tranh trong nha tang le va kinh doanh bao hiem tang Ic d Mississippi. Vu tranh chap lien quan den ba hgp dong giira O'Keefe va Loewen dugc djnh gid bdi O'Keefe d miic
%0 000 do la V a uao dii hai nhd lang ll O' Keefe tri gid 2.5 trieu do la cho mgt cong ty bao hiem Loewen Uj gid khodng 4 trieu do la.
2.2. Tranh chap tgi Toa dn cua Hoa Ky Tranh chap giira Loewen vd O'Keefe dugc
phan bdi thdm phdn Graves (mgt thdm phan ngucri \Iv goc Phi) va bdi tham dodn. Co mpt thyc te sau do dugc cac ben nhan manh do Id Uong sd mucri hai bdi tham. tam ngudi la ngudi Mv gdc Phi-.
Bdi tham doan Mississippi dd phdn cho O'Keefe hudng so tien bdi thucmg 500 trieu do la. bao gom 75 uieu do la thiet hai tinh thdn vd 400 trieu do la thiet hai do phat vi pham. Phan quyet Id ket qua cua mpt phien toa keo ddi bdy tudn. trong do. theo nguven don, thdm phan phien toa nhieu ldn cho phep cac luat su ciia O'Keefe dua ra cac tdi lieu tham khdo khong lien quan vd mang tinh djnh kien cao (i) doi vdi van de quoc tjch nude ngodi ciia nguyen don (trdi ngugc vdi nguon gdc ciia O'Keefe. lai Mississippi); (ii) sy phdn biel dua tren chimg tdc giira O'Keefe vd Loewen; (iii) su phdn biet dya tren giai cdp giira Loewen (md co vdn ciia O'Keefe inieu td la cdc tap doan giau co ldn) va O'Keefe (ngudi dugc mieu td Id dieu hdnh cac doanh nghiep thupc sd hihi gia dinh). Hon nira, theo nguyen don. sau khi eho phep cdc tdi lieu tham khdo do, thdm phan xet xir da tir choi dua ra chi thj cho bdi tham dodn biet rang sy phan biet doi xii dya tren qudc tjch, chiing tgc vd giai cdp la khong the chap nhdn dugc'.
Loewen da lim each khang cao phan quyel vd khodn tien bj tuyen trj gia 500 trieu USD nhung phdi doi mat vm viec dp dung yeu cdu dat cpc xet xir. Luat phap Mississippi yeu cdu mgt khoan ddt cgc khang cao cho 125% bdn an nhu Id dieu kien de duy tri thi hanh dn. nhung cho phep khoan dat cpc dugc giam bdt hoac mien vdi ly do "vu viec lol'""'-
Mac dii nguyen don cho rang hg co ly do chinh dang de giam khodn dat cgc khang cao, ca Toa an xet xu va Toa an toi cao Mississippi deu tir choi giam khoan dat cgc khdng cao vd yeu cau Loewen phai giri mdt khodn ddt cgc trj gia 625 trieu do la uong vong bay ngay de theo duoi - Phan quyei vy The Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v United States of America so ARB(AF)/98/3, dognj hllps:'/www.ila!aw,com/siles/defautrfiles/case-documents/ita0470.pdf.
' Phan quvei The Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA so ARB(AF> tiS '3. do^n 4 htlps://w ww iialaw.com/siles/default/files 'case-documents 'iia0470.pdf,
' Phan quyel The Loewen Group. Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA s i ARB(AF') ')S 3: doan 5 hnps,"www.ilalaw.com/sites'default/files/case-documents ita0470.pdf.
o
I X / f ^ '^'='-»"'-^='^^
khang cao neu khMig phai doi mdt vdi v iec thi hanh dn ngay lap nic. Theo nguven don. quv It dinh do tjch thu mot each hieu qud quyen khang cdo ciia hg'.
Nguven don cho rdng Loewen sauddbj budc phai giai quyet vu viec •trong tinh uang cyc doan". Cdc lya chpn diav the khdc de giai quyel dugc cho Id thdm khoe vd/hoac khong cd sdn.
Vao ngay 29'0I 1996. vdi viec thi hdnh dn cac tdi sdn d Mississippi cua hg dy kien bdt ddu ngay ngdy hom sau. Loewen da thod thudn vdi O'Keefe. theo do hg JOHL: y tra 175 trieu do la".
2.3. Trgng tdi \ iTTA
Trong khieu kien ra trgng idi qudc te. nguyen don yeu cdu bii thudng ihiei hai md TLGI va LGI I va nguyen dan thir hai phdi chju do ket qud tryc liep ciia cac hanh vi vi pham ChuimLi 11 cua Hiep djnh thucmg mai ty do Bdc Mv (North America Free Trade Agreement - .\.AFT.A i diroc thyc hi?n chu yeu bdi Bang .Mississippi trong qud trinh kien tyng' Khieu kien ciia Loewen lien quan den cdc npi dung: (i) thu tuc ciia toa dn. (ii) phan quyel qud cue doan; (iii) su khong khach quan khi dp dung dieu kien ddt cgc chi phi cho khieu kien. Mac dii Loewen khieu kien ba dieu khodn theo NAFTA v e tudc quyen sd hiru (Dieu 1110), doi xir quoc gia (Dieu 1102) va doi xir cong bdng vd thoa dang (Dieu 1105). Nhung HDTT chi chap nhan mgt khieu kien lien quan den EMeu 1105 ve doi xii cong bdng vd thoa ddng.
V i theo hp khieu kien theo Dieu 1110 dugc trinh bay khong khac Dieu 1105 va khieu kien theo Dieu 1102 V e doi \\j qudc gia thi khong co bdng chiing de so sanh*. HDTT tim thdy thyc ll rdng
"phien loa hen quan deti O k . . k ^^^^^
mot su xem thudng.. boi vai bat k>
ddnh gid nao ihi deu thdv da thai Ku ux^g icc trao eho Lovven quv irinh ihii tuc dung •
HDTT sau do dix nhdn djnh rang, '-hung ta CO thi thdy trach nhiem cua mpt quoc gia theo phap ludt qudc le. Id cung cdp riipi phien xu cong bdng cho v u v iec lien quan den nha dau tu nude ngoai ciia mot quoc gia ky ket khac. Trach nhiem ciia Toa dn nude do la dam bdo viec to tung khong phan biet dii xir vdi ngudi tham gia Id lung la ngudi nude ngoai va de hg khong Id nan nhdn ciia sy dii xir djnh kien ya cue bg dja phuong"'". Theo HDTT, lieu chudn xem xet vi pham Dieu 1105 theo lap quan qudc te, thudng phdi can nhdc ngi dung v e tix chdi tiep can cong lv trong l l tyng. HDTT cho rang nghTa vu chimg minh nam d nguyen don nhung ciing tir chii yeu cdu ngi dung chung minh phai chi ro y djnh thilu thien chi hodc dc y. Thay vao do, HDTT da sir dung each tiep can trong vu Mondew va dua ra nhan djnh nhu sau"cd«g ly bi huy hoan nghiem trgng trong y nghia Id thieu quy trinh thii tuc diing se ddn tdi he qud Id Idm ton hgi den tinh day du cua tuphdp, vd dieu ndy Id £?u..."". HDTT da vien ddn bdn du thao Havard nghien ciiu ve du thao Hiep udc lien quan den trach nhiem ciia nha nude cho cac hanh vi gay ton hai den ca nhan hoac tai san ciia ngudi nude ngoai tai lanh tho ciia minh de di den ket luan rang hanh vi vi pham phap luat trong nude va phan biet ddi xu vdi ngudi nude ngoai deu hinh thanh su hiiy hoai cong Iy vd vi pham tieu chudn doi xii toi thieu theo tap quan
' Phan quyei The Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA s6 ARB(AF)'98'3; doan 6 https://ww\\.italaw com/siles'default/files/case-documents/ila0470,pdf.
" Phan quyei The Loewen Group. Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, s6 ARB(AF)/98/3;do?m 7 hltps://www.iialaw.com sites defauit/files/case-documenls/iia0470.pdf.
^ Phan quyet The Loewen Group, Inc, and Ra>mond L. Loewen v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA s6 ARB(AF)'98/j; doan 8 hnps://www.itaiaw.com'sites/defauli/flles/case-documents/iia0470,pdf.
' Campbell McLahland QC, Trong tai dSu tu quoc le. Nha xual ban dai hpc Oxford. n3m 2007. trang 230.
•^ Phan quyet The Loewen Group. Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA so ARBtAFy98'3: doan 119 https:'''ww-w,itaiaw com'5iies/default/files/case-documenls/ita0470,pdf.
'" Phan quvel The Loewen Group, Inc, and Raymond L, Loewen v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA s6 ARB(.^F) 98 3. doan 123 https: 'www.iialaw.com.siies'defaull/riles'ca5e-documents/ita0470 pdf
" Phan qu>ei MONDEV INTERNATIONAL LTD v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, so ARBf AF) 99/'> Doan 132, hups «ww.iia!aw com/sites delauli t1les'case-documenls/itaI076.pdf.
o
pham lieu chuan doi xii tdi thieu theo tap c]uan quIc te'-. Khi xem xet cac budc giai quyet vu vi?c t ^ toa an Hoa Kv. ro rang nguyen tac nay ddbj vi pham'\
Tuv nhien. HDTT khong dimg iai d ket ludn nay. Tiep do. HDTT xem xet cac budc Id tyng tiep theo ma Toa an Hoa Ky tien hanh de xet xii vn V iec khi dugc khang cao, todn bg quy trinh to lyng da dp dung cho Loewen Heu cd "hinh thanh nen mot vi pham quoc te"'-*. HDTT dd phdn bi?l cdc yeu cau ve quy trinh thii tuc cho diiu khodn ve tan dung het cac bien phdp giai quyet d dja phuang (exhausted local remedies) vdi cdc yeu cdu ve mdl npi dung "nguyen tdc de ma quyel djnh ciia Toa dn bj khieu kien thong qua quy trinh to lung khong tao thdnh mpt tir choi liep can cong ly d mire do quoc te da dugc ddt trong moi lien he vdi nghTa vu ma quoc gia do phdi thyc hi?n theo phdp luat quoc te de cimg cap mpt h? thong tu phdp cong bdng vd hieu qud"'^
Dieu 1121 NAFTA yeu cau cdc nha ddu tu phdi t^n dyng het cac bien phap dja phuong nhu mpt dieu ki^n de tiep tuc quy trinh td tung trpng tai quoc tc. Dieu nay dugc xem la khong anh hudng den vi?c thyc hanh nguyen tac ke tren'^
HDTT sau do da ap dung tieu chuan ve tan dung hel cdc bien phdp dja phuong doi vdi cac nghia vy ve ngi dung "do la mpt nghia vu doi vdi ngudi khieu kien Uong viec tan dung het cac bien phdp dja phuong, nhung bien phap hieu qua va phii hgp sdn co Uong cac tinh huong cu the phat sinh vande"'^
\'di nen lang suy luan nhu vay. HDTT da xem xet cac budc ma Loewen da theo duoi de bao ve quyen lgi cua minh trong v iec khang an. Loewen da co gang tiep can Toa tdi cao Mississippi de dugc ndi long quy djnh ve lien dat cgc khang cdo nhung thdt bai. Nguyen dcm tiep do se co mgt sd lua chgn nhu: liep luc khdng cao ma khong cd bien phap bao ddm.
CO the ddt minh vao moi nguy la ban dn trudc do bj thi hdnh ngay lap tire; nop don pha sdn theo Dieu 11 ciia Luat phd san; nop don xem xet lai tu phdp len Toa an toi cao Hoa ky.
Nguyen don chpn thoa thudn dan xep vni O'Keefe. Theo HDTT. nguyen dan da khong giai thich vi sao minh lua chgn hoa gidi thay vi theo duoi cdc lya chgn khac neu Iren, nhu lua chgn dua vu viec den Toa dn loi cao Hoa Kv. nguyen don da thdt bai trong nghTa vu chung minh rdng minh da theo duoi het cdc bien phap dja phuong'*.
Mac dii nguyen don dua ra ly do hoa gidi va phdn doan ve miic dp thanh cong eiia cdc lua chgn khac. gom ca viec dua vu viec Icn Toa dn toi cao Hoa Ky, HDTT tir choi xem xet.
Trong vu viec ndy. HDTT thira nhdn rdng mgt hdnh vi bdt cong nghiem trpng chong lai ngudi nude ngoai khong phai Id sai sot d dja phucmg, va khong the dugc phan xet bdi HDTT quoc te'^. HDTT tdt nhien van quan ngai ve viec lieu CO su vi pham uong viec thyc thi cong ly ciia he thong tu phap noi chun^. Quan diem chung do la "mpt quyet dinh sai tdm cua cong chiic d cdp thdp ban uong he thong, dieu ma sau dd van
'• Phin quyat The Loewen Group.nlnc. and Raymond L. Loewen v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, so ARB(AF)'98'3; doani35 https,//www.italaw.com/sites/default'flles/case-documents'ita0470 pdf.
" Phan qu>ei The Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, s6 ARB(AF).98 3. do^n 135 https://wMW.ilalaw.com/siles/defaull/files/case-documenis'ita0470,pdf.
'* Phin quyet The Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v U M T E D STATES OF AMERICA, s6 ARB(AFV18 .': doan 142 https://www.italaw,com/siles/defaull/files/case-documenis'ita0470.pdf.
'' Phan quvet The Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v U M T E D STATES OF AMERICA, so ARB(AFt 98 }-. doan 153 https://www.italaw,com/siles/defaull/nies/case-documents'ita0470.pdf.
" Phan quyel The Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v U M T E D STATES OF AMERICA, s6 ARB(AF)'98'3. doan 160 https,/'www.italaw com/sites/default/files/case-documents/ita0470.pdf.
" Phan qu>t:'i The Loewen Group, Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v U M T E D STATES OF AMERICA, s i ARB(AF) 98 3. do^n 168 hltps://www.iialaw.com/sites/defauIt/fi!es'case-documenls'ila0470.pdf.
" Phan quyei The Loewen Group. Inc. and Raymond L. Loewen v U M T E D STATES OF AMERICA, s6 ARB(AF)/98/3:doan 215 hltps://www iialaw.com/sites'default/files/case-documents''iia0470.pdf
'" Campbell McLahland QC, Trpng tai d k tu quIc le. Nha xudt ban dai hoc Oxford, nam 2007, u, 23 I
o
fi^smmm
cd the dugc siia chua, thi ban than no khong phdi la hanh vi trai phap ludl"--.
Nhu vdv vdn d l la khi xem xet trong bdi canh ddv du ciia nguven lac tan dyng het cdc bien phap dja phuong uong ugng tdi ddu tu qudc te. viec thieu di bdng chiing ve v iec da lan dung hel ndv, theo nhu each liep can ciia HDTT vu viec nay cd the dan tdi viec khong co vi pham lieu chuan ciia hiep djnh-',
2.4. Binh luan vu viec
Vu vice Loewen kien Hoa Kv da tiep can gan hem vdi van de cot loi ciia tu chdi tiep can cong ly khi vu viec nay xem \ei cdc vdn de bdt thudng uong quy trinh thu tuc ciia qua trinh td tung ciia toa an trong nude. Co hgi cho viec khieu kien thanh cdng ra HDTT qudc te la khd thap. neu nhu mgl khieu kien theo Hiep djnh dya Uen thieu sot ciia Toa dn trong nude d cap thdp va chua qua thu tyc phiic thdm d cdp tda cao rdidt. Vi HDTT phdi dugc thuyel phyc rang sai sdt dd la sai sdt mang tinh ban chdt ciia cd he thong tu phdp qudc gia do. Tuv nhien. vy viec Loewen lai yeu cdu nguyen don chiing minh rdng timg budc hgp iv ciia vi?c tim kiem giai phdp dja phucmg de gidi quyel vu viec da dugc tan dyng bet trudc khi noi den vice co hav khong vi pham bien phdp doi xir cong bdng va thda dang. Va yeu cdu ndy da anh hudng true tiep den ket qua vy Loewen--.
Khi so sanh vdi v u kien \ londev (d phdn 1 ciia bdi viet ndy). cd the nhdn ihav HDTT da chap nhdn khieu kien ciia Mondev ma khong yeu cdu hg chiing minh rang timg budc trong viec lim kiem giai phap dja phucmg da dugc hp thyc hien dav dii-'. Mdt diem niia dang luu y do Id lua chgn
khdi kien cac hdnh vi cua ca quan hanh chmh.
thav vi CO quan tu phap se dua ra cdc ket qua khdc biet ban. \ i trong kha nhieu trudng hgp sc khong CO nhihig > eu cdu tutmg ty khi xem xet cdc vv viec vl quvet djnh hanh chinh Uong moi lien he \a\ vie dinh trach nhiem cua cac chinh phu khi vi pham hiep djnh ddu tu. Ben canh dd, tieu chudn dl xem xet cac hanh vi hanh Chinh cujig khdc biet hon vcri tieu chuan xem xet hanh V i tu phdp, nhu ggi > ciia HDTT vu Mondev".
3. Su phat triln sau vu viee Mondc« vd Loewen trong thuc ticn
Bao cdo ndm 2014 ciia Hpi nghj Lien Hiep QuIc vl Thuong mai va Phdt trien. viet tat Id L XCTAD L-d Nations Conference on Trade and Development) vl giai quylt tranh chap giira chinh phii va nha dau tu, mgt so diem can luu y trong cac hiep djnh dau tu qudc te, lien quan den dp dung nguven Iac doi xir cong bang vd thoa dang da ghi nhan: trong vu I'lughafen v.
Venezuela-^ HDTT tuyen bo rang vice cam tir choi cong ly la mgl phan ciia tieu chuan doi xii cong bdng vd thoa ddng va ciing la mgl phdn cua luat phap qudc te. HDTT luu y rang de thiet lap sy tir choi cong \y. cdn cd hai yeu to: a) mgt he thong tu phap doi \ u vdi cac nhd ddu tu nude ngoai mpt each chong doi phap ly ro rang va hien nhien, b) thyc le la nha ddu tu nude ngoai da sir dung hel cdc co che theo lual phdp ngi dia de tim kiem bien phap khdc phuc la ca sd de tiep tuc khdi kien cho rang hp bj tir choi dugc liep can cong ly (trir khi nha ddu tu da chimg minh rdng bien phdp do se la vo ich). Trong cac trudng hgp, HDTT vu Flughafen thay rang dd co su tir chii cong ly-'"
-" Phan quvet The Loewen Group. Inc and Raymond L, Loewen v UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. s6 ARB(AFt 9S'3; doan 15? https "M-Mw.italaw.cofri.siies default/files/case-documenis/ila0470.pdf.
-' Campbell McLahland QC. TrijHig tai dSu tir quoc te. Nha xuat ban dai hpc Oxford, nam 2007, Ir. 232.
-- Campbell M d ahland QC. Trpng tai d^u tir quoc te. Nha xuit ban dai hpc Oxford, nam 2007^ tr. 233.
^Campbell McLahland QC. Tnjng tai dau tu quoc le. Nha xu^I ban dai hpc Oxford nam 2007 tr '>33 -* Phan quvet vu MONDEV INTFRNATIONAL LTD v LNITED STATES OF AMERICA. s6 A~RB(AF)/99/2;
do^n 154. hiips:/'w\v« iialaw com siies'defaull fi)es'case-documenls/iial076.pdf.
-\Phan qujei Flughafen ZOnch A G. and Gestion e Ingeneria IDC S A, v Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, ICSID so VRB 10/19 tai https: « u w italaw.com/sitesdefaullTiles/case-documentS'iialaw4069 pdf.
» I NCTAD. cac vin de Imi > trong cSc hiep dmh dau tir qu6c t^' giai quyat Iranh c h i p chinh phu va nha dau tu' mot so buoc phat uien trong nam 2014 trang 16. iai dia chi
https://unciad.oi« en'PublicationsLibrarv'webdiaepcb2015d2 en.pdf
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So05/202r-NimihiJni
Bao cao ndm 2015 ciia I WCT-iD ve giai quyel tranh chdp giira Chinh phii vd nha ddu tu luu y: Trong vu Dan Cake v. Hungary", nha ddu tu dd V ien dan dieu khodn doi xu cdng bang vd ihoa ddng (FET) cua BIT Himgary - Bo Dao Mia, vdi cdo bugc ngugc dai ciia Toa an Hungary Uong viec thanh ly khoan ddu tu vao mpt doanh nghiep sdn xuat banh quy - Dan Danitaila. HDTT nhan thdy theo luat phdp Hungary, mpt con ng co quyen dy phien dieu trdn do Toa an trieu tap, vdi dieu kien yeu cau ciia hg phdi kem theo cdc tai lieu nhu dugc quy djnh tai Dao luat phd sdn, hodc coi la cdn thiet. Doi vdi don kien ciia Danesita, cdc tdi lieu theo quy dinh ciia Dao luat phd san da dugc giri ciing. Tuy nhien, T6a dn dd tir choi viec dang ky, ra lenh cho Danesita lam hd so bd simg, liet ke bay yeu cdu bo sung Danesita da khdng dap iing dugc yeu cau do HDTT da xem xet mpt Uong bay yeu cau bo sung do Toa dn Himgary dp dat. HDTT dd tir choi bdt ky vai tro ndo nliu mgt Toa an phiic thdm, nhung thdy rdng quyet djnh ciia Ttoa an co the coi la khong cong bang neu mgt so yeu cau ro rang la khong can thiet hodc khong the dap iing HDTT tuyen bo rang viec tir choi cong ly da dugc tim thay bdi vi quyet djnh ciia Tda an thanh pho Budapest gay soc cho ban chdt ve quyen tu phap. Toa dn da dya vao mpt loat cac quyel dinh upng tdi vd mgt quyet djnh cua Tda an Cong ly Quoc le, trong do xdc dinh sy tir choi cong ly Id mgl sy co y coi thudng qua trinh to tung ciia phap luat, mgt hanh dgng gdy soc, hodc it nhat Id gdy bdi ngd, cho cdm giac ve quyen lu phdp.
Bdo cao ndm 2016 ciia UNCTAD ve gidi quyet tranh chap giira Cchinh phii va nha ddu tu dd long ket cac trudng hgp tir choi cong ly va tan dung hel cac bien phdp khdc phuc dja phuong.
Trong vy Corona Materials v. Dominican Republic-^, nhd ddu Ur tuyen bd la nan nhdn ciia su tir choi cong ly vi sau khi bj tir choi dcm xin
cap phep khai thac mo da khdng nhan dugc phan hoi nao doi vdi "Veu cdu xem \et chuyen doi"
lir Bg Moi trudng cua nude sd tai. Khi bdc bd V eu cdu ciia nha ddu tu. HDTT nhdn manh rdng mgt hanh v i hdnh chinh. ddc biet d cap dp ciia mgl ngudi ra quyet dinh so tham. khong the cdu thdnh su tir choi cdng ly theo ihong le qudc tl.
khi cac bien phdp hoac bien phap khang cao tiep theo cd kha nang co san theo phdp luat uong nude ciia nude chii nhd.
Bdo cdo nam 2017 ciia UNCTAD v l giai q^uyel tranh chdp giiia Chinh phii va nhd ddu Ur da long ket cdc trudng hgp tir choi cong ly vd doi xir tiiy tien. Cy die uong vu AI Afghanistanim v.
Jordan-^, cdc nguyen don da khdi kien tinh hgp phap ciia viec bj don dp dung thue doi vdi so tien thu dugc tir viec bdn giay phep vien thong sau khi da khdi kien viec ^ thue khong thanh cong tai cdc toa an Jordan, bao gom cd thong qua khdng cao cuoi cimg len Toa an gidm doc thdm. HDTT dya vdo vu viec Azinian v. Mexico dd luu y: Mgt co quan chinh quyen chac chan khong the co 161 vi da hdnh dgng theo cdch dugc toa an ciia hg phe chudn trir khi chinh cdc toa dn tir choi cong ly d cap qudc le. Dieu phdi the hien Id quyet dinh ctia toa an da cau thanh su vi pham hiep djnh. HDTT da dong khung vao each liep can ndy trudc khi phan xet rang lieu phdn quyel ciia Toa an giam ddc thdm la khong the gidi thich dugc (la mgt phan quyel ma khong loa an co thdm quyen hgp ly ndo CO the dua ra) de quvet djnh lieu cdc nguyen don CO phai chju su tir choi cong ly hay khong va do do phai chju sy tir choi doi xu cong bang va thoa dang. Ap dung cac tieu chi nay vao thyc te, da sd ket luan rang Jordan da khong v i pham cdc nghia vu theo hiep djnh BIT Jordan - Kuwait. Mac dii mgt so budc md N'ha nude thyc hien lien quan den viec dp dung bien phap thue la bat thudng, va tham chi chua timg co. nhung da so xac djnh rang cac budc nay deu phii hgp vdi mpt quoc gia lu
•Vu DAN CAKE (PORTUGAL) S.A \ HUNGARY so ARB/I2/9 Iai hirps:' \^w\^.italawcom/siles/defaulI/files/case-documenIs/iIata\\4457 pdf.
•""Vy Corona Materials. LLC v. Dominican Republic (ICSID so ARB(AF)/I4/3). Phan quyet cho viec phan doi dau n^n ciia Bj don theo Diau 10.20.5 ciia DR-CAFTA. 31/05/2016.
^ Fouad Alghanim & Sons Co. for General Trading & Contracting, W.L L. and Mr. Fouad Mohammed Thunyan Alghanim V. Hashemile Kingdom of Jordan (ICSID si. ARB 13/38), Phan quyet. 14 thane 12 nam 2017, cac doan 18". 218 227
^^ll-H'iHUI'lillHl
ihyc hien theo cac ngmen tac ca bdn ciia Hien phap V a phdp ludL
4. Ket luan va khu>en nghi cho \ iit Nam Viet Nam dd k^v 66 Hiep dinh khuvcn khi^^h va bdo hp ddu x\.i'\ vd khoang 16 Hiep djnh thuang mai tu do khu vyc v a song phuong cd cac chucmg ve bao hd ddu tu. trong dd cd cam ket tieu chuan bao hg ddi xu cdng bdng va thda dang vdi khoan ddu tu ciia nhd ddu tu nude ngoai. nhimg each dien giai vapham vi ciia dieu khoan ndy c d l h e d m u c dp khac nhau''. EHeu 9.4 ciia Hiep djnh Doi tac loan dien v a lien bp xuven Thai Binh Duong (Hiep djnh CPTPP) vl lieu chudn doi xu tdi diieu qu>' djnh r5 "ddi xu cdng bdng thoa ddng " bao gdm nghTa i-u khdng tir chdi cdng ly tnmg cdc thu luc td tung hinh su. ddn su. hodc hdnh chinh phii hcrp vdi ngiwn tdi- ve thii tuc tron^ cdc he thdngphdp ludt CO bdn tren ihegiin"'-. Dieu 2.5 ciia Hiep djnh bao hg ddu nr song phuong giira Viel Nam va Lien minh Chau Au (Hi^p djnh IPA) quy djnh ve tieu chudn doi .xii cong bdng va thda ddng nhu sau "^cdc tnrcmg hgp tir chdi liep can cdng ly trong td tung hinh su. hdnh chinh vd ddn s-ir. vi f?hgm nghiem trgng quy trinh thu tuc dimg trong td tung tuphdp vdiidnh chinh"'\ E)ay dugc coi la cac budc di phii hgp vdi thyc tien thong le quoc te nhdm giiip Viet Nam han che cdc dien giai liiy tien vd vugt xa khoi V djnh ciia cdc nhd dam phdn vd cac Chinh phii doi V di nguyen tdc nay cua mgl sd HDTT khi xem xet cdc khieu kien ve tir choi liep can cdng ly ciia nha ddulu.
Trong so 08 tranh chap dau lu qudc te tinh den thdi diem hien tai ma Viet Nam Id bj don^, CO hai vu nhd ddu tu cd khieu kien dieu khodn ve
dii xu cdng bdng V a thda dang (tieu chudn ddi xu tii thilu). uong do co noi dung klueu kien v c viec bi tir chdi tiep can cong l> '• - . ^ ..
• Cdc vu kien duiK neu a cac phan tren se giup phdn nao tta Idi cau hoi hdc biia vc moi quan he giiia HDTT ddu tu V a Tda dn Uong nuoc uong Ueu chudn duoc bao dam tilp can cong ly cua nha dau tu theo cac cam kit ttong hiep djnh dau tu t^uoc te.
Tint nhdt, vl mdt nhan diirc. cdnjphai hieu i ^ g phan quylt ciia Toa an co thi Id doi urgng trong tranh chdp ddu tu quIc tl. trong mot sd trudng hgp dugc hiep djnh ddu tu quy djnh. \ l e c Toa an ciia mot quIc gia da phdn quyet ye mpt ttanh chap giiia cac chii tlie tu hay gjiia nha ddu tu nude ngodi va co quan nha nude ciia nude sd tai ciing khong the ngan cdn HDTT ddu tu quIc t l xem xet lieu bien phap do CO vi pham hiep diiih dau tu, ddc biet la dudi goc dp quyen tiep can cong ly ciia nha ddu tu.
Thu hai, cdc HDTT thudng dp dung cac tieu chudn xem xet tir choi tiep can cong ly rat cdn Upng va de dat. Theo do, phan ldn HDTT tir choi trd thanh Toa phiic didm cua Toa an trong nude, tir choi xem xet lai npi dung cdc phdn quyet khi chimg dugc dua ra phii hgp vdi quy trinh thu tuc vd phdp luat ngi dung ciia mgt qudc gia. Mgt so HDTT xem xet dong thdi lieu chuan bao hg chong Iai tir choi tiep can cong ly vd nguyen tac tan dung het cdc bien phdp lai dja phucmg. Trong nhieu trudng hgp, HDTT se khong ket luan vi pham neu vu viec chua dugc xem xet d tat ca cac cap Toa an, ma theo phdp luat quoc gia co thdm quyen xem xet de dam bao phan quyet do, khi tiep tuc bj khieu kien ra trgng tai qudc te, da la phan quylt culi cimg theo phap ludt qudc gia. (Xem tiip trang 90)
" UNCITAD. so lieu cac hiep dmh dau tu theo quae gia/Vift Nam tai Uang Ihong lin dien tu.
hlTps://mvestmentpolicy.unciad,org/iniemationa!-investment-agreemenIs/countries/229/viet-nam,
" Phong thuang mai va cong nghiep Viei Nam, VCCI T6ng hop cac FTA da ky din thang 02/2020 lai trang thong tin di^n lir hup. \v\\\\.trungtamwio.vn/thong-ke/12065-iong-hop-cac-fta-cua-viei-nam-tinh-den-thang-l 12018.
'- Dieu 9 4. hiep dmh CPTPR tai trang thong tin dien tir http://cptpp.moit,gov.vn/data/e0593b3b-8''bf-4956-9721- 88e51bd099e6.userfilesfiles/09%20Chuong%20Dau%20tu%20-%20VIE.pdf
'• Dieu 2 5 cua Hiep dmh IPA. tai trang thong tin dien
lu.htlp'. trade ec.europa.eu''doclib/docs/20l8/sepieniber'n-adoc_l 57393.pdf
^ t'NCITAD. so lieu giai quyet tranh chap dau m theo qu6c gia/Viel Nam. tai trang thong tin dien Iir hnps invesimentpolicy.unciad org investmeni-dispute-senlement/country/229'viet-nam.
• Tnnh and Bin Chau v. Viel Nani (lI)Trinh Vinh Binh and Binh Chau JSC v. Viet Nam (HKPCACase No 2015- 23) t^i trang thong tin dien tu hlIps:'/investmentpolicy.unciad.org/investment-dispule-settiemeni/cases/785/lrinh and-bin-chau-v-\ lei-nam-ii- \a Dialasie \ Viet NamDialasie SAS v. Socialist Republic of Viet Nam lai trane Ih6ne tin di?ntu https. investmentpolicy.unciad.ora investment-dispuie-senlement/cases/423/dialasn;-v-vi(.i „
~ '^ ' *'"-i-namccc.
