OUAHTBj-qUAiyLY
TAC DONG VON XA HOI DOI VOfi TIEP THU KIEN THlfC CUA DOANH NGHIEP
NGANH DET MAY TAI VIET NAM
• BUI VAN THdl
T 6 M TAT:
Nghi6n cffu nham xic dinh v^ do lffdng tac dSng von xa h6i (VXH) doi vdi tiep thu ki^n thffc ciia doanh nghifp (DN) nganh D6t may Vidt Nam. Ket qud nghiSn cffu cho thay, tiep thu kien thffc cua DN chiu tac dong bdi 3 yeu to VXH cua DN, g6m (1) VXH ben trong, (2) VXH bdn ngo^i vh (3) VXH ciia Ianh dao DN.
TiJf khoa: V6^n xa h6i, vdn xa h6i b6n trong, v6'n xa h6i bSn ngoai, von xa hdi cua lanh dao, tie'p thu ki^n thffc.
l.D^tv^ndl
Det may thcfi trang da trci thanh mot nganh C6ng nghiep CO quy mo Idn va mffc do canh tranh cao tren toan the gidi. Theo so' Heu tong ke't cua Hiep hOi Det may Viet Nam nam 2019, kim ngach xua't nhaip khau ciia nganh Det may dat khoang 39 ty USD chie'm 7,54% t6ng kim ngach xua't nhap khau c^a cd nffdc. Day la mpt nganh rd't dang dffdc nghidn cffu vi chid'm ti trong xua't nhap khau rat Idn trong n^n kinh te qudc dan, giai quyet hang trieu cong an vi$c lam cho ngffdi lao dong.
Theo quan diem dffa tten tri thffc (The Knowledge-Based View), ldi the ciia DN tren thi trffdng la kha nang vffdt trpi cua ho trong viec tao ra va chuyen giao kie'n thffc bdi viec tie'p thu kien thffc md ra cd hdi san xuS't mdi va tang cffdng kha nang khai thac nhffng cd hpi nay [19]. Ngay nay, nganh c6ng nghiep thdi trang da chuyen tff mpt nganh dffa tren nguon tai nguyen sang mdt nganh dffa tren tri thffc. Do dd, viec tham gia vao mang Iffdi mdi quan h? cung nhff lien k6't vdi c^c td chffc khac, nhan thffc rd cac dieu kien va bdn chat ciia tffng thi trffdng, ve cd ban cho phep mot cdng ty nhanh
chong ttep thu kien thffc de canh tranh tdt hPn trong thi trffdng do [18], Khi phan lich cde yd'u td tic dpng de'n tie'p thu kie'n thffc ciia cac DN det may thdi trang Viet Nam, cac nha nghien cffu thffdng phan tich ve mdi trffdng lam viec, qud trinh dao tao va phat trien nhan vien,.., Tuy nhien, vai trd cua VXH dd'i vdi tiep thu kien thffc cua DN it dffdc cac nhji khoa hpc quan tam nghien cffu.
2. Cds6rly thuyet 2.1. Cdsd ly thuyet ve VXH
Theo Lyda Judson Hanifan, khai niem VXH lan dau dffdc de cap nam 1916 de chi tinh than hffu, sff thdng cam lan nhau va tffdng tac giffa ca nhan hay gia dinh. Thuat ngff VXH bat dau xuat hien trong cac nghien cffu cpng dong, lam noi bat tam quan trpng cho sff ton tai va hoat dpng cua cde mang Iffdi quan he chat che, xuyen sudt; cac mo'i quan he ca nhan phat trien la cd sd de tin tffdng, hdp tac va hoat ddng tap the trong cdng dong dan eff [8]. Tff do, VXH da trd thanh mdt thuat ngff khoa hpc dffde nghien effu mot each eo he thd'ng va dffde tiep can dffdi nhieu gde dp khac nhau trong nhieu ITnh vffc.
Sau Jacobs, nhieu nha Iy thuye't khoa hpc xa hdi da
So 17-Thang 7/2020 331
TAP CHi CONG THlTtfNfi
dffa VXH thanh mdt ndi dung quan trpng trong nhieu cong trinh nghien cffu kinh dien ve khoa hpe xa hdi eung nhff cac chffdng trinh giang day tai cac trffdng dai hpc.
Cu the, theo Loury (1976) VXH la tap hdp cac ngudn Iffc vd'n eo trong quan he gia dinh va trong cpng dong ciia cac td ehffe xa hpi rat hffu ich cho sff phat trien. Khai niem VXH da dffdc ap dung de lam sang to mdt loat cac hien tffdng xa hdi, mae du cac nha nghien cffu da ngay cang tap trung sff chu y vao vai tro ciia VXH nhff mdt anh hffdng khdng chi ve sff phat trien ciia vd'n con ngffdi [2] ma cdn anh hffdng de'n ke't qud kinh doanh eua cac DN [l],cac khu vffc dia ly [13-14], va cde qud'e gia [4], Cac nghien cihi ve VXH da phdt trien rdng rai trong nhffng nam qua, vdi nhieu cdch hieu va xem nd nhff mdthinhthffcdpcdaocua vdn [9]. VXH dffdc quan niem mdt each rdng rai bdi edc hoc gid la bao gdm edc ngudn Iffc gdn ket trong cac ca'u true xa hdi va cac mdi quan he [2]. Theo do, VXH bao gom cac ye'u to' cd ban cua niem tin, chuan mffc va mang Iffdi xa hdi, va rang nd tao thanh mot nguon tai nguydn quan trpng se la td't hdn nd'u cd VXH nhilu hdn [13].
Cac nghien cffu ve VXH tap trung d ha cap do gdm; Cdng ddng, DN va qud'c gia. Trong bai vid't ndy, tdc gid de cap de'n VXH cua DN.
2.2. Von xd hQi cua doanh nghiep VXH cua DN dffdc xem nhff la chat Iffdng mang Iffdi quan he cua DN tren ba khia canh: (1) Chat Iffdng mang Iffdi quan he cua lanh dao DN, (2) Cha't Iffpng mang Iffdi ben trong DN va (3) Chat Iffdng mang Iffdi ben ngoai DN [5]. Cha't lffdng mang Iffdi quan he eua lanh dao the hien d tinh ban, tffdng hd, quyen lffe, sff thffa nhan ciia xa hpi va sff cam ket cua lanh dao [5-6]. Cha't Iffdng mang Iffdi quan he ben trong the hien mpi ngffdi trong DN co ehung mue tieu va tam nhin, thffdng xuyen giff ldi hffa Idn nhau, duy tri md'i quan he chat ehe, thffdng xuydn trao ddi kie'n thffc va thdng tin, mdi phong ban, bp phan deu cdgang he't sffe de tranh lam tdn hai dd'n ldi I'eh cua cde bd phan/phdng ban khac [3], Chat Iffdng mang Iffdi quan he ben ngoai the hien DN va dd'i tde kinh doanh thffdng xuydn giff ldi hffa, gidi thieu cd hpi kinh doanh mdi, duy tri md'i quan he mat thid't, trdnh gay ton hai ldi ich lan nhau [3].
2.3. Tiep thu kien thdc
Theo quan diem dffa tren tri thffc: Cde cdng ty
nhff la kho IffU tri? kie'n thffc va nang Iffc va kid'n thffc la mot trong cde nhan td chinh tao ra thanh cdng cho DN [ 11, 15]. Theo Hult va eong sff (2007), sff tid'p thu kid'n thffc la mot thanh phan quan trpng cua phdt trien kie'n thffc gdm bdn ye'u td: (1) Tie'p thu kien thffc, (2) Phan phd'i thdng tin, (3) Chia se hieu bid't va (4) Lffu giff kid'n thffc. Tie'p thu kien thffc md ra nhffng cd hdi sdn xua't mdi va tang cffdng khd nang khai thac cac cd hdi nay [19].
Nhff vay, tid'p thu kien thffc the hien nd Iffc cua DN trong viec thffc hidn nhieu nghidn cffu npi bd ve cde sdn pham mdi ma khach hang cd nhu cau trong tffdng lai, thffdng xuyen tham dd y kid'n khdch hang, nhanh chdng phat hidn ra nhOtig thay ddi ve sd thich eua khach hang trong mdi trffdng kinh doanh [7].
2.4. Gid thuyd't vd md hinh nghien cdu (Hinh 1) Nghien cffu nay xem xet mdi quan hp VXH ciia lanh dao ddi vdi VXH ben trong va VXH ben ngoai DN vd md'i quan hd VXH bdn trong va VXH ben ngodi dd'i vdi tie'p thu kie'n thffc ciia DN.
VXH cua lanh dgo DN la chat Iffdng mang Iffdi quan he ciia lanh dao biiu hidn qua tinh ban, ho trd lan nhau, quyen Iffc, cam ke't va sff cdng nhan ciia xa hpi [5]. Cdn Tushman & O'Reilly III (1997) ehi ra edc ca'u true cua mang Iffdi quan he ciia lanh dao nhff dong hp, ban be, dd'i tdc kinh doanh, d6ng nghiep, edquan bao chi, quan chffe/nhan vien thupc cde cd quan qudn ly nhd nffdc, cd quan nghidn cffu, hiep hpi nganh nghe, cac cau lac bd [17]. Thdng qua kha nang lanh dao va mang Iffdi quan he cua minh, cde nhd lanh dao se giiip cho cde thanh vien ben trong DN tang cffdng mdi quan he vdi cac ddi tde kinh doanh, hidp hdi nganh nghi v^ dong nghiep. Dieu do khang dinh VXH lanh dao ciia DN cd tdc dpng tich cffc dd'n VXH ben trong va VXH bdn ngoai DN. Do do cd gia thuye't:
HI: VXH eua lanh dao tdc ddng trffe tid'p, cung chilu dd'n VXH ben ngoai DN.
H2: VXH cua lanh dao tdc ddng trffe dd'p, cOng chilu dd'n VXH ben trong DN.
VXH ben trong DA'giup cho mdi trffdng lam viec than thidn thdng qua sff tin tffdng va hieu biet lan nhau giffa cac nhan vien [ 18]. Thdng qua VXH ben trong DN, ta't ca mpi ngffdi co ehung muc tieu va tam nhin, giff ldi hffa, chia se kie'n thffc va thdng tin, co' gang hd't sffe trdnh lam tdn hai de'n ldi ich lan nhau [3] lam gia tang tie'p thu kien thffc cua DN. Do dd ed gid thuye't:
332 So 17-Thang 7/2020
QUANTRf-qUANlY
Hinh 1: Md hinh nghidn cAi
Tiep thu kien thirc
H3: VXH ben trong tac ddng trffe tie'p, eung chilu den tid'p thu kidn thffc ciia DN.
VXH ben ngodi DN phan anh chat Iffdng md'i quan he giffa edc DN vdi eae cd nhan dai dien cho cde DN cd hen quan bdn ngoai [3]. Mang Iffdi ben ngoai cua mot cdng ty cho phep nd dat dffdc cac nguon Iffc tff mdi trffdng nham tim kiem nhffng cd hdi mdi, cde mang Iffdi quan he eiia DN vdi ddi tac kinh doanh la cac mang Iffdi quan hd gdy hidu ffng tich cffc cho nganh Det may, bdi ehung gdp ph^n tao ra kenh huy ddng vd'n, giam chi phi giao dich, tang hieu qua hdp tac, tid'p can thdng tin va chuyen giao tri thffc [ 18]. Do dd cd gia thuydt:
H4: VXH ben ngodi tdc dpng trffe tiep, cung chilu dd'n tid'p thu kien thffc cua DN.
3. Phfftfng phap nghien ciiTu
Phffdng phap thu thap dff lieu: Sff dung phffdng phap chon mdu thuan tien cd dinh ngach. Dd'i tffdng khao sdt la cac DN det may thdi trang tai khu vffc phia Nam. Vidt Nam. Dd'i tffdng cung cap thdng tin la lanh dao cap cao trong DN. So Iffdng m§u cud'i cilng diing xuf ly la 293 mdu.
Phffdng phap xu" ly dff lieu: Dff lieu thu thap dffdc danh gid bang cdng cu phdn tich he sdtin cay Cronbach's Alpha, phan tich nhan td khang dinh CFA va md hinh eau true tuye'n tinh SEM de kiem dinh md hinh va cac gia thuyd't nghien cffu.
4. Kelt qua va thao lu3n 4.1. Ket qud
Ket qud md ta dff lieu nghidn CU\J: Trong tdng sd 293 DN det may dffdc khao sdt DN vdn tff nhan chid'm 70%, DN ed vd'n nha nffdc chie'm 8,9% va DN cd vdn dau tff nffdc ngoai chiem 21,1%.
Kd't qud phan tich dp tin cay cua thang do: Tdng cdng cd 26 bie'n quan sat diing de do Iffdng 4 khdi
nidm nghien cffu gom: (1) VXH cLia lanh dao la thang do da hffdng gdm 3 thdnh phan: Hiep hdi nganh nghi, Dd'i tdc kinh doanh va Ding nghidp; (2) VXH ben trong DN, (3) VXH bdn ngoai DN, (4) Tid'p thu kien thffe. Sau khi kiem dinh dp tm eay Cronbach's Alpha do cd 3 bid'n quan sdt bi loai gom VXBT4, HHNN2 vd DGNPl.
Kd't qud kiem dinh nhff sau:
(Bang 1)
Bang 1. Ket qua phan hch d9 tin cqy cuo cac thang do K y h l ^
TTKT ISC ESC HHNN DTKD DGNP
Thang do Tiep thu kien tiiLIc VXH ben trong DN VXH bSn ngoai DN Hiep tipi nganti ngtli Do! tac kinti doanti Dong ngtiiep
Cronbach'sAlptia 0,831 0,842 0,852 0,908 0,752 0,768 Nguon: Tinh todn cua tdc gid
Kel qua kiem dinh CFA cac thang do thanh phan ye'u to VXH ciia lanh dao: Theo dd, md hinh cd 21 bac tff do, Chi-square = 34,436 vdi P = 0,033 < 0,05;
Chi-square/df = 1,640 < 3, dat yeu cau. Cac chi sd GFl = 0,975, TLl = 0.986, CFI = 0,992 va deu Idn hdn 0,9. Chi sd RMSEA = 0,047 < 0,05, dat yeu cau. Ke't luan dff lieu thi trffdng phii hdp vdi md hinh nghien cffu de xua't. (Bdng 2)
Ke't qua kiem dinh CFA md hinh tdi han: Ke't qua CFA cac ye'u td trong md hinh tdi han dffdc trinh bay trong Bang 3, md hinh cd 217 bac tff do, Chi-square = 344,657 vdi P = 0,000 < 0,05; Chi-square/df =- 1,588
< 3. Cac ehi sd GR = 0,911; TLl = 0,959 va CR = 0,965 va diu Idn hdn 0.9. Chi sd RMSEA = 0,045 <
0,05 dat yeu cau. Vdi edc ke't qua phan tieh thdng kd ndu tren, ket luan dff tieu thi trffdng phii hdp vdi md hinh nghien effu dl xua'l [5]. (Bang 3).
Ket qua kiem dinh md hinh nghien cffu (SEM).
FTinh 2 eho tha'y kd't qua cac chi sd kiem dinh cua md hinh vdi gia ui Chi-square = 407.104. df= 218;
Cmin/df = 1,868 vdi p = 0.000 < 0.05 khdng dat do
So 17-Thang 7/2020 333
TAP CHi G 0 N ( THIIdNC
Bang 2. Ket qua kiem dinh CFA thang do VXH c u a Idnh d q o Thang do
HHNN DTKD DGNP
Sdbien quan sat 3 3 3
Gia tndO tin c$y tong hgp 0,883 0,753 0,773
Phuong sai trich 0,720 1 0,520
0,548
Gia tnh4ilu& phan bi^
Chap nhSn
NguSn: Tinh todn cua idcgi
Bang 3. Ket qua phdn tich nhdn to khang dinh CFA Thang do
ISC ESC LSC TTKT
So bien quan sat 5 5 3 4
Gialnd9linc$yt6hgh^
0,840 0,845 0,958 0,817
Phuong sai trich 0,513 0,523 0,884 0,530
Gialnh^tV&phanbl^
1
Ctiap nh^n
Htnh 2: Ket qua kiSm dinh SEM cua md hinh ly fhuyS'f
^39 «35 ^ 3 ) ^ ^
Nguon: Tinh todn ciia tdc gid
Chi-square = 407 174, df = 218, P= O0O„,Chi-square/df = 1
Ghi chii: Coefficients measure figures is r-2/d.f. ratio < 5 (Schumacker & Lomax, 2004).
TU> 0.90 (Hair et. al. 2006). CF!>0.95(Hu &Bentter. 1999), RMSEA <0.08.
CFI= 948. RMSEA= 055
\^uon Tinh todn cua tdc gid
QUAHTRI-QUANLY
cd m§u ehffa du Idn nhuSg cac chi sd khac deu phii hdp; GFI = 0,897; CFI = 0,939; TLl = 0,948;
RMSEA = 0,055. Vi vay, md hinh nghien cfftj phu hdp vdi dff lidu thi trffdng [5].
Ket qud Idem dinh gid thuyet nghien cvtu:
(Bdng 4)
(1) VXH ben trong DN, (2) VXH ben ngoai DN;
ddng thdi chiu tdc ddng gian tiep cua VXH lanh dao DN d mffc y nghTa (alpha) la 0,05, tffdng ffng dp tin cay 95%. Vi vay, so vdi md hinh ly thuyet eua Suseno & Ratten (2007) chi ed 2 yeu td (VXH ben trong va VXH ben ngoai DN) thi md hinh nghien
Bang 4. Ki't q u a k i e m djnh gia thuyet nghien cCfu GialhlS
HI H2 H3 H4
H$sSh6i quy (Estimate) 0,230 0,194 0,269 0,547
Sai so chuan S.E.
0,049 0,038 068 0,063
GiatntahanC.Fi.
3,124 2,937 3,990 6,609
MiicynghraP 0,002 0,003 0,000 0,000
K^qu^
ChSp niian
4.2. Thdo lu$n
Tid'p thu kie'n thffe chiu tde ddng trffe tiep bdi 02 yd'u td: (i) VXH ben brong DN, (ii) VXH bdn ngodi DN d mffc y nghia 5%, do tin c%y 95% (gid thuyd't H3 va H4 dffdc cha'p nhan). Dilu ndy cd nghia:
Thd nhdt, khi moi ngffdi ben trong DN thffdng xuydn cd ehung muc tieu va tam nhin, giff Idi hffa, duy tn md'i quan he chat ehe, chia se kidn thffc va idnh nghidm Ian nhau khi giai quye't cde cdng viec se gdp phan giup DN gia tang tiep thu kid'n thffc.
Thd hai, VXH ben ngoai DN la yeu td cd tdc ddng manh nha't de'n tie'p thu kie'n thffc cua DN vdi he sd tac ddng b^ng 0,547, do dd DN phdi giff ldi hffa vd duy tri md'i quan hd vdi do'i tdc kinh doanh, gidi thieu ed hdi kinh doanh mdi eung nhff trdnh gay tdn hai lln nhau se giiip DN nhanh ehdng tid'p nhan thdng tin, kid'n thffc tff thi trffdng, gdp phan thiJc day tiep thu kie'n thffc eiia DN, nang cao thdnh tich kinh doanh cua DN det may thdi trang.
Ngoai ra, tiep thu kie'n thffc cdn chiu tdc ddng gian tid'p VXH ciia lanh dao thdng qua VXH ben trong vd VXH bdn ngoai DN d mffc y nghia 5%, dd tin cay 95% (gia thie't HI vd H2 dffdc chd'p nhan).
Do do, de day manh vide tie'p thu kie'n thffc, lanh dao DN can chu trpng xac lap va nang cao chat Iffdng md'i quan hd vdi hiep hdi nganh nghe, dd'i tde kinh doanh va dong nghiep.
5. Kd't Iu$n va ham y chinh sach
Ket qud nghien effu khang dinh tie'p thu kid'n thffc cua DN chju tdc ddng bdi 2 yd'u td VXH gom:
Nguon: Tinh todn ciia tdc gid
cffu de xuat trong bai cd nhieu hdn mpt yeu td la VXH ciia lanh dao DN.
VXH eiia lanh dao la mang Iffdi quan he ciia lanh dao vdi hidp hpi nganh nghe, dd'i tdc kinh doanh va dong nghiep. Do do, mud'n phdt trien VXH cua lanh dao thi phai phat triin eha't Iffdng mdi quan he eua lanh dao vdi edc chu thd n&y nhff sau; (1) Lanh dao DN can thie't lap va duy tri mdi quan he vdi hiep hdi nganh nghe va cac dd'i tac kinh doanh. De Iam dffpc dieu nay, Ianh dao DN phdi thffdng xuyen lien lae, gap gd, chia se thdng tin va giup dd vdi tff each ea nhan de tao dffng niem dn; (2) Lanh dao can thie't lap va duy tri cac mdi quan he vdi cac dong nghidp trong DN nham tao uy tin, long tin, tang ddng Iffc 1dm vide va tranh thu sff unghd.
VXH ben ngoai la mang Iffdi quan he ciia DN vdi cde dd'i tde kinh doanh. Do dd, DN can nang cao cha't Iffdng md'i quan he vdi cde ddi tac kinh doanh bdng each luon giff Idi hffa, duy tri md'i quan he chat che, chia se thdng tin va kie'n thffc, gidi thieu cd hpi kinh doanh mdi va dac biet la tranh gay tdn hai Ipi ich lan nhau.
VXH bdn trong la chat Iffdng mang Iffdi quan he theo chieu ngang \a chieu dpc giffa ca nhan/bd phan ehffc nang trong DN. Do dd, mud'n phdt trien VXH ben trong DN thi moi ngffdi phai ed muc tieu va tam nhin ehung. du> tri md'i quan he chat ehe bdng each giff ldi hffa, chia se thdng tin va dSc biet la tranh gay tdn hai Idn nhau •
So 17-Thang 7/2020 335
TAP CHi CONG THlTtfNG
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336 So 17-Thong 7/2020
QUAniTill-qUANLr
Ngiiy nh$n bai: 18/6/2020
Ngay phan bi^n danh gia va sii'a chfla: 29/6/2020 Ngay cha'p nh$n dang bai: 8/7/2020
Thongtintdcgid:
BUIVANTHC)!
Pho trtfSng Khoa Qnan trj kinh doanh, Trufttng Dal hpc Nguyen T9t Thanh Nghien ciJu sinh TrflSng Dal hpc Kinh te'TP. Ho Chi Minh
IMPACTS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL ON THE KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION OF VIETNAMESE TEXTILE
AND GARMENT ENTERPRISES
• BUI VAN THOI
Vice Dean, Faculty of Business Administration Nguyen Tat Thianti University
Postgraduate student University of Economics Ho Ctii Minh City
ABSTRACT:
This paper is to identify and measure the impacts of social capital on the knowledge acquisition of Vietnamese textile and garment enterprises. This paper's findings show that the knowledge acquisition of enterprises is affected by three following factors of social capital, including (1) Internal social capital, (2) External social capital and (3) Social capital of leaders.
Keyswords: Social capital, internal social capital, external social capital, social capital of leaders, knowledge acquisition.
So 17-TIndng 7/2020 337
