THONG TIN - T l f LIEU
K e t h o p n d i l i r e v a n g o a i l u c 6 m o t s o n u d e
• • • • • • A S E A N - b a i h o c d o i v d i V i e t N a m t r o n g
q u a t r i n h h d i n h a p k i n h i e q u o c t e
• ThS. NGUYEN KIM PHUONG
T
rong xu the hoi nhap kinh te qudc te, ket hop noi luc va ngoai luc la yeu cau tat yeu cho su phat trien cua bat cd qudc gia nao. Kinh nghiem cho thay, qudc gia nao biet ket hop noi luc va ngoai luc mot each dung dan, co hieu qua thi gat hai duqc nhieu thanh cdng va mau chdng trd thanh nhuhg dat nude hung manh nhu: Han Qudc, Due, Nhat, mdt so nude ASEAN...Viec ket hop thanh cdng noi luc va ngoai luc b cac nude Ddng Nam A cd dac diem tuong ddng vdi Viet Nam ve dieu kien tu nhien, dac diem dan cu nhu:
Singapore, Thai Lan, Inddnexia, Malaixia, PMlhpine (ASEAN5)...
la nhung kinh nghiem quy bau de nude ta chu ddng, tich cue tren con dudng hdi nhap qudc te.
1. Kinh nghiem ket hop noi luc va ngoai lire cua mot so
nude ASEAN
Mot Id, phat huy tdi da siic manh ndi luc cho viec xay dung va phat trien dat nude.
Budi dau sau khi thoat khdi su thd'ng tri cua de qud'c phuang
Tay, gianh duqc ddc lap, Singapore, Thai Lan, Inddnexia, Malaixia, Philhpine... deu dua vao vdn vay td ngudn luc ben ngoai de dau tu cho phat trien.
Dan dan cac nude nhan ra rang, de phat trien ben vung thi khdng the chi dua vao ngoai luc ma phai biet ket hop giua ndi luc vdi ngoai luc, trong dd, phat huy tdi da ndi luc la quan trong nhat. Cac bien phap phat huy ndi luc the hien d mpt so npi dung ca ban sau:
- Tap trung xay dung nha nude vung manh, bai trd te nan tham nhung, quan lieu trong bp may nha nude. Cac qud'c gia ASEAN5 da su dung cac td chdc va bien phap kha manh de loai trd te tham nhung, quan lieu nham ciing cd sdc manh nha nude, tang cudng niem tin cua nhan dan vao cac chinh sach cua chinh phu.
Singapore thanh lap Uy ban dieu tra hanh ddng tham nhurig CPD3 (Cotrupt Practices Investygation Bureau) dat dudi quyen Van phdng Thu tudng, cd quyen han rit ldn, cd nhiem vu dilu tra nghiem minh ve cac vu to cao tham nhung cua cac quan chdc
lanh dao va cdng chdc, nhan vien trong cac khu vuc cdng.
Inddnexia thanh lap Uy ban Kiem toan COA (Commision on Audit) cd quyen ra thdng tu va kiem soat bp may hanh cluhh;
thuc hien Chuong trinh loai bo benh quan lieu DART (Do Away Rad Tape), khuyen khich cac bao cao cua cdng dan ddi vdi thai do bat lich su, vd ky luat va thieu nang luc chuyen mdn cua cac cdng chdc trong bp may nha nude.
- Xay dung he thd'ng phap ly manh, tien hanh cii each hanh chmh
ASEAN5 tien harm xay dung harm lang phap ly, he thd'ng chinh sach, phap luat mpt each ddng bo va hoan thien, dac biet la cac CO che, chinh sach, dieu chinh hoat dpng cua cac cdng ty da qud'c gia, vha kich thich cac cdng ty dd hoat dpng hieu qua vha dim bao cac muc tieu xa hdi cua dat nude. Cac nude nay cung sit dung rat hieu qua cac chinh sach thue. Chang han, b Singapore, de kich thich hoat ddng cua cac cdng ty di vao tu ddng hoa, diu tu cho nghien cuh va phat trien, chinh phu da midn thue lei tdc cho cac cdng ty
66 L y l u a n c h m h t r i & T r u y e n t h d n g Sd thdng 8-2010
THONG TIN - TL/ LIEU va keo dai thdi gian mien thue.
Ngoai ra, ASEAN5 con dac biet quan tam den viec cai each hanh chfnh, thuc hien che do "mdt ciia", vdi phuong cham phuc vu nhan dan duqc nhieu nha't. Nhd vay, chat luong hoat ddng cua bd may nha nude duqc nang len, mdi truong kinh te trd nen thdng thoang tao dieu kien cho cac chu the kinh te' lam an cd hieu qua, mdi quan he giua nhan dan va chinh phu ngay cang gan gui.
- Chii trong xay dung doi ngu can bo, cdng chdc nha nude cd chuyen mdn cao, trung thanh, thanh liem... de phuc vu dac luc cho cac hoat ddng cua bp may nha nude.
Cac nude nay deu cd chinh sach dao tao dpi ngu can bp, cdng chiic dudi nhieu hinh thiic; thuc hien co che tuyen chpn, sang loc, dao tao nhan tai tii nhd, d mpi mien dat nude de tim ra nhuhg ngudn nhan luc cd nang luc va td chiic dao tao luc lupng nay d nhuhg trudng ndi tieng cua the gidi. Ti le nhuhg ngudi dupe dao tao chuyen mdn cao ngay cang tang va khdng phu thudc vao gidi hay tudi tac. ASEAN5 dac biet chii trpng vide tuyen dung nhuhg ngubi cd diic, cd tai, cd nang luc de phuc vu trong bp may nha nude thdng qua nhuhg dot thi tuyen nghiem the va khat khe. Co hdi dupe tuyen dung md ra cdng bang ddi vdd tat ca mpi ngucd.
Song song viec dao tao, tuyen dung mdi can bp, ASEAN5 cung thuc hien tinh giin bien che theo hudhg giam so lupng nhung tang cudng chat lupng va nang luc dpi ngu can bp, cdng chiic nha nude.
Cac thu tuc, luat le, quy dinh ve cdng chdc nha nude dupe xet
duyet lai thudng xuyen.
Ngoai ra, chinh phu cac nude nay con quan tam xay dung cac luat ve dao due cdng chiic nham duy tri td't cac quan he giua cap tren ved cip dudi, giua cdng chiic vdd nhau, giua cdng chuc vdi cdng aan trong cdng tac, trong cudc sdng; dac biet ia viec giu gin phain chat va danh du cdng chdc trong mdt nha nude phap quydn.
Nha nude cd chinh sach luong thoa dang dam bao cho cdng chuc du song va lam viec ved tinh than phuc vu cdng dan va xa hdi td't nhat; ddng thdi khdng bi sa nga, cam dd bed ddng tien bat chinh.
Song song vdd mUc luong thoa dang, nha nude cung cd cac che dp khuyen khich ve tien thudng va cac gia tri tinh than khac.
Nha nude xh phat nghiem minh va khdng dung thii vdi cac viec lam sai trai ciia cdng chuc khi bd be nhiem vu, thoai hoa, bien chat bang cac bien phap giam tru luong, khien trach hoac xu ly hinh su khi can thiet.
- Thuc hien doan ket dan tdc, huy ddng mpi luc lupng xa hdi cho su phat trien da't nude.
Nha nude ASEAN5 thuc hien cac chinh sach khuyen khich tiet kiem va tich luy ndi bp thdng qua md rdng va cai tao he thd'ng tai chinh, he thd'ng bao hiem xa hdi, thue... Nhd ngudn tich luy nay ma dau tu cho cdng nghiep hoa ngay cang tang. Cac nude nay cung huy ddng nhuhg loi the ve tu nhien, xa hdi nhu tai nguyen thien nhien da dang, phong phii, gia nhan cdng lao dpng re. Ben canh dd, yeu to van hoa cung dupe xac dinh la mdt ngudn npi luc can dupe khai thac bdi clay la nhung qud'c gia da
sac tpc, ton giao va cd mdt nen van hoa mang dam tinh doan ket cdng ddng. Do vay, chinh phu quan tam dau tu phat trien van hoa giao due, y te, kien toan co cau xa hdi, gia dinh, tao lap cac co hdi lam an cho mpi ngudd, bao dam niem tin vao tuong lai, thiic day su phat trien ben vung.
Cac nude ASEAN5 con tich cue thuc hien dan chu hoa xa hdi, khod day tinh tich cue xa hpi, su chu ddng va nang nd trong cac hoat ddng cua mpi cdng dan ddi vdd su nghiep xay dung dat nude.
Vi the, d cac qudc gia nay, nha nude ngay cang cung cd dupe vi tri quyln luc cua minh va huy dpng dupe nhidu hefn she manh cua ca dan tdc.
Hai Id, xdy dung cdc quan he qudc te, tranh thu ngoai luc cho su phat trien.
Ngay sau Chie'n tranh the'gidd thii n, cac nude Ddng Nam A da md rdng quan he giiip dd lan nhau giai phdng dan tpc, chdng chu nghia thuc dan. Su anh hudng nhat thdi va chia re Ddng Nam A do anh hudng ciia chie'n tranh lanh khdng lam mat di y tudng hen ket cua cac qud'c gia nay. Hpi nghi doan ket A - Phi - tien than cua Phong trao khdng hen ket dupe td diiic thang 4.1955 la hien than cua tinh than dd. Ddng Nam A chi bi chia re thuc su khi Thai Lan va Philhpine tham gia vao SEATO thang 9.1954 do su chi phdi cua My. Tuy nhien, ban than cac nude Ddng Nam A van mud'n thoat ra khdi anh hudng ciia My va nhuhg anh hudng cua chie'n tranh lanh de thiet lap mdt khu vuc hoa binh, tao didu kien cho su phat trien da't nude. V i vay, nam
So thdng 8-2010 L y l u a n c h i n h t r i & T r u y e n t h d n g 67
THONG TIN - TU LIEU 1961, Hiep hoi Nam A (ASA) ra
doi gom Malaixia, Thai Lan, Philhpine; nam 1963, to chiic Maphilindo dupe thanh lap gom Malaixia, Philhpine, Indonexia.
Tuy nhien, hoat dong cua hai to chuc nay hieu qua khong nhu mong mudn. Do do, thang 8.1967 Hiep hdi cac nude Ddng Nam A (ASEAN) vdi 5 nude thanh vien: Malaixia, Thai Lan, PWlhpine, Inddnexia, Singapore (ASEAN5) ra ddi vdi mong mud'n thiet lap mot khu vuc hoa binh, tu do va trung lap de gdp she cung phat trien.
Th dd, ASEAN5 da tfch cue trung lap hoa, tim each thoat khdi chie'n tranh lanh, tang cudng cac quan he kinh te, thuong mai, lam cho cac qudc gia nay phat trien manh de cd the cung la ddi tic ved cac khu vuc khac cua the gidi. Vdi nhung nd luc dd, th mot td chuc thuan tuy mang tfnh chinh tri, ASEAN da trd thanh mot td chhc chinh tri, kinh te, thuong mai cd vi the'va quy md ldn dan len. Tu ban dau la ASEAN5, den nay td chhc nay da md rdng trd thanh ASEAN10, trong dd cd Viet Nam.
Trong khi md rdng td chhc khu vuc cua minh, cac nude ASEAN5 ddng thdi tiep tuc md rdng quan he vdi cac qud'c gia, khu vuc khac tren ca sd hap tic song phuong, da phuang. Nhd vay, nhuhg uu the ve dia chinh tri ciia cac nude ASEAN5 cang phat huy the manh. Nd giiip khai thac duqc moi ngudn luc th ben ngoai de phat trien da't nude.
2. Bai hoc ddi vdi Viet Nam trong hpi nhap kinh te qudc te
Th nhung kinh nghiem ke tren
cua cac nude ASEAN5, cd the nit ra mdt so quan diem cd tinh gpi md cho Viet Nam trong viec ket hpp npi luc va ngoai luc de phat trien kinh te - xa hdi trong dieu kien hdi nhap kinh te qud'c te'nhu sau:
Thu nhat, cdn phdi phat huy vai trd nhd nude de huy dpng, phat trien tdi dd npi luc. Dieu kien tien quyet la, phai ddi mcd va xay dung nha nude dan chii, vung manh, giu viing muc tieu ma toan dan tpc da lua chpn va hudng tdi:
di len chu nghia xa hdi. De lam dupe dieu dd, nha nude can tien hanh cai each hanh chinh; hoan thien hanh lang phap ly; bai true te tham nhuhg, quan lieu; xay dung dpi ngu can bp, cdng chhc dii due, du tai, nang cao chat lupng ngudn nhan luc; tien hanh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, nang cao tiem luc kinh te; thuc hien dan chu hoa xa hpi, khed dly mpi ngudn luc, mpi tiem nang, the manh cua dat nude; xay dung khdi dii doan ket toan dan va luc lupng quan dpi vu trang nhan dan himg manh, dim bao an ninh chinh tri, chii quyen qud'c gia.
Thu hai, de cd nhieu ca hpi phat uien dat nude, can plidt huy vai trd tich cue, chu dpng ciia nlid nude Uong viec thu hut cdc ngudn ngoai luc. Mudn vay, nha nude can cd cac chinh sach mem deo trong quan he qud'c te, can thiet lap va md rdng cac mdi quan he song phuang, da phuang d mpi hnh vuc, mpi cap dp, tham nhap ngay cang sau rdng vao thi trudng va ddi song qud'c te, nham tranh thu mpi ngoai luc cho viec xay dung va phat trien dit nude trong dieu kien toan cau hoa hien nay.
ThU ha, hdi nhap ldnh tequdc te la qua Uinh chtia dung day mau thudn, vita tao ra nhting dieu kien, thdi ca phat trien cho cdc nude, mat khac cung vUa dat ra nhting kho khan, thach thuc, cdn trd con dudng do, ddc biet Id ddi vdi cdc nude dang phat uien.
De viec ket hpp npi luc va ngoai luc dat hieu qua, can thuc hien mdt so quan diem cd tinh nguyen tic sau: ket hop npi luc va ngoai luc phai dim bao xay dung va phat trifen nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudhg xa hdi chu nghia, tren ca sd nen ting ly luan cua chu nghia Mac - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh va su lanh dao cua Dang; dim bao su phat trien nhanh va ben vung trudc tien phai th phat huy npi luc, ddc lap, tu chu ve kinh te, chu dpng trong hdi nhap; dim bao su binh dang, ciing cd loi trong hpp tic qud'c te, vi muc tieu chung cua nhan loai: hda binh, dpc lap dan tpc va tien bp xa hpi.
Nhan thiic va van dung dung din "Bdi hpc ve huy dpng vd sit dung hieu qua cdc ngudn luc, nhat la npi luc" cua Dang ta tai Dai hdi dai bieu toan qud'c lan thii X; ke thha cd chpn loc nhuhg kinh nghiem cua cac nude trong viec ket hpp ndi luc va ngoai luc vao thuc tiin Viet Nam trong bdi canh hpi nhap kinh te qud'c te hien nay la yeu cau, la diiu kien quan trpng d l thuc hien thing led su nghiep cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, dua da't nude tien nhanh, tien manh, tien vung chic len CNXH, dat muc tieu "dan giau, nude manh, xa hpi cdng bang, dan chu, van minh'n
68 L y l u a n c h i n h t r i & T r u y e n thdng So thdng 8-2010
