D^c san lu$t biin
VUONG ( 3 ! J 6 C ANH VA LUAT 5lfe
L
ugt biin Id nhdnh lu^t q u i c t i diiu chinh cdc khu vyc vd hogt dpng trfin bien. Vdn kifin quan trpng nhil v i lu§t biin la Cdng udc eua Lifin hpp quoc v i lu§t biin ndm 1982 (UNCLOS)."' UNCLOS Id kit qua cua qud trinh ddm phdn tu ndm 1973 den nam 1982 tgi Hpi nghi 1 ^ Ihu 3 eua Lien hpp qudc vfi lugt bien. UNCLOS cd hifiu lye ngdy 16/11 /1994 vd cho dfin Ihdng 5/2012 dd cd 162 bfin tham gia, bao gdm ca Lifin minh chau Au va loan bp cdc nudc thanh vifin. Sau khi Thai Lan thdng qua Cdng udc vao ngay 15/5/2011 thi trong sd cac nude Ddng Nam A chi cdn Campuehia khdng phdi Id thdnh vifin. Qudc gia Idn nhal chua phdi Id thdnh vifin Clia Cdng udc la Hoa Ky. Tuy nhien, phan Idn ndi dung cua UNCLOS la difin hinh Clia tap quan qudc tfi nen da phan cdc quy dinh dfiu la bat bupc ddi vdi mpi qudc gia. UNCLOS la van kifin difiu ehinh gan nhu loan bd cdc phucmg difin ciia bifin. Difiu nay cd nghia la nhifiu mat cua Cdng udc ed lifin quan vdi nhau d mirc dp chinh tri va phap li ddng thdi vific tim each thay ddi hodc them vao quy dinh rieng bifit cd the anh hudng den sy can bang Ipi ich ma Cdng udc mudn bao loan. Do dd, viec bd sung lugt bien ihudng dupe tifin hanh than trpng.UNCLOS la thoa thuan khung trao quyfin tdi phan cho cdc nudc trfin mpt sd khu vyc hdng hai ddng thdi thifit lap quyen vd nghia vu co ban ve mpt sd hoal ddng nhu van chuyfin hang hod, tai nguyen thifin nhien va bao ve
GS. RICHARD BARNES * mdi trudng biin. UNCLOS Id vdn kifin chu yiu diiu chinh quyin vd nghTa vy cua cdc quic gia, do dd cin dupe n$i lu$t hod thi cdc cd nhdn mdi phdi tudn theo quy djnh v i cdc hogt dOng nhu ddnh cd hay di Igi. Mdc du cac qu6c gia diu chip nhgn ede quy djnh chung nhung trong thyc te, vific cy the hod vd npi lugt hod cdc quy djnh dd Id kha khd khdn. UNCLOS la ca ehe on dinh, mem deo vd da dupe bd sung bdi hai hifip djnh thi hdnh, dd la; Hifip djnh thi hdnh nam 1994'^' va Hifip dinh nguon Ipi cd ndm 1995.*^* Ngoai ra, dd cd nhifiu vdn kifin song phucmg vd da phuong giai quyet cac van dfi cu thfi ctia Cdng udc nhu: van chuyfin hang hoa, bao ve mdi Irudng bifin, danh bat ca, khai thac dau md, khi ddt vd phan dinh ranh gidi bien.*
Vific xem xel toan bp he thdng quy dinh cua Cdng udc Id van de phuc tgp vdi mpi qudc gia, do dd vific chia se kinh nghifim va hpp tac vdi nhau la rat quan trpng. Vucmg qudc Anh la qudc gia cd Ipi ich dde bifit trong linh vuc hang hai cung nhu cd vai trd quan trpng trong vific phat trifin nganh lual nay; ddng thdi, quy che thanh vien ciia Vuong qudc Anh tgi Lien minh chau Au da gay ra nhung phdc tap trong viec phan djnh tham quyfin Clia mdi bfin ddi vdi van de lugt bifin, do vay, vifie nghifin cuu ve lugt bien Id van dfi nhan dupe nhieu su quan tam d qudc gia nay. Bdi
• Khoa luat Dai hge Hull Vuong quoc Anh
TAP CHi LUAT HQC - DAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu$t biin
nghifin edu s6 gidi thifiu vin di chfnh trong vi^c qudn li cdc vimg biin theo UNCLOS, Ipi fch Clia Vucmg quic Anh tgi nhdng khu vye ndi trfin vd vific luan thil nghTa vy quic ti cua quie gia ndy nhdm bdo vfi cdc Ipi fch dd. Bdi nghifin ciru cQng ehi rd cdc dOng thdi nhim hpp nhit quy djnh vi biin. NhQng vin di trfin ddnh diu sy thay dii vi cdch tiip c§n phan mdnh vd tgm thdi cua Vuong qu6e Anh tdi cde vin di vi biin.
1. Quan diem ciia Vu-<mg quic Anh ve lugt bicn
/./. Vuang qudc Anh vd s{r phdt triin Clia lugt bien
Ld quoc gia dao nfin Vuong quoc Anh ludn quan tam Id! biin. Cac vung bien ed vai trd bdo vfi quoe gia nay khdi sy tan cdng lu ben ngoai ddng thdi day Id nguon tdi nguyen sinh vat, phi sinh vat ddi dao vd cung Id ngudn cung cap vific lam eho qudc gia; dfin nay, su le thudc vao bifin van khdng ddi.' Cdc khu vye hdng hai cua Anh ddng gdp tdi 50% sy da dang sinh hpc, la nai dien ra 90%
cdc hoal ddng thuong mai vd chifim 4%
GDP; ngoai ra, cac khu vyc nay cdn cung cap viec lam cho han 420000 cdng dan. Viec thifit lap dupe hfi thdng quy dinh dan gidn vd hifiu qua vfi bifin nhdm bao ve cdc Ipi ich ndi tren la rat quan trpng vdi Vuong qudc Anh.
Du Vucmg qudc Anh cd dnh hudng dang ke den sy phdt trien ciia lugt bien, nudc ndy cd hudng di tuang doi thuc dyng.'^' Cij thfi, vdo dau the ki XVII, luat gia John Selden dd tan thanh y tudng "bifin ddng" (Mare Clausum) thay vi y tudng "vung bifin ty do" (Mare Liberum) cua Grotius, nham bao ve cac Ipi ich CLia Vuong qudc Anh ve danh cd va an ninh. Dicu nay gay ra mau thuan giua yeu cau su dung bien rieng va chung - vdn la
tinh chit cua lu$t bifin. Tuy nhifin, khi Vuong quic Anh trd thdnh cudng quic hdng hdi da ung h$ nguyfin tic ly do biin ca de quic gia ndy ed thye quyin (de facto) ma khdng bj dnh hudng bdi cdc quyin theo lugt djnh (de jure) d^ng thdi cQng giup Vuong quic Anh md rdng thuong mgi. Ty do biin cd lir dd tro thdnh nguyfin tdc chu dgo cua lugt bifin m^t phin do dnh hudng chfnh trj cua Vuong quic Anh. phin khdc do dupe phi biin trong hfi thing Common Law. Do cd Ijch sir nhu vdy nen Vuong qu6c Anh ihudng tan dong vdi cdc quic gia mu6n bdo ve vific van ehuyin hdng hod va di Igi tren biin ding thdi khdng tdn ding cac qudc gia bd biin muin ed tham quyen vdi vung bien rdng hon nhdm qudn li tdi ngu\cn. Do dd, Vuong quoc Anh phdn doi mgnh mfi doi vdi tuyen bo xdc djnh Idnh hai rpng 12 hai li va viing danh ed dac quyen Irong nua sau the ki XX. Trong nhihig ndm gin day, quan diem ndy ed phan khdng phu hpp \ i Vuong qudc Anh khdng cdn Id cudng qudc \an chuyen hang hoa, thfim vdo dd Id sy gia tdng gid tri kinh tfi ciia tai nguyfin ngodi khai va dudi thfim Iyc dja. Tuy nhifin, quan difim nay cd the bi thay ddi do tac dpng tu mpt sd yeu to nhu Lien minh chau Au. licm ndng %e ndng lupng lai sir dyng d khu \yc ngodi khai va lam quan trpng eua bao \ e mdi trudng bifin. Cde yfiu td dd yeu cau phai cd each tifip can ehu ddng vd ed ke hoach ddi \ di quy dinh ve cdc khu vuc ngoai khoi va chinh diiu ndy gay ra nhung thay ddi ve luat bifin d Vuong qudc Anh.
1.2. Virang quoc Anh tham gia vdo UNCLOS Vucmg qudc Anh bao gdm Anh va Wales, Scotland va Bdc Ailen (lit cd dfiu cd he thing lual phap rifing). Theo lugt qudc ti. Vuong qudc Anh ciing dai dien eho ddo Man vd mdt
TAP CHl LUAT HQC - OAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu$t biin
sd Idnh tho ngodi khoi khdc nhu Bermuda, quan dao Falkland vd quin ddo Cayman.
Vuong qudc Anh thdng qua UNCLOS vdo ngdy 25/7/1997, quy djnh eua Cdng udc ciing ed hifiu lye len tat cd Idnh tho hdi ngogi cua Vuong qudc Anh. Nhdm tudn thu quy djnh Clia UNCLOS, khi ki kit Vuong quoc Anh cdng tuyfin bo sfi tir chdi cde yfiu cau khdng dimg vdi quy djnh eua Cdng udc hay cdn gpi la yeu eiu qud mirc ve hdng hdi.* *
Nhu dd nfiu trfin, Vuong quoc Anh khd Ihyc dung ve lugt bifin vd difiu ndy dupe phdn dnh trong each qudc gia nay thye thi Cdng udc. UNCLOS khdng dua ra bifin phdp cy thfi dfi ndi lual hod Cdng udc vao lual qudc gia.
Do dd. mpt sd nudc dp dung trye tifip UNCLOS, trong khi mpt sd khdc thdng qua luat dfi npi luat hod. Khi Vuong qudc Anh thdng qua UNCLOS, nude ndy dd xem lai mpt sd quy dinh Clia lual qudc gia de ddm bao phii hpp vdi Cdng udc nhung lai khdng tifin hanh thay ddi toan bd luat phap. Nhung thay ddi ndi trfin duoc lien hanh mdt cdch ddi phd, tinh the. Difiu nay cho phep Vuang qudc Anh dupe lua chpn nhung quy dinh mudn thdng qua. Cy thfi la Vuang qudc Anh thudng khdng tan thdnh \iec thdnh lap viing dde quyfin kinh tfi (EEZ) vi nudc nay dang qudn li danh ca bang khu vyc ddnh ca gidi han hon - mdt hudng di phii hop vdi tinh chat tuy nghi Clia quy djnh vfi EEZ trong UNCLOS.
Do do, phap luat ciia Vuang qudc Anh vfi van dfi hang hai trdi rpng tren nhieu van kifin.
irong dd, it van kifin nao trye tiep dan chifiu quy djnh eua lual qudc tfi.
Cd le dnh hudng Idn nhat tdi hudng di nay ctia Vuang qudc Anh ve luat bien la tu phia chau Au. Ngay 1/4/1998, Lien minh chau Au trd thanh mdt ben tham gia
UNCLOS vd chju trdch nhi$m quoe ti v i m0t s i vin d i hdng hdi thay cho cdc nude thdnh vifin eua minh. Diiu ndy dupe quy djnh tai Diiu 30S vd Phy lye IX ciia Cdng udc: cho phfip cdc t i ehde quoc t i nhu Lien minh chau Au dupe tham gia vdo vin 6e md cdc nudc thdnh vien dd trao quyin cho id chuc dd.
Theo quy djnh cua Lifin minh chdu Au, UNCLOS Id vdn bdn hSn hpp. Diiu ndy cd nghTa Id mOt s6 vin d i theo UNCLOS ehi do Lifin minh chdu Au gidi quyit (ddnh bit ed) vd mpt sd van dh chi do ede nudc thdnh vien xu li (cde hogt dpng v i diu khi) vd mpt sd van dfi thi hai bfin cimg gidi quyfil (van dfi d nhiem bifin). Theo luat qudc tfi thi vifie phdn chia quyfin hgn ndy phdi dupe thye hifin rd rdng giira Lifin minh chau Au va cdc nudc thdnh vien, ed nghTa Id ca hai bfin phdi dua ra luyfin bd khi ki UNCLOS rdng bfin nao ed trdch nhiem ddi vdi cac van de cu thfi.'*' Neu khdng ldm duoc vific nay thi cdc bfin phdi chju trach nhifim chung vd rifing. Difiu khd khdn cho cac qudc gia thu ba Id vific thyc hifin trach nhifim ndi yfin bdi Lifin minh chau Au lien tyc thay ddi. Difiu ndy nghTa id cde nudc thu ba khdng phdi lue ndo ciing biet dupe Lien minh chau Au hay cdc nudc thanh vifin dang chiu trach nhifim ve cac van de hang hai. Trd ngai nay cdn d viec khdng phai liic ndo cung phan logi dupe van de. Vi du.
quy djnh vfi danh ca cd the dupe dan tdi bao vfi mdi trudng bien vd ngupc lai.
He qua ctia tinh hudng neu trfin Id cac van dfi cua Vuang qudc Anh ve lual bien phai duoc xem xel cimg vdi vj tri vd tam anh hudng Clia Lien minh chau Au. Hien nay, Lifin minh chau Au dang dai dien cho cae qudc gia thanh vien tham gia vao cac td chuc quan li danh ca khu vuc nhu Td chuc danh
TAP CHl LUAT HOC - OAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu$t biin
ed TSy Bdc Dgi Tdy Ducmg vd Uy ban ddnh cd Ddng Bdc Dgi Tdy Duong. Theo dd, bit ki vin di ddnh cd d quoc gia ndo cQng phdi dupe chuyin qua co chi cua Lifin minh chflu Au trudc khi dupe gidi quyit d cip quic ti tdi quic gia thir ba. Do dd, Lifin minh chdu Au thudng gdn ede vin di hdng hdi vdi cdc vin dc rOng han. Nhu sfi trinh bdy dudi ddy, vific ndy thudng nhin mgnh cdc van di nhu bdo vfi mdi trudng biin, qudn li tdi nguyfin vd quy djnh ve cdc hogt dpng hdng hdi.
2. Cdc khu vye hdng hdi vd Vu-(nig quoc Anh
Theo iugt bien, cdc quoc gia dupe hodc ed the yfiu cau cd mpt so khu vyc hdng hdi. Cdc khu vyc dd bao gdm Idnh hdi, viing tiep gidp, them lye dja vd vung dde quyin kinh tfi. Bdn chat \a bfi rpng ede vimg cimg ede quy dinh quan trpng se dupe xem xfit trong phan ndy.
2.1. Dudng casd
Tat ca cdc khu vyc hdng hai dfiu dupe xdc djnh tu dudng ca sd. Viing nude phia yong dudng CO sd ve phia dat lien Id npi thiiy - noi qudc gia cd chu quyfin day dit.*'* Khdng ai cd quyen tu do ra vao viing ndi ihtiy, bao gdm cd cdng va cira sdng, tru khi qudc gia bd bicn cho phep. Theo UNCLOS. dudng ea sd thudng dupe xae djnh bdng mue thuy trieu thap nhat, \di cde dudng khep kin dupe phep ve qua cac vjnh, cua sdng vd cdng.'"'' Neu dudng bd bifin Idi ldm sau ho^c cd nhifiu dao thi se dp dung nguyfin tdc dudng ca sd thang.'"' Vifie xae djnh dudng ca sd Id rit quan trpng vi neu dudng ca sd dupe xae djnh mot each rpng rai sfi dan dfin vifie qudc gia ed quyfin kifim soat khu vuc hang hai rpng hem.
Tuy nhifin, dudng co sd thang van phai di theo hudng ehung ciia dudng bd bien.
Ngoai viec khdng tan thanh yfiu eau cac
khu vyc hdng hdi r^ng, Vuong quic Anh timg khdng ding if vi^c sd dyng dudng ca sd thing. Diiu ndy cd thi dupe thiy id trong vy Ngu tnrdng Anh - Na Uy md Anh phdn dii vi$c Na Uy su dyng dudng ca sd thing de khdng cho ngu dfin cua Anh vdo ddnh cd tgi bd biin Na Uy.*'^' Khi Tod dn quoc tfi cdng nh^n dudng ca sd thing dd Id hpp lfi, cdc quic gia khdc cQng tiin hdnh vfi dudng ca sd thing. M$c dil, luc diu Vuong quic Anh khdng muin sd dyng dudng ca sd thing nhung sau khi dudng co sd thing dupe chip nhgn rpng rill thi nudc ndy cung thdng qua cdc lu^t trong nudc eho phfip vific xdc djnh dudng ca sd thing. Dudng ea sd thing dd dupe su dyng dpc cdc eua sdng va xung quanh cdc n h ^ ddo phia Bdc vd phia Tay Scotland.''^' Thu vj hon la dil Vuong quoc Anh Id quoc gia quan ddo nhung nude ndy chua yfiu cau vung nudc quan dao md minh dupe hudng iheol NCLOS.
Vucmg qudc Anh cung dam bdo khdng lam dyng vific su dyng dudng ea sd thing va da lung phdn doi \iec dimg dudng ea sd thing khdng tuan theo I NCLOS nhu trudng hpp yfiu cau cua Libi vdi vinh Sine " ' Mac dii, dfin nay da phan cac dudng ca sd dd dn djnh nhung hau hfit eae qudc gia dfiu theo ddi dudng CO sd cua qudc gia khae, dde bifil la qudc gia lang gieng vi thay ddi ve dudng nay CO the cd anh hudng Idn den vific di Iai va qu)cn danh bdl ca.
2 2 Ldnh hdi
Ldnh hdi Id vimg nudc md rpng 12 hdi li tu dudng ca sd.''^* Trong khu vyc nay, quoc gia bd bien ed chii quyen va thua nhan quyfin di qua khdng gay hai eua tau thuyfin nudc ngoai."^* NghTa la qudc gia bd bifin ed the quy djnh va dp dung luat qudc gia trong lanh hdi mien sao khdng anh hudng tdi quyfin di
TAP CHl LUAT HQC - DAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu$t biin
qua khdng gdy hgi cda tdu nude ngodi. "Di qua" dupe djnh nghia Id di qua lien tyc khdng dimg lai hay cdp cang tru khi 10 trinh quy djnh vay hodc vi tinh huong bit khd khdng.''*' Di qua khdng gay hgi Id khi vific di qua khdng ldm dnh hudng tdi "hod binh. tr^i nr hodc an ninh cua quoc gia ven bien".' ' Cde hdnh dpng gdy hgi bao g i m su dyng hodc de dpa dung vii lye, ddnh cd, co y gay d nhilm vd hoat dpng nghifin cuu ho^c quan sdt.' ' Tdu thuyfin khdng tudn thu vifie di qua khdng gay hai phai chju cac bifin phdp can thiet dfi dam bdo vific di qua khdng gay hai, bao gom cd vific bdt giii hodc bude rdi khdi ldnh hdi.'^'*
Kfi cd khi di qua khdng gay hgi thi tau thuyfin van phdi luan theo quy djnh eiia quoc gia ven bifin de dam bao an todn hdng hai va bao vfi danh ca hay mdi trudng bifin.*^^' Tdu di qua lanh hai phdi tuan theo luat quoc tjeh tdu, do dd CO the cd tham quyfin dan xen trfin cac tau qua Igi lai lanh hai.
Vucmg qudc Anh ung hd manh chfi dp lanh hdi 3 hdi li va phan ddi viec md rdng khu vyc nay trong thfi ki XIX vd dau the ki XX.
Nudc nay bat dau thay ddi quan diem lu ndm 1970 vd chi khi quy dinh cua UNCLOS bao ddm quyfin di qua cae eo bien ndm trong lanh hdi rdng 12 hdi li thi nude Anh mdi thdng qua luat md rdng lanh hai tdi 12 hai li.'^^' Trong lanh hai ciia Vuang qudc Anh, tdu thuyen ciia mpi qudc gia, bao gdm ca tau thuang mai vd tdu chien, dupe hudng quyfin di qua khdng gay hai ma khdng can bao trudc. Quyfin nay cdn md rdng tdi vung nudc bfin trong dudng CO sd thdng Minch - vung nudc trudc day Id bien ca giiia Scotland vd cdc dao phia Tay.
Mac dil, khdng ed van kien nao trong luat Vuong qudc Anh quy dinh ca chfi ciia lanh , hai nhung qudc gia nay thuc hien cac quy
djnh cua UNCLOS thdng qua lu§t v i cdc vin d i rifing. Cy thi, cdc bifin phdp v i ddnh bdt cd/"* d n h i l m , ' " ' hdi quan vd di cu*^*' dupe dp dyng dong ldnh hii. Vuong quie Anh ciing duy tri udeh miifim eiia minh theo UNCLOS eho phfip di qua khdng gay hgi.
Diiu ndy dupe thi hifin trong cdc lugt v^n chuyin thuang mgi quy djnh ve nguyfin tdc vd ho y p qua lai.'^'' Vuang qudc Anh thudng khdng kiim sodt tau thuyfin dong ldnh hdi neu tdu thuyen dd tuan theo yfiu cau di qua khdng gay hgi.'^** Tuy nhifin, theo Diiu 25(3) UNCLOS, vific di qua cd the bj tam dimg vi li do ty vfi.'^" Mdt khdc, hoat ddng khdng phai vd hai thudng bi kiem sodt. Vuang qudc Anh ciing ki kfil vdi cac quoc gia thu ba dfi thyc hifin cdc quyen ngoai nhijng quyfin quy dinh Uong UNCLOS. Cu thfi, uong eac cdng ham giiia Anh va Trung Quoc vfi ngdn ngua budn lau gida Hdng Kdng vd cdc edng Trung Qudc ndm 1948 cho phep cdc tau hai quan eua Trung Qudc dupe dfin va kifim tra giay td ciia tau thuyen trong viing nudc Hdng Kdng.
2.3. Viing Hip gidp ldnh hdi UNCLOS quy dinh rdng qudc gia ven bien cd thfi cd quy djnh nhdm ngan chan vi pham v^ hdi quan, tai chinh, di cu hoac y te trong ldnh thd nudc minh hodc trong ldnh hai va ed thfi trimg yj nhiing vi pham nay trong \ung tifip gidp lanh hai rdng khdng qud 24 hai li tinh lu dudng ca sd.*^"' Mac dii, dupe thuc hifin quyfin tren nhung Vucmg qudc Anh chua yfiu cau ed viing tifip gidp, cung ehua thyc hifin quyfin vfi hai quan ngoai lanh hdi.'""'
2 4 Thim luc dia
Khai nifim thfim luc dia - khu vue ma qudc gia ven bien cd quyen kifim soat da phat trifin nhanh chong lir giiia the ki XX.'^ ' Vucmg quoe Anh tu lau da quan tam tdi tai
TAP CHi LUAT HQC - DAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu$t biin
nguyfin d ddy biin vd dS kiim sodt tdi nguyfin dd dil theo cdch ehua dupe hodn chfnh. Cy thi, ngay td ndm 1985, Vuang quic Anh dd xdc l§p quyin dii vdi cdc md dudi biin d bd biin Tay Nam A n h ; ' " ' ndm 1942, Vuang quic Anh dd thay mdt Trinidad thod thu§n kf kit hifip djnh phdn djnh ranh gidi vdi Venezuela d i kiim sodt tdi nguyfin khodng sdn d ddy biin vjnh Paria.'"' Dpng lye thiic diy nhthig yfiu ciu trfin din tu Tuyfin b i Truman cua MJ ndm 1945. Tuyfin b i ndy xdc Igp quyen kiem sodt luyfit ddi ddy biin vd Idi nguyen ciia them lye dja tiep gidp bd bicn MJ.'^" Tinh hpp phdp ciia vi?e xdc Igp quyen kifim soat doi vdi them lye dja dupe cdng nhan bdi Cdng udc them lye dja ndm 1958 - eho phep quoe gia ven bifin cd them lye dja rpng 200 hai li hodc vupt ra ngodi gidi han dd, tdi dp sdu Clia cac viing nudc eho phep khai thdc dupe ngudn tai nguyen thifin nhifin.''^'
Hifin nay, cdc quy djnh ciia phap lugt.
bdn chat va phgm vi eac quyen ve them lye dja ndm trong Phin VI cua UNCLOS. Theo dd, Difiu 77 cho phep qudc gia cd quyen tren thfim luc dia nhdm myc dieh thdm dd vd khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien. Tdi nguyfin chii yfiu nhdc dfin la khoang san vd dau khi nhung cung bao gdm cd lodi sinh vat bifin khdng di eu. Nhung quyfin ncu tren la mdc djnh vd khdng can phai luyfin bd. Khae vdi hoal ddng vfi khoang san can dupe sy cho phep Clia qudc gia ven bien. qudc gia thir ba dupe quyfin ddt dudng dng dan vd day cdp dudi bifin qua them lye dia ciia qudc gia khae.
Qudc gia ven bifin chi dupe cd bifin phdp hpp li de khai Ihac khoang san, kiem soat d nhiem tai nai ma tuyfin dudng dng dan hay day cap di qua. Them lye dja md rdng tdi 200 hai li
ho$c niu thim lye dja md r ^ g hon mdc ndy sC dupe tfnh, theo cdng thirc phiic lap tgi Diiu 76. Vific xdc djnh "ria ngodi thim lye dja" Id rit quan trpng do tiim ndng khai thdc khodng sdn d i n g Ihdi ria ndy cDng xdc djnh ddy biin - khu vyc q u i c t i md mpi quic gia d i u cd Ipi fch chung. D i xdc djnh ria ngodi thim lye dja, U^ ban ranh gidi thim Iyc dja (CLCS) dd dupe Ihdnh Idp d i quyit djnh cdc yfiu ciu v i md rdng them Iyc dja. Den nay, Uy ban dd ra quyit djnh ve 15 yfiu ciu vd dang xem xfit 45 yfiu c i u khdc. Mpt s6 quic gia nhu Vifit Nam vd Vuang qudc Anh d3 trinh nhieu yeu cau vc cde khu vuc them Iyc dja khdc n h a u . ' " ' Yfiu e i u chong lan giih cde quoc gia ven bien phai do cac qudc gia dd ty giai quyil. Vific giai quyet nay ihudng thdng qua thod thugn, mdc dii ed nhifiu traiUi chap dd dan den tranh tyng qudc lfi.
Vuang qudc Anh thdng qua Cdng udc ve ihcin iyc dja ndm 1958 va thyc thi quy djnh Clia Cdng udc nay thdng qua Ludt thfim lye dja ndm 1964. Theo lugt qudc tfi, difiu nay ddng nghia \ d i MCC uao qu>en \ e thfim luc dja cho Nii hoang (the Cro\\n). Vfi nguyoi tic, vific na> Uao quyen \ e thfim lye dja cho Vucmg qudc Anh tdi dp sau vimg nude cho phep khai thdc dupe cac ngudn tai nguyfin thifin nhien. Tuy nhien, khdng ed gidi han ehung nao vdi thfim luc dja duoc lap ra theo Lual ndy vd yong thyc ic, \ ice xae dinh cac khu vuc thfim lye dja dupe lien hanh mot each tgm thdi. Hirdng tifip can ndy nhdm tao difiu kien eho cdc boat ddng dau khi bang each thiet lap cac dan vj hanh chinh dfi tien hdnh cap phep tham dd vd khai thdc. Tuy nhifin, vific nay khdng cd nghTa Id cdc khu vue chua dupe tuyfin bo cd the duoc thdm d6
TAP CHl LUAT HOC - OAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu$t biin
hay khai thdc bdi quic gia khdc vi lugt quic tfi khdng yeu ciu thim lye dja phdi dupe tuyen bd md thay vdo dd coi khu vye ndy Id mpt phin eiia quoc gia. M$e dii, khdng ed thfim quy djnh nao mdi dupe Vucmg quoc Anh dua ra kfi tir khi thdng qua UNCLOS, thfim lye dja bj gidi hgn bdi quy djnh cua Difiu 76. Cdc hifip djnh xdc djnh ranh gidi vdi Na Uy, Dan Mgch, Hd Lan vd Due da dupe ki kfil vfi viing bifin Bdc. Trong khi phin Idn ranh gidi thfim lye dja ciia Anh dd dupe xdc djnh, mpt sd khu vye quan trpng van dang dupe xem xfit nhu khu \'yc Hattono Rockall md rOng tir dao Rockall - dao nhd khdng ngudi eu mi a Dai i ay Ducmg, khoang 240 ddm phia tdy Scotland.' ^' Ddo ndy dupe coi Id lanh tho ctia Vuang qudc Anh nhung dang bj yanh chap bdi Ai Len va Dan Mach.' ^' 99% san lupng dau khi cua Anh dien ra uong vimg nudc eiia minh, uong dd bao gdm 107 dan khoan dau, 181 dan khi ddt \ a 14000km dudng dng, thu ve 5 - 10 ti bang Anh mdi nam. Do dd, hoat ddng kinh lfi nay dupe phap lual quy djnh chi tiet vd phuc tap. Mac dii, Scotland cd quyfin quan If mdt sd hoal ddng hang hdi nhung van dfi ve dau khi chi chiu sy quan li cua chinh quyfin Vucmg qudc Anh vd dupe thyc hifin bdi Bd nang luong. Vtec qudn li hoat ddng dau khi dya trfin he thdng lual cap gidy phep eho phep tham dd vd khai thdc khoang san.'"*"' Gidp phep tham dd va khai thdc dau yong cdc khu vyc dinh trudc dupe ban hanh theo Ludt ddu md nam 1998. Gidy phep nay ve ban chat la hpp ddng quy djnh dieu khoan vd dieu kifin gidi han su dyng ddng thdi eung ed tinh difiu chinh - nghTa la giay phep phdi tuan theo quy dinh luat phap, do dd phai chiu mpt sd gidi han ve mdt hdnh
chfnh. Cdc hogt dpng ngodi khoi phdi tudn theo nhiiu yeu ciu ve sde khofi, an todn vd mdi trudng; ede yfiu cdu ndy dupe dp d$t thdng qua h^ thing phdp lugt phuc tgp.
UNCLOS thiit l§p ra nghTa vy chimg vfi bdo vfi mdi trudng biin vd mdt so nghTa vy dd dupe dua vdo lugt quie gia nhu vifie lap ra khu an todn 500m xung quanh cdng trinh ngodi khai md tdu thuyin khdng dupe vdo uir khi gdp nan ho^e thyc hifin hogt dpng lien quan din diu khf hay ong dan. Tuy nhifin, phan Idn lugt qudc gia vfi dau khf thudng la kel qua ctia yfiu cau chinh sach trong nudc, yfiu cau cua Cdng udc OSPAR' *"' va lugt Lien minh chau Au. Cac quy dinh dd dieu chinh vifie bao v^ hfi sinh thdi, kifim sodt chat thai, khf thai, giai quyfil d nhiem phat sinh tir tai ngn vd Uach nhiem vfi d nhifim.''*^'
2 5. Vimg dac quyin kinh le hay ddnh cd Dac quyen ciia qudc gia ven bifin ddi vdi viing nudc phia ngoai lanh hai gdn nhu khdng tdn tai trudc nua cudi thfi ki XX. Lpi ich Clia cac qudc gia tai bifin ca chu yfiu lien quan tdi danh ca. Viec nay cd the dupe quan li theo quy dinh cua qudc gia hoac thoa thuan danh ca song phucmg hay khu vyc va thudng thi khdng dupe quan li. Tuy nhien.
viec ghi nhan quyen cua qudc gia ven bifin vdi Ihfim iuc dia khien mdt sd qudc gia mudn cd quyfin vdi viing nudc ngodi lanh hdi, dac bifil la cac qudc gia cd nfin kinh tfi phy thudc vdo ddnh bat cd, cdc nudc hoac khdng cd thfim luc dja hoac it cd khd nang phat trifin diu khi ngodi khai. Them vao dd, eae qudc gia cung nhan ra ddnh bat ca qua muc cd the de doa nganh ddnh ca nen da cd y tudng ve vung dac quyen kinh tfi. Phap luat xae lap khu vyc nay duoc soan thao ra nhanh chdng
TAP CHl LUAT HQC - DAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu$t biin
yong vdng ddm phdn cda UNCLOS, trao quyin eho q u i c gia ven biin d i i vdi viing nude rOng tdi 200 hdi If,
Cdc quic gia ven biin cd quyin thdm dd vd khai thdc tdi nguyfin trfin vdng nudc vd ddy biin rpng tdi 200 hdi If.*"' Q u i c gia cQng cd quyen diy dQ vdi ddo nhfln tgo, ddn khoan, nghifin cim khoa hpc biin vd bdo v§ mdi yudng biin.'^^' Khdc vdi thim lye dja, nhthng quyin trfin phdi dupe tuyfin b^. n i u khdng thi ede qu6e gia khdc ed quyin ty do hogt dOng.
Tat nhifin, vific ndy chii y i u anh hudng tdi ddnh cd vd nghifin cuu vl cdc hogi dOng d i u khi khdng ihi dupe thyc hifin trfin vung dde quyfin kinh te eua nude khdc vi cdc hogt dpng ndy dupe tifin hdnh yfin thim lye dja - nai qudc gia mdc nhifin cd quyen ehti quyen. Cdc hoat dpng khdc nhu qua lai dupe hudng quyfin tu do qua Igi yfin bifin ed. Difiu 60 cho phfip qudc gia ven bien xay dyng vd van hdnh cac cdng trinh ngodi khoi, bao gdm ca vific dp dyng luat dan sy vd hlnh sy vdi hogt dpng tren cdc cdng trinh dd. Nhdm bao vfi quyen qua iai, qudc gia ndi tren phdi thdng bdo vific xay dyng vd vi tri eua edng trinh vd khi cham dirt su dyng thi phdi dd bd mpt phan hodc loan bp. Qudc gia cd the lap khu vyc an lodn rdng tdi SOOm xung quanh ede edng trinh dd nfin vific qua Igi trong khu vyc an toan bj gidi han. Dde tnmg ctia vimg dde quyfin kinh tfi la sy can bdng gida quyin chii quyen rifing ve tdi nguyen vdi trach nhifim bao v^ \ a quan li.
Ndi ehung, vifie nay bupc qudc gia ven bien phai dam bdo vific danh bdl cd b i n vQng, phii hpp vdi cac yeu cau ve mdi trudng, kinh tfi vd xa hpi.'*^'- '''^' Difiu ndy dat dupe thdng qua viec thi hanh mdt sd bien phap kT thuat, m^e du UNCLOS khdng quy djnh bit ki bifin phdp
cy Ihi ndo phdi dupe sd dyng. Qu6c gia ven biin cflng phdi sd dyng tdi nguyfin hpp li bing cdch khai thdc dO sdn lupng cho tau ddnh cd trong nudc ho$c cho phfip quic gia thu ba khai thdc phin thira.'^^' Vi^c cho phfip dd thudng dupe thyc hi^n thdng qua vific tra phf ddnh cd. Ngodi ra, qu6c gia ven bien cung cd nghTa vy hpp tdc vdi nudc khdc ve nguon lpi cd di cu.*^" Muc dd hi§u qud quy djnh vfi bdo t i n vd quAn H tdi nguyfin ciia UNCLOS da bj chi trich vl khdng ch$n dirpc vifie ddnh cd qud muc vd sy suy thodi nguon cd vd moi trudng b i i n . ' " ' Sy thit bgi ndy Id do nhifiu y i u l i nhu: thiiu dO: lifiu, chlnh sdch ddnh ca khdng lot, cdng cy quan H yeu kem vd khdng ed chfnh sdch khuyin khich giam vific ddnh ed qud muc. No lye nhdm giai quyet cdc van d i trfin d phgm vi qudc te cdn kha it vd dii co cdc vdn kifin nhu Quy tic ciia Td chuc ndi^
luang Lifin hpp qudc (FAO) ve danh cd dupe thdng qua ndm 1995 nhung vdn dfi danh ca ehua cd thay ddi gi Idn.
Tu lau, Vuang qudc Anh dd khdng tan thanh vific dan phuang m d rpng ehii quyen cua qu6c gia ven bifin ve ddnh cd hodc cdc tai nguyen sinh vgt khdc. Thai dp nay chu yfiu de bdo vfi lpi ieh ddnh ca xa KT cua quoc gia nay.
Do dd, Irong vy tranh chap bifin Bering nam 1893, Vuang qudc Anh da khifiu ngi thanh cdng ddi vdi \eu cdu eiia NK ddi ehii quyen loan bp ve bdo tdn vd qudn li ddnh bdt hai can yfin vimg bien ca ngoai quan dao Pribolof.*
Sau dd, yong vy tham quyfin ddnh cd nSm 1974, Vuong qudc Anh khifiu ngi vific Ai Len don phuang xdc lap \ img dac quyin ddnh ca tdi 50 hdi If.'^" Tu\ nhifin, du Vuong quic Anh da cd yanh chap ddi vdi vific xdc lap don phuang cua cdc quoc gia nhung qudc gia nay j
TAP CHl LUAT HQC - OAC SAN 8/201!
D$c san lu$t biin
vin img hO cdc nS lye quic t i nhdm dgt dupe ea chi quan li tdi nguyfin d vdng nudc ngodi lanh hai. Do dd, vdo ndm 1976, ciing cdc nudc thdnh vien chau Au khde, Vuong quic Anh da xdc Igp gidi hgn vimg dde quyen ddnh ca r0ng 200 hdi If. M^e dii, Vucmg quic Anh da thiit l§p vimg dde quyin ddnh cd rOng 200 hai li tir ndm 1976, din nay, quic gia ndy v§n chua xdc lap vimg dde quyen kinh ti. LOe diu, vimg dde quyin ddnh cd dupe coi Id dii di qudn If vific ddnh cd md khdng phdi chju trdch nhifim dieu chinh. Tuy nhifin, den nay Vuang qudc Anh dd xdc lap tham quyen ve d nhiem rdng dfin 200 hdi li*"' vd eiing xdc Igp khu vyc ndng lupng ed thi phyc hdi rpng nhu vgy.' ' Trong nhimg ndm gan dfly, vifie ngudn ndng lupng cd thfi phue hdi phdt trifin manh ngodi khoi ciing nhu yeu cau can duy tri qudn If hogt ddng kinh tfi ngoai khai da khai day mdi quan tam ve vific xdc Idp quyfin chil quyfin rdng hon len vimg 200 hdi li. Do dd, Luat ra vdo bifin va bd bien nam 2009 da ghi nhan vific Vuang qudc Anh xae lap mdi vimg dde quyfin kinh le, mde dit thdm quyfin trfin viing nay chua dupe thuc hifin.
Kfi tu khi gia nhdp Lifin minh chau Au, hoat ddng ddnh bat cd bifin yong viing bien cua Vuong qudc Anh chu yfiu dupe qudn li bdi luat chau Au theo chinh sach danh cd chung (CFP).'^'" Chinh sach nay dua ra he Ihdng hgn muc ve ca eiing eac bifin phap do dac de xae lap khu vyc ddnh cd, kich thudc tdi thifiu va gidi han vfi dyng cy. Yfiu cau chinh eua CFP la bd phan cua lugt qudc gia Anh vd do la quy djnh eua Lien minh chau Au nfin cd hieu lye true tifip.'^^' Theo chinh sach nay, mpi thanh vien dupe quyen danh bat bit ki loai ca ndo trong pham vi 12 - 200
hdi If theo hgn mdc quy djnh vd tudn thee bifin phdp bdo tin theo lu§t Lien minh chdu Au. Vdng mrdc tir 0 - 6 hdi li chf ddnh che tdu thuyin ed quie tjeh Anh vd cua quic gia cd quyin ddnh cd Ijch sir. Mdc dii, chfnh sdch ddnh cd ndy dp dyng vdi mpi vimg nudc nhung Vuong quic Anh van ed thfi dua ra cde bifin phdp khdc eho vung nude ven bd (C - 6 hdi If) miln Id phdi phu hpp vdi nguyfin lie CO bdn eua CFP. Quy djnh v i ddnh cd ven bd d Anh vd Wales gin ddy dupe sda ddi theo Lual qua Igi biin vd bd bien ndm 2009, trong dd thdnh Igp ca quan qudn If mdi Id CO quan ddnh cd ven bd vd ea quan bdo ton. Cde ca quan ndy, du dang boat dpng theo phdp lual hifin hanh vfi danh bit ea ciia Vuang qudc Anh'^^' nhung tham quyfin dd dupe md rdng de "ldnh dao. bdo vi vd qudn li moi Irudng biin vd ddnh cd bin viing, bdng cdch ddm bdo su cdn bdng giira Igi ich xd hgi, moi irudng vd kinh li nhdm giiip ngdnh ddnh cd ben virng vd phdt trien ".' ' Vific tdng quyfin nay nham lifin dfin chfnh sach danh ca hpp If va than thifin hem vdi mdi trudng. Tuy nhifin, van cdn qua sdm dfi ddnh gid sy thdnh cdng ciia hudng di ndy. Cd nhan dinh ehung rdng CFP dd khdng thanh edng trong vifie qudn If danh cd bfin viing trong vimg nudc chau Au, vi VA ngudn ca bj ddnh bdt qua muc. CFP hien gid dang dupe edi Id, dy dinh cam danh bat cd con (cd gidng), danh ca tdi muc tdi da duy tri dupe, quan If khu vyc vd cd phuang lien qudn Ii hifiu qua hem dudi dang nhupng quyfin danh cd chuyen giao dupe - hudng di dya tren co chi quan li vfi quyen dupe su dung d cac quoc gia nhu Iceland va New Zealand.' Co che nay se cd hieu luc vao nam 2013.
TAP CHf LUAT HQC - DAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu$t biin
2.6. Biin cd (biin qudc te)
Biin ed dupe djnh nghTa Id todn bO phin biin khdng nSm yong cdc viing biin thuOc chd quyin vd quyin chO quyin cua cdc nude.*"' Bien ed chiim khodng 60% diOn tfch biin thi gidi, do dd cd vai yd quan trpng ve kinh ti. M$c dil biin ed khdng thupc chu quyin cua quic gia ndo nhung cde quic gia cd trdch nhi^m kiem sodt hogt d0ng ciia cdng dfln vd tdu thuyen mang quoc tjeh minh tren biin cd. Do dd, cung ddng de cgp thai dp ciia Vuang quoc Anil vdi nghTa vy eiia minh v i quoc tjeh Idu.
Khdng cd co che qudc l i ndo diiu chinh vific Uao quoe tjeh cho tdu, mdc dii cd mOl mdi lifin hfi mgi thiet giita tdu vd quoe tjeh ed tdu.'^*" Trong thyc tfi, dicu ndy cd nghTa Id quoe gia cd the ty do chpn tdu thuyen dupe phep mang qudc lich ciia minh. Lual qudc tfi thudng yfiu cau qudc gia phat kiem sodt tdu mang qudc Uch nudc minh.' Tuy nhifin, van dfi nay khdng phai luc ndo cung thyc hifin dupe, dde bifil la vdi qudc gia ty do hodc ddng ki md - thudng thifiu co sd hg ting kifim soat tau mang qudc tjeh cua minh de bupc eac lau dd tuan thiJ quy djnh ve chd hdng. Qua thyc, vific kiem soat hifiu qua qudc tjeh tdu dupe coi la difim yfiu trong \'tcc duy tri Uat ty yfin bien vd dd khien mpt sd qudc gia muon cd tham quyen rpng hem dc kiem soat hogt dpng ciia lau thuyfin khdng mang qudc tich nudc minh hodc dfi kifim soat rpng hon tdu thuyfin cgp cang nudc minh.
Liic dau. chi cd t;tu cita Vucmg quoc Anh (hodc Khdi thinh vupng ehung) mdi dupe dang ki qudc tjeh Anh. Tuy nhifin, sau khi gia nhap Lien minh chau Au, Vuang qudc Anh bupc phai thay ddi quy djnh nay vi nd khdng thdng nhat vdi quyen co ban cua cdng dan
hay cdng ti chdu Au dupe quyen thdnh Igp (nhu thdnh 14p t i chire kinh doanh). Liic diu, Anh khdng idn thdnh vi§c thay d6i quy djnh dflng kf tdu. Diiu ndy chii yeu Id do nude ndy m u i n ngdn cdng ddn khdng phdi ciia Vucmg quic Anh ed dypc hgn muc ddnh ca trong vimg biin ctia minh bing cdch ddng ki Igp cdng ti d Anh vd v§Ji hdnh tdu ddnh cd bing cdng ti dd. Diiu ndy trdi vdi tu^t ciia Lien minh chdu Au vd Vuang q i ^ Anh da thay d i i quy djnh v i dflng kf tdu thuyin.'"' Mpi q u i c gia (vd tdu thuyin thupc qudc gia dd) d i u cd quyin ly do bifin cd khdng anh hudng din lpi fch cua qudc gia khde. Quyin ty do bien cd gdm ly do qua lai, ddnh cd vd nghifin cim khoa hpe.'*^' Quoc gia ed chii quyfin doi vdi tdu mang quoc ijch ciia minh. ngogi lfi ctia nguyen lie nay la cde tdu vgn chuyen no lfi, cudp bien, budn lau chat gay nghien vd phat thanh trai phep. \'cu lau thuyfin tham gia hogt dpng dd thi cac qudc gia cd qu^en len tau va trong trudng hpp cuiip bien hodc phdi thanh trai phep, qudc gia cd quyen cudng chfi bit giu vd xet xu. Trong nhiing ndm gan day, co nhifiu mdi quan lam \ e \ific giii gin trat ly trfin bien. Cimg cac qudc gia khdc, tau bai quan ctJa Vucmg qudc Anh dd tham gia vao hogt dpng tuan tra yen bifin cd. Sang kifin pho bicn an ninh (Pro file ration Seeuriti Initiative- PSl) dupe dua ra bdi M\ vao thang 5/2003 nhdm chdng phd bien \ u khi hiiy diet har^
lout. Vucmg qudc Anh ciing 90 qudc gia khae dd tham gia vao hogt dpng xay dyng nang luc, trao ddi thdng tin va dien tap. Sang kifin PSl nhdm cung cd kha ndng ctia cde qudc gia trong \ ice kifim sodt khdng phd bifin vu khi huy diet hang logi thdng qua phdi hop luan tra tren bifin va yong gidi han luat qudc te, tifin
TAP CHl LUAT HQC - DAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu'^t biin
hdnh ngdn ch§n tdu thuyin nghi ngd v|m chuyin vii khi huy difit hodc cdc nguyfin li$u lifin quan. Td ndm 2008, hdi qufln Anh dd tham gia hogt dpng ching cudp biin d Somali vdi lu cdch Id bO phgn ciia chuang trinh NAVFOR-Atianta.'"' Cdc bifin phdp ching cudp bien dupe quy djnh trong ede diiu 100, 104 vd 105 UNCLOS vd dupe thdng qua bdi Hpi ddng bdo an Lien hpp q u o e . ' " ' Cde chuang uinh nfiu tren khdng dgt dupe nhiiu thanh cdng, mpt phan do tinh chit phan tdn vd rdi rac cua hogt dpng eudp bien trfin khu vyc rpng, mpt phan do gidi hgn ve ehinh tri ciia cac quoc gia khdng m u i n nhdn loan bd Udeh nhifim xet xu cudp bifin. Cac quoc gia ciing quan lam dfin trach nhifim md mpt nude phdi chiu khi cd cde bifin phdp cudng chfi tau tinh nghi, du do sai sdt hay vi phgm quy djnh qudc te cam sii dung vu luc, Mde dii la thanh vifin Clia td chuc qudc tfi, hoat dpng cita hai quan Anh dupe kiem soat bdi lual qudc gia. Difiu nay dupe quy djnh Uong lugt qudc le vd lual Lifin minh chau Au, cu thfi la Uong Cdng udc chau Au ve quyen eon ngudi. Hoat dpng cudp bifin tren bien ea bj xet xti theo Phan 27 Luat van ehuyen hang va an ninh bifin ndm 1997. Mae dii vay. theo thdng luat, day khdng phai Id van de rd rang vi se can toa an dua vao dinh nghTa cudp bien khdng hoan ehinh theo luat qudc tfi. Cho dfin hifin nay, Vuong qudc Anh chua xel xu vu cudp bifin nao theo ludt qudc gia va thudng chuyen pham nhdn qua toa khu vuc d chau Phi de xel xti. Trong mpi trudng hpp, viec lien hanh quyen cudng che phai tuan theo cac tieu chuan vfi quyen con ngudi theo Tod an nhan quyen chau Au (ECHR) vd diiu nay gidi han kha nang cac qudc gia cd thfi xu li eudp bien.'^^' Cac dien
biin trfin v i vu khf huy di§t hdng logt vd cudp biin dfl gdy ra nhiiu m i i lo nggi ve duy tri tr§t ty trfin biin vd dfly cd lfi sfi Id vin de chfnh ddt ra cho cdc quic gia trong tucmg lai.
Cdc diin biin ndy cQng eho thiy vifie tuin tra trfin biin bj gidi hgn bdi quyin con ngudi, eho dil quie gia ed dang tuin tra trong hay ngodi ldnh t h i nude minh.
3. V^n chuyen hdng hod, qua Igi vd 6 nhiem
UNCLOS ehi dua ra yfiu eiu chung ve quoe tjeh tdu dfi qudn If cdc vin de nhu an lodn hdng hai, lifiu ehuan xdy dyng va van hdnh, d nhilm bicn, sue khofi thiiy ihii, lim kifim vd edu nan "'^' Cdng udc khdng dua ra npi dung chi tiet eho cae difiu luat. Thay vdo dd, npi dung ndy se dupe xay dyng trong nhifiu thod thuan qudc tfi khdc, bao gdm:
Cdng udc qudc te ve an todn sinh mang tren bifin (SOLAS) dupe ra ddi lir vy chim tdu Titanic; Cdng udc qudc te vfi va chgm yfin bifin ndm 1972 (CoIregs);'*''*'Cdng udc qudc te ngdn ngita d nhiem tu tau thuyen (MARPOL).'^'' Cdc van kien nay dupe thira nhan rdng rai vd dupe coi nhu lieu chuan qudc te ve van chuyfin hdng hoa. Nhin ehung, mdi quan tam chli yfiu la vifie tuan thit cac quy dinh nay, chu khdng phai vfi eac quy dinh dd.
Vi quy djnh van chuyen hdng hod qudc tfi rit phuc lap nen Vuong qudc Anh thudng dua ra ede quy djnh chinh vfi van chuyfin hdng hod thdng qua cdc luat ehung, rdi tiep tyc bo sung cho cae quy djnh nay bang cac luat tiy quyfin. Theo dd, luat ciia Nghi vifin se dupe tifip ndi bdng van kien lual (ten gpi khae la quy dinh) hoac sdc lenh (Order in Council) dupe dua ra bdi bd trudng. Difiu ndy cho phep vdn dfi chi tiet dupe thdng qua de dang
TAP CHl LUAT HQC - OAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu$t biin
sau khi chinh sdch hay nguyfin tdc Idn dfl dupe thdng qua. Cdc lu^t vi v$n chuyin hdng hod thuang mgi Ihudng nOi ludt cdc hi$p udc md Vuong quic Anh Id bfin tham gia vd lu$t quan ypng nhit Id Ludt v^n chuyin hdng hod thuong mgi ndm 1995. Lu§t ndy dfl dua ra quy djnh vi dflng ki v$n chuyin. an todn trfin bien, v§n hdnh tdu, trich nhifim vd phdng ngda d nhilm diu. Hudng di ndy ciia Vucmg qu6e Anh ldm cho lu$t quie gia diiu chinh vgn chuyen hdng hod trdi rOng trfin nhiiu vdn kifin khdc nhau. dan din vific xem xfit gdp khd khdn. Do dd, Cdng udc Colregs dieu chinh qua Igi yen bien, dp dyng eho mpi tdu thuyin trong ldnh hai ciia Vuong quoe Anh vd mpi tdu thuyen ciia Vucmg quoc Anh d mpi noi theo Lugt van chuyen hdng hod (ve tfn hifiu eip cuu va trdnh va chgm) ndm 1996. Cdc lugt ndy dupe Ihdng qua theo Phin 306 Lugt
\an ehuyen ndm 1995 vd dupe bd sung bdi nhieu thdng cdo van chuyfin hdng hod thuang mai. Cdng udc MARPOL difiu chinh ve 6 nhiem do tai nan hay tir van hdnh tau thuyen, quy dinh ey thfi dupe ghi rd Uong phy lye vi cac hinh thue d nhiem khdc nhau, Cac quy dinh nay dupe thyc thi rieng biel tlieo lugt eiia Vuong qudc Anh. Do dd, Phy lye IV vd V cita Cdng udc MARPOL vc d nhilm lu cing ngam vd rac thai dupe thuc thi trong lugt eiia Vuong qudc Anh thdng qua Luat vgn chuyfin hang hoa ndm 1995, cu the la Luat vgn chuyen hdng hod (ve chdng d nhiem tu eong ngim vd rac thai tu tdu thuyfin) nflm 2008.
Nhu da nfiu d tren, cdc quy djnh \c van chuyen hang hda la rai phuc tap.
Vuong qudc Anh cd quan difim ring cae tieu ehuan dd tdt nhal la dupe eudng che thi hanh bdi qudc gia ma tdu mang qudc tjeh
ho$c thye thi dii vdi tdu c&p cdng. Nhiing hdnh dOng dd thudng khdng dupe dp dyng cho tdu qua Igi trir phi cdc tdu dd de dpa tdi Vuang quic Anh nhu vy Torrey Canyon nflm 1967 khi tdu chd diu ciia Libi va phdi dd ngim ngodi ldnh hdi eiia Vuang quic Anh dfl bude Anh phdi cho phdt ni eon tdu nhim gidm thiiu de dpa mdi trudng. Trong nhOng ndm gin dfly, cdc qu6c gia dd cd sy l^p trung tflng cudng kiim sodt d cde cdng, eho phfip quie gia cd thi phdn img lai vific vgn ehuyin hdng khdng dgt tifiu chuin bdng cdch dp dyng tifiu chuin d muc khu vye.*™'
4. Cir chi quan li bdng hai chung Ldi md diu eua UNCLOS cd ghi nhgn ring cde vin di vc khodng khdng trfin bien ed lifin quan chdt chfi vd cin dupe xem xfit mpt cdch tdng thfi. Nhifim vy ndy van ehua dupe thye hifin tgi moi qu6c gia nhung da c6 diu hifiu thay ddi vfi thai dp ciia ede nudc.
Nhin chung, sy thiiu ving \dn kifin Igp phdp duy nhdt trao hifiu lye cho I NCLOS dS khdng ngdn cdn Vucmg qudc Anh khdi vific npi lugt hod trach nhifim qu6c tfi. Thye tfi la hudng tifip cgn phan manh, tgm thdi da giiip nudc ndy thyc hifin L NCLOS mpt cdch mem deo hem \ a phan anh dupe moi quan tam cua qudc gia na\ \di lu each cudng qudc hdi^
hdi. Ddng thdi, dteu na> cdng eho phep Vuang qudc Anh ddp irng cac cam ket phdp li tir phia Lien minh chau Au, tu dd cQng phdt sinh nhifiu lugt va sic lenh vfi cde van de hang hdi. Hudng di eiia Vuang qudc Anh cd thfi bj coi la can ird ca chfi quan If chung cua UNCLOS vi van chuyen hang hod, ddnh cd vd dau khi dupe quan If bdi eac luat rieng re hodc dupe qudn li bdi eac bd va ca quan chinh phu khae nhau.
TAP CHl LUAT HQC - DAC SAN 8/2012
Ode san lu$t biin
Tuy nhien, yong nhOng ndm gin ddy, hudng tiip cgn ndy dfl dan d i n thay dii. MOt phdn do chinh sdch qudn If hdng hdi thing nhal ma Lifin minh chflu Au nhan mgnh. Vdo nam 2007, Lifin minh chau Au thdng qua Chinh sdch hdng hdi thing nhil nhim loai bd hudng di phan manh ve quy djnh hdng hdi.*^" Chfnh sach ndy dupe bo sung bdi Sdc Ifinh chien luae khung hdng hdi, Sdc Ifinh ndy yfiu cau cde quoe gia thdnh vifin Idp ra vd phat trien chien lupc quoe gia qudn If hang hdi nhdm dgt dupe hodc duy tri trgng thai mdi irudng tot vdo ndm 2020.''^* Sdc Ifinh nay yfiu cau sy hpp tdc ve quyen hgn vd se anh hudng ldi mpt so hogt dpng lifin quan ldi mdi Irudng bien nhu ddnh ed kel hpp khai thdc. ngo vet va d nhifim. Qud trinh hpp nhat cung dupe thue hifin bing viee Bd quan li vfi mdi trudng, thuc pham vd ndng thdn ed them quyfin kifim sodt Ifin mol sd hoat dpng hang hai ma trudc dd thupc ve eac bd khde.
Cd le, difin bien quan trpng nhat la he thdng ke hoach hang hdi chung dupe gidi thifiu trong Luat hang hai va bd bien ndm 2009.
Ke hoaeh nay thifil lap co quan chuyfin biet - Td chuc quan li hang hai vdi quyfin dupe lap ra vd thuc hifin kfi hoaeh chi tiet cho cde khu vyc bifin xung quanh Anh va Wales.' ' Nhung kfi hoaeh dd dang dupe lap ra vdi cde ben cd lpi ich mat thifil vd se dp dyng khoa hoc tifin lien nhat. Dieu nay sfi tifip tyc hudng tiep can rdng vfi quan li cac khu vuc bien, khdi dau tir cac ban ve mdi Irudng (Habitat Directives). Cac td chdc nay se lap ra ea chfi thdng nhat va de tham gia hon de quan If cac khu vyc hang hai. Viec phat trifin nhu vay khdng doi hdi tat ca luat phap cu bj thay ddi, mac du se phai cd mdt sd sua ddi
can thifit. Thay vdo dd, cdc td chuc ndy sfi phii hpp cde hogt dpng hifin tgi nhdm t ^ ra sy lifin kit. Mdc du tit ed cdc hoat d0ng trfin da vd dang gdy ra gdih ndng tdi ehinh vd hdnh chfnh Ifin chfnh phu vd len ede bfin cd lpi (ch gdn lifin vdi bien nhung ddy vin dupe coi la bifin phdp t i t nhit dfi sir dyng cdc khu vyc vd tdi nguyfin hdng hdi cd hgn.
Ket luan
Lugt bien Id ITnh vye rpng Idn vd phue tgp nfin khdng thi dfi cap mpi mat ciia luat bifin trong bai viit ndy. Tuy nhifin, mpt sd dde trung chfnh dd dupe trinh bdy. Luat bien ed truyen thdng lau ddi vd cd mau thuan giira cdc lpi ich rifing cua cdc qudc gia ven bifin va cae chinh sach ehung vfi ty do trfin bifin. Khdng hudng tiep can ndo la hodn hdo dfi quan li cac hogt ddng each xa co quan cd tham quyfin cua qudc gia. Do dd, can ed su hop tdc de duy tri quy djnh luat bien.
UNCLOS mong mudn thyc hifin muc dich nay vd dua ra ea che de quan If bien the gidi - giai phap dung hod giira kiem soat chung vd kifim soat rieng. Day chua phai Id co che hoan chinh vd nd can dupe bd sung bdi cac vdn kien luat chi tiet hem ve an ninh, van chuyen hang hod, bao ve khoang san vd mdi trudng. Ndi dung eua cac van kien do phdn anh rd net sy can bang Ipi ieh giti-a cac qudc gia va nhu hudng di cita Vuong qudc Anh cho thiy eac qudc gia deu mong mudn lpi ich hdng hai eiia minh dupe bao ve. Trong qua khd, difiu nay da dan dfin hudng di phan manh vfi quan li bifin - cac van de cu the dupe giai quyet rieng re. Vdi trudng hpp ctia Vuang qudc Anh, hudng di rifing re nay Cling each giai quyit tam thdi va thyc dung ddi vdi eac quy djnh ve bien da tao ra co che
TAP CHl LUAT HOC - DAC SAN 8/2012
D$c san lu$t biin
vd ciing phuc tgp md ft cd tirang tdc giila cdc khu vyc vdi nhau. Tuy nhifin, rfl rdng Id tinh t h i ndy khdng t h i tiip diin, Hien cd khdng thfi ddp irng mpi nhu c i u su dyng md khdng cd iranli c h i p phdt sinh. do dd can cd sy hpp tdc vd uu tifin cac hogt dpng. Trong thdi difim hifin tgi, cdc bifin phdp nhflm tiin d i n c a ehe chung ndy dang khd thdnh cdng trong Lien minh chdu Au, cd lfi p h i n Idn Id do m i i quan h§ gan gui vc kinh te. xd hOi vd chfnh trj. Ke cd q u i c gia bien d^c Idp nhu Vuang quoc Anh cung tha> dupe lpi ich lir vific hpp lac. Neu c a che chung ndy ddt ra dupe c h u i n myc ticn bp han cho mdi trudng bien, khai thac tdi nguyen bfin viing han va dem d i n nhieu lai ich kinh ic thi trai nghifim cua chau Au va Vuang quoe Anh cd thfi dem Igi nhdng bai hpe bd ich eho cac qudc gia khdc mudn phat trifin khu vyc hdng hai eiia minh./.
Ngirtn dich: PHAN DUY Nguoi hi^u dinh: TS. NGUYiN VAN QUANG
(l).Xem: R. Bames. D. Freesione vi D Ong, "Lu^t bien: tien trien vi vien canh", irong: D. Freestone, R.
Bames \i D. Ong (eds), Ludi bien: lien irien va vien canh. Oxford University Press. Oxford. 2006, Ir. I - 27.
(2).Xem: Hiep djnh lien quan den v!v>. tin lianh Plijn XI cua UNCLOS, {Hi li^u so 33). Gic tai li^uphap li (fUiictL- 1994, tr. 1144
(3).Xem: Hi^p djnh ihi h&nh cac dieu khoan cua Cdng irac lupl bien Lien hpp quoc nj;a> 10/12/1982 vc bao ton v^ quan If nguon \g\ ci di cu. (l^i lifiu s6 34). Cue lai li^uplicip li quoc le. 199S.ir 1542.
(4).Xem. R. R. Churchill \i A. V I.o\\c, Lm'u bien. 3rd ed- Manchesier University Press. Manchester. 1999.
(5) Xem. Defra, "Gin giCt bien Chien lupc bao ton v4 phat inOn ben v&ng tai nguyen bien. 2002, ngu6n;
hllp'//www defra gov uk/piiblicaiions/l'ili:s'|ili6l 87- marine-sH;wardship-020425 pdf
(6) Xenr R Barnes, Quven tin san va khodng san lu nhien. Chuong 5, Hart, Oxford. 2009.
(7) Xeni' D, Anderson, Luat hien hi4n dai Cac bdi
viit chgn IQC, Martinus Njhofi; U i d e n , 2008. tr. 69.
(8). Nguin: http//www.un.org/depts/los'tonvention_
agreements/convcniiondeclarations.him (9).Xem; Diiu 8 UNCLOS.
( 1 0 ) . X c m : D i i u 5 U N C l X ) S . (H).Xem: Diiu 7 UNCLOS.
(l2).Xeni; ICJ Rcporu. 1951, tr, 116.
(l3).Xem: S&c K-nh ISnh h^i nflm 1964. sua d6i boi Sflc Ifinh lanh \\i\ sua ddi nflm 1979; Sac Ifinh gia'i h p ISnh hdi $6 482/1989.
(IJ).Xem: P h k IV I ; N t L O S .
(\ft) Xem A. V. l ^ w e . "Vucmg quic Anh \i luitbi^n", irong' I . Treves, Ludt biin. Liin minh chdu Au va cac nudc thdnh vien. Martinus Nijhoff. The Hague. 1997, ir, 521.523.
(16) Xem: Diuu 3 l A C L O S . (17).Xcm: Difiu 17 UNCLOS.
(18) Xem Diiu 18 UNCLOS.
(19) Xem Diiu I 9 ( I ) U N C L 0 S . {20).Xem. Difu 19(2) UNCI DS (21),Xem: DiOu 25 UNCI US (22).Xem: DiOu2l L'NCI.OS.
(23).Xem. Lu^i Iflnh hai nSm 1987
(24). Vldy: Luai dinh c4 bifin nSm 1971 (dasiiadoi) (25) Vl iiif. Luat bao v^ mdi tnrdng nflm 1990 v£
kidm soflt xufll nh$p khau rflc ihai.
(26). Vl dv: Ludi quan li hai quan va (hue nflm 1979 thi bj Ijch thu.
(27) Vi d\i Ludi Ihucmg m^i \ a vSn chuydn h ^ g nflm 1997 dira ra nhifiu quy djnh ve iruang hap khan c^p, kiem sodi 6 nhtim \.i an loan duong bien. Ph&i
\ Ul Lu$t v4n chuyfin hing nflm 19')5. irao (rich nhi?m dan duang cho hai dflng
(28) IV dv cflc quy djnh ve sire khoe v^ an tofln cua Lu$( v4n chu>cn hang nflm 1995 khong dp d^ng len cflc iflu thuyen di qua khong gfly h^i iheo Phan 85 i:-') \ c n i Ph4n7 Luiil dfli dai (phong thu) nam 1958, ( 3 0 ) \ c m DiL*u33 ( \ C L O S
(31) Xem A. V 1 OVNC, Sdd. tr, 532-3.
( 3 : ) \ e m , R . R Churchill va \ V Lowe. Sdd.tr. 142-5, (33) Xem Lu^t mo ngam Corwall nflm 1858 (34).Xenv A FYancis, "Phan lich %>:• Cong ut^c cua Cflng hofl Trinidad vfl Tobago \ a C$ng hoa Venezuela \e sir phan dinh giOa viing bien va viing ISnh tho dir6i bien", Tap chi qudc le ve ludt bien vd vung ciea \diig. s6 6 (1991), If 169
TAP CHl LUAT HQC - DAC SAN 8/2012
B$c san iu$t biin
(35).Xem: Tuyen b6 s6 2667 ngfly 28/09/1945, ngudn:
htlp//w\yw.oceancommission.gov/documents/gov_
oceans/truman pdf; Xem A,L. Holtick, "Chlnh sflch biSn cua My; tuyfin b6 Truman'.', 17 Tdp san ludt qudc ti Virginia I'i, (1976-7).
(36).Xem:499UNTS3ll,
(37). Nguon: http.//www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/
commission submissions.htm
(38).Xenv De trinh ciia Vuang qu6c Anh ien CLCS.
nguon: http://www.un.org dcpt-i los'clcs new/submissions files'gbt09/clcs 19 2009e.pdr
(39).Xem. Lu^it qufln dao Rockand nflm 1972.
(40).Xem- T Dainlith, "Quy^n thfim d6 vfl khai thflc d k khi: i!i^> ph^p", trong: T. Daintilh. G. Willougby vfl A Hill (eds). Ludt cua Anh ve ddu md vd khi dot.
Sweet va Maxwell. London, 2011, ir 1043 (41) \cm Cong u6c bao v^ moi Irudng Dong Bfle D^i lay Duong nflm 1992. (tfli lifiu s6 32), Cdc lai li^u phdp li quoc li, 1993.tr. 1072.
(42) Xem R, Barnes. "Luat m6i truimg va k i hoach"
trong Daintilh Willoughby vfl Hill, Sdd. tr 1277.
(43),Xem:Diau57UNCLOS- (44).Xem: Diiu 55 - 56 UNCLOS.
(45) Xem: Diiu 58 UNCLOS.
(46)-Xem:Dieu61 UNCLOS.
(47).Xem: Diiu 62 UNCLOS.
(48).Xem: Diiu 63. 64 L NCLOS.
(49).Xem: R Barnes, "Cong uac lual bien: Mot co che bao ve danh ca trong nuoc?", trong: Freestone, Barnes vd Ong (eds), Sdd, Ir. 233.
(50).Xem: Bao cflo kit qua trong tfli qu6c t i , vol XXVII. 263, ngu6n. http'Z/www un org/law/riaa/
(51).Xem-Baocaos6 3cualCJ, 1974
(52) Xem Luat van chuyen hang hofl ( v i ngfln ngira 6 nhilm) nam 1997, SI 1997/506.
(53).Xem. Phan 84 Luat nflng lupng nflm 2004 vfl SSc ISnh viing nflng luong tfli sir dung dugc (xflc dinh khu virc) nam 2004. SI 2004/2668
(54),Xem: Uy ban chau Au, Chinh .sdch ddnh cd chung Hudng ddn, Cong dflng chau Au 2009, nguon' http,//ec, europa.eu/fishenes/documenlatioii/publicalions/pcp2008 _en,pdf
(55) Xem' Sflc lenh ciia Uy ban v i viec bao ve va khai thac bin v&ng tai nguyen ca Iheo Chinh sach danh cflc Chung (EC) S6 2371/2002, Sflc lenh bo nhiem uy ban (EU) 404/20II ngfly 8/4/2011
(56).Xem: Lu$t dflnh cfl nflm 1966; Lu$t dflnh cfl (l6m, cua) nflm 1967; Lu$t dflnh cfl (bflo tin) nflm 1967;
Lu^i dflnh cfl (bflo tdn d6i 6ng hoang dfl) nflm 1992;
Lu$l m6i trudng nflm 199;. Theo Lu^t dflnh cfl, cflc quy djnh dja phuang dugc flp dgng.
(57).Xem: Defra, "Hudng dSn dflnh cfl ven bd vfl cflc ca quan bao l6n c6ng ddng gdp tdi vi^c phfll triin khai thflc bin vthig" (2/2011), ngudn: http://archive.
defra.gov.uk/environment/marine/documenls/interim2 /201 l-ifca-guide-sd.pdf
(58).Xem R. Barnes, Sdd (59}.Xem: Dliu 86 UNCLOS.
(60) Xem: Diiu 91 UNCLOS, (61),Xem: Diiu 94 UNCLOS,
(62),Xem. Luai v^n chuyin hflng (dang kl) nam 1993 (63) Xem: Diiu 87 UNCLOS.
(64) Chuang trinh dang dupe cudng chi theo quyit djnh Hdi ddng 2010/766/CFSP ngfly 712/2010 sua ddi Hoal dpng chung 2008/851'CFSP len hoal ddng qufln su cua Lien minh chflu Au nhflm ngfln chfln vfl phdng chdng cudp bien va cudp vu trang ngofli bd biin Somali, ngudn: http//eur-lex curopa.eu/LexUriServ/
LexUriServ,do''uri=OJ,L'2010'327'0049'0050:EN:PDF (65).Xem: Quyit dmh sd 1846. 1851, vfl 1897 ctia Hpi dong bao an Lien hpp qudc.
(66). Trong: Medvedyev v France, Phflp bj coi la vj pham nghTa vy cua minh theo Dieu 5(1) quyen con ngudi cua Lien minh chau Au vi tiiy lien bflt gtO' ngudi vfln chuyin chflt gSy nghi?n irfin bien, nguon, Tofl an quyin con ngudi chSu Au, Don so 3394/03.
phan quyet ngfly 10/07/2008 (67).Xem:Diiu94LOPSC.
(68). 1977UKTS77.
(69), 1340UNTS61.
(70) Xem: E.J. Molenaar. "Chti quyin cua nudc cd cflng' v i vific su dyng triei de va loan bd", trong: D Freesione, R. Barnes vfl D. Ong (eds.), Sdd, tr. 192 (71),Xem: Chinh sach bien thdng nhflt cho Li^n minh chflu Au COM (2007) 575 ban cudi ngay 10/10/2007 vfl SEC (2007) 1278 ngay 10/10/2007.
(72).Xem Sflc lenh cua Lien minh chau Au s6 2008/56/EC ngfly 17/06/2008 Ihiit lap ca chi hoal ddng cpng ddng v i chinh sach moi trudng bifin OJ L 164/19.25/6/2008.
(73). Mdt hudng di luong lu dang duac phat trien bdi Lual bien (Scotland) nflm 2010,
TAP CHl LUAT HOC - BAC SAN 8/2012
