• KHOA HOC XA H O I •
DANH GIA MOT SO THANH TUtJ CUA CHE DINH
XLT L Y V I E C K H O N G
THLfC HIEN DUNG HCJP DONG TRONG PHAP LUAT HdP DONG VIET NAM
HO NGOC HIEN"
D5 GIANG NAM
****
Tom tdt: Bo luat Ddn siX nam 2015 co nhieu diem mdi tien bo hOn so udi Bo luat Dan sU nam 2005 lien quan din htip dong, dac biet la chi'dinh x^ ly viec khong thUc hien dung hdp dong. Bdi viet tdng ket nhiing thdnh ti/u c0 bdn cua chi'dinh xi^ ly viec khong thiic hien diing hop dong trong Bg luat Ddn sU nam 2015, diidi goc do tham. chieu vdi cdc quy dinh cua phdp luat hop dong Viet Nam giai doan trt/dc, cdng nhit cdc quy dinh phdp luat quoc te'lien quan.
Tic khoa: Bo luat Ddn si/; Luat ThUifng mai; Cdng lidc Vien 1980; phdp dien hod; khong thitc hien dung hpp dong; che tdi.
Abstract: In comparison to the 2005 Civil Code, the 2015 Civil Code includes many progressive regulations on contract, especially the regulations of non-performance of contract. This article reviewed fundamental achievements of regulations of non-performance of contract in the 2015 Civil Code in comparison to former contract laws in Vietnam as well as related international laws.
Keywords: Civil Code; trade law; CISG; codification; non-performance; legal regulation.
Ngdy nhan bdi: 181312019; Ngdy sda bdi: 091412019; Ngdy duyet dang bdi: 27/412019.
1. Khai quat ve nhiing thanh t\X\x ctf luat chung cua he thong phap luat di^u ban cua che dinh xuf ly vif c khong chinh cac quan he difdc hinh thanh tren cd thi^c hien dung hcfp dong trong Bo sci binh dang, til do y chi, doc \kp ve tai luat Dan sii nam 2015 san va tU chiu trach nhigm"'^'. De dap ting
Ke tit khi ban hanh Phap lenh hop dong vai tro cua bg luat cd sci nen tang, che kinh te 1989, Vigt Nam da trai qua hai dinh hdp dong trong BLDS nam 2015 da lan song nh^'t the hoa phap luat hdp dong diidc cai each dang ke so vdi quy dinh cua va dat diidc thanh tUu quan trong trong BLDS nam 2005. Trong do, lien quan d§'n vi$c khang dinh vai tro nen tang cua
n g u y e n t^C tU do h o p d o n g ciing n h l i d o n g <-> TS. Khoa Luat, Hoc vien Khoa hoc xa hoi.
bo h o a cac q u y t a c cd b a n dieu t i e t ddi '"'TS. Khoa Luat, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi
^ , , ' " D5 Giang Nam (2018), Hai lan song nhat the hod song hdp dong*^^ Diem moc quan trong phdp lu&t hop ddng Viet Nam: Thdnh titu, thach thdc
nha't la vide ban hanh Bo lu^t Dan sU T-Tl"••''T^'"-7T.^li''t^7^•t•-'^^^^ £ f
- • • • hien), Bong bp hoa luat ti£ a Viet Nam hien nay, Nxh.
(BLDS) nam 2015 v6i sii menh thUc sU trcl Cong an nhan dan.
, , , (I ^ • ^ • ^ 1 V '^' Bo Tu phap (2017), Nhiing diem mdi can bdn cua Bo
thanh cd sd nen tang, co vi t n vai tro la ludt Ddn su nam 2015, Nxh.ha.o Dong, tr.2i.
SCi 5-2019 NHAN LlflC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
giai doan vi p h a m hdp dong, cac n h a lam l u a t Viet N a m da t i n h t e lUa chon va d u n g n a p cac quy d i n h diidc cho la t i e n bp h d n cua L u a t Thitdng m a i (LTM) n a m 2005 so v6i BLDS n a m 2005, lam n e n t a n g cho viec xay d u n g che d i n h x\i ly viec khong thUc hien diing hdp dong t r o n g BLDS n a m 2015'^'. A n d a n g s a u sU d u n g n a p ay difdng n h u la viec cac n h a lap p h a p Viet N a m n h a n thiic ro n h u cau cai each p h a p l u a t hpp dong de p h u hpp hdn vdi cac chuftn mUc, t h o n g le thUdng m a i quoc te, bcii le d u n g n a p cac quy dinh cua LTM n a m 2005 c h i n h la k h a n g dinh n h u cau tiep n h a n cac giai p h a p cua Cong udc Vien 1980 ve hdp dong m u a b a n h a n g hda qudc ti (Cong Udc Vien 1980) m a LTM n a m 2005 lay l a m h i n h mau'"'.
Ve n g u y e n tac, cac cam ket, t h o a t h u a n t r o n g hdp dong k h a c biet cd b a n so vdi cac cam k e t ddn t h u a n k h a c ci cho "nd cd y d i n h va thUc t e da t r a o cho b e n n h a n dupc sU cam k e t mpt quyen dUpc p h a p l u a t bao d a m r a n g cam ket dd se dupe thUc hien"'^'.
TrUdc k h i giao k e t hdp dong, cac b e n dudc t o a n q u y e n tU do h a n h xii, mien la khong x a m p h a m d§n quyen va tU do cua cac chii t h e k h a c . T u y nhien, m d t k h i cac ben da xac l a p hpp dong, eac ben da tii n g u y e n t h a m gia q u a n h e p h a p ly r a n g buoc l a m p h a t sinh q u y e n va n g h i a v u p h a p ly doi vdi n h a u . Theo dd, n g h i a vu thiic h i e n d u n g hdp dong cua b e n cd n g h i a v u la n h S m thiic t h i quyen eua ben ed quyen.
Ndi each k h a c , viec k h o n g thiic hien diing n g h i a vu p h a t s i n h tii hdp dong cua mot b e n dong thdi c a u t h a n h h a n h vi vi p h a m q u y e n cua p h i a b e n kia'^\ C h i n h vi vay, m u c dich ciia l u a t hdp dong khi t h i e t ke cd
Q NHAN LIIC KHOA HOC XA HOI
che x ^ ly h a n h vi k h d n g thiic h i e n diing n g h i a v u cua b e n cd n g h i a v u la n h a m
"trao lai" cho b e n cd q u y e n cac q u y e n da hi vi p h a m ' ' \
Chiic n a n g e u a h e t h o n g che t a i t r o n g l u a t hpp dong la n h a m v a n hoi cong ly (corrective justice) cho b e n cd q u y e n , b a n g each buoc b e n vi p h a m k h a c p h u c , siia chiia sii b a t cdng da gay r a eho b e n co quyen'^'. T r ^ k h i q u y e n ciia b e n hi vi p h a m dUdc bao d a m b a n g viec budc b e n vi p h a m p h a i chiu cac "che t a i tUdng xflng", n e u k h d n g q u y e n do chi la " h u quyen"- k h o n g cd gia tri t r e n thiic t§'.
Vi v^y, t r o n g trUdng hdp m o t b e n vi p h a m hdp dong, l u a t hdp dong p h a i ghi n h a n va cung ca'p h e t h d n g cac che t a i cho ben cd quyen, n h a m d a m bao cae quyen cua hp p h a t s i n h tii q u a n h e hdp dong se dUdc thiic t h i mpt each hi$u q u a . Tii each tiep can l u a t so s a n h , ta't ca eac h e t h d n g
*^' Trong pham vi bai viet nay, tac gia sii dung cac thuSt ngfi "che tai vi pham hop dong", va "cac bien phap xii ly khong thUc hien diing hdp dong" nhU n h a n g khai niem co npi h a m tUOng tU n h a u di chi nhQng bien phap phap ly dUdc ap dung de kh&c phuc hau qua cua h a n h vi vi pham hop dong. Xem: Biii Thi Thanh Hang "Trach nhiem dan sU, che tai, hay bien phap khac phuc d6'i vdi h a n h vi vi pham hOp dong".
Tap chi NghiSn cjhi Lap phdp (2017), So 3(331), t r . 3 1 - 37; D6 Van Dai (2010), Cdc bien phdp xd ly viic khdng thUc hien dung hap dong theo phdp luat Viet, Nxb.
Chinh tri qu6'c gia.
'•" Co le khong nhieu ngUcfi chii y den sU t r u n g hop thii vi la ngky Quoc hoi ban h a n h Bo luat Dan sU nam 2015 - ngay 24/11/2015 cung ddng thdi la ngay Chu tich n\l6c ky quyet dinh gia nhSp Cong udc Vien 1980 ve Hdp dong mua ban h a n g hoa quoc te. Dieu do, mat khac, dat r a yeu cau danh gia triet de hon ve vai tro cua Luat ThUdng mai nam 2005 trong moi q u a n he vdi BLDS nam 201S va Cong ildc Vign 1980.
*="' B. Coote, The Performance Interest, Panatown, and the Problem of Loss, 117. Law Quarterly Review 2001, p.81
''' E.J. Weinrib (2012), The Idea of PHuate Law, Oxford University Press, p.l39.
"> E.J. Weinrib. The Idea of PHuate Law, Sdd, p . l 4 0 .
" ' E.J. Weinrib, The Idea of Private Law, N h u tren.
SO 5-2019
HO NGOC HIEN, DO GIANG NAM luElt hdp dong tren the gidi v^ tdng the deu
phan biet gifia ba loai che tai cd ban khi cd sii vi pham hdp dong*^'. Thii nha't, ben bi vi pham cd quyen yeu cau ben vi pham buoc thiic hien diing hdp dong, b6i le hdp dong tao lap ra de thuc hiSn. Thii hai, trong mpt so trUdng hdp khi c6 sii vi pham cd ban hdp dong, ben bi vi pham c6 the phan ling bang each hoan vi$e thiic hien nghia vu cua minh doi vdi b§n kia, hoac tham chi huy hdp dong. Thii ba, ben bi vi pham CO the yeu cau boi thUdng thiet hai nhU la bi§n phap thay the hoac bo sung cho hai che tai tren.
Khong nam ngoai xu hudng do, phap luat Viet Nam nhin chung ciing xay diing che dinh x i ly viec khdng thuc hien diing hdp dong xoay quanh nen tang he thong ba ch6' tai tren. Trong hnh viic ThUdng mai, Di^u 292 LTM nam 2005 da liet ke he thong eac loai che tai trong thUdng mai bao gom:
(i) Buoc thUc hien diing hdp dong (ii) Phat vi pham
(iii) Buoc boi thiicing thiet hai (iv) Tam ngiing thiic lii§n hdp d6ng (v) Dinh ehi thiic hien hdp dong (vi) Huy bd hdp dong
(vii) Cac bien phap khac do cac ben thoa thuan.
Trong cac BLDS nam 1995, 2005 va 2015, mac dti khong ton tai mot di§'u khoan tiidng tii liet ke he thdng che tai nhu LTM nam 2005. Tuy nhien, ttt cac quy dinh chung v^ nghia vu, trach nhi§m dan sii den cac quy dinh v^ hdp dong d^u cho phep khang dinh vi$c xut ly viee vi pham hdp dong chii yeu ap dung rieng bidt hoac ket hdp eac che tai budc thiic hi$n dling hdp d6ng, huy bd hdp dong va boi thiidng thi§t hai.
505-2019
Tuy nhien, va'n de dang lUu y nha't xuyen sud't qua trinh phat trien luat hdp dong Viet Nam la sii song song ton tai hai he thong bien phap xii ly vi pham hdp dong trong LTM va BLDS. Nam 2005, BLDS dupe han hanh vdi y do ro ret nham thong nha't he thong phap luat hpp dong vdn ton tai nhieu chia cat va bat cap trong cac trong PLHDKT nam 1989, BLDS nam 1995 va LTM naml997. Tuy nhien, trong khi cac quy dinh chung ve giao ket hdp dong, hdp dong vd hieu, giai thich hdp dong... da dupe thd'ng nhCt trong BLDS nam 2005, thi rieng quy dinh ve che tai vi pham hdp dong van khong cd sii nha't th§
hoa giiia BLDS nam 2005 va LTM nam 2005. Danh gia va'n de nay, co tac gia da nhan xet rang:
Cdc bien phdp xit ly viec khong thi/c hiin dting hdp dong trong LTM deu co trong BLDS nhitng doi khi vdi ten goi khde nhau (nhitng ban chdt giong nhau) nhit trong BLDS Id "hodn" con trong LTM la "tam ngitn^' hay trong BLDS la. "cham ditt" nhitng trong LTM la "dinh cht". Bdi khi ten goi biin phdp giong nhau nhitng diiu kien hay noi dung viec dp dung khdng gidng nhau nhit tritdng hdp cita huy bo hdp dong hay phat vi pham. Vi ly do tren nen trong thitc tien dp dung, viic ton tai song song ndy tao ra nhieu bdt cap, lung tung^^°\
Cd le chinh vi vay, trong qua trinh xay dling BLDS nam 2015, ban soan thao da rat quan tam den xem x^t moi tUdng quan
'^' Hugh Beale (eds) (2010), Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law, Hart Publishing, p.831.
<"" D5 Van Dai (2010), Cdc bien phdp xii ly viic khong thitc hien dung hep dSng trong phdp luat hdp dong Viet Nam, Nxb. Chinh tri quoc gia, tr.301.
NHAN LOC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q
giiia cac che t a i xii ly viec vi p h a m hdp dong t r o n g BLDS va LTM. Trong dd, mot so' quy d i n h dUdc eho la tien bo e u a LTM n a m 2005 - vdn b a t nguon tU viec d u n h a p va tiep cac hpc t h u y e t dupc ghi n h a n t r o n g Cong Udc Vien 1980 - da dupe d a n h gia cao va d u n g n a p vao B L D S n a m 2015.
2. T h a n h ttfti thijf n h a t : X a c lap v i tri lAi t i e n c u a c h e tai b u o c thi^c h i e n d i i n g h c ^ d o n g t r o n g h e t h o n g c a c c h e tai
T a t ea h e thd'ng p h a p l u a t hdp dong deu xay dUng t r e n y n i e m la hdp dong se l a m p h a t sinh hi$u liic r a n g buoc giUa h a i ben.
T u y nhien, giiia h a i h e t h o n g p h a p l u a t Civil L a w va C o m m o n L a w cd each tidp can k h a c n h a u ve y n g h i a cua s u r a n g buoc nay'^^'. Cac l u a t gia t r o n g h e tho'ng Civil Law cho r a n g "hidu liic r a n g buoc"
M e n n h i d n cd n g h i a la b e n cd q u y e n dupe y e u c^u b e n cd n g h i a v u budc p h a i thUc h i e n d u n g n g h i a v u (perform in natura) cua m i n h nhU budc p h a i c h u y e n giao vat, h a y budc p h a i thUc h i e n cdng viec hoac k i l m chd' thiie hidn cdng vide n h ^ t dinh'^^*.
T r o n g k h i dd, cac l u a t gia t r o n g h e thd'ng Common Law se cd t h i d n h u d n g l a p l u a n r a n g , "hieu liic r a n g bude" cd n g h i a la bdn cd q u y e n dupc p h e p y e u c a u ddi bdi t h u d n g mdt k h o a n t i e n ndu n h u b e n cd n g h i a vu da k h d n g t h u c hidn hpp ddng*^'^'.
C h a n g h a n , l u a t gia ndi tidng ngudi My Oliver Wendell Holmes n h a n dinh: "He q u a duy nha't ciia mpt Idi hUa cd h i e u lUc p h a p ly r a n g budc la vide luSt budc bdn d u a r a Idi hiia p h a i chi t r a k h o a n t i e n boi thUdng thidt h a i ndu n h u Idi hUa do k h d n g dupc thUc hien..."'^*\ Doi vdi cac l u a t gia cua h e thd'ng Common Law, t r o n g trUdng hdp A giao k e t hpp dong de b a n h a n g hoa eho B va A k h d n g chuydn giao h a n g hoa,
t h i quyen Idi ciia B h o a n t o a n dUdc bao d a m n e u nhU B dupc A bdi thUdng nhutng ehi p h i m a B da bd r a k h i r a giao ke't hdp ddng cung vdi k h o a n bdi t h u d n g tUdng xUng de m u a h a n g h o a k h a c t h a y t h e . Theo dd, bude thiic h i e n diing hdp ddng k h d n g p h a i la n g u y d n tac, m a chi l a ngoai le dupc a p d u n g h a n hiiu, c h a n g h a n t r o n g t r u d n g hdp h a n g h o a l a v a t dac d i n h hoac giao dich lien q u a n ba't ddng s a n .
Giai thi'eh sii k h a c bidt cd b a n giiia hai h e thdng, cd hpc gia da n h a n d i n h nguydn n h a n sau xa cd Id n a m t r o n g t r i e t ly ciia mdi h e thd'ng vd vai trd eua hdp ddng trong xa hdi'^^'. C u t h e , J a n S m i t s l u a n giai rang t r o n g h e thd'ng Civil Law, hdp ddng dudc n h i n n h a n dUdi l a n g k i n h dao diic: mpt khi cac b e n d a d u a r a Idi hiia, cac bdn p h a i tdn trpng, thUc hien Idi hiia dd*^^'. Trong k h i do, h e t h d n g Common L a w k h o n g n h i n n h a n hpp ddng trUdc h e t b k h i a c a n h dao diic ma d k h i a c a n h k i n h te. N e u hdp ddng dUdc xac lap vdi mue dieh de tao r a Idi nhuan, t h i ed le vide dUde bdi t h u d n g thidt h a i da dap ling tot m u c dieh dd'^^.
*"' Zweigert. Konrad and Hein Ko#tz (1998), An Introduction to Comparative Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press , p.503.
" ' ' Solene Rowan (2012), Remedies for Breach of Contract: A Comparative Analysis of the Protection of Performance, Oxford University Press.
' " ' Solene Rowan, Remedies for Breach of Contract: A Comparative Analysis of the Protection of Performance, Nhif tren.
"^' J a n Smits, An Advanced Introduction To Comparative Contract Law, Edward Elgar Pubhshine
p.192-194 ^
" ' ' J a n Smits, An Advanced Introduction To Comparative Contract Law, Sdd, p.194.
" ' ' J a n Smits, An Advanced Introduction To Lomparawe Contract Law, N h u tren.
" u ^^"^.^l^^em cac t r a n h luan lien q u a n v&'n de "vi pham hieu qua- efficient breach" trong cac nghien ciiu cua truong phai kinh te' - iuM. Daniel Friedmannn,
sfudi!fri989 ''"""''' ' ' '°"'"'^ "' ^^^^'
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI
SO 5-2019
HO NGOC HIEN, DO GIANG NAM Vi le dd, trong khi buoc thiic hien diing
hdp ddng dupe coi la che' tai diu tien khi xay ra vide vi pham hdp ddng trong he thdng dan luat, thi trong he thdng thdng luat nd chi dupc coi la han hiiu va chi dUde ap dung khi chi khi nd dem tdi "sii cdng bang hoan hao va toan dien hdn" so vdi vide ap dung che dinh bdi thudng thidt hai*^^\ Mac du vay, sU khac bidt giiia hai truyen thdng khong phai la tuyet ddi, bdi le ngay ca trong he thd'ng Civil Law, cho dii ve nguyen tac chd tai buoc thiic hidn dling hdp ddng la luon dUdc ap dung, nhUng van tdn tai nhuing ngoai le khdng ap dung ehe tai nay. Trong xu the' hai hda hda phap luat hdp ddng, cac dao luat mau nhu Bp nguydn tac cua UNIDROIT ve hdp ddng thUdng mai qudc te' (PICC), Bp nguyen tac Chau Au ve Luat hdp ddng (PECL), Dii thao Khung Tham Chieu Chung (ve luat dan sii Chau Au) (DCFR) dUdng nhu da nghieng ve chpn liia giai phap ciia truyen thd'ng Civil Law bang viec ghi nhan ve nguyen tac khi bdn cd nghia vu khong thiic hien nghia vu (bao gdm ca nghia vu thanh toan va nghia vu phi tidn td), bdn cd quyen cd the ydu c^u thiie hien diing nghia vu. Tuy nhien, c^n nha'n manh rang, nguyen tac nay khdng phai tuydt dd'i, ma ed nhiing gidi han dd tranh tnidng hdp ben cd quydn lam dung quyen mot each thai qua, gay anh hudng ddn quydn Idi chinh dang cua phia bdn kia.
Vdi tu each la mpt quoc gia chiu anh hudng Idn eua he thong phap luat thanh van, theo le suy lultn thdng thudng luat hdp ddng Viet Nam se thiia nhan buoc thiic hidn diing hdp ddng la ehd^ tai hi^n nhien e^n dupc ap dung khi hdp ddng bi vi pham. Dieu nay diing trong trUdng hdp
LTM, khi Dieu 292 LTM nam 2005 da sap xep budc thUc hien diing hdp ddng d vi tri dau tidn trong he thd'ng cac che tai, sau dd giai thich: 'Taupe thiic hien diing hdp ddng la viec ben bi vi pham yeu cau bdn vi pham thiic hien diing hpp ddng hoac diing cac bidn phap khac de hdp ddng dupc thiic hidn"^^^'. Tuy nhien, did'u dang chii y la vdi tu each la luat goc thi BLDS nam 2005 lai chi dUa ra eac quy dinh rieng biet'^°', ma da khdng dUa ra quy dinh cd tinh nguydn tac chung dinh hudng vide ap dung chd' tai budc thiic hien diing hdp ddng nhU la quy tac mac dinh cua luat hpp ddng'^^\ Dieu nay khdng ehi gay ra khd khan ve ly thuyd't, ma nd da tao ra nhieu sii ba't cap trong thiic te'; chang han, ne'u vide yeu cau thuc hidn diing hdp ddng khdng thude vao trUdng hdp ma BLDS da dinh sin, thi Toa an khdng ed cd sd dd yeu cau bdn vi pham budc thiie hien diing hdp ddng*^^\
Nhan thiic dieu dd, BLDS nam 2015 da dUa ra cai each can ban khi lan dau tidn quy dinh nguydn tac ehung ve budc thiic hidn dling hdp ddng. Cu thd, ngay sau khi dUa ra quy dinh bao quat "Bdn cd nghia vu ma vi pham nghia vu thi phai chiu trach nhiem dan sii vdi ben ed quyen",
'^*' Vu Beswick v Beswick (1968), theo House of Lord (para 90).
"^' Khoan 1, Dieu 297, Luat Thu<Mg mai ndm 2005.
'™' C h a n g b a n , Diiu 303 Bp l u a t D a n sU nam 2005 vi t r a c h nhiem giao diing vat dac dinh, Dieu 304 ve t r a c h nhiem tiep tuc t h u c hi$n cong viec ma minh p h a i thilc hifin.
'^" Xem Dd Van Dai (2017), Luat Hop dong ViSt Nam - Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn, tSp 2, Nxb. Hong Dflc, tr.431.
'^'' Vi du b a n an 01/2010/DSST ngay 22-02-2010 cua Toa a n n h a n dan huyen Krong Pac tinh Die Lac, vi ca phe khSng p h a i \k vat dac dinh, ma la vSt cilng loai ngn Dieu 303 Bo luat DSn sU n a m 2005 khong buoc ben b a n phai giao ca phe. Xem D 5 Van Dai (2017), Luat Hap dong Viit Nam - Bdn dn vd. binh ludn bdn dn, t a p 2, Nxb. Hong Diic, tr. 423.
S6 5-2019 NHAN LUC KHOA HOC X A H O I
BLDS nam 2015 da thiet ke dieu luat hoan toan mdi de ghi nhan mot each minh thi ve trach nhiem tidp tuc thUc hien nghia vu, theo dd:
"Khi ben cd nghia vu thUc hidn khdng dling nghia vu cua minh thi bdn ed quyen dUdc ydu c^u ben cd nghia vu tid'p tuc thiic hidn nghia vu"*^^\
Mac dii, sii dung thuat ngU khac hdn so vdi thuat ngii ciia LTM nam 2005, tuy nhien, khdng the phu nhan, vdi viec Mn dau tien ghi nhan nguyen tac budc thuc hidn dling hpp ddng va dat nd d vi tri dau tien trong ea'u triic cac quy dinh ve trach nhiem dan sU, BLDS nam 2015 da khang dinh budc thiic hien dung hdp ddng la che' tai hien nhidn can ap dung khi cd su vi pham hdp ddng. Dieu nay, mpt mat, hoan toan phii hpp vdi chiic nang cua he thd'ng chd' tai trong luat hdp ddng la nham van hdi cong ly cho ben cd quyen, mat khac, da cd kha nang loai bo cac khoang trdng phap ly trUdc day va dUa BLDS nam 2015 gan giii hdn vdi cac thong le qudc te'.
3. Thanh t i ^ thit hai: Gidi han pham vi che tai huy bo hOp ddng chi khi co si^ vi pham htfp ddng nghiem trong
Trong mdt so' trUdng hdp, vide vi pham hpp ddng cua mpt bdn se cho phep ben ed quyen dUdc tijf chd'i tie'p nhan viec thuc hien nghia vu cua bdn kia va tii chd'i thiic hien phan nghia vu tUdng iing ciia minh.
Hpp ddng trong trUdng hpp nay se hi huy bd. Tuy nhidn, va'n de quan trong la dinh hinh ranh gidi nhiing trUdng hpp vide vi pham hdp ddng se din de'n hau qua huy bd hpp ddng. Theo quy tac truyen thd'ng, ben cd nghia vu chi dupc giai phdng khdi nghIa vu khi va chi khi hp da thiic hidn day dii, hoan hao cac nghia vu hdp
ddng'^*'; khi cd bat cii sU khac bidt nao gifla thiic td' thiic hien nghia vu va ndi dung cac earn ket, vide thiie hien nghia vu dupc coi la chua hoan thanh va ben cd quyen cd the tii chd'i thiic hien nghia vu tudng xiing. Tuy nhien, quy tac nay da va'p phai sii phe phan la nd da vd hinh tnmg tao ra rui ro dao diic (moral hazard) khi tao cd hdi cho bdn cd quyen bac bd tat ea vide thiic hien nghia vu eho du nd da dat tdi trang thai "gan nhU hoan hao". Tuy nhien, giai phap ngupc lai - chi danh gia viec thiie hidn gan nhU hoan hao - ciing khdng phai khdng cd Id hdng bdi le, nd ciing lai va'p phai rdi ro dao diic khi tao cd hpi eho bdn cd nghia vu co the Idi dung dd chi thiic hidn nghia vu tUdng ddi, thap hdn chu^n miic thdng thudng'^^'; Quy dinh ve chd' tai buy bd hpp ddng, do dd, phai tim each can bang giiia hai chiic nang: mdt mat, bao ve bdn hi vi pham hdp ddng, mat khac tao ap luc c^n thidt budc ben vi pham thuc hidn diing hdp ddng.
Trong phap luat hpp ddng cua nhieu qudc gia theo truyen thd'ng Civil Law, sii can bang nay the hidn d chd, mdt ben ehi dupc phep huy bd hdp ddng trong trudng hdp vide vi pham nghia vu eua phia bdn kia phai d mpt miic dp nghidm trpng nha't dinh'^^'. Tuong tii, Cdng udc Vidn 1980 vd hpp ddng mua ban hang hoa qudc td' da phan biet chd' tai xii ly cac vi pham thdng
" ' ' Dieu 352, Bo luat Ddn si/ ndm 2015.
" ' ' Zweigert, Konrad and Hein Kotz (1998), An Introduction to Comparative Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 504.
'^^' Gillette, Clayton P. and Steven D. Walt (2009), Sales Law: Domestic and International, New York' Foundation Press, p. 229.
<^®' Beale, H. 'Remedies: Termination', in Arthur Hartkamp et al, (eds), Towards a European Civil Code (1998) Nijmegen' Ars Aequi Libri and The Hague London and Boston: Kluwer Law International, p 3 5 2 '
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI Sd 5-2019
HO NGQC HIEN, DO GIANG NAM thudng va che tai x^ \f vide vi pham cd
ban hdp ddng va chi trong nhiing trUdng hdp c6 stf vi pham cd ban, ben bi vi pham mdi dUdc quy^n hu^ bo hdp ddng*^'''; Tidu chi de xac dinh mot vi pham cd ban dUdc quy dinh tai Did^u 25 Cong udc Vien 1980 la khi: *'stf vi pham do Ikm cho bdn kia bi thiet hai ma ngUdi bi thidt hai, trong mpt chtog miic dang ke bi ma't cai ma ho co quyen chd dpi trdn cd sd hdp ddng, trii phi bdn vi pham khdng tien lieu dUdc hau qua do va mdt ngUdi cd ly tri minh man cung se khdng tidn lidu dUdc neii hp ciing d vao hoan canh tUdng ttf"
Cd le, khai nidm vi pham cd ban nay da dUdc du nhap vao phap luat hdp dong Viet Nam bang quy dinh tUdng tii tai Khoan 13 Dieu 3 LTM nam 2005'^^'; Tren cd sd dd, LTM nam 2005 da chi cho phep cac ben dUdc huy bd hdp ddng khi cd sii vi pham cd ban. Ly giai didu nay. To trUdng To soan thao Luat thUdng mai nam 2005 cho rang:
"Sd di chting toi phai dat ra quy dinh vd vi pham cd ban va vi pham khdng cd ban la vi hdp ddng thUdng mai can phai dam bao tinh ben viing; cac bdn cang tuan thu dling hdp ddng thi cang cd Idi cho xa hdi. Do vay, quan diem cua chiing tdi la cac bdn khong the tuy tien huy bd hdp ddng"<2^>.
Trai vdi each tie'p can mang tinh khai quat cua LTM nam 2005, BLDS nam 2005 chi dUa ra mot so" trUdng hdp ca bidt d quy dinh cac hdp ddng thdng dung cho phep cac bdn cha'm diit, huy bd hdp ddng*^***.
Didu nay dUdc cho la nhUdc did'm Idn cua BLDS nam 2005, khi nd khdng cdn du siic bao quat theo diing tinh cha't can phai ed ciia dao luat goc'^^'. Tren cd sd dd, trong qua trinh soan thao BLDS 2015, ban soan
505-2019
thao da dung nap cac quy dinh cua LTM nam 2005 va ghi nhan vide mdt ben cd quydn huy bo hdp ddng hoac ddn phUdng cha'm diit hdp dong khi bdn kia vi pham nghiem trpng nghia vu hdp ddng quy dinh tai Khoan 1 Didu 423 va Khoan 1 Dieu 428'^''.
4. T h a n h t\iu thii ba: Thi^t lap che do boi thifctag thif t h a i theo ky vong
Nhu da phan tich, chiic nang ciia he thd'ng che tai trong luat hdp ddng la nh^m van hdi cong ly (corrective justice) cho bdn cd quyen. Hay noi each khac, cae chd tai dupc thiet ke de ap dat trach nhidm dan sii len ben vi pham tUdng xiing, bii dap cho bdn cd quyen tat ca cac thiet hai ma hp da phai ganh chiu do hanh vi cua bdn vi pham da gay ra cho hp. Mudn dat chiic nang trdn, bdn hi vi pham hdp ddng, qua vide ap dung bien phap x^ ly vi pham, c^n phai dupc dat vao diing vi tri ma dang le hp se dUdc hudng nd'u nhU khdng cd hanh vi vi pham va hdp ddng dUde thue hidn d^y du. Hien nhidn, vi tri do se dat dUdc,
<^^ Xem Ruber, P. (2007), 'CISG: The Structure of Remedies', Rabels Zeitschrift fur auslandisches und Internationales Privatrecht, 71 (1), 13-34. Cach tiep can tuong tii d i n g dUdc ghi n h a n trong PICC QDieu 7.3.1), PECL (Dieu 9:301) va DCFR (Dieu 111.-3:502).
'^^> N h a phap luat Viet - P h a p (2004), Tga dam Luat thuang mai (sita. dSi), Tdi liSu tham khao - liiu hdnh noi bo. Ha Noi.
'^^' N h a phap l u a t Viet - P h a p (2004), Toa dam Luat thuong mai (s&i doi), Tdi liiu tham khao - litu hdnh noi bg. Ha Noi.
'^°^ Chang hail Dieu 498 Bo luat Dan sU, Dieu 521, Bg luat Ddn sU ndm 2005.
<^" D6 Van Dai (2017), Luat Hop ddng Viet Nam - Bdn dn vd binh ludn ban dn, tap 2, Nxb. Hong Diic, tr.679.
(32) i^^Q ^^ v^y. Bo luat Dan sU nSm 2015 da sit dung t h u a t ngQ khac la "vi p h a m hdp dong nghiem trong."
Dieu nay dUdc ly giai d diem cac quy dinh vi help dong thong dung da quen vdi vi&c stf dung t h u a t ngi3 nay.
Xem Do Van Dai (2017), Luat Hdp dong Viet Nam - Bdn dn vd binh ludn bdn dn, tap 2, Nxb. Hong Dttc, tr.685.
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q
nd'u nhu luat hdp ddng cho phep Toa an can thiep de buoc bdn vi pham phai thiic hidn dling hpp ddng. Tuy nhidn, trong nhieu trudng hdp, khi khdng the budc bdn vi pham thiic hidn diing nghia vu, chd tai bdi thudng thidt hai c^n dUdc thid't ke dd trao eho ben hi vi pham nhiing khoan bdi thudng tUdng xUng vdi Idi leh ma hp dang le dupc hudng nd'u nhu khdng cd hanh vi vi pham hpp ddng.
Theo nghia do, mdt trong diem mdi quan trpng cua BLDS nam 2015 la viec BLDS nam 2015 da dung nap hpc thuyd't ve bdi thudng ky vong va quy dinh tai Khoan 2 Dieu 419 ve thidt hai dupc bdi thudng do vi pham hdp ddng, theo dd:
"Ngudi cd quyen cd the yeu c^u bdi thudng thidt hai eho Ipi ich ma le ra minh se dupc hudng do hdp ddng mang lai.
NgUdi cd quyen cdn cd the yeu cau ngUdi ed nghia vu ehi tra chi phi phat sinh do khdng hoan thanh nghia vu hdp ddng ma khdng triing lap vdi mUc bdi thudng thiet hai cho Idi ich ma hpp ddng mang lai".
Quy dinh nay ed thd so sanh vdi triet ly cua LTM nam 2005 khi eho phep bdi thudng ky vpng ddi vdi cae khoan Idi dang Id dupc hudng de dat ben bi vi pham vao dling vi tri dang cd cua hp. Theo quy dinh ciia Khoan 2 Didu 302 LTM nam 2005:
"Gia tri bdi thudng thiet hai bao gdm gia tri ton tha't thUe td', trUe tid'p ma ben bi vi pham phai chiu do hen vi pham gay ra va khoan Idi triic tid'p ma ben hi vi pham dang le dupc hudng neii khdng cd hanh vi vi pham".
Vide ghi nhan quy dinh ve "bdi thudng ky vpng" trong LTM nam 2005 cd le bat ngudn tii vide cac nha lap phap Viet Nam da tham chid'u Dieu 74 cua Cdng Udc Vidn i g NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
ve hdp ddng mua ban hang hoa qudc td nam 1980, trong dd quy dinh rang bdn cd quyen dUdc ddi bdi thUdng khdng nhiing ddi vdi eac thiet hai da phai ganh chiu ma cdn ca nhUng Idi nhuan ma ben nay bi mat do vide khong thiic hien hdp ddng gay ra*^^'.
5. Ket luan
Qua trinh phat trien cua chd dinh che tai vi pham hdp ddng, dac bidt la vdi sii ra ddi cua BLDS nam 2015, da phan anh mpt trong nhiing dac trUng quan trpng nha't ciia phap luat hdp ddng Vidt Nam trong sud't 20 nam qua, dd la xu hudng hdi nhap, hai hda hoa vdi cac chuan miie phap ly qudc td'. Cac phan tich ve cai each phap luat lidn quan che' dinh chd' tai vi pham hpp ddng d Viet Nam trong sud't 20 nam qua da chiing td vai trd Cdng u6c Vien 1980 vd hdp ddng mua ban hang hoa qud'e te (CISG), Bd nguydn tac Unidroit ve Hdp ddng thUdng mai qud'e te' (PICC) la cd sd nen tang cho hai hda hda phap luat hdp ddng. Trong xu the' qud'e te' hoa dd, sii phan biet LTM va BLDS theo nghia truyen thd'ng cho rang "dac trUng quan trpng eua LTM la tinh hpi nhap cao de dap ling ydu cau cua thUdng mai qudc te', trong khi cac quy dinh cua BLDS thong thudng mang tinh khu bidt" ehi it khdng cdn thuc su rd rang trong bdi canh Viet Nam'^-*'. Vide eac nha lap phap Viet Nam khi xay dung BLDS nam 2015 da dung
P T . ? ' ^ ^ " ^ dmh tuong t u ciing dUOc ghi n h a n trong PICC p i e u 7.4.2), PECL (Dieu 9:502). Vi vay, n h i l u .1?';^^^ t^ ^^ ' " ^ ' ^ ^^^P " ^ ^ " ^ " y -linh ve- b6i 9 n n ? l ^ x 7 ' ' ^ ^ T ' ™ " ^ ^"^* Thuong" mai nSm 2005. Xem Nguyen Ngoc K h a n h (2007), Che'dinh hap dong trong Bg luat Dan sU 2005, Nxb. T u P h ^ p ,
";> Hondius E. H, Commercial Law: is it Special^ in Commercial law challenges in the 21st century Jan Hellner m memoriam (2008): p.137-144.
S6 5-2019
H 6 NGOC HIEN, D 6 GIANG NAM nap cac quy tac cua LTM nam 2005
khdng chi la minh ehiing cho tU tudng cdi md vdi xu hudng quoc te hoa phap luat hdp ddng, ma cd le n6 bao hieu cho nhiing cai each phap luat hdp ddng khac trong tUdng lai.
Vdi sii cai each eua che dinh ehe'tai do vi pham hdp ddng theo BLDS 2015, trong trat tii mdi ciia luat hdp ddng, BLDS nam 2015, chii khdng phai LTM nam 2005, se ed du siSc van hanh nhu luat cd ban dieu chinh loai hdp ddng giiia cac ben cd dia vi binh dang nhU hdp ddng giiia cac thUdng nhan.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Hugh Beale (eds, 2010), Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law, Hart Pubhshing.
2. Beale, H. 'Remedies: Termination', in Arthur Hartkamp et al. (eds). Towards a European Civil Code, (1998), Nijmegen:
Ars Aequi Libri and The Hague, London and Boston: Kluwer Law International.
3. Bp Tu phap (2017), Nhiing diem mdi can bdn cua Bo luat Ddn sit ndm 2015, Nxb. Lao Dpng.
4. B. Coote (2001), The Performance Interest, Panatown, and the Problem of Loss, 117. Law Quarterly Review.
5. Gillette, Clayton P. and Steven D. Walt (2009), Sales Law: Domestic and International, New York: Foundation Pres.
6. D6 Van Dai (2017), Luat Hdp Dong Viet Nam - Bdn dn vd binh luan bdn, tap 2, Nxb. Hdng Diic.
7. Dd Van Dai (2010), Cdc biin phdp
xit ly viec khong thUc hien dting hap dong trong phdp luat hop dong Viet Nam, Nxb.
Chinh tri quoc gia.
8. Daniel Friedmannn (1989), The Efficient Breach Fallacy, 18 Journal of Legal Studies.
9. Ha Chinh, Luat Thitdng mai: Nen SMfct ddi hay "khai t^' ? http://baocliinhphu.vn/Chinh-sach-va- cuoe-song/Luat-Thuong-mai-Nen-sua- doi-hay-khai-tu/238948.vgp (Truy cap ngay 2.10.2018).
10. Huber, P. (2007), 'CISG: The Structure of Remedies', Rabels Zeitschrift fur auslandisches und internationales Privatrecht, 71 (1).
11. Nguydn Ngpc Khanh (2007), Che dinh hdp dong trong Bp luat Ddn sU ndm 2005, Nxb. TU Phap.
12. Nha phap luat Viet-Phap (2004), Tpa ddm Luat Thitdng mai (sHa dot), Tdi lieu tham khao — litu hdnh npi bp. Ha Npi.
13. D6 Giang Nam (2018), Hai lan song nhdt the hod phdp luat hap dong Viet Nam: Thdnh tUu, thdch thiic vd trien vpng, in trong Nguydn Manh Thang (chii bien). Bong bp hod luat tit d Viet Nam hien nay, Nxb. Cdng an nhan dan.
14. Solene Rowan (2012), Remedies for Breach of Contract: A Comparative Analysis of the Protection of Performance,
Oxford University Press.
15. Jan Smits, An Advanced Introduction To Comparative Contract Law, Edward Elgar Publishing.
1. E.J. Weinrib (2012), The Idea of Private Law, Oxford University Press.
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